\'

FINAL REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS

RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR
A MARINE MONITORING REGIME
FOR POINT lEPREAU, NEW BRUNSWICK

Arthur A. MacKay
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD
Lord's Cove, Deer Island, N.B.
Canada EOG 2JO

I'

Reference: F&E - 272

DSS File No. 07SC.KF 806-8-C104

Dated: February 28, 1979

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE STUDY AREA 3

3. THE MARINE COMMUNITY 5

4. PRELIMINARY SPECIES SELECTION 31

5. LOCAL ENERGETICS 33

6. PROPOSED MARINE MONITORING PRO­

GRAM 39

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS & REFERENCES 7

APPENDIX 55

 1
INTRODUCTION

Marine Research Associates Ltd. was contracted on

September 22, 1978 "to identify and describe the major
features of the Marine Communities of the Point Lepreau,
New Brunswick, Area." Specifically, the "statement of CONSIGNEE
work" was as follows: Department of Environment (AOL)
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
,. To identify and describe the maior features of the marine Dartmouth, N.S.
communities of the Point Lepreau, N.B. area and identify those Attn: Dr. J.M. Bewers
systems of species which may be vulnerable to intakes and dis­
charges of cooling sea water and radioactive discharges from the SCIENTIFIC AUTHORITY
Pt. Lepreau nuclear generating station. Dr. D.J. Scarratt
Department of Environment
2. An identification is to be made of those species which
might show any trends or effects resulting from activities at the Biological Station
plant and a selection made of species which, by sampling at ap­ St. Andrews, N.B.
propriate times, would give preoperational levels and subsequent­
ly monitor any long-term trends caused by the plant. SCIENCE PROCUREMENT MANAGER
Mr. W.G. Caudle
3. The selection should emphasize that the sampling and mon­ Science Procurement Manager
itoring is to be related to environmental health and should con­ Morris Drive at Akerley Boulevard
sider pathways leading to higher trophic levels other than man. P.O. Box 3000

Dartmouth, N.S.

4. The report is to be written on the basis of existing published

material and other information available in subpublications, inter­
nal documents and reports. Any recognized gaps in knowledge
which might lead to significant gaps in a monitoring regime are to
be identified. 1
 Iii..
68°
~ ~ l
64'
5 f "%( fl: - 60'

46°
46°

CAPE
BRETON
ISLAND

A"fLANTIC OCEAN

44°
44°
o Miles 75
I I I , ! I I I

o Kilometres 100

J 4;;0-------------
6 60°
68 C

2.1.1 THE STUDY AREA.

;[.

2.1 THE STUDY AREA
For the purpose of this study, the general study area was considered to be the
shores, and waters of the New Brunswick coast of the Bay of Fundy from Saint
4)
John,west to the Maine border. Specific details were compiled within a 15 mile
radius of the nuclear generating plant site at Point Lepreau, N.B. (F igure 2.1.1).
2.2 STUDY SITES
5)
While some field observations were made during the course of the study, data are
principally drawn from Marine Research Associates' data base and the following pub­
lished reports:
1) Applied Marine R.esearch limited. BIOLOGICAL FIELD PROGRAM
6)
CONDUCTED AS A COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
INTAKE STUDY IN NEW BRUNSWICK. For James F. Maclaren ltd.
1974.
_.)
2) Caddy, J.F. RECORDS OF ASSOCIATED FAUNA IN SCAllOP
DREGE HAULS FROM THE BAY OF FUNDY. F.R.B. Tech. Re­
port No. 225, 1970.
3) Maclaren Atlantic Limited. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR
THE POINT lEPREAU NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION. Re­
port to the New Brunswick Electric Power Commission, 1977.
2
HEST Iy AREA
Maclaren Atlantic limited. COOLING WATER SYSTEM - lEPREAU
NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION. Environmental Report 10. New
Brunswick Electric Power Commission, 1976
Maclaren Atlantic limited. COMPAR ISON OF ENVI RONMENTAl
FACTORS RELATING TO ALTERNATIVE SITES FOR A NUCLEAR
GENERATING STATION. Summary Report to N.B. Department of
Fisheries and Environment, 1974.
Maclaren Atlantic Limited. PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL IM­
PACT STATEMENT - lEPREAU NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION.
Report to the New Brunswick Electric Power Commission, 1975.
Thomas, M.L.H. AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE INTERTIDAL
ONE FROM CAPE SPENCER TO POINT LEPREAU, N.B. In: An
Appraisal of the Environmental Consequences of the Developments
Proposed for lorneville, N.B. Environment Canada, 1973
Data from other sources were used were appropriate.
Figure 2.2.1 shows the location of field sites considered in this report. 3
 ~. 1)
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2.2,1 FIELD SITES CONSIDERED IN THIS REPORT.

3.1 INTRODUCTION. While the character of the marine community at Point
Lepreau is primarily influenced by local factors, it must be stressedtthat the area
is very much a part of the larger system, the Bay of Fundy. Current patterns and
velocities are such that events at Point Lepreau will influence other areas in the
Bay; perhaps more so than the local area itself. As a result, any monitoring pro­
gram must take into account the biota of other areas, particularly important sites
to the west. While this report deals primarily with the local marine community,
reference is made to other local ities where appropriate. For detai led descriptions
of these areas please refer to MacKay, et. al. (1975, 1978a, 1978b, 1978c, 1979a
1979b and 1979c).
0\ 3.2 KEY PHYSICAL FEATURES WHICH INFLUENCE THE CHARACTER OF
THE MARINE COMMUNITY: While general features of the study area have been des­
cribed in environmental assessments prepared for the New Brunswick Electric Power
Commission by Maclaren Atlantic Limited, there are several key physical features
which are primarily responsible for the characteristics of the local marine community.
Principal among these are: geology, wind (exposure), currents, bathymetry, and fresh­
water sources.
3.2.1 GEOLOGY. Since substrate largely determines the distribution and abund­
ance of benthic organisms, the geological character of any area is usually a primary
influence on the marine community. This is particularly true at Point Lepreau where
a variable bedrock geolo~y produces distinctive variations in marine substrates.
As can be seen in Figure 3.2.1, there are nine principal geological formations in the
3
THE MARINE COMMUNITY
study area. However, because of the manner in which these formations strike the coast,
the study area is divided into two distinct areas:
AREA A - In this area, bedrock is dominated by hard erosion resistant igneous and
metamorphic rocks. This area dominates the western half of the study area from the
mouth of Leoreau River to Beaver Harbour.
AREA B - Area B ex tends from Lepreau River east to Musquash Harbou r. It is
dominated by erodable sandstone, conglomerate and shale.
The significance of these two major formations is considerable in terms of the mar­
ine community. The character of intertidal and subtidal bottoms from Maces Bay to
the east is influenced by sand derived from the erodable sedimentary bedrock. As can
be seen in Figure 3.2.1, sedimentary deposits extend westward to Seeley's
Cove where sand depOSits are probably formed by current borne sand particles. To
the west, hard volcanic rocks dominate most of the exposed coast and, as is discussed
later, assemblages of plants and animals are similar to those found on hard exposed
coast elsewhere in the mouth of the Bay of Fundy.
Topographically, the coastline is rocky and rugged with elevations reaching 150
feet. However, there are numerous inlets, bays and harbours (Deadman's Harbour,
Beaver Harbour, Pocologan Harbour, New River Harbour, Lepreau Harbour, Little
Lepreau Basin, Dipper Harbour, Chance Harbour and Musquash Harbour) and it is
at these localities where most of the extensive intertidal mudflats are found. Estuarine 5
 species occur commonly where freshwater streams flow into embayments but such
areas are generally restricted.
3.2.1 • PRINCIPAL GEOLOGICAL FEATURES

~
COLDBROOK GROUP

3.2.2 WIND. Wind has a major influence on the distribution and abundance of Chiefly basic volcanic
marine organisms. Species which are unable to remain attached to their substrate dur­ rocks.
ing storms are generally restricted to sheltered local ities. As a result, plant and animal
assemblages will vary, on the same type of substrate, from locality to locality on the
basis of exposure. Since much of the study area is openly exposed to severe storms
created by high winds from the west, south and east, faunal diversity on the exposed
shore is somewhat reduced, but typical for exposed coasts.
rn COLDBROOK GROUP
Chiefly acidic volcanic
rocks

ocrn
SILURIAN FORMATIONS
3.2.3 CU R RENTS. Life-giving elements, oxygen and nutrients are borne by cur­ Granite, diorite and allied
types
rents and distributed to organisms throughout the Bay of Fundy. As a result, regional
and local patterns playa significant role in determining the biomass of organisms

~
LANCASTER FORMATION
which any given area can support. Sandstone, conglomerate and
:.~: . ... ,:-;: shale

m
Fifteen years of data collection at hundreds of sites in the Bay of Fundy have
led us to believe that any concentrating mechanism (passages, drop-offs and upwell­ .::. 5 '.~
LEPREAU FORMATION
Conglomerate and sandstone
ings) leads to localized elevations of productivity. :i:......./

~
The physical characteristics of some areas are such that these concentrating mechan­ COLDBROOK GROUP
isms are common and help to shape the biotic characteristics of the area. The area be­ Undivided Volcanic rocks
tween Deer Island and Campobello is the most significant example in the Bay of Fundy.
This area supports an unusual diversity and abundance of marine organisms due in
large measure, we believe, to an elevated level of local productivity created by the MISSISSIPPIAN OR PENN­
added contribution of benthic organisms to the plankton base.

The study area does not have any major areas where current borne food and nut­
fm]
" 7 ..
.'.

:::;.. .
.,
Oa

. ~'...
SYLVANIAN FORMATIONS
Chiefly volcanic and intrusive
rocks, minor sandstone, con­
glomerate and shale
rients are concentrated to any major degree. Several areas demonstrate th is phenomenon
to a limited extent: the passages between Red Head and Pocoloqan Island and around

~
SILURIAN FORMATIONS
the Brothers and the area at the tip of Point Lepreau. Other than these localities, Granite, diorite and allied
the area exhibits reasonable homogeneity in its biota and, presumably, receives types
essentially the same level of nutrients and food at most localities. Nevertheless, the
Maces Bay area supports a relatively high diversity and abundance of benthic organisms.
Maclaren Atlantic Limited (1977) indicated that plankton -levels appear greater to the
westpf Point Lepreau. This is possibly related to eddying and a greater surface area in
Maces Bay supporting a higher density of benthic organisms than areas to the east.

Known current patterns are shown in Figures 3.2.2 and 3.2.3. As can be seen, cur­
rn
j
..
::.
9 ..:
.....'.
MISSISSIPPIAN OR PENN­
SYLVANIAN FORMATIONS
Chiefly sandstone, conglomerate
and shale; minor volcanic and
intrusive rocks

RECORDED SAND DEPOSITS

rent data are very limited,being restricted to the immediate vicinity of Point Lepreau. FrH 'ntertidal and subtidal
It is essential that additional data be collected, since MRA's field observations suggest
that during both ebb and flood, waters move rapidly parallel to the coast and

6
pollutants originating at Point Lepreau may not be maintained locally but may, in
fact, have greater influence on localities many miles removed. + RECORDED MUD DEPOSITS
Intertidal and subtidal
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7
 3.2.4 BATHYMETRY. Depths in the study area vary widely. Intertidal areas are
extensive in Maces Bay. Similarly, this Bay has an extensive shallow subtidal area
and just ,offshore depths reach several hundred feet. As a result, the study area has
suitable habitat for a wide range of organisms and this is reflected in the presence of
intertidal,shallow subtidal, bathyal and pelagic species.

3.2.5 FRESHWATER SOURCES. Freshwater has a significant influence on the

marine environment and, where salt and fresh waters mix, the area supports a dis­
tinctive assemblage of organisms which demonstrate a tolerance for wide salinity
fluctuations. As shown in Figure 3.2.4, there are no major rivers influencing the
area. Most freshwater flow comes from small brooks and streams. As a result, est­
uarine habitat is restricted largely to Lepreau River and Little Lepreau Basin.

3.3 PRINCIPAL MARINE HABITATS. Based on the physical characteristics of

the study area described in the previous section, we would identify the following
principal marine habitats as shown in Figure 3.3.1:

1) THE EXPOSED ROCKY SHORE. Since most of the coast is openly

exposed to winds and storms, the principal habitat of the study area
is exposed rocky shore. However, because of the geological character
of the area, this habitat must be subdivided as follows:

SECTION 1 : EXPOSED ROCKY SHORE-IGNEOUS SUBSTRATE

SECTION 2: EXPOSED ROCKY SHORE-SEDIMENTARY SUBSTRATE

2) EMBAYMENTS. Seven major embayments occur in the study area.

These are characterized by intertidal mud, sand or a combination of
mud and sand.

3) ESTUAR IES. Although there are no major estuaries in the study area,
Lepreau Harbour and Little Lepreau Basin exhibit estuarine character­
istics which may be important in terms of a monitoring program.

4) DEEP SUBTIDAL OR BATHYAL HABITAT. Much of the area is dom­

inated by deep subtidal habitat which must be considered in a monitor­
ing program.

5) PELAGIC HABITAT. The open water areas of the study area support a
diversity of pelagic organisms ranging from planktonic forms to mam­
mals.

6) MINOR HABITATS. Several minor habitats such as sand, cobble and

shingle beaches and marshes occur throughout the area. In the following 3.2.2. KNOWN CURRENT PATTERNS DURING FLOOD TIDE.
analysis of the principal habitats, these are considered as minor components Solid lines are observed; dotted lines are inferred.
8 of these habitats.
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 3.4 BIOTA OF THE EXPOSED ROCKY SHORE· INTERTIDAL ZONE
Over 55 species of plants and animals have been recorded in the intertidal zone
of rocky shores in the study area (Figure 3.4.1 and appendix). An analysis
of species and substrate relationships revealed the following breakdown:

NO. % OF TOTAL

Rocky substrate species 30 54.5

Mixed substrate species 19 34.5
Muddy substrate species 3 5.5
Sandy substrate species 3 5.5

TOTAL SPECIES 55 100%

As can be seen, the principal biotic group lives on rocky substrate. The second­
ary group of organisms can be found on all shore types. However, in the Lepreau
area, many are primarily associated with rocky substrates. Intertidal mud and sand
substrates are of minor importance in the study area except in embayments.

The relative importance of each species, expressed as percentage occurrence

at study sites, is shown in Figure 3.4.1. The principal intertidal organisms (occur­
ring at 50% or more of sites) are:

PLANTS Ascophyllum nodosum

Fucus vesiculosus
Polysiphonia lanosa
VIva lactuca
Chondrus crispus
Fucus edentatus
Lithothamnion sp.
Rhodymenia palmata
Laminaria sp.

ARTHROPODS Gammarus oceanicus

Balanus balanoides
Carcinus maenas
Isopod fLimnoria-likeJ

IVIOLLUSCS Acmaea testudinalis

Littorina littorea
Littorina saxatilis 3.2.3 KNOWN CURRENT PATTERNS DURING EBB TIDE.
Thais lapillus Solid lines are observed; dotted lines are inferred.
Littorina obtusata
 M
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=
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 BRYOZOANS Encrusting species

Field observations left the impression that differences existed in the compos­
Ition of plants and animals between hard igneous and metamorphic rocky sub­
strate west of Lepreau River and sedimentary rocks to the east. Consequently,
ou r analysis of percent occurrence of species was spl it on th is basis. As can be
seen in Figure 3.4.1, there are no particular differences between these areas In
the animal population. However, plants appear to vary from igneous - meta­
morphic substrates to sedimentary substrates with greater apparent diversity
and distribution on sedimentary rocks to the east. While this may be of interest
from a research point of view, we can see no particular significance in terms of
a monitoring program at Point Lepreau except that samples of some species
of plants may be more easily collected from sedimentary substrate.

