The BASICS
Notation: Greek Alphabet:
αβγδεηζθικλµνοπρστυφχψω
Scientific Notation = 6.624 × 10–34
Metric Abbreviations = f, p, µ, m, c, d – k, M, G, T
Units: Meter, Kilogram, Second
Dimensional Analysis
Capital 1
Concepts: Atomic Number and Mass, Density
Estimation: Orders of Magnitude & Approximation, Significant
Figures, Percentage Error
1. How many heartbeats do you expect to have in your lifetime?
1-D Motion
Terminology: Displacement, Velocity, Speed, Acceleration, Ave.
vs. Instantaneous, Subscripts – Initial / Naught: xi ≡ x0
Graphing: x(t), v(t), and a(t) and how they relate to each other.
Equations:Derive general forms of x(t) and v(t) for constant
acceleration. Discuss freely falling objects.
2. I go to Disneyland twice a year. What is my average speed if
it takes 90 min to travel the 90 miles?
3. What is my average speed through Camp Pendleton if I travel
9 mi in 8 min? One mi in 53 s? 100 yd in 3.0 s? 10 feet in 99
ms?
4. x(t) = 3t2 + 5t - 1. What are v(t) and a(t)?
5. Marie is standing on top of a 50 m high building at the edge of
the roof. She throws a ball up and slightly outwards with an
initial speed of 20 m/s. (a) How high does the ball go? (b) How
long does that trip take? (c) How fast is the ball going when it
returns to her height? (d) How high above the ground is the ball
when it has been in the air 5 seconds? (e) When does it hit the
ground?
Vectors
Scalars: Magnitude only (e.g. temperature, cost, volume, speed)
Vectors: Magnitude and Direction (position, velocity,
acceleration, force)
Trig Review: Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Pythagoras Theorem
Graphing: Addition & Subtraction, Commutative Law, Unit
Vectors
Properties: Notations (Cartesian, Polar, Component), Scalar/Dot
Product (•)
6. A sailboat has a velocity of 5 m/s, at an angle of 36.87° NW.
What are the xˆ and yˆ components of the speed?
7. A child walks 2 blocks N and then 5 blocks W. What is her
displacement from her starting point?
8. A golfer takes two putts to sink the ball; the first is (80 ft, 30°
NE), and the second is (15 ft, 36.87°WN). What is the
displacement of a single putt that would have sunk the ball on the
first try?
9. Two ropes are attached to an eye bolt. One is directed at 40°
left from the axis of the bolt and its tension is 150 lb. The other
rope is directed right at 25° from the axis of the bolt. Find the
tension in the second rope if the resultant force of both ropes acts
along the axis of the bolt.
10. Vector A = 3 i – 4 j, vector B = (3, 4), and C = (2.5, 216.87°).
Find the following: A + B, A – B, A + 2C, A • B, A • C
2-D Motion
Projectile Motion: 2 displacement equations, 2 velocity
equations: x = x0 + v0 x t , y = y0 + v0 y t − 12 gt 2 , vx = v0 x , and
v y = v0 y − gt
v02 sin 2θ
Range Equation: R = , uses and limitations
g
Projectile Motion
11. While flying horizontally at 360 mph, a small plane releases a
relief-aid package from its bay doors. If the plane is flying at an
altitude of 40,000 ft, how far from the jungle village must the
release be made? Repeat for 450 km/hr and 4410 m.
12. A projectile is fired at 36.87° above the horizontal with an
initial speed of 50 m/s. Find its range.
13. A toy cannon fires a ball at 30° above the horizontal. The
ball strikes a wall 12 m away. If the ball hits the wall 1.5 m above
its launch height, what is the ball’s initial speed?
14. A daredevil stunt man is shot from a cannon at 45° above the
horizontal at 15 m/s. If the net must be located 3 m above the
launch point for safety reasons, what is the horizontal distance
from the cannon to the net in order to safely catch him?
15. The maximum distance Jill can throw a ball on a level field is
200 ft. Jill then climbs a 100 ft tall building and throws the ball at
30° above the horizontal. How far from the base of the building
does the ball land?
Uniform Circular Motion
16. A child sits on the edge of a merry go round whose radius is 2
m. If the child is moving at 4 m/s, what is his centripetal
acceleration?
17. A ring-shaped space station is being designed so that people
can walk on the inside of outer wall and feel their normal weight.
The station has a 1 km radius. What is the station’s period of
rotation?
18. A 4 ft tall child whirled a stone overhead in a horizontal
circle. The circle has a 3 ft radius and the stone’s acceleration is
108 ft/s2. If the child releases the stone, how far away does it fall?
Relative Motion
19. A car’s velocity is 30 mph North, and a truck’s is 40 mph
West. Find the velocity of the car relative to the truck.
20. John can row a boat at 5 mph in stationary water. If he is in a
river which flows South at 3 mph, where must he point his boat in
order to row straight East across the river?
21. A car is traveling on level ground at 15 mph. Raindrops fall
with a speed of 20 mph with respect to the car, and the rain
streaks past the window at an angle of 36.87° from the vertical
toward the back of the car. Find the velocity of the rain with
respect to the ground.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Terminology: Force, Inertia, Mass, Weight, Normal, Friction,
Frictionless
Newton’s Laws: 1st Law – Objects at rest stay at rest, objects in
motion continue moving with constant velocity as long as there
are no external forces acting on it. 2nd Law – The acceleration
of an object is (a) directly proportional to the net force acting on
it, and (b) inversely proportional to its mass. 3rd Law – If two
objects interact, the force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force F21
which object 2 exerts on object 1.
22. What is the weight of a 10 kg mass?
23. A 75 lb stoplight is suspended by two cables. One of the
cables makes a 36.87° angle with the horizontal and the other
makes 30°. What is the tension in each of the cables?
24. A 150 N force is applied at an angle of 30° below the
horizontal to a 10 kg box which is initially at rest on a horizontal
frictionless surface. What is the acceleration of the box? What is
the magnitude of the normal force that acts on the box?
25. What is the acceleration of a 20 kg block which is sliding
down a smooth 36.87° incline?
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26. A horizontal force is applied to a 30 kg box which is at rest
on a frictionless 30° incline. What is the magnitude of that force
if the box must remain motionless?
27. Find the tension in the rope of a Atwood machine that has a
40 kg mass hanging on the left side and a 60 kg mass on the right.
What is their acceleration?
28. Two blocks (20 kg and 50 kg) are in contact on a horizontal
frictionless surface with the smaller block to the left of the larger
one. There is a 350 N horizontal force pushing the 20 kg block to
the right. What is the magnitude of the force pushing on the 50 kg
block?
29. A rope is attached to the top of a smooth 53.13° incline and to
a 30 kg block which rests on the incline. What is the tension in
the rope?
30. A rope connects a 30 kg block to a 25 kg block. The rope
passes over a pulley at the top of a 53.13° incline. The larger
block rests on the incline and the smaller hangs from the pulley.
Calculate the acceleration of either block.
31. An elevator accelerates at −5 m/s2. What is the tension in a
rope which holds a 3 kg tool bucket?
Friction
32. A horizontal 180 N force is applied to a 20 kg box which is
initially at rest on a rough horizontal surface. What is the
acceleration of the box? (µs = 0.8 and µk = 0.6)
33. A 160 lb box is being pulled across a rough horizontal surface
at a constant speed. The rope is held at 30° above the horizontal.
Calculate the coefficient of friction if the tension in the rope is
100 lbs.
34. What is the acceleration of a 20 kg block which is sliding
down a rough 36.87° incline (µk = 0.5)?
35. A 100 kg mass rests on a rough table top and is connected to
a 60 kg hanging mass by means of a rope and pulley. If µs = 0.5
and µk = 0.2, what is the acceleration of the blocks?
