Evolution of Mobile Bernhard Koessler

Networks and Test Bernhard_koessler@agilent.com

Application Engineer
Challenges

Telfor
November 25th, 2009

Evolution of Mobile Networks and the

Page 1 Testing Challenge
 The Road to 4G Technology Overview

S800 Call Manager Training

Page 2 November 2009
 Wireless evolution 1990 - 2010
IS-95A IS-136 802.11b
2G
cdma GSM TDMA PDC
Increasing efficiency, bandwidth and data rates

802.11a

2.5G
IS-95B HSCSD GPRS iMode
cdma 802.11g

802.11h
3G
IS-95C E-GPRS W-CDMA W-CDMA TD-SCDMA
cdma2000 EDGE FDD TDD LCR-TDD
802.11n

1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO HSDPA HSUPA 802.16d

3.5G Fixed
Release 0 Release A Release B FDD & TDD FDD & TDD WiMAXTM

802.16e WiBRO
3.9G UMB LTE Edge HSPA+ Mobile
Rel-8 Evolution WiMAXTM

LTE-
4G Advanced 802.16m ?
Rel-9/10

Page 3
3GPP standards evolution (RAN & GERAN)
Release Commercial Main feature of Release
introduction
Rel-99 2003 Basic 3.84 Mcps W-CDMA (FDD & TDD)
1999 Rel-4 Trials 1.28 Mcps TDD (aka TD-SCDMA)
Rel-5 2006 HSDPA
Rel-6 2007 HSUPA (E-DCH)
Rel-7 2008+ HSPA+ (64QAM DL, MIMO, 16QAM UL).
Many small features, LTE & SAE Study
items
Rel-8 HSPA+ 2009 LTE Work item – OFDMA air interface
LTE 2010+ SAE Work item New IP core network
Edge Evolution, more HSPA+
Rel-9 2011+ UMTS and LTE minor changes

2010 Rel-10 2012+ LTE-Advanced (4G)

Page 4
LTE vs. HSPA+
Attribute HSPA+ (Rel-8) LTE targets
Peak Data Rate / 5 MHz sector DL – 42 Mbps DL – 43.2 Mbps
in ideal radio conditions UL – 10 Mbps UL – 21.6 Mbps
Peak Data Rate / 20 MHz sector Not possible without DL – 172.8 Mbps
in ideal radio conditions, 2x2 DL multi-carrier UL – 86.4 Mbps
Cell Edge improvement Evolved HSPA & LTE - DL – 3x to 4x; UL – 2x to 3x
compared to HSPA Release 6
All solutions will benefit from ongoing improvements to the
Spectral Efficiency (real world) radio interface such as UE RX diversity, equalization,
interference cancellation; MIMO, higher order modulation etc.

Latency: End to End Ping Delay 40 ms

Latency: Idle to Active
Flexible Bandwidth Utilization?
Suitability for MIMO extensions
Currently around 600ms
Goal to reduce to 100 ms
5 MHz unless multi-
carrier is developed
Challenging with CDMA
<100 ms
1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
Much easier with OFDM

Page 5
LTE vs. WiMAX
Mobile WiMAX 3GPP-LTE
Attribute (IEEE 802.16e-2005) (E-UTRAN)
Core Network WiMAX Forum™ All-IP UTRAN moving towards All-
network IP Evolved UTRA CN with
IMS
Access Technology:
Downlink (DL) OFDMA OFDMA
Uplink (UL) OFDMA SC-FDMA
Frequency Band 2.3-2.4GHz, 2.496-2.69GHz, Existing and new frequency
3.3-3.8GHz bands (~2GHz)
Bit-rate/Site:
DL 75 Mbps (MIMO 2Tx 2Rx) 100 Mbps (MIMO 2Tx 2Rx)
UL 25 Mbps 50 Mbps
Channel bandwidth (BW) 5, 8.75, 10, 20MHz 1.4 - 20 MHz
MIMO:
DL 2 Tx X 2Rx 2 Tx X 2Rx
UL 1Tx X NRx -Collaborative SM 2 Tx X 2Rx
Cell capacity 100 - 200 users >200 users @ 5MHz
>400 users for larger BW
Spectral efficiency 3.75[bits/sec/Hz] 5[bits/sec/Hz]