3.5 BIOTA OF THE EXPOSED ROCKY SHORE -SHALLOW SUBTIDAL

ZONE. Over 70 species of plants and animals were recorded in the shallow
subtidal zone of rocky shores in the study area (Figure 3.5.1 and appendix).
An analysis of species and substrate relationships confirms the subtidal dom­
inance of rocky substrate as follows

NO. % OF TOTAL

Rocky substrate species 45 63.4%

Mixed substrate species 22 31.0%
Sandy and muddy substrate
species 4 5.6%

TOTAL SPECIES 71 100%

As was true in the intertidal zone, the biota is dominated by plants and an­
imals of the rocky shore. Species of mixed shores occur on any shore type but,
at Point Lepreau, were primarily associated with rocky bottom. Mud and sand
bottom are of minor importance.

The relative importance of each species expressed as percentage occurrence at

study sites is shown in Figure 3.5.1. The principal subtidal organisms (found at
50% or more of sites) are:

PLANTS Lithothamnion sp.

Agarum cribrosum

SPONGES Halichondria panacea

Haliclona oculata

12 3.2.4 FRESHWATER SOURCES IN THE STUDY AREA.

 II I I

LEPREAU RIVER
')1
Drainage Area ­ 92. 1 sq. mil,
Mean Annual Discharge' " '., ..•
_~""'f'

259 cu.ft./sec.
4
• I I~~

'I ",' '" '·1 " 'I·

SAINt JOHN RIVER
I

. I nfluence of the Sairt John I

River appears to remain to

I
I.J
/'J
the east of the study area
J (11
. NUCLEAR PO l(. as indicated by data collect­~ I
"lP~O ed by Hachey and Bailey fa

I; ""~T ! LEPREAP
the spring freshet in 1930. I
Isohal;'nes shown h'ete are
.
I' in parts per thousand \'
I
9\
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I
II
I 3.2.4 i

13
 WORMS Mvxicola infundibulum
Potamilla sp.

ARTHROPODS Balanus balanus 3.3.1

Cancer sp.
Pagurus sp. PRINCIPAL MARINE HABITATS
Homarus americanus
A. THE EXPOSED ROCKY SHORE
MOLLUSCS Modiolus modiolus
Acmaea testudinalis 1110 !JIll INTERTIDAL ZONE
Mvtilus edulis
Al Igneous substrate
Ischnochiton ruber
Buccinum undatum
SHALLOW SUBTI DAL
ZONE - Igneous substrate
Neptunea decemcostata
ECHINODERMS Asterias vulgaris INTERTIDAL ZONE
Cucumaria frondosa Sedimentary substrate
Ophiopholis aculeata
Psolus fabricii SHALLOW SUBTIDAL

Henricia sanguinolenta ZON E - Sedimentary

Strongvlocentrotus droebachiensis .....

~
substrate

BRACH IOPODS Terebratulina septentrionalis

B. EMBAYMENTS
BRYOZOANS Several species 17" I
SEELEY BASIN
PROTOCHO RDATES Halocvnthia pyriformis RED HEAD HARBOUR
Boltenia ovifera
POCO LOGAN HARBOUR
While variations between igneous substrates and sedimentary substrates were
only obvious in intertidal plant populations, subtidally, the differences are more LEPREAU HARBOUR
striking. In terms of diversity, the breakdown is as follows:
LITTLE LEPREAU BASI N
Species on Species on
Igneous substrate Sedimentary substrate DIPPER HARBOUR

Plants 7 10 LITTLE DIPPER HARBOUR

L..J
Sponges 3 5
E. ESTUA RI ES
Cnidaria 4 5
Worms
Arthropods
2
8
5
7
[@] LEPREAU HARBOUR

Molluscs
Echinoderms
15
10
10
8
L.@] LITTLE LEPREAU BASI N

F. DEEP SUBTIDAL ZONE

TOTALS 49 50
G. PELAGIC ZONE

14
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 Interestingly, greater diversity was found for plants, sponges, cnidarians and TABLE 3.6.1 THE FAUNA OF PRINCIPAL EMBAYMENTS IN THE STUDY AREA (ex­
worms on sedimentary substrate; all groups which are comprised primarily of elusive of rocky substrate species).
sessile organisms with a substrate attachment. Free-moving arthropods, molluscs :=J
and echinoderms had greater diversity on igneous substrate. This leads to <! LU
LU a: U
speculation that sedimentary substrates may provide more adequate points of a: LU Z
Z 0­
0­
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attachment for sessile organisms. Oa: <!a: LU 0­ I, a:
:=Ja: a: -a: a: Cf)a:
<!:=J c.9:=J -l :=J O:=J LU:=J <!:=J a:
>­ LUO <!:=J LU :=J
3.6 BIOTA OF EMBAYMENTS - INTERTIDAL ZONE. Embayments appear LUZ go LUO a:o LUO UO :=JQ
-l_ Ien Oen a: en -lZ wen -len zen Oeo U
to be sediment traps and are usually characterized by extensive mud and sand LUCf) Oa: ua: O-a: f-­ O-a: f-a: <!a: Cf)a: U
f-Cf)
flats which support a distinctive biota. Generally, these substrates are mixed with LU<! LU<! O<! LU<! -<! ~<! C<! I<! :=J<! 0
Cf)en a:I O-I -lI -len OI -lI UI :2: I <f2.
substrate in the form of boulders, emergent bedrock and cobble beaches. Where
rock occurs, the flora and fauna will generally duplicate that found on any pure PLANTS
rocky shore. These species have been previously discussed and will not be de­ Enteromorpha sp. x x x x 44.4
tailed here. Our primary interest is the distinctive fauna of mud and sand flats. Ulva lactuca x x x x 44.4
Available data for embayments in the study area are detailed in Table 3.6.l.
CNIDARIA
In terms of being generally distributed, the following species appear to be the Edwardsia sipunculoidea x 11 . 1
most significant (occur at 50% or more of sites):
WORMS
Capitella capitata x 11 .1
WORMS Lineus sp.
Nephthys incisa
Lineus sp. x x x x x 55.5
Nereis virens Nephthys incisa x x x x x 55.5
Nereis virens x x x x x x 66.7
Polycirrus eximus x x x 33.3
ARTHROPODS Gammarus oceanicus
Tubifex sp. x x 22.2
Arenicola marina x x x 33.3
MOLLUSCS Macoma balthica
Clymenella torquata x x 22.2
Mya arenaria
Mytilus edulis
ARTHROPODS
Thais lapillus
Corophium volutator x x 22.2
Crangon septemspinosus x x 22.2
Gammarus oceanicus x x x x x ? ? 7 x 100 (? )
Idotea sp. x x 22.2
3.7 BIOTA OF MARSHES AND ESTUARINE HABITATS. Marshes and chiridotheca caeca x 11.1
estuarine habitats are minor components of the immediate study area; mar­ Limnoria-I ike x x x x x 44.4
shes being largely restricted to embayments and estuarine influences being
found principally in Lepreau Harbour and Little Lepreau Basin. Nevertheless, MOLLUSCS
marshes are a principal habitat at Musquash Harbour and estuarine circum­ . Macoma balthica x x x x x 55.5
stances are found along the coast where most major streams and rivers are loc- Mya arenaria x x x ? x x x 7 x 100 (7)
ated. Mytilus edulis x x x x x 55.5
Thais lapillus x x x x x 55.5
3.7.1 BAY OF FUNDY MARSHES. Marsh habitats should be considered Saccoglossus sp. x 11.1
in any monitoring program because of their unique floral and faunal associations. Lunatia heros x 11. 1
In addition, certain species of marsh grasses are reported to extract and concen­
trate heavy metals and other pollutants. Species recorded in marshes in the study ECHINODERMS
16 area include: Leptosynapta inhaerens x 11.1
 PLANTS Juncussp. Mya arenaria
Limonium nashi Macoma balthica
Plantago maritima
Salicomia europea ARTHROPODS Gammarus oceanicus
Scirpus sp. Crangon septemspinosus
Spartina patens Mysis stenolepis
S. altemitlora
S. pectinata FISH Fundulus heteroclitus
Various small algae Apeltes quadracus
Gasterosteus aculeatus
WORMS Nereis diversicolor Osmerus mordax
Anguilla rostrata
MOllUSCS Littorina saxatilus
Mytilus edulis 3.8 BIOTA OF THE DEEP SUBTIDAL ZONE. The benthic fauna of deep
Macoma balthica water areas in the study area has been poorly studied. However, limited available
data indicates that this zone supports a diverse and distinctive assemblage of an­
ARTHROPODS Gammarus oceanicus imals.
Crangon septemspinosus
Mysis stenolepis Grab samples from soft bottoms in moderate depth were analysed by Maclaren
Atlantic limited (1977) and give some indication of the fauna which can be ex·
FISH Fundulus heteroclitus pected in deeper mud bottom. Species included:
Apeltes quadracus
Gasterosteus aculeatus

3.7.2 ESTUARINE HABITATS. Estuarine habitats have faunal assemblages Brada villosa
WORMS
which resemble those found in salt marsh ponds. Typically the following species Nephthys incisa
may be expected to occur in estuarine conditions: Ninoe nigripes
Stemaspsis scutata
PLANTS Various small algae Terebellides stroemi
Enteromorpha sp. Rhodine loveni
VIva sp. Melinna cristata
Zostera marina Myriochele heeri
Scolecolepides viridis
CNIDARIANS Hydroids Ampharete acutifrons
Gonionemus sp. Aricidea suecica
Small anemones Goniada maculata
Lumbrinereis tragilis
WORMS Procerodes littoralis Tharyx acutus
Lineus sp.
ARTHROPODS Casco bigelowi
MOllUSCS Littorina littorea Diastylis quadrispinosa
L. saxatilis
Corophium crassicome
L. obtusata
Cyathura polita
Lunatia heros
Haploops tubicola
Nassarius sp. 17
Vnciola irrorata
 MOLLUSCS Crenella glandula ANNELIDA Polydora sp.
Astarte undata Thelepus cincinnatus
Cardita borealis Potamilla reniformis
Nucula proxima Spirorbis borealis
N. delphinodonta Protula tubularia
Nuculana tenuisulcata Potamilla reniformis
Periphoma fragilis Dodecaceria concharum
Cerastoderma pinnulatum Amphitrite cirrata
A. affinis
Offshore data collected by Caddy (1970) from scallop catches is a further in­ Harmothoe nodosa
dication of the diversity of organisms which can be expected in deep water off Glycera capitata
Point Lepreau. Species recorded include: Eunice pennata
Euphrosne borealis
Lepidonotus squamatus
Aphrodite aculeata
PORI FERA C tiona vastifica Sternaspis acutata
Polymastia sp (2) Filograna implexa
Weberella bursa
Haliclona sp. ARTHROPODA Balanus hameri
H.oculata B. balanus
H. Urceola B. crenatus
Isodictya deichmannae Pandalus borealis
I. palmata P. propinquus
Orina arcofera Spirontocaris groenlandica
Myxilla incrustans Homarus americanus
Tedania suctoria Pagurus acadianus
lophon scandens P. kroyeri
Yvesia sp. Lithodes maia
Plocamionida ambigua Hyas coarcticus
Mycale lingua Cancer irroratus
Halichondria sp.
Halichondria panacea
SUberites ficus MOLLUSCA Anomia aculeata
A. simplex
Leda tenuisulcata
Chlamys islandicus
COELENTERATES Tubularia sp. Mytilus edulis
(Cnidaria) Diphasia fallax Modiolus modiolus
Sertularella polyzonias Musculus substriata
Thuiaria longchitis Cyprina islandicus
Halecium muricatum
Gersemia rUbriformis
Urticinia crassicornis 3.4.1
1(, FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
ON INTERTIDAL SUBSTRATES AT POINT LEPREAU

18
 ROCKY SUBSTRATE . • . . .
PLANTS 25 50
~G-E-OF
75
SITES AT WHICH SP-ECLES OCCURRED
100 25
50 75 ,Jo

Ascophyllum nodosum
Fucus vesieulosus
Polysiphonia lanosa
- VIva laetuea
Chondrus crispus
Enteromorpha sp.
Fucus edentatus
Lith 0 thamnion
Porphyra sp.
Fucus spiralis
Rhodymenia palmata ~
Alaria esculenta ~
Gigartina sp. ~
Agarum cribrosum
Laminaria sp. ,

Chorda filum
Corallina officinalis
Zostera marina
..
SPONGES

Yellow encrusting species I -

CNIDARIA

Bunodactis stella
Unidentified Anemone ~

WORMS

Spirorbis sp. ~
I

•
ARTHROPODS

Balanus balanoides I

MOLLUSCS

Acmaea testudinalis
Mytilus edulis
Ischnochiton ruber ,
Onchidorus sp.

BRYOZOA

Erect Branching Species

Encrusting Species ~
Flustrellidra sp. ~
• 3.4.1 19

IGNEOUS SUBSTRATE SEDIMENTARY SUBSTRATE

 Astarte undatum BRACHIOPODA T erebratulina septentrionalis
A. subequilatera
Venericardia borealis BRYOZOA Eucratea loricata
Cardium pinnatulum Bugula sp.
C. ciliatum Caberea ellisii
Pitar morrhuana Flustra foliacea
Ensis directus Parella smitti
Spisula solidissima Idmonea atlantica
So polynyma Crisea eburnea
Margarites groenlandicus Tricellaria ternata
Calliostoma occidentale Electra pilosa
Velutina laevigata Tricellaria gracilis
Epitonium groenlandicus Dendrobeania murrayana
Polinices heros Parasmittina ieffreysi
P. groenlandica Canloramphus cymbaeformis
Crucibulum striatum Hippiproina propinqua
Turritella erosa Hippothoa hyalina
Aporrhais occidentalis Fustrella hispida
Buccinum undatum
Neptunea decemcostata CHORDATA Boltenia ovifera
Colus stimpsoni Halocynthia pyriformis
C. cen tricosus Cionasp.
Lamellidoris Myxine glutinosa
Dentalium entale Brosme brosme
Chaetopleura apiculata Gadus morhua
Rossia hyatti Melanogrammus aeglefinus
Octopus bairdii Urophycis chuss
Anarhichas lupus
Pholis gunnellus
ECHINODERMATA Ctenodiscus crispatus
Sebastes marinus
Hippasteria phrygiana
Hemitripterus americanus
Leptasterias spp
Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus
L. tenera
M. scarpius
L. littoralis
Aspidophoroides monpterygius
Henricia scabrior
Liparis atlanticus
H. eschrichti
Heterosomata sp.
Crossaster papposus
Scophthmus aquosus
Solaster endeca
Hippoglossoides platessoides
Pteraster militaris
Limanda ferruginea
Asterias vulgaris
Pseudopleuronectes americanus
Grogonocephalus arcticus
Lophius americanus
Ophiopholis aculeata
Ophiura sarsi
3.4.1 (continued)
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis
Echinarachnius parma FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
Cucumaria frondosa ON INTERTIDAL SUBSTRATES AT POINT LEPREAU.
Psolus phantapus
 IVl XI-I ::-.;111-( ... HA I-S
. . .
WORMS 2!, 50
PERCENTAGE OF SITES AT WHICH SPECIES OCCURRED
75 100 25 50 7.5 •
100
Procerodes ulvae

Lineus sp.