36. A perfect rope connects a 20 kg block to a 25 kg block. The
rope passes over a pulley at the top of a 53.13° incline. The 25 kg
block rests on the incline and the 20 kg block hangs from the
pulley. Calculate the acceleration of either block. Assume µ =
0.25.
37. A 25 kg block sits on top of a 50 kg block which is being
pulled horizontally by a 450 N force. What is the minimum
coefficient of friction if the top block doesn’t slide across the
bottom block? Assume the surface is frictionless.
Applications of Newton’s Laws
Uniform Circular Motion
38. A 2 kg toy car completes a 1 m radius circular path in 3 s.
What is the magnitude of the frictional force on the car?
39. An unbanked highway curve has a radius of 90 ft. If a car
travels at 30 mph, what is the minimum coefficient of friction
necessary to negotiate the turn without slipping?
40. A banked highway curve has a radius of 90 m. If a car travels
at 30 m/s, what is the bank angle necessary to negotiate the turn
without slipping even in icy conditions?
Non-Uniform Circular Motion
41. A car passes over the top of a small hill. Find the car’s
minimum speed if the normal force between the seat and the
passenger is zero. The radius of curvature is 100 m.
42. A Ferris wheel has a radius of 20 m and a period of 1 minute.
What is the normal force acting on a 30 kg child at the top and at
the bottom of the ride?
Accelerated Reference Frames
43. A box rests on the bed of a truck. If µ = 0.7, find the
maximum acceleration of the box should not slip.
44. What angle does the ceiling strap in a San Francisco streetcar
make with the vertical while the car is turning a 30 m radius
corner at 15 m/s?
45. What direction does a balloon float when you round a 90 m
corner at 25 m/s?
46. If a bug is to remain stationary on a turntable as it turns at 33
1/3 rpm, what is the minimum coefficient of friction? The bug is
10 cm from the center of the turntable.
47. ** What is the formula for the terminal velocity for a drag
force of the form (a) R = –bv, and (b) R = –av2?
Center of Mass
48. Calculate the center of mass of the following: a 2 kg mass at
2 m to the left of the origin, a 3 kg mass at 3 m to the right, and a
5 kg mass at 1 m to the right.
49. How far from the center of the Earth is the center of mass for
the Earth-Moon system?
50. A 20 ft long 100 lb plank is lying on a frozen pond. Its left
end rests against the shore and a 200 lb man is standing on its
right end out on the ice. Where is the left end of the plank
located, after the man has walked from right to left along it?
(Note: both the plank and the man move!)
51. There are three masses on the corners of a 6-8-10 triangle. If
each mass is 100 g, where is the center of mass? Assume the
origin is at the smallest angle, and the right corner lies on the (+)
x-axis.
Work & Energy
Work: W = ∫ F ⋅ dx , which simplifies to F ⋅ ∆x if F = constant.
Work (constant force)
52. A 100 lb horizontal force pushes a 200 lb crate 10 ft across
the floor. If the coefficient of friction is 0.3, how much work is
done by each of the forces acting on the crate?
53. A boy pulls a 10 kg sled 10 m at a constant speed across a
level floor. If the rope makes a 30° angle with the floor and the µk
= 0.4, what is the work done by each of the forces?
54. You push down on a 5 kg box while pushing it across a rough
horizontal surface. The 80 N push is angled at 20° below level. If
µk = 0.3 and you move the box 2 m, how much work do you do?
Hooke’s Law & Work of a Spring
55. A 3 kg hanging mass stretches a spring 5 cm. How much
energy is required to stretch the spring 5 cm more?
56. ** What is the effective spring constant when two springs are
in parallel? In series?
Kinetic Energy
57. A 20 kg box rests on a rough horizontal floor (µ = 0.6). Find
the change in KE if a 200 N horizontal force pushes the box 10 m.
58. One end of a 2000 N/m spring is attached to a wall and a 5 kg
block is attached to the other end. If the spring is compressed 10
cm then released, what is the maximum speed of the block?
Power
59. A 120 lb boy climbs 15 ft up a rope. If the child can produce
1/4 hp, how long does it take him to climb the rope? Assume
constant speed. 1 hp = 746 W = 550 ft-lb/s.
60. A car needs 15 kW in order to travel at a constant 108 km/h.
What is the wind’s frictional force?
Conservation of Energy
Terminology: Conservative and non-conservative forces,
potential energy, mechanical energy
61. A 10 kg block is connected to a 20 kg block by a rope and a
pulley system. The smaller block hangs over the end of the table
while the larger is at rest on the smooth horizontal table top. Find
the 10 kg block’s final speed after it has fallen 3 m.
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62. A 15 kg block starts at the top of a 30° smooth incline. Find
the block’s final speed if it starts from rest and slides 2 m down
the incline.
63. A 20 kg block starts from rest at the top of a 53.13° smooth
incline 2.0 m above the floor. The block is released and slides
down the incline then out onto a smooth horizontal surface where
it collides with a spring. Find the distance the spring is
compressed when the block momentarily stops. The spring
constant it 12 kN/m.
64. A spring is connected to the upper end of a 36.87° incline and
to a 10 kg block which rests on the incline. If the spring has a
1000 N/m spring constant and the block is released from rest
when the spring is compressed 0.20 m, how much is the spring
stretched at its maximum extension?
65. A block slides up a rough 30° incline with a coefficient of
friction 0.4. What is the maximum distance the block travels up
the incline if its initial speed is 30 m/s?
66. A 4 kg mass is dropped onto a 10 kN/m spring from a height
of 2 m above the end of the spring. What is the maximum
compression of the spring?
67. A 20 kg block starts from rest at the top of a vertical ramp. It
slides 2 m down the ramp and then slides out onto a rough
horizontal surface. If the block travels 3 m before stopping, what
is the coefficient of friction on the level surface?
Linear Momentum
Definition: F = dp/dt, Impulse
Cons. Law: Σ p = constant in a collision, arises from Newton’s
2nd Law.
Example Problems
68. If a 2000 lb car has the same momentum as a 5 ton truck
going 20 mph, what is the car’s speed?
69. A 2 kg ball with a speed of 10 m/s collides head on and
rebounds from an infinitely massive wall at 5 m/s. Find the
change in momentum and the force of the wall on the ball if ∆t =
0.1 s.
Conservation of momentum – Inelastic collisions
70. A 10 g bullet hits and embeds itself in a 2 kg block of wood
which is initially at rest. What was the bullet’s speed before the
collision if the combination is moving 3 m/s after the collision?
71. When a 200 lb halfback collides with a 220 lb linebacker,
both stop abruptly. In time-trials, the halfback can run 40 yards in
5 seconds. If the collision occurs when both are moving at full
speed, how long would it take for the linebacker to run the 40
yards?
Conservation of momentum – Elastic collisions
72. Two billiard balls collide head on. If one was at rest initially
and the other was moving at 2 m/s, what are their speeds after the
collision?
73. A 16 lb bowling ball is at rest when it is struck by a 120 mph,
2 oz golf ball. What is the velocity of each after the collision?
2-D Collisions – Perfectly Inelastic
74. A 1000 kg car moving North at 30 m/s collides with a 2000
kg car moving East at 20 m/s. If they stick together, what is the
velocity of the lump immediately after the collision?
75. When a 10 kg stationary bomb explodes into three pieces.
One 2 kg piece flies West at 50 m/s and a 3 kg piece flies North at
70 m/s. What is the velocity of the final 5 kg piece?
2-D Collisions – Elastic
76. Two billiard balls collide. Initially one is moving at 5 m/s,
the other is at rest. After the collision the first ball has changed
course by 36.87°. Find the velocities of both balls after the
collision.