Page 6
The LTE Air Interface - LTE MIMO

3-4x R6 HSDPA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
The basis for LTE’s downlink transmission
OFDM is already widely used in non-cellular technologies and was considered
by ETSI for UMTS in 1998
CDMA was favoured since OFDM requires large amounts of baseband
processing which was not commercially viable ten years ago
OFDM advantages
• Wide channels are more resistant to fading and OFDM equalizers are much simpler to
implement than CDMA
• Almost completely resistant to multi-path due to very long symbols
• Ideally suited to MIMO due to easy matching of transmit signals to the uncorrelated RF
channels
OFDM disadvantages
• Sensitive to frequency errors and phase noise due to close subcarrier spacing
• Sensitive to Doppler shift which creates interference between subcarriers
• Pure OFDM creates high PAR which is why SC-FDMA is used on UL
• More complex than CDMA for handling inter-cell interference at cell edge

Page 8
What is OFDM?- High Data Rate vs. Lower Symbol Rate

This is a sample;
FFT(64 samples) gives
This is a OFDM:
SCM: 64 freq bins (48 carriers
symbol
+ 4 pilots + 12 zeros)
= 6 bits

1 Sym = .083 usec 1 Sym = 4.0 usec

Data rate = 54 Mbits/sec
@ ¾ coding = 72 Mbits/sec
@ 64QAM = 12 MSym/sec
1 symbol = one point in time
1 point in time = 1 symbol
Data rate = 54 Mbits/sec
@ ¾ coding = 72 Mbits/sec
@ 48 carriers= 1.5 Mbits/sec
@ 64QAM = 250 kSym/sec
1 symbol = 1 point in frequency and time
1 point in time = ~meaningless
What is OFDM? – Orthogonals Signals?
BW = #sub-Carriers x Spacing

Signal structure: Advantages of OFDM:

Many closely spaced individual carriers Excellent immunity to multi-path distortion
Carrier spacing insures orthogonality, i.e. Excellent tolerance of single frequency
Carrier spectrum = Sin (x)/X shape interferer
Carrier placement = Sin (x)/X nulls
Comparing OFDMA and SC-FDMA
QPSK example using M=4 subcarriers
The following graphs show how a
sequence of eight QPSK symbols is 1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1 -1,-1 1,1 1, -1 -1,1
represented in frequency and time
Q
-1,1 1,1 Time
I

-1,-1 1,-1

V V
CP
CP

Frequency 60 kHz Frequency

fc 15 kHz fc
OFDMA SC-FDMA
Data symbols occupy 15 kHz for Data symbols occupy M*15 kHz for
one OFDMA symbol period 1/M SC-FDMA symbol periods

Page 11
Basic channel access modes
Transmit Receive Transmit Receive
Antennas
The Radio Antennas Antennas
The Radio Antennas
Channel Channel
SIMO
SISO
Single Input Single Output

Single Input Multiple Output

(Receive diversity)

MISO MIMO

Multiple Input Single Output

(Transmit diversity) Multiple Input Multiple Output
(Multiple data streams)

Page 12
Evolved 3GPP Network Architecture
GSM/GPRS/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) Serving Network Core & Services Network
MS GSM-A
Um Abis BSC CS CS Core (Voice)
GSM
EDGE BTS PCU GPRS-Gb VLR SMS HLR
Evolved EDGE SGW
Base Station Subsystem PS
MSC MGW
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) SS7/SIGTRAN
UE Iu-CS
Uu Iub CS
RNC PS Core (Data)
Iur Gn
Iu-PS Internet
NodeB RNC
WCDMA PS Operator’s IP
HSPA/HSPA+ GGSN Services
Radio Network Subsystem SGSN
(E.g. IMS, PSS…)
S12 S3 S4 S101 & S103 (for CDMA I-RAT)
Supported Interfaces Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
SAE-GW
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) RX
Gx
Evolved Node B S1-U
Uu eNB S11 S5 PCRF
SGi
P-GW

UE X2 S1-C S6a

eNB MME

Page 13
 LTE/SAE Test Challenges

S800 Call Manager Training

Page 14 November 2009
Evolution of Testing

• CS/PS
• Complex RRM/Handover
UMTS/GPRS • „Simple“ I-RAT
• High data rates

• PS [CS]
• Security
LTE • Complex I-RAT
• Enourmous Data rates

Page 15
Evolution of Testconcepts
Real-Time Network & Signaling Historic Analysis with KPI Reporting with
Analysis with SART Call Manager Quality of Service
Manager
• Single User
versus Multi User
• Single point
versus End-to-End

Multi-User Architecture
Centralized configuration and management

Page 16
UMTS HS-DSCH FLOW CONTROL

Page 17
UMTS HARQ Retransmission

Page 18
UMTS: Good QoE?