Tubifex sp.

Notoplana atomata
~
Lepidonotus squamatus

ARTHROPODS

Gammarus oceanicus

Carcinus maenas

Limnoria-like species

MOLLUSCS

Littorina littorea

L. saxatilis

Thais lapillus

., L. obtasata

Hiatella arctica .

Anomiasp. ~

ECHINODERMS

Asterias vulgaris

Leptasterias sp.

Strongylocentrotus ---
~
~

FISH

Pholis sp.

Gasterosteus aculeatus -
~
~
I­

MUD SUBSTRATE
. . . • • --'L

WORMS 25 50
•
75 100 25
•
50 75 10o
Nereis sp.

Nephthys incisa
~ Ii'
MOLLUSCA

Mya arenaria I
IGNEOUS SUBSTRATE
• SEDIMENTARY SUBSTRATE
3.4.1 2
 SAND SUBSTRATE

PERCENTAGE OF SITES AT WHICH SPECIES OCCURRED 11

WORMS 25 50 50 75 10o
75 100 25
Polycirrus sp.
Arenicola marina - t

ECHINODERMS
M
Leptosynapta inhaerens • IGNEOUS SUBSTRATE I SEDIMENTARY SUBSTRATE

3.4.1 (continued)

3.9 PELAGIC SPECIES. Numerous pelagic invertebrates, fish, birds and mam­
mals utilize the study area. Planktonic invertebrates which occur in the area are ex­
tremely diverse. Table 3.9.1 summarizes records collected by Maclaren Atlantic
Limited (1977). Species of fish, birds and mammals which utilize, or may utilize,
the study area are listed in Tables 3.9.2, 3.9.3 and 3.9.4.

3.5.1
FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
ON SUBTIDAL SUBSTRATES AT POINT LEPREAU.
~~
ROCKY SUBSTRATE . . . . .
PLANTS 25 50
PI=Rr'I=NTAGE OF SITES AT WHICH SPECIES OCCURRED
75 100 2.5 50 75
•
100
Lithothamnion sp.
Agarum cribrosum
Alaria esculenta
Laminaria sp.
Ulva lactuca
Desmerestia sp.
~
Phycodrys sp.

--
Chondrus crispus a
Fucus edentatus a ~
Corallina officinalis

Rhodymenia palmata
~ ~

SPONGES

Halichondria panacea

Haliclona oculata

Cliona sp.

Scypha sp.
a
lophon pattersoni

CNIDARIA

Tubularia sp.

Metridium senile

Obelia sp.

Lucernaria quadricornis
~
4ntennularia sp. ~

WORMS

Myxicola infundibulum

-
Po tam ilIa sp. a
Amphitrite sp. a
Spirorbis sp. a
ARTHROPODS

Balanus balanoides
Balanus balanus ~

MOLLUSCA

Modiolus modiolus

Acmaea testudinalis

Mytilus edulis

Ischnochiton ruber

Coryphella sp.

Lora sp. ~
~
Onchidorus sp.

23
Anomiasp.

IGNEOUS SUBSTRATE ~ SEDIMENTARY SUBSTRATE 3.5.1

ROCKY SUBSTRATE (continued) . .
PERCENTAGE OF SITES AT WHICH SPECIES OCCURRED
. . .
-.
ECHINODERMS 25 50 75 100 25 50 75 10to
.
Cucumaria frondosa
Ophiopholis 8culeata
Psolus fabricii
Henricia sanguinolenta
Leptasterias sp.

BRACHIOPODS
I
Terebratulina septentrionalis
..
BRYOZOANS
I
All species
II
PROTOCHORDATES

Halocynthia pyriformis
Boltenia ovifera
3.5.1
IGNEOUS SUBSTRATE SEDIMENTARY SUBSTRATE

3.5.1 (continued)

FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

ON SUBTIDAL SUBSTRATES AT POINT LEPREAU.

 PERCENTAGE OF SITES AT WHICH SPECIES OCCURRED

MIXED SUBSTRATE

WORMS 25 50 75 100 25 50 75 10o

Lepidonotus squamatus
I
r
ARTHROPODS

Cancer sp.
Pagurussp.
Homarus americanus
Hyassp.

-
Mysis stenolepis It
Pandalus montagui
Caprella ,
MOLLUSCS

Buccinum undatum
Neptunea decemcostata
Colus stimpsoni
Dendronotus frondosus
Hiate//a arctica
--­ •
.
ECHINODERMS

Strongylocentrotus
Asterias vulgaris
Solaster endeca •
Asterias forbesi •
Crossaster papposus
•
FISH

Lumpfish .
Flounder ..
Pollack
Tomcod
-. •
•

MUD AND SAND SUBSTRATE .

25 50 50 75
•
10o
75 100 25
.
Cerianthus borealis 10
Lunatia heros 10
Placopecten mage//anicus
Echinarachnius parma IGNEOUS SUBSTRATE jIt SEDIMENTARY SUBSTRATE
3.5.1 25
 TABLE 3.9.1 SUMMARY OF ZOOPLANKTON COUNTS ON SAMPLES TAKEN IN THE VICINITY OF POINT lEPREAU,
1974, 1975 (From Maclaren Atlantic limited, 1977))

DATES

I - 9 I -9 9 2353~,9 6 4 8
I- 9 1-10 1-10 1-10
TRANSECT NUMBERS.

NET MESH SIZE, ~ . . .

TOTAL NUMBER SAMPLES
333
18
333
38
I -
333
18 8
333
2
'3h
7
333

243
18
243
19
243
19
243
19
EST TOTAL AMOUNT OF SEAWATER FILTERED, m 3 . 70 146 70 31 9 31 9
70 15 77 73
AVERAGE NUMBER CAPTURED / m 3 . 167 121 41 68 5~ 74 316
259 979 888 226
STANDARD DEVIATION s' ~84 :!73 !.35 ~30 - ~36 :! 278 =654 ~865 ~198

DOMINANTS ~ ~% OF TOTAL POPULATION CAPTURED / m3

COPEPODS
12 10
oCorflo :!onqlrem/s d'
ocarfia lonr;lremls: d"
ocorflo so copep/{Jlds 75
I 46 I 8 5
5

10
7 183
63
158 29
cenfropo98s Itomofus 9
cen IropOl}es IYPICU$ 3
cl1irdius sp .. 4
euryfemo,a sp t/.
euryfemoro sp d' .
pseudoCOIonU5 mlnufus if 15 I 19 25 22 I
25 230
14
pseudocolonus minvfus d' 20 24 II 21 69
36 31
femora lon9,cornis d' 10
88
colonold copepldids
unidfln(lfitJd calonoid copepods
unidenflfied cofonoid coPf/pod eqqs II
I 12
338 315 113

ddl!ono $Imllts . 4
CLADOCERA
I I I +--.4 "
podon sp.
FRITILLARIA BOREALIS·
I
BARNACLE NAUPLII 71 I
DOMINANTS AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL
CAPTURED POPULATION. 70 0 / 0 I 6 7 ~/O 83 % I 85 0/ 0 95%1 86 %
II 9S o/n 75%
I
I o
° °
OTHER IMPORTANT SPECIES ~ <5 0 / 0 - >1 % OF AVERAGE
COPEPODS . •
ocorfio .bitiloso I· . •
ocar f ia lonqiremu;' d'
• I •
ocar fiolom;iremis,' if

calonl/s ftnmorctllcvs
• •
•
·
I
cenfropoges homo/v s

ce!1fropoges fypicus

cltl"dll/s s p . '"

·• I
euryfemdro herdmant
• •
el/rylemdra sp
•
dlftlono s,m,l,s .
•
difhona similis - difhona sp .
• • I •
pseudoco lonus minl/ fl/S d'.. .

pseudocolanus minl/fuS d' . ...

I •
I •
•
· ·•
psel.ldoCtJlonl/s mlnufl/s copepldids.

s9nec8110 sp. . ...

• . I
f~mOro lonqicorntS d'

femora lonqicorflls d'

calonoid copepod egqs .

• I II
III.
I ·•
colanoid copepod nal/phl ..

colan aid cope pOd copepidids

• I • I II

!~
I/nidenfified colonoid copepods
•
CLADOCERA
•
-I
~lIodn~nordmonn;
podo" sp • I I :1
:1
I : I •

26
 TABLE 3.9.1 (Continued)

FRITILLARIA BOREAL IS
GASTROPODS
lillorina filtorea e99s
barnacle nauplii .. . •
barnacle cyprid larvae. •
•
CTENOPHORES
pleu r obraclllo Juveniles

NUMBERS OF SPECIES PRESENT IN TAXONOMIC GROUPS

CRUSTACEANS
omplilpodo.
or9uloida.
I
I 2 I 2
1+

,..
I

barnacles . . . ..
colanoid copepods 8 14
I
14
I
5 6
I
7'
I 7
I •

9
10

I·

10

coIJ90ida I I

caprfjlJids I I I
I
cladocera 2 2 r I I 2
2
2 2

cumocids . I I

cyclapoids _
decopoda
f)upf/Ousids.
2
2
2
2
I I I I I I

I·

1
2

,-
I

I
I

1+
I·

lJorpac loeudo 2 2 I I 2 2 2
3
2 I

isopoda I I I I 1
I
I

podacopa. I

uncertam 4 4 4 I 2 I 4
3
4 i 2

ARACHNIDS 2 , 2

BRYOZOANS I I I

CHAETOGNATHS I I I I I I
2+

COELENTERATES. 3 , 2 2 I

CTENOPHORES I I

ECHINODERMS I I ) I I~ I I 1+
[
FISH EGGS 8 LARVAE
GASTROPODS.
I I

2
I
I
I
1+
1+

2
1+
1+
I,.

It
I
1 +
~

IJ
I I I 1+ I t

PELrCOPODS .
POL rCHAETES
2 I
I I
I ;
, 2 It 2 1+ 1+
2 2 I 2 I
2

SIPUNCUL IDS .. I
UROCHORDATES I 1 2 I
2 I 1+

27
 TABLE 3.9.2 FISHES RECORDED IN THE STUDY AREA AND VICINITY (From MacKay, 1976)

. MARSII'OBRANCIIII Pungitius pungitius (Ninespine Stickleback) L. liparis (Striped Seasnail)