77. A 2 kg mass with a velocity of 6 m/s E collides with a 3 kg
mass whose velocity is 4 m/s N. After the collision the 3 kg mass
is traveling 53.13° NE. What direction is the 2 kg mass moving
afterwards?
Rotating Systems
Alphabet Soup: θ, ω, α, Ι, τ, and their links to linear dynamical
quantities.
78. A wheel goes from rest to 500 RPM in 2 seconds. Find its
angular acceleration. What angle θ does the wheel rotate
through?
79. A car goes from 0 to 60 mph in 5 s. If its tires have a 1 ft
radius, what is the angular acceleration?
Rotational Kinetic Energy and Moment of Inertia
80. What is the rotational inertia of the Earth – Moon system?
Calculate the moment of inertia of a rod (twice), ring, disk,
sphere, shell, and sphere again, then two examples with non-
uniform density.
81. How much energy would be released if the Earth stopped
rotating?
Torque
82. Two concentric disks form a single unit. The small disk has a
radius of 3 cm while that of the larger is 5 cm. If a cord with a 20
N tension is wrapped clockwise around the large disk, and a cord
with a tension of 60 N is wrapped counter-clockwise around the
smaller disk, what is the net torque?
83. A cord is wrapped around a horizontal cylinder (R = 5 cm, M
= 4 kg). A 2 kg pail hangs from the cord’s loose end. What is the
tension as the cord unwinds and the bucket falls?
84. A 60 kg block rests on a 36.87° frictionless incline. It is
attached to an 18 kg block which hangs over a pulley at the top of
the incline. The pulley is shaped like a disk with a radius of 15
cm and a mass of 24 kg. What is the acceleration of the 18 kg
block?
Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy
85. How much energy is required to spin up a sphere to speed?
The sphere has a radius of 25 cm, a mass of 3 kg, an initial speed
of 300 RPM, and a final speed of 600 RPM.
86. A 2 m long, 30 kg rod is standing on end and falls over.
What is the speed of the top end of the rod when it hits the
ground?
Angular Momentum
Definition: Angular Momentum: L = Iω
Cons. Law: Σ L = constant
87. A 1 kg, 15 cm radius turntable is freely turning at 33 1/3
RPM. Onto this I drop a 15 cm, 200 g record that is not rotating
initially. What is the final angular speed of the combination?
88. A 100 lb skater is moving at 10 mph when he grabs a 12 ft
long rope which is attached to a pole. The rope causes the skater
to move in smaller and smaller circles as the rope wraps around
the pole. What is the skater’s speed when 4 ft of rope are left?
89. A 30 kg child is initially standing 1 m from the center of a
Merry-Go-Round that has a mass of 100 kg and a radius of 2 m.
If the child and the Merry-Go-Round both start from rest, what is
the angular speed of the Merry-Go-Round with respect to the
ground when the child walks at 1 m/s clockwise (c.w.) with
respect to the Merry-Go-Round?
90. A 10 g, 300 m/s bullet strikes and sticks to the edge of a 1.98
kg, 20 cm radius cylinder which is initially motionless. What is
the angular speed of the combination just after the collision?
Assume the cylinder rotates about its axis of symmetry.
Rolling Motion
Friction does no work (no slippage)
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91. ** A sphere, a hoop, and a disk race down an inclined ramp.
Which will reach the bottom first?
Static Equilibrium
Conditions: ΣF = 0, and Στ = 0
Forces and Torque
92. Two men are carrying a 5 m long, 20 kg wood beam by its
ends. A 5 kg lunchbox sits 1 m from one of the ends. What is
each man’s load?
93. A 20 kg sign hangs from a 4.0 kg, 1.5 m long horizontal
beam. A cable runs from the outer end of the beam back to a
point on the wall 2 m above the support point. The sign is 0.5 m
from the wall and is 1 m long. What is the tension in the cable?
94. A 10 kg sphere rests in a 60° vertical wedge. Find the forces
on the sphere. Assume no friction.
95. The boom of a crane is 30 m long and has a mass of 200 kg.
When a 500 kg load is lifted by the boom the boom makes an
angle of 53.13° with the horizon. What is the tension in the
support cable if it is attached from the center of the boom and is
horizontal?
96. A 100 kg painter wishes to climb as far up a ladder as is
possible before the ladder starts to slip. The 25 kg ladder is 10 m
long and makes a 53.13° angle with the horizon. The wall is
smooth and the floor has µs = 0.2. How far up the ladder can he
climb?
97. What is the magnitude of the horizontal force that must be
applied to the handle of a 100 kg, 50 cm radius lawn roller in
order to push it up onto a 10 cm tall curb? Compare with the
weight.
S.H.M.
Terminology: T, f, ω, A, x, v, a, φ
Equation: x(t) = cos (ωt + φ), relationship between ω, k, and m
Hooke’s Law
98. Calculate the maximum acceleration if k = 1000 N/m, and m
= 2.5 kg for a mass oscillating +/– 3 cm on a horizontal spring.
99. If a 100 N force stretches a spring 8 cm, find the period of
oscillation when a 2 kg mass is attached to the spring.
100. Find the minimum period of oscillation if a penny is to sit on
top of an oscillating surface with an amplitude of 20 cm.
Energy
101. Find Kmax if k = 500 N/m, m = 0.5 kg and A = 20 cm.
102. Find the displacement x when K = 3 U in terms of A.
Phase Constants
103. Find φ when x = 1/3 A, and v is to the right.
104. Find φ when x = –3/4 A, and v is to the left.
Simple Pendulum (small angle)
105. What is the period of a 2 m long pendulum, and what would
it be on the surface of the moon?
106. Calculate the length of a simple pendulum with T = 2 s.
Physical Pendulum
107. ** Show that the real pendulum formula reduces to the
simple one.
108. A disk with radius 0.5 m pivots about a point half way from
its center to its edge. What is its period of motion?
Gravitation
Newton: how he found his famous formula for gravity using the
Moon
Kepler: derive T2 ~ a3
G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2/kg2
109. Calculate the gravitational force between two 1 kg masses
separated by 1 m.
110. Two stars (masses M and 4M respectively) are separated by
a distance D. Where should a third mass be placed such that the
net gravitational force acting on it would be zero?
111. The gravitational force between two bodies is 10–8 N when
they are separated by 20 cm. If their combined mass is 5 kg, what
are their individual masses?
112. Determine the mass of the Earth.
113. A spacecraft orbits about a planet. The period of its orbit is
12 hr and the radius is 5 × 107m. What is the mass of the planet?
Gravitational Field
114. Calculate the Earth’s field strength at 0 m, 103 m and 106 m
height.
Potential Energy: negative, integrated in from infinity
115. Calculate U for a 1 kg, a 2 kg and a 3 kg mass which are
located at the corners of a 3-4-5 triangle respectively.
116. What is the Earth’s escape velocity?
117. If 2 equal masses start from rest an infinite distance apart,
what is their speed at the instant when they collide? (m = 10 kg, r
= 20 cm)
118. What is the speed and period of a satellite 200 km above the
Earth?
119. How much energy is required to move a satellite from
2Re
4Re, if its mass is 105 kg?
Fluid Mechanics
Density (define)
120. What is the density of the Earth?
Pressure (definition)
121. A piece of paper (8 1/2 × 11) is lying on a horizontal
tabletop. What is the force of air pressure acting on the top of the
paper?
Derive: P = P0 + ρgh
122. How much pressure exists at a depth of 10000 m in the
ocean?
U-tubes, Barometers
123. To what maximum height can a column of alcohol (0.806
g/cc) be raised at sea level by a vacuum pump?
124. A test tube is filled with two fluids which do not mix. The
upper fluid is 30 cm deep and has ρ = 3.7 g/cc. The lower fluid is
50 cm deep and has ρ = 8.5 g/cc. What is the pressure at the
bottom?