Page 19
Network Overview - 3GPP R8 – LTE/SAE
Xu S101/102/103 to CDMA Core
S1-MME S7 PCR

SGi
F IMS & other
S11 MME S5 Operator IP
eNB
X2 S1-U Services
S10
S-GW
PDN-GW
S6a
S1-MME
HSS MRF CSC AS
Evolved UTRAN eNB MME Evolved Packet Core F

• LTE/SAE Overview – Introduced in 3GPP Release 8

– Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in the Downlink
– Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) in the Uplink
• The LTE radio migration may occur via software upgrades (e.g. soft radios)

• The LTE protocol and network architecture is characterized by three special requirements:
1. Support for the PS domain only. There will be no circuit switched (CS) domain nodes.
• Traditional Voice services are delivered using VoIP served by the IMS

2. Tight delay targets for small roundtrip delays

• 5 ms for bandwidths of 5 MHz and greater ; 10 ms for the bandwidths below 5 MHz

3. Reduced cost of the system LTE challenges carriers to review deployment, optimization &
operational procedures.
Network Overview – 3GPP Security LTE/SAE

NAS NAS
Relay
RRC RRC S1-AP S1-AP Diameter Diameter

PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP SCTP SCTP

IP IP IP IP

IPSec ESP IPSecIPESP IPSecIPESP IPSecIPESP

RLC RLC

MAC MAC DATA DATA DATA DATA

PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY

Xu S1-C S6a
UE eNodeB MME HSS

IPSec Encryption

PDCP Ciphering (RRC/UP)

S1 & S6a Interfaces NAS Ciphering

Network Overview – 3GPP Security LTE S1-U
SIP SIP

TCP/UDP TCP/UDP

IP IP

IPSec ESP IPSec ESP Diameter Diameter

Relay Relay
PDCP GTP-U TCP/SCTP* TCP/SCTP*
PDCP GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U

UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP IP IP IP IP

RLC RLC IPSec ESP IPSec ESP IPSec ESP IPSec ESP IPSec ESP IPSec ESP IPSec ESP IPSec ESP

MAC MAC DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA

PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY

Gm S1-U S5/S8 SGi/Gm Cx

UE eNodeB Serving GW PDN GW P/S-CSCF HSS

IPSec Encryption (NDS) PDCP Ciphering (UP)

Gm & Cx Interface * SCTP Recommended Transport in TS 29.229 IPSec Encryption (AKA)

LTE Call trace: Putting all pieces together

Page 23
LTE EPS Optimizer (How is my mobile working?)

Page 24
Challenges – SAE Bearer and QoS for Single UE
eNodeB Can you
UE
MAC Scheduler afford to use S-GW
Signaling Radio Bearers
default QoS
C-Plane
parameters?
Signalling

SAE Radio Bearers Prio 1-Q SAE Access Bearers

Policy QoS QoS
Policy
Flow 1 Flow 1 based VoIP
based
QoS Prio 2-Q QoS
handling QoS QoS handling Video
and IP
Flow 2
Xu S1 Flow 2 and IP Streaming
packet packet
Prio 3-Q
mux and mux and
demux demux
QoS QoS above Best Effort
above Flow 3 Flow 3
bearer 1…n
bearer
level Aggregated IP Flows Aggregated IP Flows level
MAC Mux

SAE Bearer Service

LTE KPI‘s (How is my network working?)

Page 26
LTE KPI‘s with History

Page 27
LTE Challenge

eNB

Inter Cell RRM How do you do RF Performance

RB Control
Engineering &Optimization, when
all these functions are closed
Connection Mobility Control
within the eNB?
Radio Admission Control

eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provisioning MME
Dynamic Resource NAS Security
Allocation (Scheduler)
Idle State Mobility Handling
RRC

PDCP SAE Bearer Control

RLC
Serving Gateway PDN Gateway
MAC
UE IP Address allocation
S1 Mobility Anchoring
PHY
Packet Filtering

Page 28
Answer:

Agilent
Drive Test
Agilent
Sanjole Signaling
Abit Analyzer
NEM
eNodeB
feed

Page 29
E6474A LTE/WiMAX Applications (Phone Based)

