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1.) HOW TO CONTROL POPULATION GROWTH IN OUR SOCIETY OR

COUNTRY?

*BY FAMILY PLANNING

Family planning is the ability for a woman or couple to determine when and how
many children they are going to have by practicing safe sexual practices. This keeps the
prospective parents healthy and without child until a time of their choosing. It also
includes teaching teens and children about sexuality and reproduction to keep them
from having children before they are ready and providing contraception.
The majority of Filipinos are in favor of family planning. The catholic church
teaches the necessity of responsible parenthood and correct family planning ( one child
at a time depending on one¶s circumstances), while at the same time teaching that large
families are a sign of a God¶s blessings. It teaches that modern natural family planning,
a method of fertility awareness, is in accord with couples to have government funded
access to artificial contraception methods as well.
The proponents state that RH will mean:
(1) Information and access to natural and modern family planning
(2) Maternal, infant and child health and nutrition
(3) Promotion of breast feeding
(4)Prevention of abortion and management of post-abortion complications
(5) Adolescent and youth health
(6) Prevention and management of reproductive tract infections, HIV/ AIDS and
STDs
(7) Elimination of violence against women
 (8) Counseling on sexuality and sexual and reproductive health
(9) Treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers
(10) Male involvement and participation in RH:
(11) Prevention and treatment of infertility and
(12) RH education for the youth.

p


    

Family planning tools are categorized into two: Natural Family Planning & the Artificial
Family Planning Methods.

   

Family planning helps you prevent conception and reduce the risk of pregnancy. The
biggest advantage of family tools is that they save you from the hassles of pregnancy
termination and abortion.
p
   

 : One of the most effective ways of natural family planning is abstinence.
Couples who do not want to have a baby and want to avoid taking artificial
contraceptives, should keep away from sexual intercourse during the fertile days of the
woman. For this method to work out, the women should keep track of their menstrual
cycles to know the timing of their ovulation and the period during when there is high risk
of getting pregnant.


!: Withdrawal is another method of natural pregnancy prevention. In this

method, the man withdraws his penis from the vagina before ejaculation while having
sex. However, this is not a full proof method of birth control, as the fluid which is
secreted before ejaculation also contains sperms and is sufficient to fertilize an ovum.
Natural family planning is normally chosen by people owing to certain religious reasons
or because they are not able to take contraceptives due to health reasons. The best
thing about natural methods of avoiding pregnancy is that they do not have any
negative effects; however, to follow this method couples have to be determined and
disciplined.

p
      

: Condoms are the most commonly used male contraceptive to escape
pregnancy. Using condoms during sexual intercourse acts like a barrier for sperms to
enter the vagina, thus restricting their contact with the egg. In recent times, even female
condoms are available in the market. Along with birth control, a condom also helps in
the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. There have been cases where
condoms have failed to avoid pregnancy, but this is mostly due to defective condoms or
incorrect use of the condom.

p

"
 : Another method of artificial family planning is the

use of birth control pills by women. Birth control pills also known as oral contraceptives,
stop the development of the egg and also helps in the thickening of the cervical mucus
in the uterus, thus restricting the passage of the sperms to the egg. This can be an
effective method if the pills are taken regularly and in the correct manner. If
contraceptives do not work out, another way of precluding pregnancy is to take
emergency contraceptive pills. If a couple has indulged in unsafe sex, the woman can
take emergency pills to reduce the chances of getting pregnant.