125. A U-tube is partially filled with water and then kerosene (ρ
= 0.82 g/cc) is poured on top of the water on one side of the tube
until the difference in height between water levels on the two
sides is 10 cm. How thick is the layer of kerosene?
126. How much force is required to lift an 1600 kg car if r1 =
0.75 cm (at pump) and r2 = 15 cm (at car)? (Assume both are at
same height.)
Archimedes’s Principle, Buoyant Force
Buoyant Force: B = ρf Vobj g
127. What is the buoyant force acting on an object when it is
submerged in water? (m = 3.6 kg, V = 3 liters)
128. A 45 kg child sits on a foam raft which just barely keeps her
out of the water. The raft is 1×1×0.05 m3. What is ρ for
Styrofoam?
Flows – laminar vs. turbulent
Ideal Fluids – non-viscous, incompressible, no turbulence, steady
Equation: Av = Q = constant flow rate (conservation of mass)
Bernoulli’s Equation
129. A 3/4 inch diameter hose can fill a 10 gal bucket in 80 s.
What is the speed of the water after a 1/4 in nozzle has been
screwed on?
130. A water tank has a hole in its side. The hole is 10 m below
the surface of the tank and 2 l of water leak out each minute.
What is the diameter of the hole?
131. An airplane wing is just able to lift a 10,000 kg plane. If the
airspeed over the top of the wing is 60 m/s and under the bottom
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of the wing is 40 m/s, what is the area of the wing? ρair = 1.29
kg/m3.
132. A vacuum pump is used to empty out a flooded basement.
The pump intake is located 4 m below the outflow nozzle. The
intake diameter is 20 cm and the output is 10 cm. What is the
intake pressure in atmospheres if 1 cubic meter is pumped out
each minute?
Temperature
Temperature Scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin
Thermal Expansion: ∆L = L0 α∆T , ∆V = V0β∆T , and β = 3α
133. A 100 m by 100 m plot of land is accurately laid out using a
steel tape on a day when the temperature is 15°C. If you re-
measure the same plot using the same tape on a 104°F day, how
much error is caused by the high temperature?
134. The hole in an aluminum washer is 1 cm in diameter when
the temperature is 20°C. At what temperature will the diameter
be 1.0012 cm?
Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT , or PV = Nk BT , where kB = R/NA
135. How many molecules are there in 30 l of gas at 1 atm. and
100°C?
136. A tank of gas is heated from 40°C to 300°C. What is the
final pressure if its initial pressure was 2 atm.?
137. Calculate the volume of 1 mole of an ideal gas at STP.
Heat – First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat: Temperature vs. Total Thermal Energy
First Law
Constants: Specific Heat, Latent Heat
138. Calculate the final temperature when 50 g of water at 0°C is
added to 100 g at 100°C.
139. What is the equilibrium temperature when 100 g of 100°C
water is added to a 50 g aluminum container that is at 0°C?
140. Calculate the final temperature when 20 g of ice at 0°C is
added to 100 g of water at 100°C.
141. Calculate the final temperature when 30 g of steam at 110°C
is added to 100 g of ice at –40°C. ci = 2.09 J/g, cs = 2.01 J/g.
Heat Transfer
142. How much heat is lost through a 1 m2, 0.5 cm thick glass
window in one day if the temperature inside is 25°C and outside is
0°C?
Four Processes – Isochoric, Isobaric, Isothermal, Adiabatic
Work done
143. ** Calculate the work done by a gas during an isobaric
change, an isochoric change, and an isothermal change.
Cycles – Work done & heat exchanged on a P-V diagram.
144. ** Calculate work done and heat exchanged for each of the
four common cycles.
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Derive Pressure
Temperature: K = 1/2 mv2 = 3/2 kBT
Heat Capacity:Derive relationship between cp and cv.
145. During a storm, 600 hailstones strike a 1 m2 window in 1
min. If the collisions are elastic and the hail strikes at a 60° angle,
what is the pressure exerted on the window? Mave = 20 g, and v =
16 m/s.
146. Find the RMS speed of a hydrogen nucleus at 20 million °C.
147. Calculate heat added when the temperature of 3 moles of
monatomic gas initially at STP is doubled at constant volume.
148. Calculate heat added when the temperature of 3 moles of
monatomic gas initially at STP is doubled at constant pressure.
Adiabatic change
149. 2 moles of a monatomic gas initially at 20°C and 1 atm. are
compressed adiabatically to 1/4 their initial volume. Find the
final volume, temperature and pressure.
Equipartition of Energy
150. What is the internal energy of 1 mole of a diatomic gas at
27° C? What is the internal energy of air at 27° C? (Air is
composed of 98% N2 and O2 gas and 2% polyatomic gases. cv =
20.99)
Heat Engines, The Second Law and Efficiency
151. Calculate the efficiency and net work of the following
rectangular cycle: P1 = P2 = 4 atm, P3 = P4 = 1 atm, V1 = V4 =
20l, and V2 = V3 = 40l. There are two moles of a monatomic gas.
Carnot Cycle
152. Calculate the efficiency of a Carnot engine operating
between 27° and 127° C.
153. A Carnot engine has a power output of 200 kW. If it
operates between 300 K and 600 K, how much energy is absorbed
each hour and how much heat energy is lost each hour?
Second Law of Thermodynamics (Perfect Heat Engine)
Entropy and the 2nd Law
154. What is the change in entropy when one mole of Aluminum
is melted? One mole of Zinc?
155. What is the change in entropy when one mole of diatomic
gas is heated isochorically from 300 K to 400K?
156. What is the change in entropy when two moles of water
vapor follow this cycle: 1
2 = Adiabatic, 2
3 = Isobaric, 3

1 = Isochoric; P1 = 9 atm, P2 = 1 atm and V1 = 20 l?
Wave Motion
Terms: f, ω, λ, A, y, k, T, v
Types: transverse, longitudinal
Traveling waves (harmonic): y(x, t) = A sin (kx – ωt)
157. Find the wave speed if the f is 60 Hz and λ is 2 m.
158. Find the wave function if the frequency is 600 Hz, the wave
speed is 40 m/s and the wave is traveling in the negative x
direction. The amplitude is 4 cm.
159. Given y = 2 sin (10x – 30t), what are f, ω, λ, A, k, T, and v?
Derive wave speed on a string: vphase = F
µ
160. A 3 m long string has a mass of 20 g. What is the tension in
the string if waves on the string have a wave speed of 150 m/s?
161. A string with a density of 10 g/m is attached to two walls
such that the distance between the walls is 4/5 the length of the
string. If a mass of 10 kg is hung from the middle of the string
and pulls the string taut, what is the wave speed as a function of
the hanging mass?
Superposition (General, In Phase, Out of Phase)
Reflection & Transmission at boundaries
Fast to slow media, 180° phase change on reflection
Slow to fast media, 0° phase change on reflection
No phase change for transmitted waves
d2y d2y
Linear Wave Equation: 2
= c2 2
dt dx
Sound Waves
Derive: Speed of sound in solids
162. Find the wave speed in steel (B = 2×1011 N/m2, ρ = 7860
kg/m3.
163. A hammer strikes the end of a steel rail. A person at the
other end of the rail hears the sound through the rail first and then
1 second later hears it through the air (vs = 340 m/s). How long is
the rail?
Derive: Relationship between amplitude and pressure of wave
5
164. If the ear can just barely hear a sound whose pressure
amplitude is 2.9×10–5 N/m2, what is the displacement amplitude
for a 1000 Hz sound at the threshold of hearing?
Intensity: decibels (dB)
β = 10 log10 (I/Io), where for humans, Io ~ 10–12 W/m2
165. By what factor does the intensity of a sound wave change if
you double the distance between the receiver and the point
source?