Brosme brosl11e (Cusk) Paralichthys dentatus (Summer Flounder)'"
Myxme glutinosa (Hagfish)
Enchelyopus cimbrius (Fourbeard rockling) P. oblongus (Fourspot Flounder)'"
Petromyzon marinus (Lamprey)
Gadus morhlla (Atlantic Cod) Scophthalllllls aquosus (Windowpane)
\1elanogrammus aeglefinus (Haddock) GlyptocephaJus cynoglossus (Witch Flounder)
SELACHII
Merluccius bilinearis (Silver Hake) liippogJossoides pla tessoides (American Plaice)
Microgaddus tomcod (Atlantic Tomcod) H. hippoglossus (Atlantic Halibut)
Carcharias taurus (Sand Shark)*
Pollachius vircns (Pollock) Liopsetta putnami (Smooth Flounder)
Alopias vulpinus (Thresher Shark)'"
Urophycis chuss (Squirrel Hake) Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Winter Flounder)
[arch,]fodon carcharias (Wh ite Shark)
Nezllmia bairdi (Marlin Spike)'" Monacanlhlls hispidus (Planehead Tilefish)'"
Laillna nasus (Porbeagle)
Zenopsis ocellata (American John Dory)" Mola lllola (Ocean Sunfish)'"
Mlistcilis canis (Smooth Dogfish)'"
Rocclls americanlls (White Perch) Lophills <llllericanus (Monkfish)
Khizoprionodon terraenovae (Atlantic Sharpnose
R. saxatilis (Striped Bass)
Shark)'"
Stenotomus chrysops (Scup)*
SOlllnioSlis llliCfOceph,i1l1s ((,rC(;nl;IIHI Sh;lrl.-)
Talltoga onitis (Tautog)'"
* RARE OR OCCASIONAL OCCURRENCE.
Sljllallis acanthus (Spiny Dogfish)
Tautogolabrus adspersus (Cunner)
RaFt crinacca (Lit tie Skatc)
Aillmodytes :.lmericanus (American Sand Lance)
R. lacvis (l3arndoor Skate)
Sarda sarda (Atlantic Bonito)'"
R ocellata (Winter Skatc)
Scomber calias (Chub Mackerel)
R radiala (Thorny Skate)
S. scombrus (Atlantic Mackerel)
Torpedo nohiliana (Atlantic Torpedo)
Thunnus thynnlls (Bluefin Tuna)
Anarhichas lupus (Atlantic Wolffish)
1'15[ ES t\. minor (Spotted Wolffish)*
Pholis gunnellus (Rock Gunnell)
Acipenser oxyrhynchus (Atlant ic Sturgeon)
Cryptacanthodes maculatus (Wrymouth)
Alosa pselldoharengus (Alewife)
I.ulllpenus lumpret<leformis (Snake Blenny)
A. sapidissima (American Shad) tllvaria subhifurcata (Radiated Shanny)
Brevoort ia tyrannus (Menhaden ),* Lycenchelys verrilli (Wolf Eelpout)*
Clupea harengus (Ilerring) Mauol.oarces american us (Ocean pout)
E!rumells sad ina (Round Ilerring)* I'uf()notlls tri,tcanthus (Butterfish)
Curcgonus c1upeafurlllis (lake Whilcl'ish)* Menidi:t Illenidia (Atlantic Silvcrside)
Salmo salar (Atlantic Sa InlOlI) Scbasles Illarinus (Redfish)
Salvelinus fontinalis (Brook Trolll) I'rionolliS carolinlls (Northern Senrobin)
M,dJotus villosus (Capel in )* I' cvolans (Striped Searobin)*
Osmerus morclax (Smelt) Artediellus lIncinatus (Arct ic Ilookcar Sculpin)'"
Mauroclicus muelleri (Muller's Pearlsides)* Gymnocanthus tricllspis (Arctic Staghmn Sculpin)"
Anguilla rostrata (American LeI) Ifemitripterus american us (At Ian tic Sca Raven)
Conger oceanicus (Conger Eel-Iarval)* Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus (r .onghorn
Scamberesox saurus (Atlantic Saury)" Sculpin)
Hyporhalllphus sp. ([uillmon Halfbeak)* M. scorpius (ShortlH" II Sculpin)
Fund ulus heteroclit us (M ummichog) friglops murray i (Mailed Sculpin)*
Syngnath us fuscus (Norl hern Pipefish) Aspidoph()foides monopterygius (AJligatorfish)*
Apeltes ljuadracus (Fourspine Stickleback) Cyclopterus lumpus (Lumpfish)
Gasterosteus aculeatus (Thrcespine Stickleback) Eumicrotremus spinosus (Atlantic Spiny Lumpfish)*
G wheatlandi (l3Iackspolted St ickleback) Liparis atl<lnlicus (Atlantic Seasnail) I
28
TABLE 3.9.3 MARINE BIRDS RECORDED IN THE STUDY AREA AND VICINITY
(;av';1 illlilin 111111I,'r (CPlIlII/OIl 1.0PIl)
(;;Ivja slcll:!ta (1~l'd-thIP..J1cd LOOI1)
('olymous griscgcna holboclli (Holhocll's (;rchc)
COIYllltHlS auritus (1Iorll"d (;r,'h,')
l'llL!ilYlllhllS ppdl''<'I)' pCldlcc'I'S (1'".<\ hilk,l (,I<,h,')
ThaLlssugerull clill,I"lhyllclip . . . (Yl'II,,\V-l\ll'C·d Alh;III''',1
PuffillllS gris,:us (Sol (y She'l IW'Iln I
I'llfrillll, gravis «;rl';I(C) Shc'arw;lll'l )
hlilllalu . . glaci;i1i . . (Allalltic: hdilldri
O,'ciJllodroma Icucorhoa (Leach's Petr,:I)
O,'l'dni[cs OCC;1I1'cUS (WilSOII' 1'L:trel)
Moris oassana « ;annd)
I'hal;lcrocorax c;oro" carbo (I'uropcall C'"IIIO!:IlII)
I'hal"c:rocorax all' illlS auritlls (l)ouhk·n'· . . I,·d ('Ilrmlll:lll!)
Arded herodi<ls hdlldi<ls «;re'll Bllll' Ill'I'llll)
fllllllrltiL's viresu'lIs vir<'sccns (1':lslnll (.1"<'11 11,'r"II)
Nyl'liCl1r;lx nyLlicllldX !wdc:ll, (Ill:lch ,""WIIl'd Nighl Iinoill
U,l[<lUrllS killiginoslis (Amnic'all Billt'rll)
I\ohrychlls"xili, (1.'·dSI Bill"fIll
Brdnla C:;1I1ddcnsis '·;oII;Ilit'n . . . " « 1l11lllll)" ( ,Ill:ld:l (;'"lSel
~r;lIlla oerni,'I;o 1IIIll;o (AIlI"ri,':l1I Hlalll)
An;os pl;llyrhylichos (M;dl:ord)
Allas IlIO' ip" . . (Hlack I)IICk)
Ibfil" ;lcul;o 1/.lt/.ihod (AIIll'ril';1l1 1'1I11<lil)
Netlioll c:trolilll'nsc «;r,'e.II-IVillgcd Tcal)
()unqll,'dul:l discors (Uluc-wingcd Ical)
Nyroca lllaril;1 (Crea(er Scaur D\lck)
(;lauciolll'lla ciallgllia "IIH:ric;III;1 (Alllcricall (;olckll-c)'c)
Slcrna hirlilldo hirundo «'ollllllon Tern)
Ch"rilollC'ft" ;dhclll" (Huffk-hc'ild)
Stc:rna paradisaea (Arctic T"rn)
Clangula hyellialis (Old·squaw)
AIe;1 lorda (Razor-billed Auk)
SOlllalcri" IllOllissilll;1 drCSSCIl (Alllt'rlcdll 1,,1"11
lJria ;I . dg.. a,t1gl' (Atl;lntic Murrl')
MeLlll'1 LI dcgl"lltll (White-wlllgcd SCI>lel I
lIrla III III v til IOlllvia (Urunnlch's Murre)
Mel<.llllUa perspicillata (Surf Scorer)
Alit aile (Dovekie)
OidcJII ia anleriea na (A IlIel'lea Il Sc;•• In)
Mergus s,'rrator (Red-breasted Mergansci 1
(From MacKay, 1976)
Po rI_<.I 11;' calolilla (S()Ia)
Charadrius mc'lndliS (Pirillg Plover)
Charadrius sl'lllipallllalus (S,'lll ipa!lllalcd Plover)
()xy,.'dlus vo,'if,'rus vp,·,lc'rlls (K did",·, )
I'luvlalls dlllllllllc',1 dOlllllllca (A'lI,'1 iC;\ll (;tllckll Plclver)
Sqllalarc.>Id squal"rola (Blad-Ih'IIied Plovcr)
Arellarid inlnrll'S IIltlrinclld (I~uddy Turnslone)
Acl iris (Sputted Sandpiper)
Tol;l nus IOcla Iloleucu . . . «(; rca Ic'r Yellow-Iq:s)
ToldllUS rIavipcs (Lesser Yellow-Iq;s)
Arqu"tclla maritima (Purflk S;IIHlpipl'l 1
Pisobia melallo(os (Pectoral S;lndpiper)
Pisobia fusc'collis (While-rtllllped Sandpiper)
Pisoola minutilla (Lcasl Sandpipl'l)
Pelidna dip ina sakhalina (Red-backed Sandpiper)
I.illlnodromlis griseus (I)(lIVitchel)
I.rcunl'tcs flllsillus (Sclllipalnl"leL! Sdndl'ipn)
Crocclhid alba (Sanderling)
1'1"t1"r(lflUS rllliciHirus (Red "h . .t1arc>p,·)
I ohipes lob<l(us (Northern I'h;lldfclpC)
Sincor"rill.' parasiriclls (1';lrasilic Ja9~dl)
I "rus hypl'l'horeus (Claucous Cull)
I.arus kucoptclus (keland (;ull)
I .IIIIS Ill:lrinus «;real ~Iack-oackcd (;ull)
LlrllS argentatus smithsonianus (Herring Gull)
LlrJlS phil;ldelphia (Bonap:JfIl"s (;ull)
Rissa lrlddclyla tridaLlyla (Atlantic Killiwake)
Cepphus grylk grylk (Blac:k (;uilkmo()
/'Idtncula arLtlca arLtlca (Allanllc Puffin)
29
 TABLE 3.9.4 MARINE MAMMALS RECORDED IN THE STUDY AREA AND VICINITY. (From MacKay, 1976)

A. BAU-TN WlIALES

/:'/lbala('lIa glacialis right whale Sporadic visitor. Endangered species

Megap(era novaeallgliae humpback whale Regular visitor to Brier Island. Endangered species.

BalaelwrJfera physalus finback whale Regular visitor

Bala('lIoplera borealis sei whale Regular visitor to southern part of Brier Island.

HIl lavllop( era aC/I (oros (ra (a minke whale Regular visitor

Halael1o{Jfcra musC/I{IIS blue whale Reported sporadically but not in l<lsl IS YC<lrs. Fndangered
species
II 100lHEO WIIAI.I.S

Phoco('na phll("(J('tw harbour porpoise Regular resident for up to 12 month s of year, but most of the

population migrates offshore in fall.

I.agellorhynchus acu(us white-sided dolphin Sporadic visitor.

I.agenorhynchus alhin 1.\His white-beaked dolphiJl Regular visitor; may be residential in outer region.

Glubicephala me/net/a pothead whale Sporadic visitor, but forms large schools.

Delphinop(erus le/l('as white whale Occasional strays from Gulf of SI. Lawrence (one in 1976).

Ilvperoodon {J/ani/rolls bottlenose whale Known from a stranded specimen.

Mesoplodon hidells bidens beaked whale K nown from a stranded specimen.

Ziphius caviroSlris envier's beaked whale Probably sporadic visitor.

Kogia breviceps Pigmy sperm whale Probable sporadic visitor.

Tursiops lruncalus Bottlenosed dolphin Possible rare visitor.

Delphinus delphis Common dolphin Possible rare visitor.

Oreinus orca Killer whale Sporadic visitor.

C. PHOCID SEALS

Halichoerus grypliS Grey seal Local Resident - Grand Manan only

Phoca vitulina Harbour seal Previously common, much reduced by bounty hunting, now
recovering.
30
 4.
PRELIMINARY SPECIES SELECTION

4.1 INTRODUCTION. It is apparent from the preceeding.description of the 6. UNIQUENESS - Species which are, in some way, unique

biota of the study area, that several hundred species of marine organisms occur or unusual were considered as candidate species provided

there. It is the purpose of this study to recommend the most suitable species for the population would not be damaged by collection of sam­

a monitoring regime. Consequently, our first task was to reduce this vast array ples.

of species to a preliminary list of "Candidate" species. In order for a species to

qualify, it was felt that the following criteria must be met:
1. SPECIES STATUS - Suitable species should be year around or
common seasonal residents. Transients or rare visitants were gen­
erally considered unsuitable.
4.2 PRELIMINARY LIST OF CANDIDATE SPECIES. Using the above criteria
the list of species recorded in the study area was reviewed. The following species
fulfill the requirements for a monitoring regime:
PLANTS Agarum cribrosum (Sea Collander)

A/aria escu/enta (Winged Kelp)

2. ABUNDANCE - Suitable species should occur in sufficient

Ascophyllum nodosum (Rockweed)

abundance to allow collection of samples on a regular basis. Chondrus crispus (Irish Moss)

Enteromorpha sp.

3. DISTRIBUTION - Suitable species should be of general dis­

Fucus spira/is (Rockweed)

tribution to insure availability over the entire sampling area.

F. vesicu/osus (Rockweed)
F. edentatus (Rockweed)

4. SIZE - Suitable species should be of a size to insure suf­ Laminaria-all species (kelp)

, ficient sample mass. Small species were considered

Lithothamnion sp_ (Coral)

suitable if they occurred in sufficient abundance to fulfill

Po/ysiphonia /anosa

th is requ irement.
Porphyra sp.

Rhodymenia pa/mata (Dulse)

5. COLLECTION - Suitable species should be collectable

Spartina sp. (Marsh Grass)

with relative ease, by standard collecting techniques.

VIva /actuca (Sea Lettuce)
31
 SPONGES Halichondria panacea (Crumb-of-bread Sponge) Pagurus sp. (Hermit Crab)

Haliclona a::ulata (Dead-man's Fingers) Carcinus maenas (Green Crab)

ECHINODERMS Asterias vUlgaris (Common Starfish)

CNIDARIA Metridium senile (Common Anemone)

Tubularia sp_ (Pink-hearted Hydroid) Cucumaria frondosa (Sea Cucumber)

Henricia sanguinolenta (Bloodstar)

Leptasterias sp. (Starfish)

RIBBON WORMS Lineus sp. (Ribbon worm)

Ophiopholis aculeatus (Brittlestar)

Psolus fabricii (Scarlet Psolus)

BRYOZOANS Flustrellidra (Bryozoan)

Solaster endeca (Purple Sunstar)

MOLLUSCS A cmaea testudinalis (Common Limpet)

Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Sea Urchin)
Buccinum undatum (Northern Whelk)
PROTOCHORDATES Boltenia ovifera (Sea Potato)

Colus stimpsoni (Stimpson's Whelk)

Halocynthia pyriformis (Sea Peach)

Dendronotus frondosus (Nudibranch)

Ischnochiton ruber (Red Chiton)

BRACHIOPODS Terebratulina septentrionalis (Atlantic Brachiopod)
Littorina littorea (Common Periwinkle)

L obtusata (Smooth Periwinkle)

FISH Myxine glutinosa (Hagfish)

L saxatilis (Rough Periwinkle)

Squalus acanthus (Dogfish)

Macoma balthica (Macoma)

Clupea harengus (Herring)

Modiolus modiolus (Horse Mussel)

Anguilla rostrata (American Eel)

Mya arenaria (Soft-shelled Clam)

Fundulus heteroclitus (Mummichog)

Mytilus edulis (Blue Mussel)

Gasterosteus aculeatus (Three-spine Stickleback)

Neptunea decemcostata (ten-ridged Whelk)

Gadus morhua (Atlantic Cod)

Thais lapillus (Dog Whelk)

Melanogrammus aeglefinus (Haddock)

Astarte Sp. (Astarte)

Scomber scombrus (Mackerel)

Macrozoarces americanus (Ocean Pout)

ANNELIDS Arenicola marina (Lug Worm)

Hemitripterus americanus (Sea Raven)

Clymenella torquata (Bamboo Worm)

Myoxocephalus sp. (Sculpin)

Lepidonotus squamatus (Scale Worm)

Cyclopterus lumpus (Lumpfish)

Myxicola infundibulum (Feathered Fan Worm)

Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Winter Flounder)

Nephthys incisa (Shimmy Worm)

Nereis virens (Clam Worm)

BIRDS Phalacrocorax auritus (Double-crested Cormorant)

Potamilla sp. (Tube Worm)

Anas rUbripes (Black Duck)

Somateria mo/lissima (American Eider)

ARTHROPODS Balanus balanoides (Common Barnacle)

Arquatella maritima (Purple Sandpiper)

Balanus balanus (Barnacle)

Larus marinus (Greater Black-backed Gull)

Cancer sp. (Rock Crab)

Larus argentatus (Herring Gull)

Caprel/a sp.
Cepphus grylle (Black Guillemot)

Crangon septemspinosus (Sand Shrimp)

Gammarus oceanicus (Beach Flea)

MAMMALS Phocoena phocoena (Harbour Porpoise)

Homarus americanus (Lobster)

Phoca vitulina (Harbour Seal)

Hyas sp. (Toad Crab)

Limnoricrlike sp. (Isopod)

PLANKTON IC FORMS Gross collections
Mysis stenolepis (Fairy Shrimp)
Calanus finmarchicus
--~32 Orchestia sp. (Beach Hopper)
Meganyctiphanes norvegica
]:hysannoe&SB-ineFmis:--- _