Visualize Server Understand Video

and Neighbors
Quality and Impairments - Correlated to RF
(via RX or phone)

Isolate RF issues vs. IP issues with VOIP Services

30 November 26, 2009

Application Tests – Confirm Delivery and Gain
insight into User Experience of Actual Services

Link to 3rd Party Applications

like iPERF for UDP testing

Video
MOS

VoIP
R-factor
MOS

• Use UDP to validate service capability – Raw sustained (Throughput)

• Use FTP Get to validate actual User Download Speeds (Throughput)
• Use FTP Put to validate actual User Upload Speeds (Throughput)

• Use Voip to confirm VOIP Connectivity Statistics and Voice Quality

• Use Video Streaming to confirm user experience of Video and Audio

31 November 26, 2009

E6474A Integrated RF/VoIP Testing

VoIP Statistics – • Mean Opinion Score

parameters calculated • Round trip delay (ms)
based on incoming • Packet loss ratio (%)
RTP packets • Inter-arrival jitter (ms)
Page 32
LTE Phone Support
E6474A-640 LTE Phone Measurements
This will provide PC Card / phone-based measurement support for LTE.

Measurement Targets – ALL To Be Confirmed

Call Control / Data Control Mobile Transmit Power (EPRE) Energy Per Resource Element
Frequency in use Uplink Channel Quality
Cyclic prefix length
Uplink Coding Rate
Transmission Bandwidth in use
Uplink Timing Offset (Timing Advance)
Grant scheduling information
ACK/NAK Tx Buffer Status

Block Size
BCH decodes: Network Information and Neighbour Information Protocol Logging (MAC, RLC, RRC)
MNC, MCC,
Cell Identity
HARQ Process Information
Process ID
Redundancy version
New Data Indicator
Total Throughput and Effective Throughput
Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)
Reference Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)
Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ)
CQI Reports
FER

Final Measurement Set will be determined by final LTE UE Reporting Capabilities

W1314A NGR LTE Measurements Summary

• LTE Channel Analyzer:

• P-SS RSSI
• S-SS RSSI
• LTE Physical Layer Cell-ID
• LTE Reference Signal Analyzer: 450MHz to 3.8GHz frequency
• Reference Signal RSRP range (not contiguous)

• Reference Signal RSRQ

• Reference Signal CINR (14.2)
• LTE Measurements run in all bands supported on the W1314A Receiver.
• Supports FDD + TDD Mode.
• LTE Measurements run together with other technologies (UMTS, GSM, CDMA,
EVDO, WiMAX)
• Preparation for LTE - Spectrum Monitoring/Clearance prior to trial deployments
ready now for 700MHz
Receiver Measurements in E6474A
Agilent LTE Drive Test & EPC

Page 36
Agilent LTE Drivetest Handover

Page 37
Challenges: Diversity of Transport Options
IP Details of protocols used for
L3 encapsulation are not shown
in this diagram

Ethernet

MPLS
L2

mc-ml ppp
ATM

WiMAX

(IMA)
PHY

SDH/SONET DSL PDH

TECHNIQUE PON P2P CWDM DWDM P2MP P2P

MEDIA fibre micro-wave copper

Network Analyzer – Measurements

•Expert Analysis showing

– Utilization
– Protocol distribution
– Connections
– Stations/Nodes
– Alarms/Warnings/Info
•Connection screen shows any
connection between nodes
– Which node is talking to which nodes
using which service/port sending what
amount and which kind of packets
• TCP Performance Analysis
• Multi-Segment Jitter, Delay, Packet Loss
Anaylsis
•Report Center processes expert
measurements
E2E LTE QoS/QoE Monitoring (VoIP, IPTV, Data)
Agilent E6474A NiXt Agilent J6900A Triple
Mobile drive test Play Analyzer

Active test Passive monitoring

UTRAN PS Domain UMTS Core PS Doain

Radio Network Subsystem
GPRS Core
Iub
NodeB
RNC
Iu-PS GnGGSN
PDN
Uu SGSN Gi

Xu S1-MME
S3 S4
SGi

eNB
S11 S7 Rx+
MME
S5 PCR
X2 S1-U
SAE-GW
S10 PDN
Gateway S6
F
IMS
S1-MME
HSS MRF CSCF AS
eNB MME
LTE UTRAN
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Page 41
Thank You!