166. You are 100 m from a point source and β = 100 dB. How
far from the source would you have to be for β = 50 dB?
 v ± vo 
Doppler Effect: f ' =   f , where v is the speed of sound
 v ∓ vs 
167. A 1000 Hz train whistle is moving at 30 m/s toward then
away from a stationary observer. What are the observed
frequencies?
168. A 1000 Hz train whistle is stationary and the observer is
moving away at 30 m/s. What is the observed frequency?
169. A 1000 Hz train whistle is stationary, the observer is moving
away at 30 m/s, and there is a 40 m/s wind blowing from the
observer toward the train. What is the observed frequency?
170. A 1000 Hz train whistle is stationary, reflects off a moving
vehicle headed towards the train at 34 m/s, and is heard by the
train conductor. What is the shifted frequency?
Superposition & Standing Waves
y1 = A sin(kx − ωt ), y2 = A sin(kx − ωt + φ)
Derive:
y1 = A sin(kx − ωt ), y2 = A sin(kx + ωt )
Standing Waves: Use boundary conditions to find nodes:
y = A sin(kx) cos(ωt ) , then L = n λ/2
Harmonics & Overtones
171. A string is fixed at both ends, has a linear density of 1 g/m,
and a length of 2 m. What tension is needed for a second
harmonic of 480 Hz?
172. A string vibrates with 5 equal antinodes when driven at 600
Hz. What frequency will support 3 antinodes?
Standing Waves in a Tube
173. What is the fundamental frequency of a 20 m long pipe that
is open at both ends?
174. An open pipe has a second overtone at a frequency of 1200
Hz. What is the length of the pipe?
175. A 16 cm long tube, closed at one end, is filled with an
unknown gas. If the tube has a fundamental frequency of 760 Hz,
what is the speed of sound in the gas?
Beats
176. Two strings have a length of 1 m and a fundamental
frequency of 440 Hz. If the tension in one is reduced by 5%, what
is the beat frequency between the two?
Electric Fields : Discrete charge distribution:
Charge: Two kinds (+,−), quantized, e = 1.602 × 10–19 Coulombs
Insulators vs. Conductors
kq q
Coulomb’s Law: F = 12 2 , k = 8.99 × 109 Nm2/C2,
r
ε0 = 8.85 × 10–12 C2 / Nm2
F 195. ** Use Gauss’ law to calculate E at a distance r from a
E=
q0
177. An electron and a positron are on the average 5.0 × 10–11 m
apart. Find the ratio of the electrical to gravitational force on
them.
178. Each atom in a one mole piece of copper has lost one
electron. If the removed charges are placed 3 m from the copper,
what is the electrical force acting on the copper?
179. A 20 µC charge is located 40 cm to the left of a −65 µC
charge. Find the point in space where a 1 µC charge could be
placed such that there would be no net force acting on it.
180. There are three 1.0 µC charges located at the corners of a
right triangle whose sides are 12cm, 16 cm, and 20 cm in length.
What is the force acting on the charge located at the smallest
angle?
181. A 4.0 µC charge is located 20 cm to the left of a −8.0 µC
charge. Calculate the E field strength at the midpoint between
them.
182. ** Find E on the perpendicular bisector of a dipole at a
distance x from the midpoint between the charges.
183. A 100 µC charge is suspended in a horizontal electric field.
Find E if the charge has a mass of 1 g and the support string
makes a 20° angle with the vertical.
Electric Fields : Continuous Charge Distribution:
dq
E = ∫ dEx ˆi + ∫ dE y ˆj , and dE = k 2
r
184. ** Calculate E a distance a from an infinitely long non-
conducting straight line of charge whose density is λ.
185. ** Calculate E on the perpendicular bisector of a line
segment with density λ and length L at a distance a from the
segment.
186. ** Calculate E on the axis of a ring at a distance x from the
center. The ring’s charge density is λ and its radius is a.
187. ** Calculate E on the axis of a disk at a distance x from the
center. The disk’s charge density is σ and its radius is a.
188. ** Calculate E a distance r from the center of a thin
spherical shell of radius a and surface charge density σ (r > a).
Field Lines:
• Lines originate on positive charges and terminate on negative
charges.
• Field strength is proportional to the density of the lines.
• Lines cannot cross.
189. Calculate the time an electron takes to cross from one plate
of a capacitor to the other. Let E = 500 N/C, and d = 1 mm.
Gauss’ Law
qin
Flux: Φ = ∫  E ⋅ dA , and Φ = ε 0
190. A 10 µC point charge is located at one of the corners of a
cube. If the cube is 10 cm on a side, what is the flux through each
face of the cube?
191. ** Use Gauss’ law to calculate E at a distance r from a point
charge q.
192. **Use Gauss’ law to calculate E at a distance r from a
conducting spherical shell with surface charge density σ.
193. ** Use Gauss’ law to calculate E at a distance r from an
infinite wire with a linear charge density λ.
194. ** Use Gauss’ law to calculate E at a distance r from the
center of a non-conducting solid sphere with uniform charge
density ρ.
nonconducting infinite sheet of thickness t and uniform charge
density σ.
196. ** Use Gauss’ law to calculate E at a distance r from a
conducting infinite sheet with a uniform charge density σ.
197. ** Use Gauss’ law to calculate E at a distance r from the
center of a coaxial cable whose inner conductor has a radius a and
6
whose outer conductor has a radius b. The inner conductor has a 216. ** Determine the capacitance of three capacitors in series.
charge density of σ and the outer conductor has a charge density 217. A 2 µF and an 8 µF capacitor are in parallel. They are then
of −σ. in series with a 5 µF and a 2 µF capacitor. What is the charge on
198. ** Use Gauss’ law to calculate E at a distance r from the the 8 µF capacitor if there is 100 V on the 5 µF capacitor?
center of a non-conducting sphere of radius a which lies within a 218. What is the total energy stored in two identical capacitors if
hollow conducting spherical shell of inner radius b and outer one of them is charged by a battery then disconnected, and the
radius c. There is a charge −q on the inner sphere and a charge of other is uncharged? How much remains after you connect them in
+Q on the hollow shell. parallel? A = 2 m2, d = 1 mm, and Q = 2.4 µC.
199. ** Use Gauss’ law to calculate E inside and outside a For the next 4 problems, assume A = 1 m2, d = 2 mm, Q = 3 µC,
parallel plate capacitor. The plates have an area of A, charge Q and κ = 2.
and are separated by a distance d. 219. ** Calculate the capacitance of a capacitor filled with a
200. Given three infinite nonconducting sheets of charge dielectric.
separated by 10 cm each, with charge densities of σ1, σ2, and σ3. 220. ** How much energy is stored in a capacitor before and
Find the electric field everywhere. Replace sheet 2 with a neutral after it is filled with the dielectric. First assume that Q0 is
conductor and recalculate. constant, then redo the problem keeping that V0 is constant.
Electric Potential 221. Find the energy density in a dielectric-filled capacitor.
dW = dF ⋅ ds; dW = q0 E ⋅ ds; dU = −dW 222. ** Calculate the capacitance of a capacitor half-filled with
b dielectric.
∆U = U b −U a = −q0 ∫ E ⋅ ds ; V = U 223. Find the plate area of a 1 F parallel plate capacitor if the
a
q
b dielectric is mica (κ = 5) and the plate separation is 0.01 mm.