5.1 INTRODUCTION. Patterns of energy flow in the marine system are ex­
tremely complex and, on the whole, poorly understood. Nevertheless, it is pos­
sible to categorize many species of marine organisms in terms of their feeding
methods. We consider that the basic-groupings, in terms of food acquisition, are
as follows:
1. PHOTOSYNTHESIZERS - Phytoplankton, algae and other
marine plants which utilize the sun and absorbed nutrients.
2. NUTR I ENT UTI L1ZE RS - Bacteria, protozoa and similar
organisms which utilize natural marine media produced in
such habitats as mudflats and floating organic debris as well
as dead plants and animals.
3. PARASITES - Species which draw their sustenance from
a parasitic relationship with other organisms.
4. GRAZERS - Plant eating organisms.
5. DETRITUS FEEDERS - Species which feed actively on
organic debris and the associated biota (bacteria, fungi, pro­
tozoans, etc).
6. FI LTER OR SUSPENSION FEEDERS - Species which col­
lect and process plankton and/or organic nutrients extracted
from the water by fi Iter mechan isms or tentacu lar feedi ng.
5.
LOCAL ENERGETICS
7. SCAVENGERS - Species which feed directly on dead plants
and animals.
8. CARNIVORES - Species which actively pursue, capture and
consume other live animals.
Unfortunately, many marine species cannot be neatly placed in anyone of
these categories. Sea urchins, for example, are generally identified as grazers.
However, populations which occur where algal levels are low, subsist by pro­
cessing bottom sediments and in this case, are more properly detritus feeders.
Observations made in the laboratory by the author, indicate that they are even
able to capture and consume live fish! Similarly many crustaceans such as her­
mit crabs, rock crabs, lobster etc, will capture and consume live prey. However,
they do not hesitate to act as scavengers or to process bottom sediments. Re­
search into feeding mechanisms of suspension feeders is incomplete and it is
impossible to indicate which species primarily utilize live plankton, detritus
or both. We have observed that some suspension feeders (Myxicola infundibulum
and P salus fabricii) occur in greatest abundance in areas which consistently have
high loads of suspended matter. This suggests to us that these species may, in
fact, utilize organic matter, rather than live plankton, as their primary nutrient.
In any event, in this analyses we have classified candidate species on the
basis of their primary feeding method (Eg. urchins are grazers) or apparent
primary feeding method. Predators and scavengers have been combined since both
groups utilize animal flesh.
33
 This short-coming in available information should not influence a monitoring
program to any great degree. In our final selection of species we have attempted
to eliminate species which show a wide variation in feeding method. Where this
has not been possible, a degree of care in collecting should eliminate any problems
in tracing positive samples back through the food chain. For example, if the sea
urchin was selected as a grazer for monitoring purposes, samples should be collect­
ed only from algal beds and not from barren bottom where they are extracting
nutrients from the sediments.
5.2 REGIONAL AND LOCAL ENERGETICS. While a number of studies on
productivity and energetics have been carried out on the east coast (Mann, 1972,
1972a, 1973; Mann and Breen, 1972; Miller and Mann, 1973; Miller, Mann and
Scarratt, 1971), these have been largely limited to detailed examinations of the
seaweed-lobster-urchin community in Nova Scotia. To our knowledge, no such
studies have been carried out in the Point Lepreau area. While such detailed
studies are required, it is possible, on the basis of present knowledge, to dis­
cuss broad patterns of local and regional energy flow.
It is generally considered that fixed marine communities are supplied their
basic needs from currents entering these waters bringing oxygen, essential elements,
nutrients and food in the form of detritus, phytoplankton, zooplankton and in­
vertebrate species. However, it is clear that this relationship is not, a "one-way
street". In fact, marshes, embayments, estuaries, the intertidal zone and shallow
subtidal zone make a considerable contribution to the pelagic and,we believe,
the bathyal zones. Indeed, additional research may show that the productivity
of a system such as the Bay of Fundy is more dependent on inshore production
than on the classic concept of phytoplankton production in surface waters off­
shore.
Figure 5.2.1 shows surface circulation in the Bay of Fundy. It appears (EPA,
1977) that ocean waters move into the Bay of Fundy on the Nova Scotia shore,
cross over the Bay and flow outward parallel to the New Brunswick shore. Quite
apart from diurnal tidal movements there are "upstream" and "downstream"
areas at Point Lepreau, with the mass of water movng from from Saint John to
important commercial fishing areas at Grand Manan and West Isles. As will be
discussed later, this movement of water has important implications in terms of a
marine monitoring program.
Our view of energy relationships in the Bay of Fundy is closely tied to the
"nutrJent pump" theory. This concept has been generally accepted with regards to
the role played by marshes in the southern United States (Phillips, 1978). Some research­
ers have applied this theory to the Bay of Fundy and attribute productivity of
the Bay of Fundy to its marshes. Our observations do not totally support this idea.
While we have no doubt that Fundy Marshes supply vital nutrients, they do not
have the high population levels and species diversity found to the south. More im­
portantly, an analysis which is currently underway by MRA shows that areas of
greatest productivity are at the mouth of the Bay; well removed from the influence
of major marshes.
It is our view that there are various types of nutrient pump systems and food
production areas. These are:
1. Marshes - we believe these areas supply significant nutrients in
the form of dissolved organic matter, dissolved organic carbon,
essential elements, etc. and, in addition provide "feed" organisms
to the margin of the main marine system. This latter role may be
vital to overwintering pelagic species, when sand shrimp, mysids,
sticklebacks, mummichogs and other marsh species appear to move
offshore to deeper water.
2. Estuaries - In the Bay of Fundy, estuaries tend to support a flora
and fauna similar to that found in marshes. We believe that they
fulfill the same function. In addition, the contribution of organic
nutrients and elements carried from the land mass by streams and
rivers may be more significant than marshes.
3. Embayments - Mud and sand embayments are characteristic of
the outer Bay. There is some indication that surface production of
diatoms, dinoflagellates and organic debris with its attendant nut­
rient populations of bacteria, protozoans and fungi is of considerable
importance. It is felt that daily flushing of these embayments may con­
tribute significantly important nutrients to adjacent areas. Similarly,
nutrient production found in drift may also be important. Minor
storms in shallow embayments tend to remove nutrients from the
sediments. In addition, numerous species of resident plants and an­
imals contribute gametes and larvae to the plankton base.
4. The Benthic Pump - While pelagic production of phytoplankton
and zooplankton is significant, it is our view that the "benthic pump"
is the essential mechanism of productivity in the Bay of Fundy. The
benthic organisms of the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones con­
stitute the most abundant and diverse assemblage in the Bay. Indeed,
we have found that areas which have unusually high populations of
benthic organisms almost always exhibit high productivity, as indic­
ated by the presence of important commercial fishing areas, and
abundant populations of fish, seabirds and mammals. We believe
that this is related to the important contribution, by benthic organ­
isms, of gametes and larvae to the plankton base. High population
levels of adult invertebrates also appear to be important to migratory
predators and the benthic community provides food for virtually
 , type of animal.
Figure 5.2.2 illustrates the broad energy relationships at Point Lepreau, as Wf;
see them.
Fundy waters flowing along the coast (1) bear oxygen, nutrients, detritus, phyto­
plankton, zooplankton, pelagic invertebrates and other organisms. These are made
available to the organisms found in bays, estuaries, marshes, intertidal and shallow
subtidal waters and deep subtidal waters. I n turn marshes, embayments and est­
uaries (2) "pump" additional nutrients, larvae and foods to adjacent waters (3,4)
as well as the water mass moving westward and bathyal communities (5). Sim­
ilarly, intertidal and shallow subtidal zones utilize materials received in the
passing waters, but also contribute nutrients, larvae and other materials. Con­
sequently, open water passing along the coast does not simply have more and
more essential materials removed. It moves on to new areas (6) impoverished or
enhanced depending on the characteristics of the area it passes through. We
believe enhancement of Fundy waters occurs as waters pass from Saint John
MAINE
5.2.1 GENERAL SURFACE CIRCULATION IN THE BAY OF FUNDY (After Hachey
and Bailey, 1952).
to Grand Manan and the West Isles as a result of the presence of numerous
important nutrient and food "pumps" located on these shores (Maces Bay,
Beaver Harbour, Blacks Harbour, Letang Inlet, Passamaquoddy Bay and the
Head Harbour Passage area).
5.3 ENERGY FLOW AND THE MONITORING PROGRAM. The purpose
of the rather long preceeding discussion was to point out: 1} there are, at least,
seven distinct ecosystems which must be sampled (marshes, estuaries, embay­
ments, intertidal and shallow subtidal zones, the bathyal zone and the open
water zone), 2) the patterns of energy flow are not local but regional in ex­
tent. In view of the foregoing we recommend that the monitoring program
encompass the five ecosystems mentioned above and that it be carried out on
a regional basis.
5.4 LOCAL FOOD WEBS. Although the details of food webs for particular
species vary widely, as part of the selection process each candidate species has
been placed in a generalized food web worked out for the Point Lepreau area
and presented in Figure 5.4.1.
NEW BRUNSWIC K
35
 PLANTS GRAZERS
Agarum Acmaea
Alaria Ischnochiton
Ascophyllum I .1 Littorina Iittorea ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE POINT

Chondrus L. obtusata LEPREAU AREA (See text for explanation)

Enteromorpha L. saxatilis
Fucus spiralis ~
Strongy Iocentrotus
F. vesiculosus i
F. edentatus DETRITUS
Laminaria FEEDERS BIRDS AND
Lithothamnion uneus
MAMMALS EMBAYMENT, ESTUARY OR
Polysiphonia lanosa
Arenicola Douore-crested Cormorant MARSH "PUMP"
Porphyra • .. I Clymenelfa Black Duck
Rhodymenia
Ulva
Nephthys( 7 )
Nereis (7)
..,. American Eider
Purple Sendpiper

.­
Seartina

I
k-I Orchestia
Gammarus
Greater Black-backed Gull
Herring Gull
Black Guillemot
Harbour Porpoise =m= INTERTIDAL AND SUBTID­
I
DEtRITUS
. SUSPENSION

Halichondria
Harbour Saal
T
AL BENTH IC "PUMP"

Haliclona

Tubularia
I
I Flustrellidra
Macoma J
I MOdiolus
r - - - - 1...., Mya I FLOW OF "PELAGIC"
I • • Mytil~s . I
Venerlcard,a WATERS
I Astarte I
SUNLIGHT--.
I Myxicola
Potamilla
I
FISH
I Balanus
Hagl'i'Sll
Cucumaria
I Psolus Dogfish
Herring
I
Boltenia
I Amarican Eel

I H I
Halocynthia
Terebratulina i
,
~
Mummichog
Three-seined Stickleback

I
I

PREDATORS
lJ..l\ln
Metridium

Buccinum
c:.r£:1.
Atlantic Cod
Haddock
Mackerel
Ocean Pout
CD BATHYAL ZONE

I
Col us

Dendronotus
Saa Ravan
Sculpin
Lumpfish

B EMBAYMENT

I
l.
Neptunea

Thais

Cancer

Winter Flounder
E ESTUARINE HABITAT
I Caprella I
I Crangon I M MARSH
~PLANKTON~
Homarus
Hyas I
Mysis
Pagurus f
I Asterias I
Sol aster I
I
--------~
NUTRIENTS - - - - - - - - - ..1