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*
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  +
‡ An emergency contraceptive method used after sexual intercourse to prevent
Pregnancy.
‡ Is most effective when used within 12 hours of unprotected intercourse or
contraceptive accident.
‡ ECP can be used up to 72 hours or three days after unprotected sex.
‡ ECP only works if a woman is not already pregnant.
‡ Interferes with egg development.
‡ Prevents or delays ovulation.
‡ Inhibits fertilization.
"
"


  
‡ Only method of contraception used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex.
‡ Only method used to prevent pregnancy after male condom slipped, broke, or leaked.
‡ Only method used to prevent pregnancy after a woman¶s diaphragm or cervical cap
was inserted incorrectly, removed too early, or found to be torn.
‡ Only method used to prevent pregnancy after a woman has missed one or more of
oral contraceptives.
‡ Only method used to prevent pregnancy when a female condom was inserted or
removed incorrectly.
‡ Method may be obtained ahead of time from a family planning clinician to be
used when needed. Plan B, a brand name for ECP, is also available at a pharmacy.
Women and men who are 18 or older can now purchase Plan B over the counter
with proof of age. In most states, including Pennsylvania, women 17 or under will
still need a prescription from a clinician for Plan B or other ECP methods.
, "
"


  
‡ Does not work if already pregnant.
‡ Limited time frame (ECP must be used within 72 hours or three days after
unprotected sex).
‡ Is not an ongoing method of contraception.
‡ Nausea occurs in 23% to 50 % of women who use this method (medications to
prevent nausea are available).
‡ Vomiting occurs in 5 to 25% of women who use this method (medications to
prevent vomiting are available).
‡ Ectopic (tubal) pregnancy may be a possible result.
‡ ECP changes the amount, duration, and timing of the next menstrual period in
about 10 to 15% of women treated.
‡ There is still a chance of pregnancy. If menstrual cycle does not start in 7 days,
consider pregnancy and contact your family planning clinician.
. Does not provide protection from sexually transmitted diseases.

%

 )%-,*: The IUD or Copper T as it is commonly known is a very

convenient, safe and reversible method of family planning which does not require a
daily routine. It is a small device made of metal, copper or plastic that is inserted into the
uterus of a woman of reproductive age, for as long as she does not want a pregnancy.
Normally once it is inserted, it stays in place for 5 to 10 years and inhibits the entry of
sperms into the inner recesses of the vagina and also prevents fertilization. It is the
most popular and widely used female contraceptive method . The IUD should be
inserted and removed (when pregnancy is desired) by a qualified medical practitioner,
to avoid complications.

(
 . : refers to permanent contraception by surgical procedures, to avoid future
pregnancies. It is a method of birth control suited for couples who do not want to have
any more children or couples who don't want to have even a single child. Vasectomy is
the procedure for men and tubectomy or tubal ligation for women. It is by far the safest
and most effective method of pregnancy control, though irreversible. Sterilizing is done
permanently and is a full proof method.

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Characteristic:
Present Age (In year) check your answer
J 20-25
J 26-30
J 31-35
J 36-40
J 40 Above
A. Level of Education
J Illiterate
J Matrix
J Undergraduate
J Graduate
J Post graduate
B. Occupation
J Housewife
J Business
J Drivers
J Government servant
J Others
C. Income
J 100 per day
J 250 per day
J 300 per day
J Minimum a day
J Above minimum
J Other
J N/A
2. Knowledge of various family planning methods
J Abstinence
J Withdrawal
J Condoms
J Birth control and Emergency Pills
J Intra Urine Device (IUD)
J Sterilization
3. Use of Family Planning Method
J Satisfaction
J Like to change
J Non preference of other methods
4. Sources of family planning
J Friends
J Neighbors
J Relatives
J Mass media
J Health center
J Self
J None
5. Awareness of contraceptive methods
J Advice to use contraceptive methods
J Not advice to use contraceptive methods
J Aware of contraceptive methods
J Not aware of contraceptive methods
J Aware of incentives
J Use of traditional method
6. Attitude towards family planning
J Approve
J Disapprove
J Don¶t know