∆V = Va −Vb = −∫ E ⋅ ds Current and Resistance
a
Terminology: Battery, Current
dV I = nqvd A(Current in terms of drift speed)
Ex = − (Electric field from a potential)
dx j = σ E (Current Density in terms of conductivity)
201. ** Calculate the potential U(r) from a point charge Q. I = V / R (Ohm’s Law)
202. How much energy is required to move four point charges (1 R = ρ L / A (Resistance in terms of resistivity)
µC, 3 µC, −5 µC, and −7 µC) arranged clockwise around the P = I 2R (Power)
corners of a square 1 cm on a side? 224. ** A 1 mm diameter gold wire carries a 1 A current. What
203. ** Calculate the potential a distance x along the axis up is the electron drift speed? (density of gold is 19300 kg/m3)
from the center of a disk of radius a and charge Q. 225. If the current density for a wire is 0.5 mA/cm2, and its radius
204. A washer has an inner radius a and an outer radius b. The is 1 mm, how much time elapses until NA electrons pass through?
surface charge density is σ = α/r3 and the total charge on the 226. Find R if V = 120 V, and I = 6 A.
washer is Q. What is the potential at the center in terms of a, b, 227. A wire has r = 1 mm, I = 2 A, and E = 200 V/m. What is σ?
and Q? 228. Calculate R for a cylinder of carbon (r = 1 mm, l = 10 cm).
205. A line segment of length L lies on the positive x-axis with 229. Calculate the resistance of a truncated cone of copper (r1 = 5
one end at the origin. Its charge density is given by λ = αx. mm, r2 = 1 mm, l = 5 cm).
Calculate the electric potential at the point P = (0, b). 230. Calculate the resistance as a function of length for a hollow
206. ** Calculate the potential at a distance r from the center of a circular cylinder of tungsten, where current enters at the inner
thin spherical shell with charge density σ and radius a. surface and exits at the outer (ri = 6 cm, ro = 7 cm).
207. ** Calculate the potential at a distance r from the center of a 231. What is the maximum current allowed for a 50 Ω, 2 W
solid sphere with uniform charge density and a total charge Q. resistor?
208. Calculate the potential at a distance r from the center of a 232. An immersion heater raises the temperature of 1 l of water
solid sphere with a non-uniform charge density ρ(r) = αr3/2. from 20° to 100° in 3 minutes at 120 V. How much does it cost to
209. ** Calculate the total electric potential energy of a solid do this at 14¢ / kW-hr?
sphere with charge density ρ and radius a. D-C Circuits
210. What is the electric potential on the surfaces of three nested Kirchoff’s Laws:Voltages around a loop
shells, with radii a, b, and c, and charges QA, QB, and QC? Current at a junction
211. A conducting sphere has a 10 cm radius and a surface Series and parallel resistors
t
potential of 1000 V. What is the charge Q on it? −
i = i0 e RC (Charging and discharging an RC circuit)
212. ** What is the ratio of the surface charge densities of two
conducting spheres (radii R1 and R2) connected by a very long 233. Draw a simple circuit with a 6 V battery and a 12 Ω resistor.
wire? What is the current I? Now add a 6 Ω resistor in series and
Capacitors recalculate I. What is I through each resistor? Now add a 6 Ω
Equations: C = q/V, dW = V dq, V = q / C, U = q2 / 2C, resistor in parallel to the original 12 Ω resistor, and again
V = V0 /κ recalculate I. What fun!
Terminology: Capacitance, Dielectric constant 234. ** Calculate currents in a multiple battery, multiple loop
213. ** Determine the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor of circuit (to be made up in class).
area A and separation d. 235. How many time constants τ0 = RC must elapse for a
214. ** Determine the capacitance of a coaxial cable whose inner capacitor to charge from zero to 90% of its maximum charge?
conductor has radius a and whose outer has radius b. 236. A 5 µF capacitor is charged by a 12 V battery through a 30
215. ** Determine the capacitance of two concentric conducting kΩ resistor. What is the charge on the capacitor after 2τ0?
spheres. The radius of the inner sphere is a and the outer is b.
7
237. A capacitor is connected to a 400 Ω resistor and a 100 V
battery. In 12 seconds the current is 200 mA. What is the
capacitance?
238. A 9 µF capacitor is discharged through a 470 kΩ resistor.
How much time has elapsed when P(t) = 1/4 Pmax?
239. What is the rate at which energy is dissipated by a 2 MΩ
resistor 3 seconds after it is connected to a 3 µF capacitor which
had an initial 12 V charge?
240. If a “leaky” 4 µF capacitor loses 1/2 its charge in 10
seconds, what is the effective resistance of the dielectric material
in it?
Magnetic Fields
Force on a Moving Charge: F = qv × B
Force on a Current Carrier: F = IL × B
mv
Circular Motion – Cyclotron Radius: r =
qB
241. What is the force of a 10 T field on a 1 MeV proton?
242. What is the current in a 10 g piece of copper wire in a 5 T
field if it is levitated? The wire is 1 m long.
243. ** Calculate the force on a circular section of wire that has a
current and is in the presence of a magnetic field that lies in the
same plane as the loop.
244. ** Calculate the maximum torque on a rectangular loop
(lengths 2a and b), when the loop has a current I and is in a
magnetic field B.
245. The top of a current carrying loop is hinged to the ceiling
and a weight is suspended from the bottom of the loop. The loop
has no mass, 20 coils with a radius of 15 cm and a 5 amp current,
and it rests in a 1 T vertical magnetic field. The mass of the
hanging weight is 3 kg. What angle does the plane of the loop
make with the vertical?
246. A 1 keV electron moves in a 0.5 m radius circle. Find the
strength of the magnetic field and the frequency of oscillation.
247. If a proton, a deuterium nucleus, and a helium nucleus enter
a 1.0 T field at 10,000 m/s, what is each one’s cyclotron radius?
248. What is the maximum electron energy in a cyclotron which
is 1 m in radius and has a 3 G field? How about for a proton?
249. A 1000 N/C electric field and a 2 G magnetic field cause a
helium nucleus to move in a straight line. What is the particle’s
speed?
Sources of Magnetic Fields
µ I ds ×rˆ
Biot-Savart Law: dB = 0
4π r 2
µ II
Force on Parallel Conductors: F = 0 1 2 l
2πa
Ampere’s Law: ∫ B ⋅ ds = µ I
0 R
Magnetic Flux: Φ = ∫ B ⋅ dA
B I= e
dΦ E
Displacement Current: id = ε 0
dt
250. ** Calculate the strength of a magnetic field surrounding an
infinitely long straight wire which is carrying a current I.
251. ** Calculate the strength of the magnetic field at a distance
a from the end of a straight wire segment of length L carrying a
current I.
252. ** Calculate the strength of the magnetic field at the center
of a circular loop.
253. Calculate the force between two parallel 1.0 m long wires if
they are carrying 1 A in opposite directions and are 1 cm apart.
254. ** Using Ampere’s Law, calculate the strength of the
magnetic field surrounding an infinitely long straight wire with a
current I.
255. ** Calculate the strength of the magnetic field inside a
toroidal solenoid.
256. ** Calculate the strength of the magnetic field inside a
solenoid.
257. ** Calculate the magnetic flux through a rectangular loop,
length a and width b, at a distance c from a wire carrying a current
I parallel to a.
258. Calculate B at t = 0 at a radius r inside a charging parallel
plate capacitor C in series with a resistor R and a battery V0.
Faraday’s Law
Induction
dΦ
EMF = − B
dt
Lenz’s Law: Right Hand Rule !!!
dΦ
Faraday’s Law: ∫ E ⋅ dl = − B
dt
Maxwell’s Wonderful Equations:
259. ** Find the current induced in a circular loop inside a
solenoid if the solenoid current increases uniformly from I = 0 to
Imax in a time tf.
260. How long does it take a B field to increase from 1 gauss to 5
gauss if a 10 V emf is induced in a 10 cm radius loop?
261. A circular loop’s radius is changing at 1 cm/s. What is the
induced emf if it is in a 1 T field? r0 = 10 cm.