FIGURE 5.4.1 POSITION OF CANDIDATE SPECIES IN THE FOOD WEB

~~~~~~ N
N
V1

.
~ =
The curie (symbol Ci) is a unit of radioactivity, defined as
1 Ci = 3.7×1010 decays per second.
This is roughly the activity of 1 gram of the radium isotope 226Ra, a substance studied by the pioneers of radiology, Marie and Pierre Curie, for whom the unit was named.
[1][2] In addition to the curie activity can be measured using an SI derived unit, the becquerel (Bq), which equates to one decay per second. Therefore:
1 Ci = 3.7×1010 Bq = 37 GBq
(100 mCi = 3.7 GBq)
and
1 Bq ≅ 2.70×10−11 Ci
A radiotherapy machine may have roughly 1000 Ci of a radioisotope such as caesium-137 or cobalt-60. This quantity of nuclear material can produce serious health
effects with only a few minutes of exposure.
Also, a commonly-used measure of radioactivity is the microcurie:
1 μCi = 3.7×104 disintegrations per second = 2.22×106 disintegrations per minute
The typical human body contains roughly 0.1 μCi of naturally occurring potassium-40.
6.
PROPOSED MARINE MONITORING PROGRAM

6.1 PURPOSE OF A MARINE MONITORING PROGRAM. Several factors

are expected to influence the local and regional biota. These include (Maclaren
Atlantic limited, 1977):
b) SEAWATER
1} Mechanical damage to organisms entering the seawater intake. Ci/year Aver. Cone. at Station Discharge (Ci/ml)

2} Release of biocides used to prevent fouling of the intake tunnel Tritium 4.8x10+ 3 4.7xl0- 12
wall. It is expected that this will be most critical in phase one when
one unit is in operation. Phase two operation is expected to produce Cs-137 3.4x 10- 1 3.4x 10- 16
tunnel water velocities which will not allow larvae time to settle.
Biocide application will be made at the intake and forebay. Local Cs-134 l.4x 10- 1 lAx 10. 16
effects before dilution will be experienced by organisms in the fore­
bay, tunnel and outflow plume area. C060 1.OxlO,l 1.OxlO- 16

3} Thermal effects are expected from the outflow plume where Sr-90 3.0x 10- 3 3.0x 10- 18
temperatures are expected to reach 24 degrees C.
Others 1.0x 10- 1 1.0xlO- 16
4} Operational levels of radioactivity will be released to the air
and the ocean. These are expected in the following levels:

a) AIR: Fission gases 25,000 Ci-MeV Tidal movements are expected to give good mixing. Storage tanks
lodines 0.09 Ci are emptied on a batch basis and the peak concentration during dis­
Particulates 0.006 Ci charges may be up to ten times the daily mean.
Tritium (HTO) 7,000 Ci
Estimates of Biological Assimilation have been prepared by Maclaren Atlantic
Particulates and radioactive vapours are lost by settling; deposition
Limited and are reproduced below: 39
being highest near the station.
 -\ GASEOUS EFFLUENT

lI0UID
EFFLUENT

,I ~"~~~
~)~
I.....:... "'...
-:::::;-­
,I"

~~ Immersion

GENERALIZED EXPOSURE PATHWAYS

An
FOR ORGANISMS OTHER THAN MAN
BIOLOGICAL ASSIMILA TlON
Radionuclides can enter marine plants by adsorption and absorption; a number of
nuclides are actively concentrated as well. The nuclides enter animal systems by surface ab­
sorption and adsorption on external body walls, through the respiratory water stream, and
by ingestion of food.
As with terrestrial plants and animals, certain organs may accumulate specific radio·
nuclides, while other organs may discriminate against specific nuclides. There is presently
a great deal of uncertainty in the selection of the appropriate concentration factors as
shown in Table 5.2.2. It is of interest to examine qualitatively concentration factors for
selected radionuclides in more detail.
Tritium: Tritium will be a component of sea water. Marine organisms are composed of 75 to
95 percent or more of water by weight (exclusive of shell. etc.), so these organisms will con­
tain some small amount of tritium in, at least, the same proportion as it occurs in the sea.
Iodine: Radioactive iodine, chiefly 1-131, is expected to be present in the effluents from the
generating station. Many seaweeds. including species present at Point Lepreau. concentrate
iodine many times over environmental levels in sea water. Dry Dulse, (Rhodymenia palmata)
a seaweed consumed by local inhabitants, concentrates iodine from sea water some 1500
times. Certain brown seaweeds, such as Fucus and Ascophyllum which are dominant spec­
ies at Point Lepreau, may concentrate iodine up to 20.000 times.
Zooplankton, molluscs and other crustaceans also concentrate iodine. Concentrations
have also been observed in fish muscle and thyroid.
Cesium: Concentration factors for cesium range from 0.5 to 240 in marine organisms. Ces­
ium is chemically similar to the essential nutrient potassium. and is accumulated by organ­
isms in a relatively short time.
In marine algae, most of the cesium becomes bound to cellular material rather than re­
maining as free ions or in a readily soluble form.
Strontium: The two most important isotopes of strontium, Sr-89 and Sr-90, have physical
half-lives of 50.5 days and 29 years re.~pectively. Strontium is a chemical congener of cal­
cium, so it accumulates in the shell, bone and other calcium-rich hard parts.
Reported concentration factors generally range from 0.1 to 82. Concentration factors
of TOOO in invertebrate hard parts and 1600 in algae were reported by Polikarpov (1966).
Steady state concentrations are achieved within a few days in marine organisms. ex­
cept in the long-lived hard parts where low level, but continuous, accumulation of stron­
tium has been observed. Like cesium, radioactive isotopes of strontium will accumulate in
'arine organisms and in the sediments. Site specific data indicates a concentration factor of
5 ;- 2 for dry dulse from Point Lepreau.
Cobalt: The cobalt isotope of interest is Co·60 which has a physical half-life of 5.3 years.
Cobalt is an essential trace nutrient in organisms. Concentration factors for cobalt range
from 1 to 5,000. Polikarpov (1966) found that Black Sea marine organisms achieved steady
state concentrations between 8-16 days after the start of the labelling experiments. Crust­
aceans and fish appear to be the organisms most likely to concentrate high levels of Co-60.
ENVIRONMENTAL EQUILIBRIUM
As in the terrestrial system, the marine system will move toward a rough steady state
with nuclides in the many environmental compartments approaching equilibrium concen­
trations.
Marine organisms may return nuclides along with other wastes to the environment. These
wastes may enter the sea water solution, or may be contained in detrital particulate matter
on which the decomposers feed. On a global scale, there are no "ultimate" sinks for radio­
nuclides (other than radioactive decay) since most elements enter into a variety of dynamic
cycles. Because of chemical similarities, Sr-89 and Sr-90 will follow the calcium cvcle. Cs·
137 will follow the potassium cycle. and tritium will follow the global water cycle. Never­
theless. a major pool for radionuclides (excluding tritium) in the marine system will be sed­
iments, as in the terrestrial system it is the soil. There will be sediment-sea water interactions.
and sediment particles themselves may be transported long distances.
BUILD-UP OF RADIONUCLIDES FROM MARINE EFFLUENTS
The radioactive nuclides discharged to the ocean are initially diluted by the condenser
cooling water. Additional dilution occurs when the effluent is discharged at the outfall
and mixes with the sea water.
Ising appropriate dilution factors, predicted concentrations can be calculated for the various
nuclides. The behaviour of nuclides in the sea is difficult to predict. Competing processes
that take place inclUde remaining in solution, coprecipit8tion with other elements as colloids,
adsorption to suspended particles of silt, and precipitation as insoluble particulates. These
elements may then be concentrated by association with bacteria, phvtoplankton. algae. and
further concentrated by filter feeding shellfish, and herbivorous fauna.
RADIATION DOSE OF MARINE ORGANISMS.
Annual doses to aquatic biota are estimated as shown in Table 5.2.3. These doses were
calculated based on the estimated annual liquid releases using the appropriate primary and
secondary bio-accumulation factors. The small increase in dose due to station operation is
not expected to damage living organisms. It is important to state that no credit was taken
for tidal dilution since the calculations were made for organisms directlv adjacent to the out­
fall. Thus the calculations of annual doses are very conservative.
41
 TABLE 5.2.2
A4/
REPRESENTATIVE CONCENTRATION FACTORS-­
(i.e. ratio of concentration/g of biota to concentration/g of sea water)

Element Group CF Range Element Group CF Range

Cs Plants 17-240 Ce Plants 120-4,500

Molluscs 3-28 Molluscs 100-350
Crustacea 0.5-26 Crustacea 5-220
Fish 5-244 Fish 0.3-538
Sr Plants 0.2-82 K Plants 4-31
Molluscs 0.1-10 Molluscs 3.5-10
Crustacea 0.1-1.1 Crustacea 8-19
Fish 0.1-1. 5 Fish 6.7-34
Mn Plants 2,000-20,000 Ca Plants 1. 8-31
Molluscs 170-150,000 Molluscs 0.2-112
Crustacea 600-7,500 Crustacea 0.5-250
Fish 35-1,800 Fish 0.5-7.6
Co Plants 60-1,400 Pu Plants -
Molluscs 1-210 Molluscs -
Crustacea 300-4,000 Fish 0.1-5.0
Fish 20-5,000
Zn Plants 80-2,500 Rb Plants 12-42
Molluscs 2,100-330,000 Molluscs 11-21
Crustacea 1,700-15,000 Crustacea 8.9-11.3
Fish 280-15,500 Fish 7.6-23.8
Fe Plants 300-6,000 Ru Plants 15-2,000
Molluscs 1,000-13,000 Molluscs 1-3.6
Crustacea 1,000-4,000 Crustacea 1-100
Fish 600-3,000 Fish 0.4-26
I Plants 30-6,800 Zr-Nb Plants 110-2,900
MollUSCS 20-20,000 Molluscs 8-165
Crustacea 20-48 Crustacea 1-100
Fish 3-15 Fish 0.5-241

42
 TABLE 5.2.3
ESTIMATED ANNUAL DOSE TO ORGANISMS FROM LIQUID EFFLUENT PATHWAY
DOSE (mrad)

PATHWAY ORGANISM TRITIUM Cs-137 Cs-134 Co-60 Sr-90 OTHERS TOTAL

-6 -7 -8 -7 -7 -4 -4
Water Submersion Aquatic 1. 9 x 10 1.4 x 10 5.6 x 10 4.0 x 10 1. 2 x 10 4.0 x 10 4.0 x 10
-4 -5 -5 -4 -5
Sediment Benthos 6.6 x 10 4.8 x 10 2.0 x 10 1.4 x 10 4.2 x 10 0.14 0.14
Submersion

Bioaccumulation:
--5 -7 -6 -6 -6 -3 -3
Primary Fish 3.8 x 10 2.7 x 10 1.1 x 10 8.0 x 10 2.4 x 10 8.0 x 10 8.0 x 10
-5 -6 -5 -2 -2
Invertebrates 2.3 x 10
-4
1. 7 x 10 6.9 x 10 4.9 x 10 1.5 x 10- 5 4.9 x 10 4.9 x 10
-3 -4 -5 -4 -5
Plants 1.11 x 10 1.1 x 10 4.3 x 10 3.1 x 10 9.3 x 10 0.31 0.31

-4 -5 -6 -5 -5 -2 -2
Secondary Surface J.l x 10 2.3 x 10 9.4 x 10 6.7 x 10 2.0 x 10 6.7 x 10 6.7 x 10
Feen i ng Duck
-5 -6 -6 -6 -6 -3 -3
Tern 4.2 x 10 3.1 ){ 10 1.3 x 10 9.0 x 10 2.7 x 10 9.0 x 10 9.0 x 10
-5 -6 -6 --5 -6 -2 -2
Mink 5.6 x 10 4.1 x 10 1. 7 X 10 1. 2 x 10 3.6 x 10 1.2 x 10 1.2 x 10

-2 -2 -1 -1
Sedim,'nt Man (mrem/y) - 1.2 x 10 1.1 x 10 1.6 x 10 - 1. 3 x 10 0.31
-2 -1 -2 -1 -3 -1
Consumption Man (mrem/y) 3.8 x 10 1. 5 x 10 9.3 x 10 1. 4 x 10 3.8 x 10 3.1 x 10 0.73

43
 DOSE FROM LIQUID RELEASES 6.3 SAMPLING SITES. In the absence of adequate current data, it is impos­
sible to recommend sampling sites in areas directly in the path of currents passing
NBEPC has estimated radiation exposures for the local population. The nuclide released
Point Lepreau or for important sedimentation sites. Nevertheless, we have been
in largest amounts is H-3 in the form of tritiated water. Table 5.2.3 gives estimated annual

able to select sites wh ich should provide adequate coverage (F igu re 6.2.1). It
dose to organisms from liquid pathways. The specific activity of tritium in seafood grown

in the station cooling water is expected to be similar to that of the station cooling water,

should be noted that we have included more sites to the west. We have done this
that is about 4.7 x 10-- 12 cilg. This would give a tritium dose rate of about 0.04 mremly.
because of the general westward movement of water in this area, the unusually
diverse and abundant assemblage of marine organisms found there (probably the
Data indicate that seaweeds accumulate the largest concentration of iodine, and at Le­
richest in the Bay of Fundy) and its important commercial fishery. Local sampl­
preau, dulse is consumed by man. /-131 has a short half-life (8 days) and is reduced virtual­
ing, as outlined by the New Brunswick Electric Power Commission, is satisfactory
ly to background levels in 80 days, so dried seaweeds held for that period before human
(Figure 6.3.2).
consumption should be virtually free of radio iodine.
It is essential that samples of representative species for each major group of
plants and animals be taken from each habitat type since pollutants are received
Based on an estimated consumption of 150 g of fish a day, the dose rate from Cs-137 and and acted upon differently in each habitat as previously described. Marshes and
Cs-134 in fish reared in the station cooling water duct would be about 0.2 mremly.
estuaries may concentrate air-borne pollutants gathered by streams and rivers
The dose rate from other nuclides released, based on a consumption of 150 gld of fish,
from the land mass, embayments are natural "traps" for surface-borne partic­
25 gld lobster, 25 gld clams and 10 gld dulse all reared in the station cooling water discharge, ulate matter, intertidal and shallow subtidal areas possess complex food path­
is about 0.5 mremly. ways drawing on shallow waters, the bathyal zone ultimately receives organic
and particulate matter from the upper zones and pelagic waters form a dy­
namic system with local and regional significance.
6.2 THE MONITORING AREA. Currently, proposed monitoring programs are
restricted to the immediate area of Point Lepreau. While this may be suitable for
a nuclear generating plant located on a river or small lake, with regards to Fundy
marine system, it is totally unacceptable.

The enormous tides in the Bay of Fundy create a complex mosaic of power­
ful currents which are, to say the least, poorly understood. As previously dis­
cussed, it is known that there is a general movement of water mass westward a­