7. Decision toward contraceptive methods

I.
a. economics reasons
b. motivations
c. incentives
d. small family norm
II.
a. Help from DOH/ Government
b. Satisfied with private treatment
III.
a. Prefer modern method
b. Prefer traditional method
IV.
a. Positive view of commercials
b. Negative view of commercials
8. Attitude towards abortion
Situation: APPROVE or DISAPPROVE
a) If a baby is likely to be deform or mentally defective
b) Couple cannot afford another child
c) The woman has been raped
d) If any conception method has failed
9. Reproductive Problems
1. Do you suffer from any type of reproductive problems?
a. YES
b. NO
2. Do you intend to use a method to delay/ avoid pregnancy at any given
time in future?
a. YES
b. NO

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This chapter presents some literatures and studies that are useful in the construction of
the research framework and in drawing inferences of this study.

 


Popper-bearing IUDs increase blood flow volumes by 20% to 50% above levels
before IUD insertion. Increased menstrual bleeding, often with pain, is the problem that
women most often report while using copper-bearing IUD. Many women who have these
complaints keep their IUDs nonetheless. Overall rates of removal because of bleeding and
pain at 12 months of use range from 1 to 17 per 100 women in major clinical trials .

 


WHO recommends that women use levonorgestrel-only EP s(EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVE

PILLS" because they cause less nausea and vomiting than combined estrogen-levonorgestrel
EP s. Nausea and vomiting are common side effects associated with EP use. WHO does
not recommend routine use of anti-emetics before taking EP s. redicting which women
will experience side effects usually is difficulty and many women taking EP do not
experience nausea and vomiting. Expert working group advises that clinicians offer anti
emetics on a case by case basis according to their medical judgment. Plinicians should take
should take account that anti emetics themselves may cause other side effects, such as
drowsiness and dizziness (Yuzpe 2003".

" 


Hormonal methods appropriate for women with depression. A single study reported
that taking fluoxetine for depression did not reduce the effectiveness of combined or
progestin-only oral contraceptives. Ponclusion cannot be reached concerning postpartum
depression or bipolar disorder because current evidence is in adequate .

  

Family planning users and providers have been calling for more choices. They
want contraceptive methods that provide highly effective protection and at the same
time causes fewer side effects, cost less and are easier to use. In response,
researchers are improving existing contraceptives and developing new ways to deliver
hormones. Offering wide range of safe, effective and convenient family planning
methods encourage more people to use contraception.





   

ÿirtually all married women know about and many are using family planning. 98%
also know of a place offering family planning services. 25% are currently using family
planning. Female sterilization relied on by 13% of married women is the most widely used
method. Withdrawal and natural family planning are used by 13% of married women
( hilippine National
Statistic Office 2003"

#( 

 

A study was made by David, et al (2001), entitled ³Family Planning: Its Economic
and Psychosocial Influences on the Lives of Women in Western Visayas´. The main
concern of this study was rapid population growth of and inadequate maternal and child
rearing. The study wants to improve the family planning program, including an effort to
provide integrated reproductive health. Special attention needs to be given to helping
women deal with side effects such as both physically, psychologically and emotional
discomfort.

 

Dorado, ET, al (2006) on their study entitled ³Survey of Family Planning Methods
Preferred by Couples. In Selected in Barangay Sto. Angel, San Pablo City´, in terms of
awareness and responsibility of each person in the community, duly authorized
personnel affect the couples regarding what natural or artificial methods they will use,
also to determine if the method selected meets the safety of the patient, suitable to
patient¶s life style and compatible to patient¶s religion or moral convictions. Their study
wants to know the advantages and disadvantages of the natural and artificial protective
use by the respondents. Specifically, what are the assurance of couple regarding the
accuracy of method contraception chosen in terms of desired birth spacing and
prevention of unwanted pregnancy?


" 

Study was based on Daughtry, et al (2002" entitled ³Marital Satisfaction and Family
lanning ractices³. The specific objectives of his study is just to describe and compared
natural and artificial family planning couples on the following dimensions: overall
relationship satisfaction measured by the Dynamic Adjustment Scale; communication
effectiveness measured by the Marital Pommunication Inventory; satisfaction with their
chosen method of family planning measured by the family planning
Questionnaire.