262. Four 100 Ω resistors are connected to form a square loop
that is 5 cm on a side. At what rate is energy being dissipated if t
= 5 s and B(t) = 2e-t/3 T?
263. A rod moves along two rails in a direction that is
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. A resistor connects the
two rails and completes the circuit. Find the current in the resistor
if B = 2 T, l = 20 cm, v = 5 m/s, and R = 4700 Ω.
264. A horizontal rod falls at a constant speed in a horizontal B
field with the ends touching vertical rails. Find the speed of the
rod and the emf between the ends of the rod. Let m = 3 g, l = 20
cm, B = 3 T, and R = 5 Ω.
265. Calculate the E field in a ring of radius r caused by a
changing B field with B(t) = B0 sin(ωt).
266. Calculate the generator emf for a loop rotating in a 2 Gauss
field, A = 0.02 m2, N = 40 turns, and ω = 2000 rpm.
Inductance
di
NΦB = Li, emf = −L
dt
V − Rt
RL Circuits: I = (1− e L ) (charging)
V −Rt L
(discharging)
R
B2
U B = 12 Li 2 , and uB =
2µ 0
1
Q(t ) = Qm cos(ωt + δ), where ω =
LC
267. ** Calculate the inductance per unit length of a solenoid.
268. ** Calculate the inductance of a toroid whose cross-section
is a rectangle. The inner radius is a, the outer b, and the height h.
269. ** Calculate the inductance of a coaxial cable.
270. A 10 Ω resistor and a 300 mH inductor have been connected
in series to a 12 V battery for a long time. Calculate I through and
8
V across the resistor 90 ms after a short was placed across the 286. Calculate Em and Bm at 2 m from a 100 W light bulb.
battery. 287. Calculate Em at 10 km from a 140kW transmitter that
271. In an RL circuit, how many time constants must elapse for broadcasts isotropically.
the current to rise to 75% of its maximum value? 288. A 100 Ω resistor is connected to a 200 V battery. What is
272. Calculate the energy stored in the B field of a 1000 turn the magnitude and direction of E and B at the resistor’s surface?
solenoid that is 20 cm long, 4 cm across, with a 2 amp current. Assume the resistor has a 1 mm radius and a 1 cm length.
273. ** Calculate the energy density in a solenoid. 289. Determine the magnetic field energy density and the
274. Calculate the energy stored in the inductor of an RL circuit, Poynting vector 50 cm from an infinitely long straight wire
with L = 40 mH, R = 5 Ω, V = 50 V, and t = 12 ms after carrying 200 A.
connecting it all. 290. Calculate the electric field energy density 20 cm from a 60
275. Calculate the rate at which energy is being added to an W bulb.
inductor in an RL circuit, with L = 100 mH, R = 5 Ω, V = 75 V, 291. A 5 g, 1 cm2 coin is perfectly reflecting. It is levitated by a
and t = 0.01 s. laser beam spread to 1 cm2. What is the power of the beam?
276. Calculate the period of a tank circuit if L = 30 mH and C = 292. A black piece of cardboard is 10 cm by 10 cm and rests 20
12 µF. m from a 1000 W light bulb. What radiation force acts on it?
Alternating Current Circuits 293. A laser is used to accelerate a 10,000 kg space ship at 9.8
Generator Voltage:V = Vm sin(ωt) m/s2. What is the laser power required if it fires out the back of
Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors and A.C. = Reactance & the ship?
Impedance 294. A mirror reflects 90% of the sunlight that strikes it and
Phasor Diagrams & Imaginary Numbers absorbs the rest. If the intensity of the light is 640 W/m2 and the
mirror is 30 cm by 40 cm, what force is exerted on it?
277. In a purely resistive AC circuit, what is the lowest generator Geometric Optics (Rays)
frequency if I(t) = 3/4 Imax after 3 ms? Reflection & Refraction
278. If Im = 20 A, Vm = 120 V, and f = 60 Hz in a purely Waves vs. Rays
inductive AC circuit, what is the inductive reactance χ? What is Index of refraction: n = c/v
L? Snell’s Law: n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
279. If Im = 10 A, Vm = 1000 V, and f = 1000 Hz in a purely Prisms – Red refracted the most, Blue the least
capacitive AC circuit, what is the capacitive reactance χ? What is Total Internal Reflection
C? Critical Angle: θc = sin–1 (n1/n2), only when n1 < n2
280. In a purely capacitive AC circuit, Vm = 24 V, C = 8 µF, and f
= 60 Hz. What is Im? 295. Two mirrors form a 100° angle. If a beam strikes the first
281. Calculate the impedance χ of an RLC circuit when R = 500 mirror at an incident angle of 60°, what is the angle between the
Ω, C = 20 µF, L = 200 mH, and f = 1000 Hz. incoming and outgoing beams after it reflects off the second
282. What is the phase angle of an RLC circuit when R = 500 Ω, mirror?
C = 20 µF, L = 200 mH, and f = 1000 Hz? 296. ** A rotating mirror turns through an angle θ. Through
283. Calculate the average power for an RLC circuit with V = what angle does the beam rotate?
120V, R = 500 Ω, C = 20 µF, L = 200 mH, and f = 1000 Hz. 297. A ray travels from air to fused quartz. If the refracted ray
284. ** What is the average power drawn at resonance? makes an angle of 37°, what was the incident angle?
285. A transformer has Np = 400 turns and Ns = 2000 turns. If IP 298. A ray strikes a piece of glass (n = 1.5) at an angle of 40°.
= 20 A and VP = 100 V, what are I and V on the other? What is the angle between the reflected and the refracted beams?
A generator produces 100 A at 440 V and sends it through a 50 Ω 299. A ray strikes the boundary between air and diamond (n =
transmission line. Calculate the power generated, and the power 2.42). What is the incident angle if the angle between the
lost due to the resistance. Instead it is stepped up to 44000 V. reflected ray and the refracted ray is exactly 90°?
Recalculate the power lost at the new voltage. 300. A white beam strikes the boundary between air and glass (nr
Electromagnetic Waves = 1.615 and nb = 1.650) at an angle of 53°. What is the angle of
Spectrum the beam dispersion inside the glass?
Derive c using Maxwell’s Equations 301. What is the critical angle for the boundary between water
Derive Wave Equation using Maxwell’s Equations and glass? (nw = 1.33 and ng = 1.60)
Q 302. A ray enters the upper surface of a glass cube at an incident
∫ E ⋅ dA = ε0 angle of 30° and totally internally reflects when it strikes the side
wall. What is the index of refraction of the glass?
∫ B ⋅ d A = 0 Optics Continued
dΦ B Real and Virtual Images
∫ E ⋅ ds = −
dt
Planar and Spherical Mirrors, Convex and Concave
Thin Lenses and Ray Diagrams, and Magnification
dΦ E
∫ B ⋅ ds =µ 0 I + ε 0µ 0 dt 1 1 1 d
+ = , and m = − i , where di = image and do = object.
di d o f do
1
Poynting Vector: S ≡ E× B
µ0 303. Find the image location, type, and magnification for a
Energy Density of EM waves: I = Save = cuave concave mirror with f = 50 cm, and do = 75 cm.
Radiation Pressure: P = S/C (100% absorption), and P = 2S/C 304. Find the image location, type, and magnification for a
(100% reflection) concave mirror with f = 50 cm, and do = 25 cm.
9
305. Find the image location, type, and magnification for a
convex mirror with f = –30 cm, and do = 40 cm.
306. Find the image location, type, and magnification for a
convex mirror with f = –30 cm, and do = 20 cm.
307. If a real image is 4 times bigger than the object and is
located 50 cm in front of a concave mirror, what is the radius of
curvature?