long the coast to Grand Manan and West Isles. Details of current patterns within
this area are virtually unknown. Current studies done for the New Brunswick
Electric Power Commission are so restricted in extent that they are virtually use­
less in assessing the movement of particulates even in the Maces Bay area. There
is no doubt in our minds that lack of current data represents one of the greatest
limitations to a monitoring program.

Our experience in this area leads us to the conclusion that the impact of pol­
luting emissions from the generating station will be at sites far removed from
Point Lepreau. Currents passing Point Lepreau may, indeed, remove these mat­
erials from the area so rapidly that a limited monitoring program at Point Le­
pre<vJ may well miss severe impacts being felt elsewhere. As a result, we believe 6.2.1 PROPOSED SAMPLING SITES - BAY OF FUNDY.
that the monitoring program should cover a twenty to thirty mile radius incor­
porating Saint John Harbour, West Isles and Grand Manan as shown in Figure
6.2.1.

44
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/ MACES BAY

•
• e
'. ·I~ or
\ 1 • Sampling Stations For The Biological Field Program
13 1 • Solid green circles indicate the many sampling stations for air. sea and land
\ • observations. The dolled lines and ship symbols identify the trawler sam·

BAY OF FUNDY • e/ •
• • piing routes. These were all part of the 20-month long Baseline Monitoring
Program which has collected data for comparative analysis after the station
is in operation

• • •
6.3.1 LOCAL SAMPLING STATIONS PROPOSED BY N.B.E.P.C.

6.4 SELECTION OF SPECIES FOR A MONITORING PROGRAM. Our fin·
al selection of species for a monitoring program is presented in Table 6.4.1. We
have attempted, on the whole, to select species which occur abundantly at each
sampling site, are easily collected, and playa significant role in the food web. In
addition, all trophic levels are represented and any trends within these com­
munities should become apparent at some level within the sampling assemblage.
6.4.1 ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM. A. nodosum is the most common and
abundant alga of rocky shores. At the base of the food chain, it draws sus­
tenance from the sun and water-borne nutrients. It provides food primarily to
Qrazers such as periwinkles. limpets and chitons. Offshore, drift A. nodosum is
utilized by sea urchins (MacKay, 1976). These primary consumers lead ultimately
to higher trophic levels including fish, birds and mammals.
6.4.2 ENTE ROMO RPHA Sp. E nteromorpha sp. is almost universally present
in embayments, estuaries and marshes. It utilizes sunlight and sediment nutri­
46 ents and provides food for intertidal grazers such as periwinkles and flounders
and through these species passes to the higher trophic levels including fish,
birds and mammals.
6.4.3 LAMINARIA Sp. Kelps are an important part of the shallow subtidal
flora. They utilize sunlight and water-borne nutrients and provide food for a
variety of subtidal grazers including limpets, chitons, gastropods and sea urchins
all of which are utilized by secondary consumers on higher trophic levels. The
rapid growth rate of L aminaria (Mann, 1972) make this an important monitoring
species since uptake of radioactive materials such as 1-131 and Cesium should be
rapid.
6.4.4 SPARTI NA Sp. S partina is the chief component of local salt marshes.
Pollutants reaching marshes by air or freshwater may be concentrated in this
species. S partina is utilized principally by grazing gastropods and reaches higher
trophic levels through these animals. In addition, offshore drift of dead leaves
is thought to contribute significantly to marine detritus feeders (Phillips, 1978)
which are important food species leading to higher trophic levels (fish, birds,
mammals).
TABLE 6.4.1. RECOMMENDED SPECIES FOR A MONITORING PROGRAM AT POINT LEPREAU, N.B.

SPECIES EMBAYMENT, INTERTIDAL SHALLOW SUB­ DEEP SUB­ PELAGIC

ESTUARY ZONE TIDAL ZONE TIDAL ZONE ZONE

1. PLANTS Enteromorpha Ascophyllum Laminaria -

Spartina

2. GRAZERS Littorina littorea Littorina littorea Strongylocentrotus -

3. DETRITUS FEEDERS Nephthys Gammarus (Haploops tubicola) -

4. SUSPENSION FEEDERS Mya Mytilus Modiolus {Nucula sp.l -

5. PREDATORS &
SCAVENGERS Crangon Carcinus Cancer Cancer -

6. FISH Pseudopleuronectes Pseudopleuronectes Pseudopleuronectes Pseudopl euronectes Clupea

7. BIRDS Purple Sand­ Purple Sandpiper Double Crested (Double Crested Herring Gull
piper Cormorant Cormorant)

8. MAMMALS . - Harbour Seal Harbour Porpoise Harbour Porpoise

9. PLANKTONIC FORMS - - Bulk Samples

Meganyctiphanes

SAMPLI NG LOGISTICS. Recommendations for sampling method, sample

size, timing and estimates of man-days required are provided in Table 6.4.2

47
 6.4.5 NEPHTHYS INCISA. N. incisa is one of the most abundant species found
in intertidal and subtidal mud. It is believed to be a detritus feeder and is utilized
as a food by predatory invertebrates, fish and birds.
6.4.6 L1TTORINA L1TTOREA. The common periwinkle is the most common
intertidal gastropod. It grazes on seaweed, but will also process organic matter de­
posited on the beach surface. It is consumed by other invertebrates, fish and birds.
6.4.7 MY A ARENAR IA. The soft-shelled clam is abundant in most mUdflats.
It is a filter feeder which utilizes plankton. In addition to its commercial value,
it is consumed by predatory invertebrates such as the moon snail and green crab
as well as flounder. These species in turn lead to higher trophic levels.
6.4.8 MYTI LUS EDU LIS. The blue mussel is a common and abundant bivalve
found at the low water mark. It is a filter feeder and is consumed by a variety of
animals including invertebrate predators, fish and birds.
6.4.9 MODIOLUS MODIOLUS. The horse mussel is a subtidal filter feeder.
Young are fed on by invertebrate predators, fish and birds. Adults do not
appear to suffer from severe predation although they are probably consumed
by starfish.
6.4.10 NUCULA Sp. This is a deep water mud dwelling bivalve. Its feeding
behaviour is not known. However, it is a filter feeder which probably utilizes
plankton, detritus or both. It is a common food of bottom fish (Tyler, 1971)
and is probably fed on by invertebrate predators as well. Higher trophic levels
will be reached through these primary consumers. More suitable species may be
selected once the monitoring program starts.
6.4.11 CRANGON SEPTEMSPI NOSUS. The sand shrimp is common in marsh
ponds, estuaries, embayments and shallow sand and mud bottoms. It appears to
feed on smaller animals and animal debris. It is consumed by invertebrate predat­
ors, fish and birds.
6.4.12 GAMMARUS OCEANICUS. This is the common intertidal amphipod.
It appears to feed on detritus and associated organisms but may also graze on
plants. It is commonly consumed by invertebrate, fish and birds.
6.4.13 CARCINUS MAENAi. The green crab is reported to have arrived in
the Bay of Fundy in the fifties. It is an active predator feeding on intertidal in­
vertebrates including clams. It serves as prey for fish and birds.
6.4.14 CANCER Sp. The rock crab is a subtidal predator which feeds on var­
ious invertebrates. It is prey for fish and birds.
48
6.4.15 HAPLOOPS TUBICOLA. MacLaren Atlantic Ltd. (1977) found this
tube dwelling amphipod to be a common resident of deep water mud communit­
ies. Its feeding habits are unknown but it probably processes bottom sediments.
It would serve as prey for invertebrates and bottom fish.
6.4.16 PLEUDOPLEURONECTES AMERICANUS. The winter flounder is
probably the best selection for monitoring fish populations. It occurs in every
habitat and feeds on a vast array of plants and animals from these communities
(Tyler, 1971; Wells, Tyler and Steele, 1973; Wells, 1974 and MacLaren Atlantic
Limited, 1975). In addition, the winter flounder is prey for numerous species of
fish, birds and mammals.
6.4.17 CLUPEA HARENGUS. The Atlantic Herring feeds largely on plankton
including Euphausid shrimp. In addition to being an important commercial species,
it is prey for numerous fish, birds and mammals.
6.4.18 ARQUATELLA MARITIMA. The purple sandpiper is a common win­
ter resident which feeds on intertidal molluscs and amphipods. It represents the
end of a marine food web.
6.4.19 SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA. The American Eider is a year around
resident. It feeds on intertidal organisms and represents the end of a marine food
web.
6.4.20 PHALACROCORAX AURITUS. The Double-crested Cormorant is a
year around resident. It feeds in shallow and deep water on a vast array of in­
vertebrates and fish.
6.4.21 LARUS ARGENTATUS. The Herring Gull is a year around resident.
It feeds on numerous species of intertidal invertebrates and on pelagic in­
vertebrates and fish when they occur on the surface. In addition, it is an enthusi­
astic and active scavenger.
6.4.22 PHOCA VITULI NA. The Harbour Seal is a year around resident which
feeds on benthic invertebrates and fish. It is at the top of the food chain and is
known to concentrate certain pollutants.
6.4.23 PHOCOENA PHOCOENA. The Harbour Porpoise is the common re­
sident toothed whale, Major populations enter the area during the summer months.
This species feeds on benthic and pelagic invertebrates and fish. It is also known
to concentrate certain pollutants.
6.4.24 PLANKTONIC FORMS AND MEGANYCTIPHANES NORVEGICA.
Bulk samples of plankton should be included in a monitoring regime. In partic­
 TABLE 6.4.2 SAMPLING LOGISTICS

SPECIES METHOD SAMPLE SIZE STATION LOCATION SAMPLING PERIOD ESTIMATED

MAN-DAYS
W S S F
Ascophyllum x
x
x
x

Entermorpha x
x
x
x

Spartina x
x
x

Nephthys x
x
x
x

Littorina Hand To be determined All intertidal x

x
x
x
20

Mya x
x
x
x

Crangon x
x
x

Gammarus x
x
x
x

Carcinus x
x
x

Laminaria x
x
x
x

Mytilus Diver To be determined All subtidal x

x
x
x
32

Modiolus x
x
x
x

Cancer x
x
x
x

Nucula Grab To be determined All bathyal x

x
x
x
1

,.j::@Rloops x
x
x
x
I

Pseudop leu ronectes Otter trawl To be determined All bathyal x

x
x
x
> 24

(Commercial and pelagic

or charter)
Plankton Plankton Tow To be determmed x
x
x
x

MeQanvcti ohanes x
x
x

Clupea, adult Weir To be determined Local x

I

Clupea, brit seiner To be determined Local x

1

Arquatella
Shotgun To be determined Local x
3

Somateria Shotgun To be determined Local x

x
6

Phalacrocorax
Shotgun To be determined Local x
x
6

Larus
Shotgun To be determined Local x
x
2

Phoca
Shotgun 2
Local x
x
6

Phocoena
Shotgun 2
Local x
x
4

ESTIMATED MAN-DAYS/YEAR 105

LOCAL MONITORING AT INTAKE AND OUT­

FALL (YEARLY)
20

TOTAL ESTIMATED MAN-DAYS

125

49
 ular, the Euphausid shrimp, Meganyctiphanes norvegica, should be the subject of
careful sampling. We believe that this species is the principal summer food for
most fish species and is the foundation of the commercial fishery. In addition, it
is the primary food for thousands of seabirds and supports a substantial migratory
herd of Finback Whales and Right Whales.
6.5 LOCAL MON ITO RING. The above species have been selected primarily for
the monitoring of radionuclides and, possibly, biocides. While the local marine
monitoring program will include collection of samples for this purpose, the pro­
bably impact of biocide use and thermal discharges dictate additional monitoring
on a population level.
While the regional impact of biocides and thermal discharges will likely be minor,
the local impact will,we believe, be critical. We would expect reduction in some
populations of plants and animals through thermal shock, biocide poisoning and
6.6 MODIFICATIONS TO THE PROPOSED MONITORING PROGRAM.
Since some marine species will be monitored in terms of human health (Scarratt,
per. comm., 1979) duplication of analyses would not be necessary. In addition,
should dulse be included in a public health monitoring program, this species
could be substituted for Laminaria sp. However, we must stress that collection
of samples and analyses should be fully co-ordinated and data made available to
both monitoring programs. In particular, it is essential, for a marine monitoring
program, that sampling sites be selected so that they fulfill the needs of this
program as outlined in this report.
Should it not be possible to initiate the completerrogram outlined here, it
is essential that specIes be included which, because 0 their feeding behaviour
and ecological position give the widest coverage of local systems. As a result,
we believe that, minimally, the monitoring program should include one species
from each of the principal ecological groupings. The following, is our selection
in decending order of importance.
1. Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and Herring

reduction of local food species. As a result, fixed intertidal and subtidal sites Clupea harengus).

should be established at both the intake and outfall. Representative sites on inter­
2. Double--crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus).
tidal and subtidal rock should be selected and marked within the range of the
outfall plume. Prior to startup, all species within a fixed meter square at each 3. Harbour Seal (Phoca vitulina) and/or Harbour Porpoise

monitoring site should be counted. Each site should be assessed at regular inter­ ( Phocoena phocoena).

vals or following the use of biocides. Major changes at these sites should result
in an intensive survey to determine the cause. Offshore, grab samples should be 4. Euphausid Shrimp ( Meganyctiphanes norvegica).
made at fixed sites to determine changes in the population structure of mud 5. ONE OF: Rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum), Kelp (Laminaria sp.)
bottom communities. or Du Ise (Rhodymenia palmata).