  

The National Statistic Office (2003), made a study entitled ³Use Of Modern Family
Planning Methods Up In Rural Areas´, the study aims to collect data on fertility levels;
fertility preferences; marriage and sexual activities; knowledge and use of family
planning methods, breastfeeding practices; childhood mortality; and, maternal and child
health. The study also included questions that seek to determine the level of awareness
and behavior of the respondents on AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections as
well as their knowledge, attitude and health-seeking behavior on tube .

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Characteristic: ( IN 30 PEOPLE)

D. Present Age(In year) check your answer N %

J 20-25 3 10%
J 26-30 6 20%
J 31-35 7 23.33%
J 36-40 3 10%
J 40 Above 11 36.7%

E. Level of Education N %
J Illiterate 1 3.3%
J Matrix 2 6.7%
J Undergraduate 15 50%
J Graduate 9 30%
J Post graduate 3 10%

F. Occupation N %
J Housewife 21 70%
J Business 3 10%
J Drivers 2 6.7%
J Government servant 1 3.3%
J Others 3 10%

G. Income N %
J 100 per day 4 13.3%
J 250 per day 5 16.7%
J 300 per day 5 16.7%
J Minimum a day 6 20%
J Above minimum 1 3.3%
J Other 8 26.7%
J N/A 1 3.3%

2. Knowledge of various family planning methods N %

J Abstinence
J Withdrawal 4 13.3%
J Condoms 3 10%
J Birth control and Emergency Pills 14 46.7%
 J Intra Urine Device (IUD) 2 6.7%
J Sterilization
J NONE OF ABOVE 9 30%

3. Use of Family Planning Method N %

J Satisfaction 17 63%
J Like to change 2 7.4%
J Non preference of other methods 8 26.7%

4. Sources of family planning N %

J Friends 5 17.9%
J Neighbors 2 7.1%
J Relatives 6 21.4%
J Mass media 4 14.3%
J Health center 5 17.9%
J Self 4 14.3%
J None 2 7.1%

5. Awareness of contraceptive methods N %

J Advice to use contraceptive methods 8 27.6%
J Not advice to use contraceptive methods
J Aware of contraceptive methods 16 55.2%
J Not aware of contraceptive methods 4 13.8%
J Aware of incentives
J Use of traditional method 1 3.4%

6. Attitude towards family planning N %

J Approve 21 72.4%
J Disapprove 1 3.4%
J Don¶t know 7 21.1%

7. Decision toward contraceptive methods N %

I.
a. economics reasons 1O 35.7%
b. motivations 1 3.6%
c. incentives 1 3.6%
d. small family norm 16 57.1%
II.
a. Help from DOH/ Government 15 57.7%
b. Satisfied with private treatment 8 30.8%
 c. NONE 3 11.5%
III.
a. Prefer modern method 19 76%
b. Prefer traditional method 3 12%
c. None 3 12%
IV.
a. Positive view of commercials 21 91.3%
b. Negative view of commercials 1 4.3%
c. None 1 4.3%

8. Attitude towards abortion

Situation: APPROVE
N %
a. If a baby is likely to be deform or mentally defective 6 22.2%
b. Couple cannot afford another child 5 16.7%
c. The woman has been raped
d. If any conception method has failed 1 4%

DISAPPROVE
N %
a. If a baby is likely to be deform or mentally defective 21 77.8%
b. Couple cannot afford another child 21 83.3%
c. The woman has been raped 25 100%
d. If any conception method has failed 24 96%

9. Reproductive Problems N %
1. Do you suffer from any type of reproductive problems?
a. YES 3 10.7%

b. NO 25 89.3%
2. Do you intend to use a method to delay/ avoid pregnancy at any given
time in future?
N %

a. YES 21 75%

b. NO 7 25%
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