308. A smooth block of ice rests on the floor. If the block is 40
cm thick, how far below the top surface does the bottom surface
appear to be? nice = 1.309
309. Find the image location, type, and magnification for a
convex lens with f = 25 cm, and do = 50 cm, then for f = 50 cm,
and do = 25 cm.
310. Find the image location, type, and magnification for a
concave lens with f = –50 cm, and do = 50 cm.
311. Two convex lenses are 30 cm apart. The lens on the left has
f1 = 25 cm, and one on the right has f2 = 40 cm. Find the image
location, type, and magnification if do = 50 cm from the first lens.
312. A convex lens f1 = 40 cm and a concave lens f2 = –60 cm are
50 cm apart. Find everything if do = 100 cm to the left of the first
lens.
Interference
Conditions: coherent, monochromatic rays, with superposition
Double Slit Interference: d sin θ = mλ for maxima (light spots)
Derive Intensity, using sin a + sin b = 2sin 12 (a + b) cos 12 (a − b) ;
Iav = E2av; and δ/λ = Φ/2π
Thin Film Interference – 180° phase change at a slow
fast
boundary
313. In a double slit experiment, the slits are illuminated by 650
nm light. If the third bright fringe is 4 cm from the center of the
screen what is the slit separation? The screen is 2 m from the
slits.
314. Light with a wavelength of 700 nm passes through two slits
which are separated by 1 mm, then falls on a screen 3 m away.
How far is the first minimum from the central maximum?
315. Light with a wavelength of 600 nm passes through two slits
which are separated by 10 µm, then falls on a screen 3 m away.
How far is the second minimum from the first minimum?
316. A material with n = 1.3 is used to coat a piece of glass with
ng = 1.5. What is the minimum thickness of the coating if 650 nm
light will have the least reflection?
317. A thin layer of oil (n = 1.2) lies on top of water (n = 1.3).
What is the minimum thickness of the oil if green light (500 nm)
is strongly reflected?
318. A thin layer of oil (n = 1.2) lies on top of water (n = 1.3).
What is the minimum thickness of the oil if green light (500 nm)
is most strongly transmitted?
Diffraction and Polarization
Single Slit Diffraction: a sinθ = mλ for minima (dark spots)
Circular Apertures: θmin = 1.22 λ/D
Diffraction Gratings: d = 1/N, where N is the number of
lines/meter
Polarization: In+1 = In cos2θ through each polarizer, and I1 = 1/2
I0
319. Microwaves illuminate a single slit whose width is 1 cm.
The screen is 1 m away and the central maximum is 40 cm wide.
What is the wavelength of the microwaves?
320. How close together are two buildings if radio waves passing
between them have a diffraction minimum at 30°? f = 600 kHz.
321. How many fringes are in the central maximum of a double
slit interference pattern if a = 0.2 mm and d = 0.5 mm? The
screen is 2 m away and λ = 500 nm.
322. At what distance can car headlights just be resolved? The
headlights are 1 m apart and the wavelength is 600 nm, and the
diameter of the pupil is 3 mm.
323. Using the Palomar telescope, what is the smallest crater that
can be resolved on the moon with 400 nm light?
324. A diffraction grating has 15000 lines / cm. If λ1 = 700 nm,
at what angle is the first order maximum found? And for λ2 = 400
nm?
325. A helium neon laser’s light (λ = 632.8 nm) passes through a
diffraction grating. The first order occurs at an angle of 20°.
What is the grating spacing in lines per cm?
326. What is the minimum number of lines per cm needed to
resolve λ1 = 656.3 nm and λ2 = 656.48 nm spectral lines in the
second order?
327. Two Polaroid sheets have their axes rotated 20° with respect
to one another. What percentage of light gets through?
328. What percentage of light gets through three Polaroid sheets
at 45°?
Relativity
1
γ= 2
≥ 1 always
1− v 2
c
Time Dilation: T = γT0 , where T0 is the “proper” time
Length Contraction: L = L0/γ , where L0 is the “proper” length
u '+ v v + vbc
Relative Speeds: u = , or vac = ab
1+ 2 u ' v v v
1 + ab 2 bc
c c
where: u' = speed of object as seen by observer 1
u = speed of object as seen by observer 2
v = speed of observer 1 as seen by observer 2
Twin Paradox
Momentum: p = γ m0 v
 ∂v ∂γ 
Force : F = m0  γ + v 
 ∂t ∂t 
Energy: KE = (γ – 1) E0
Cons. Energy: p2c2 = E2 – E02
329. How fast must an object move for γ to equal 2.00?
330. A bomb is set to explode in one hour Earth time. If it is sent
away from the planet at 0.98 c, how far from the Earth does it
explode?
331. What is the speed of a meter stick if it appears to be 1 cm
long?
332. A spaceship’s life-support system will last for 2 years. The
plan is to travel to a star which is 10 ly away from Earth. What is
the minimum speed for the ship if the people may survive a round
trip while spending 1 year at the star researching it?
333. When two photons move away from each other, what is
their relative speed?
334. An observer sees a spacecraft moving at 0.90 c. The craft
turns on its headlights. What is the beam’s speed as seen by the
observer?
335. Two electrons are approaching each other. One’s speed is
0.86 c, the other’s is 0.98 c. What is their relative speed?
336. Twin A stays on Earth while Twin B travels at 0.98 c to a
star that is 30 ly away. How old is each when B returns to Earth?
Assume that the trip begins when they are 20 years old, and B
spends 5 years exploring the distant star while there.
337. Object one is moving at 0.6 c when it collides with object
two which is at rest. They have a perfectly inelastic collision.
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What is the speed of the lump after the collision if object two has
three times the mass of object 1?
338. An electron has a head-on collision with a proton moving at
0.98 c and both come to rest. What was the initial speed of the
electron?
339. An electron has a speed of 0.86 c. What radial force is
required to keep it moving in a circle of radius 1.00 m?
340. An electron’s speed increases from 2 × 106 to 2 × 108 m/s.
By what factor does its energy increase?
341. A proton is moving at 0.5 c. At what speed will an electron
have the same total energy.
342. How much energy is required to accelerate a 100 metric ton
spaceship from rest to 0.98 c? (both classically and
relativistically)
343. What does it mean if E0 = 0, but both E and p are non-zero?
344. ** What is the rest mass of a particle that travels at speed c?
345. Two spaceships collide. Each has a rest mass of 20 tons and
is traveling at 0.3 c. By how much does their mass appear to
change?
346. How much energy is released when a neutron decays into a
proton and an electron? If we assume that all the energy goes into
the electron’s kinetic energy, what is the final speed of the
electron? Is momentum conserved?
Quantum Effects
Quantized energy: hf = Kmax + Φ
Photon energy = maximum electron KE + work function
h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js, and hc = 1240 eV·nm
Stopping Potential: V = K/e , where e = 1.602 × 10–19 C
h
Compton Effect: ∆λ = (1− cos θ)
m0 c
347. What is the maximum wavelength photon that will cause
photoelectric electrons (e–) be emitted from a surface whose work
function is 6 eV?
348. If 400 nm light illuminates a surface whose work function is
3 eV, what is the e– maximum kinetic energy?
349. The threshold wavelength for gold is 257.3 nm. What is the
work function in eV? If a gold surface is illuminated by 100 nm
light, what is the stopping potential?
350. At what speeds will an electron have the same momentum as
a 2 eV and a 2 MeV photon?
351. A photon collides with an electron. Calculate the Compton
shift for a 90° scattering angle for both a 400 nm and a 4 nm
photon.
352. A 0.3 nm x-ray collides with an e– with a scattering angle of
60°. What is the kinetic energy of the scattered electron?
353. If the maximum energy given to an electron during
Compton scattering is 100 keV, what is λ of the incident photon?

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