Mortality of plankton, fish and to some extent benthic organisms, will re­
6. ONE OF: Soft-shelled clam (Mya arenaria), Blue Mussel (Mytilus
sult from passage into the cooling system. Monitoring of fish on trash racks in
edulis) or Horse Mussel (Modiolus mOdiolus).
the cooling water intake and daily assessments of fish accumulation should be

carried out. Records should be kept of all entrapped species and samples should
7. ONE OF: Sand Shrimp (Crangon septemspinosus), Green Crab

be analysed quarterly for radionuclides.

(Carcinus maenas), or Rock Crab (Cancer sp.).

In view of the volume of water passing through the system on a continuous 8. Shimmy Worm (Nephthys incisal.
basis, it seems likely that substantial quantities of plankton will be destroyed.
We would recommend, therefore, that this be assessed carefully, at least quarter­ 9. Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis).
ly. We suggest that plankton sampling devices. processing known volumes of
water for Tixea time periodS, be placed, Simultaneously, at the intake and out­
flow. Therla~kton mort?lity should then be determined by a comparative
analysIs 0 this data relative to total volume of the system per unit of time. Plank­
ton samples from the intake and outflow should be analysed quarterly for radio­
nuclides.

50
.

7.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS & EFERENCES

7.1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES

We would like to thank Dr. David Scarratt, Fisheries and Oceans, Biological
Station, St. Andrews, N.B. and Dr. J.M. Bewers, Bedford Institute of Ocean­
ography, Dartmouth, N.S. for reading the manuscript and supplying valuable
suggestions.
Jim McGrath, New Brunswick Electric Power Commission, Fredericton, N.B.,
kindly supplied his shelf copies of Assessment Reports which contained valuable
data incorporated in this report.
The following M RA staff contributed as follows:
Anon. HISTORICAL STREAMFLOW SUMMARY ATLANTIC PROVINCES.
Inland Waters Directorate, Water Resources Branch, Water Survey of Canada.
Ottawa.
Applied Marine Research Ltd. BIOLOGICAL FIELD PROGRAM CONDUCTED
AS A COMPONENT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT INTAKE STUDY IN
NEW BRUNSWICK. For: James F. MacLaren Ltd. 1974.
Bumpus, D.F. SOURCES OF WATER CONTRIBUTED TO THE BAY OF
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1972.

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LOBSTER COMMUNITY IN EASTERN CANADA. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada.
28(11), 1971.

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Phillips, R.C. SEAGRASSES AND THE COASTAL MARINE ENVIRONMENT.

Oceanus 21 (3): Summer, 1978.

53
 APPENDIX

DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE RECORDS

Fucus distichus (edentatus)

Chondrus crispus

MRA (Tl-A, T5-P-C, 12-P, 14-P, 17-P-C, 19-P-C, 27-P, 28-P, 29-P, 30-P,

MRA (Tl-P-C, T2-P, T3-P, T5-P-C, 5-C, 15-P-C, i7-P, 19-P, 22-P, 25-C,
34-P); Maclaren (l,P, 2-P, 4-P, 6-P, 7-P); Thomas (2-P, 5-P).

27-P-C, 28-P-C, 30-P, 31-P, 33-P, 34-P-A); AMR (l-P, 2-P, 3-P); Mac­

ALGAE laren (l-P, 2-P, 7-P, 8-P).

Fucus spiral is

~crosiphonia arcta
Corall ina officinal is
MRA (15-P, 21-C, 28-Pl; Maclaren (l-P, 2-P, 3-P, 4-P, 5-P, 6-P, B-P, 9-P);

Thomas (2-P, 5-P).

Maclaren (2-P, 8P).

MRA (28-P, 34-P-C); AMR (l-P; 2-P).

Fucus vesiculosus

Agarum cribrosum
Cystoclonium sp.

MRA (Tl-P:C, n-p-c, T5-P-A, 5-P, 11-C, 13-C, 15-P, 16-P, 17-C, 19-P-C,

MRA (3-A, 6-C, 7-P-C, 8-A, 9-A, 1D-A, 28P, 31-P-C, 32-P-C, 34-P,
Mac laren (l-P).
2D-C, 21-P, 22-C, 23-P, 24-P, 25-C, 26-P, 27-C, 2B-P, 29-P-A, 30-C); Mac­

35-P, 36-P, 37-P, 38-C, 39-P, 40-P); AMR (3-P)_

laren (l-P, 2-P, 3-P, 4-P, 5-P, 6-P, 7-P, 8-P, 9-P); Thom<Js ( 2-P, 5-P)_

o esmerestia
Alaria esculenta
Gracillaria stellata

MRA (T4-P-C).
MRA (Tl-C, T2-P-C, 4-C- 8-A, 9-A, 10-A- 28-P, 31-P, 34-A, 38-P);
Thomas (2-P, 5-P).

Maclaren (l-P).
- - .. _­
Entermorpha sp.
Hildebrandia sp.

Ascophyllum nodosum
M RA (T1-P-C, T5-P-C, 13-C, 15-P, 17-P, 21-C, 22-C, 24-P, 27-A); Mac­

laren (l-P, 3-P, 4-P, 7-P)'

MRA (Tl-P-C, T2-P-A, T3-P-A, T5-A, 5-A, l1-C, 13-C, 15-P-A, 16-P-A,
17-C-A, 19-A, 21-P, 22-P-C, 23-P, 25-C-A, 26-P, 27-C-A, 28-P-A, 29-P-A, Chordaria sp.
laminaria digitata

3D-A); AMR (l-P, 3-P); Maclaren (l-P, 2-P, 3-P, 4-P, 5-P, 6-P, 7-P, B-P,
9-P); Thomas (14-P, 10-P, l1-P, 9-P, 2-P, 5-P). MRA (T5-P).
AMR (l-P, 3-P).
55
 Laminaria longicruris
Zostera
- -­ i
I
AMR (l-P).
MRA (27-P).

Laminaria saccharina
CNIDARIA

Maclaren (l-P, 2-P, 3-P, 4-P, 5-P, 7-P).

Bunodactis stella

Laminaria sp.
MRA (Tl-P, n-p, T5-P, 27-P)'

MRA (T4-P-A, 3-C, 4-C, l8-P, 2D-C, 24-P-C, 25-C, 26-C, 28-P, 3l-C, 33-P
Cerianthus borealis

34-P-A, 38-C); Thomas (2-P, 5-P).

SPONGES
MRA (T4-P).

lithothamnion sp.
Halichondria
Cyanea capillata

MRA (Tl-P-A, T2-P, T3-P, T4-P-C, T5-P, 2-C, 3-A, 4-C-A, 6-A, 7-A, B-A,
MRA (3-P, 4-C, 6-P, 7-C, 8-A, 9-C, 10-P, 3l-P, 32-C, 33-P, 34-P-C,
goA, lD-A, l5-P, l8-P, 27-P, 28-P-C, 3D-P, 3l-P-C, 32-P-C, 33-C, 34-C, 35-P-C,
35-P, 36-C; 37-C, 38-P, 39-C, 40-P). MRA (l-C).

36-A, 37-A, 38-P, 39-A, 4D-P-C); AMR (l-P, 3-P)'

Haliclona Diadumene leucolena

Phycodrys

MRA (4-C, 6-P, 8-A, 9-A, l8-P, 3l-P-C, 32-C, 33-P, 34-P, 35-P, 36-A,
Maclaren (2-P).

MRA (32-C, 33-C, 38-P); AMR (l-P,).

37-A, 38-P-C, 39-A).

Edwardsia sipunculoidea

Polysiphonia lanosa
lophon

MRA (25-P).

MRA (Tl-P-A, T2-P-C, T5-A, 5-C, ll-P, l3-C, l5-C, l6-P, l7-A, 19-P,
MRA (36-A, 37-A, 39-A).

2l-C, 25-C, 27-C, 28-P, 3D-A); Maclaren (l-P, 2-P, 3-P, 4-P, 5-P, 6-P,
lucernaria

7-P, 8-P, 9-P).

Red Shell Encrusting Sponge

MRA (32-P).

Porphya Caddy (ll7-P)'

Metridium

rvIRA (Tl-P, T5-P-C, l3-P-C, l5-C, l7-P, l8-P, 24-P, 25-P-A, 27-C, 30-P). Scypha

MRA (l-A, 4-C-A, 8-A, lO-P, 20-P, 32-P, 33-P, 35-P).

Ptilota MRA (3l-P, 33-C).

Obelia

AMR (l-P, 3-P). Yellow Papillate Sp.

MRA (9-A, 10-P, 32-A, 33-P, 34-C, 36-P, 37-P, 39-P).

Rhodymenia palmata
Caddy (102-P, l17-C, 118-P, l19-C, l20-P, l51-C, l5l-C).

Sertularia pumilia

MRA (Tl-P-C, 27-C, 29-P, 3D-P); AMR(l-P, 3-P)'

Unidentified Cliona-Iike

Maclaren (2-P); Thomas (2-P, 5-P).

Spartina sp.
MRA (6-P, 7-P, 8-A, 32-C); Caddy (l17-C, l19-C, l20-C).

Tubularia sp.

Thom~s (12-P, 23-P, 25-P, 26-P, 28-P, 29-P).

Unidentified Yellow Encrusting Sponge

MRA (4-C, 6-P, 7-P, 8-A, 9-C·A, 32-P-C, 33-C, 34P-C, 35-P, 36-P,
MRA (Tl-P, T5-P).
37-P, 39-P)'
Ulva
Branching Sponge
Unidentified Anemone

MRA (Tl-P-C, T4-P-C, T5-P-C, l3-C, l4-P-C, l7-P-C, lB-C, 19-C, 20-C,
2l-C, 23-P, 24-P, 25-C, 26-P, 27-C-A, 28-P, 29-P, 30-P, 3l-C, 33-C, 35-P,
Caddy (120-P).
MRA (Tl-P, frC, l3-P, 19-P)'

38-C); AMR (l-P); Maclaren (l-P).

56
FLATWORMS AND NEMERTEANS Bl\Iccinum undatum
lunatia heros

Lineus MRA (Tl-P, T4-P, 4-C, 7-P, B-A, 9-P, lO-P. l8-P, 26-P, 3l-P, 34-P, 35-P,
MRA ( T5-P); Thomas (27-P).

36-P, 37-P, 39-P, 40-P); Maclaren (l-P).

MRA (Tl-P, T2-P, n-p, T5-P, l6-P, 19-P, 28-P, 29-P). Macoma balthica

Colus

Notoplana Thomas (1 D-P, ll-P, 29-P).

MRA (T5-P).

MRA ( Tl-P, T5-P, 2B-P). ModiOlus modiolus

Coryphella

Procerodes I
MRA (3-P, 4-A, 6-C, 7-P, 8-A, 9-A, lD-A, l8-C, 3D-P, 3l-C-A, 34-P,

MRA (T4-P, 6-P, 33-P, 34-P).

35-C-A, 36-C-A, 37-C-A, 39-C-A, 4D-Pl; AMR (l-P, 3-P); Maclaren

MRA (T2-P, ll-P, l3-C, l4-C, 2l-P, 27-A). (2-P).

Dendronotus
Musculus

PRELIMINARY LIST OF SPECIES - BRYOZOA

MRA (8-A, 34-P-C).
Caddy o 17-Pl.

Bugula
Hiatella arctica
Mya arenaria

Caddy (102-P, l20-P).

MRA \ 8-P).
MRA (n-p-c, 5-P, l3-P, 22-P-C, 23-P, 24-C-A, 25·P, 26-P); Maclaren

Encrusting Bryozoa
(l-P); Thomas (lD-P, ll-P, 23-P, 24-P, 25-P).

Hydro~ia minuta

MRA (Tl-P, 27-C, 30-P, 3l-P, 33-P, 34-P-A, 35-P, 38-C).

Mytilus edulis

Thomas (29-Pl.

Erect Branching Bryozoa

MRA (Tl-P-A, n-p, T5-P-A, l-P, 4-A, 6-A, 7-A, 8-A, l4-P, l6-P,

Ischnochiton
19-P- 2D-C, 22-P, 23-P, 25-C, 26-A, 27-P-A, 3l-P, 34-Pl AMR (l-P);

MRA ( Tl-P, T5-P-C, 19-P, 25-C, 28-P, 30-P, 3l-P-C, 33-P, 34-P-C,
Maclaren (l-P, 2-P, 3-P, 4-P, 5-P, 6-P, 7-P); Thomas (2-P, 5-P).

35-C, 38-Cl. MRA (7-P, 8-P, 9-P, lG-P, 28-P, 3l-P, 33-P, 34-P, 35-P, 36-C, 37-C, 39-Cl.

,
Neptunea

Flustrellida hispida l ,Honna I'Ittorea

" "\
MRA (T4-P, 3-C, 8-P, 3l-P, 33-P, 35-P, 36-P, 37-P, 38-P, 39-P);

MRA (Tl-P, T5-P); Maclaren (2-Pl. MRA (T1-P, T2-P-C, n-p-A, T5-P-C, 5-C, ll-P-C, l3-C, l4-P, l5-P-C, l6-P-C Caddy (15l-P, l52-P).

17-P-C, l~-P, 20-C, 2l-P-C, 22-P, 25-P, 26-A, 27-P-C, 28-C, 29-C, 30-P,);
MOLLUSCS AMR (l-~); Maclaren (l-P, 2-P, 3-P, 4-P, 5-P, 6-P, 7-P, 8-P, 9-P). Onchidorus

Acmaea testudinal is littorina obtusata MRA (T4-P, 8·A, 3l-P).

MRA ( T5-P-C, l-P, 2-A, 3-C, 4-P, 5-P, l5-P, 17-P-C, l8-C, 19-P, 27-P,
MRA (Tl-P, T5-P-C, 5-C, ll-P, l3-P, l5-P, 17·P-C, 2D-C, 2l-P-C, 22-P, Placopecten magellanius

30-P, 32-A, 33-C, 34-P, 35-P, 36-C-A, 37-C-A, 38-P, 39-C-Al; Maclaren
27-P-C, 30-Pl; Maclaren (l-P, 2-P, 3-P, 4-P, 5-P, 6-P, 7-P, 8-P, 9-P);
(l-P, 3-P, 4-P, 5-P, 6-P, 7-P, 8-P, 9-P); AMR (l-P).
Thomas (5-P). MRA (T4·P, 8-P, 34-P, 36-P, 37-P, 39-C); AMR (l-P).

MRA (Tl-P, n-p, 28-P-C, 3l-P)

Uttor; na s~xati Iis Thais lapillus

Anom~ simplex \
MRA (Tl-P-C, T2-P, 5-C, ll-P, l2-P, l3-P, l4-P, l5-P, l7-P-C, 2D-C, MRA (Tl-P, T2-P-C, n-p, T5-P, 13-C, l4-P, l6-P, l7-P, 20-P, 2l-C,

MRA (8-C, 28-C); Maclaren (2-P); Caddy (117-C, l18-P, l5l-C). 2l-P-C, 22-P, 27-P-C, 28-P, 29-P, 3D-P); Maclaren (l-P, 2-P, 3-P, 4-P, 27-C, 28-P, 29-P-C, 3D-P); Maclaren (l-P, 2-P, 3-P, 4-P, 5-P, 6-P, 7-P,

5-P,6-P). 8-P,9-P).

Arctica islandica
lora Venericardia

MRA (17-P). 57
MRA (T5-P-C). Caddy (118-P).

 Caprella

Astarte
Nereis virens
MRA (34-A).

Caddy (151-P).
MRA (T3-P, l2-P, l5·P, 19-P, 22-P, 28·P); Thomas (10·P, 23-P, 24-P,
26-P, 28·P, 30-P). Carcinus

Dentalium
MRA (T2-P-C, TJ-P-C, 5-C, 11·P,C, l3-P, l4-P, l5-P, l6-P-C, l7-C, 19-P,

Polycirrus eximius
2D-P, 2l-C, 22-P, 25-C, 27-C, 28-P, 29-P, 3D-P).

Caddy (15l-P).

Thomas (24-P, 30-P) , MRA (T3-P, 24·C)

Chiridothea caeca

Potamilla neglecta
Thomas (26-P).

Maclaren (2-P); Caddy (117-A, l19-C,120-C). corophium

ANNELIDS
MRA(3l-P, 34-P, 35-P, 36-A, 37-A, 38·P)
MRA (22-CI.

Amphitrite sp.

Crango n

MRA (36-P, 37-P).

MRA (T4-P-C).

Arenicola marina
Spirorbis sp.

Gammarus oceanicus

MRA (T5-C, 5-P, l5-C-A) Thomas (23-P).

MRA (T5-A, l5-C, 27-P, 28-C, 40-C); Caddy (117-P, l19-P, l20-P).

MRA (Tl-P-C, T2-P-C, TJ-P-C, T5-P-A, 5-C-A, ll-C, l2-P, l3-C, l4·P,

Capitella capitata
Tubifex
l5-C, l6-P-C, l7-A. 19-P-C, 20-C, 2l-C, 22-P, 25-C, 26-P-C, 27-A, 28-C,

Thomas (10-P).
MRA (TJ-P-C, 5-P, 27-P).
2!f.C-A, 30-A); Maclaren (l-P, 2-P, 3-P, 4-P, 5-P, 6-P, 7-P, 8-P.

Clymenella torquata
Homarus

MRA (25·P); Thomas (27-P).

MRA (2-P, 6-P, 8-C, 9-P, l8-P, 3l-P, 33-P. 34-P, 35-P, 36-C-A, 37-C-A,

CRUSTACEANS 3!f.C-A).

lepidonotus
Balanus balanoides Hyas

MRA (8-P, 9-A, 26-P, 28-P, 35-P, 36-P, 37-P, 38-P).

MRA (Tl-P-A, T2-P·A, T5-P, l-P, 4-A, 8-A, ll-C, l2-P, 1;3-C, l5-P-C, MRA (4-P. 5-C-A, 8-C, 9-P, 33-P. 36-C, 37-C, 39-C,).

l6-P-C, 17-C-A, 19-C-A, 20-C, 2l-C, 25-C, 26-P-C, 'n-c,28-P-C, 29-P-A,

Myxicola
3D-P-C); AMR (l-P, 2-P); Maclaren (l-P, 2-P, 3-P, 4·P, 5-P, 6-P, 7-P, 8-P, Idotea

9-P); Thomas (2-P, 5-P).

MRA (l-C, 4-A, 6-P, 9-P, 3l·P, 32-P-C, 35-P, 36-A, 37-A, 38-P, 40-P).

MRA (14-P).

Balanus balanus

Nephthys incisa

Limnoria

MRA (8-C, 9-C, lD-P, 32-P, 35-P, 36-P, 37·P, 39-P, 40-Pl.

MRA (T3-P, T5-P, l5-P, 25-P) Thomas (10-P, ll-P, 23-P, 24-P, 27-P,
MRA (T2-P, TJ-P, T5-P. 5-C, ll-P, l2-P, l3-C, 20-C, 2l-C, 22·P-C, 27-C,

26-P, 28-P, 30-P).

Balanus hameri
28-P-C).

Nereis ~iversicolor
Caddy (118-PI.
Mysis

Thomas (12-P).

Cancer
MRA (T4-P-C, l8-P).

Nereis sp.

MRA (T4·P, 3-A, 4·P, 6-A, 7-C, 8-C, 9·P. lD-C, l8-P, 32-P, 33-P. 34-P.
Orchestia

35-P. 36-C, 37-C, 38-P. 39-C. 4D-P); Caddy (119-P).

MRA (23-C-A,).

58 MRA (T5-A).

Pagarus
Ophiopholis BRACHIOPODS

MRA (T4-C, 1-P, 2-C, 3-C, 4-P, 6-C, 8-C, 9-C. 18-P, 31-P, 33-C, 34-P,
\ MRA (l-P, 3-A, 18-C, 31-P, 32-P-C. 35-P. 36-C-A. 37-C-A, 3B-P, 39-e-A.).

Terebratulina septentrianalis
35-P, 36-C-A. 37-C-A, 39-C-A, 4G-P); Caddy (117-P, 151-P, 152-P).

.Psolus fabricij
MRA (4-C, 9-C-A, 31-P, 32-C 36-A); Caddy (l17-C. 118-C, 119-A. 120-P,
Spirontocaris
15l-P, 152-C).
MRA (6-P, 8-P, 9-P, 32-P, 33-P, 35-P, 36-P, 37-P, 39-P).

MRA (32-P).

Pteraster

Caddy (12G-P).

l FISH
I
So\laster endeca
ECHINODERMS
MRA (3-P, 8-P); Caddy (117-P, 102-P, 120-P). Eel pout
f-sterias vulgaris

Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis Caddy (61-P).

MRA (Tl-P-C, T4-P, 1-P, 2-C, 3-P, 4-A, 6-C, 7-C, 8-C-A, 9-P, lO-C-A,

MRA (Tl-C, T4-P-C, 1-C, 2-A. 3-A, 6-A. 7-A, 8-A, 9-A, 10-A, 18-C, Flounder
18-P, 31-P, 32-P-C, 32-P, 34-P. 35-P. 36-P-C. 37-P-C, 38-P, 39-P-C,

31-P-C, 32-P, 33-P-C, 34-P,C, 35-C, 36-A, 37-A, 38-C, 39-A, 4G-C);
4G-P); AMR (l-P, 2-P, 3-P); Maclaren (2-P); Caddy (119-P).

AMR (l-P, 2-P, 3-P); Maclaren (l-P); Caddy (117-P, 153-P). MRA (6-P, 8-P, 9-P, 16-P-C).
Cucumaria

Synapta Gasterosteus acu leatus

MRA (T4-C, 3-P, 6-C, 8-P, 18-P, 35-P, 36-P, 37-P, 39-P, 40-Pl.

MRA (25-P, 28-P). MRA (21-P).

Crossaster

Goosefish
MRA (34-PI; CAddy (102-P, 117-C, 118-P, l19-P, l20-P).

MRA (T2-PI; Caddy (102-P, 117-P).

Echinarachnius parma

Harbour Pollock
MRA (T4-P).

MRA (l-P, 3-P).

Gorgonocephalus

Pholis
Caddy (lOG-P, lOl-P, 102-P, 117-C, l18-C, l19-P, 120-C, 15l-A, l52-A,
PROTOCHORDATES (MRA {5-P, 20-P, 24-PI.
153-C).
I
Boltenia echinata

Henricia

MRA (8-P).

MRA (8-C, 9-C, l8-P, 31-P, 32-P, 33-P, 34-P, 35-P, 36-C, 37-C, 38-P, 39-C,

4G-P);Caddy (l17-P, 119-P, 152-P).

Boltenia ovifera

HippolH€t:Ja
MRA (6-P, B-C, 9-C, lG-P, 31-P, 33-P, 34-P, 36-P, 37-P, 39-P, 40-P);

Caddy (102-P, l17-A, 118-P, 119-P, 120-P, 152-P, 153-P).

Caddy (102-P, l17-C, 118-P, l19-P, l20-P, 151-P, 152-P).

Halocynthia pyrformis

leptasterias-tike

MRA (4-A, 6-C, 7-C, 8-C, 9-A, lO-e, 31-P, 32-C-A, 35-P, 36-C-A, 37-C-A,

38-P, 39-P-A, 4G-P)'

59
MRA (Tl-P, 8-C, lG-P, 34-C).