Professional Documents
Culture Documents
US-B- ~
V. 2
c.1
VOLUME I1
Manned Spacecraft C e n t e r
Houston, T e x a s
M. Koerner
L. CouvilLon
R. Titsworth
M. Brock"
R. Toukdarian
W. Victor
D r . S . C . Gupta
T . G. H a l l
SUMMARY .......................... 1
SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 T h e o r e t i c a l Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 A n a l y t i c a l Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Method of P r e s e n t a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.3 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
.
2 0 GROUND-TO-SPACECRAFT CHANNEL ANALYSES . . . . . . . . . . 7
..............
3.1 C a r r i e r Tracking Channel 13
i
S e c ti o n Page
ANALYSES .......................... 33
4.2 T e l e v i s i o n Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
.
A 2 The C a r r i e r w i t h K Subcarriers .......... A-4
........................
Code A-6
ii
C-18
C . 3 . 1 L i m i t e r E f f e c t s on Loop Parameters . . . . . C
- 1 9
C .4 Modulation R e s t r i c t i v e Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . C
- 2 0
C-22
C-24
D . l . l
D e t e c t i o n of S i n u s o i d a l S u b c a r r i e r s . . . . .
D-2
D.1.2
Detection of A r b i t r a r y Baseband Mod
ulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D-4
D . 1 . 3
Noise C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s............ D-6
D . 1 . 4
Output Signal-to-noise R a t i o s ........ D-6
D.1.4.1 S u b c a r r i e r and band-pass
...............
filter
D-6
D.1.4.2 Baseband modulation and
..........
low-pass f i l t e r
D-7
D.2 P r e l i m i t e d Product Demodulators . . . . . . . . . .
D-9
E-1
E . l Detection of S i n u s o i d a l S u b c a r r i e r s and
.
E 2 Noise C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-4
E-6
E . 3 Output Signal-to-noise R a t i o s . . . . . . . . . . .
E-8
E-8
E.3.2 Baseband Modulation and Low-pass F i l t e r . . .
E-10
F-1
F-1
F.l.l S i g n a l Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F-2
F.1.2 Noise Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F-5
iii
Section Page
F.1.5 ........
Range Code A c q u i s i t i o n Time F-13
G . l S o l u t i o n f o r Modulation I n d i c e s . . . . . . . . . . G-2
G.4 S i g n a l E f f i c i e n c y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-9
iv
.__-.. ...-.....- -. 1
1
1
. . I I, . I . I II I I .
.I I 111 I 11- ~ I II
Section Page
REFERENCES . . . R-1
TABLES
Table Page
vi
FTGURES
Figure Page
.
D 2-1 Demodulator c o n f i g u r a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-9
v ii
Figure Page
.
H 2.2-1 Cascaded l i n e a r noisy networks . . . . . . . . . . . H-8
.
H 2.2-2 Cascaded p a s s i v e and noisy networks . . . . . . . . . H-10
viii
VOLUME I1
SUMMARY
Signal structure:
A
peak amplitude of a s i n u s o i d a l c a r r i e r
a r b i t r a r y s i g n a l function
output f u n c t i o n of an i d e a l bandpass l i m i t e r
o u t p u t f u n c t i o n of an i d e a l m u l t i p l i e r
peak phase d e v i a t i o n , i n r a d i a n s , of a s i n u s o i d a l
s u b c a r r i e r of a down-link phase modulated
carrier
peak phase d e v i a t i o n , i n r a d i a n s , of a s i n u s o i d a l
s u b c a r r i e r of an u p - l i n k phase modulated
carrier
e q u i v a l e n t phase modulation f u n c t i o n on a s u b c a r r i e r
on a down-link frequency modulated c a r r i e r
e q u i v a l e n t phase modulation f u n c t i o n on an u p - l i n k
subcarrier
iu m o d u l a t e d r a d i a n frequency of a s i n u s o i d a l c a r r i e r
C
iu r a d i a n frequency of a down-link s u b c a z r i e r
i
e. r a d i a n frequency of an up-link s u b c a r r i e r
J
Phase-locked l o o p s :
amplitude of i n p u t s i n u s o i d
amplitude of VCO s i n u s o i d
Laplace t r a n s f o r m of e ( t )
maximum v a l u e of e ( t )
l o o p modulation t r a c k i n g e r r o r f u n c t i o n
Laplace t r a n s f o r m of h ( t )
l o o p f i l t e r impulse response f u n c t i o n
open loop g a i n c o n s t a n t
VCO c o n s t a n t
p o l e frequency of t h e loop f i l t e r
Laplace t r a n s f o r m of vd(t)
VCO d r i v i n g f u n c t i o n
o u t p u t f u n c t i o n of v o l t a g e c o n t r o l l e d o s c i l l a t o r (VCO)
loop damping r a t i o
v a r i a n c e of VCO phase j . i t t e r p r o c e s s
3
Laplace transform of output phase f u n c t i o n
input phase f u n c t i o n
v a r i a n c e s of t h e v a r i a b l e s n , x, y
a b s o l u t e , nonzero, values of t h e f l a t s p e c t r a l
densities
I a b s o l u t e , nonzero, value o f t h e f l a t s p e c t r a l
density
Miscellaneous:
B f i l t e r transmission bandwidth
bandwidth of an output f i l t e r
BO
an output n o i s e power
NO
I
S
- SNR s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e power r a t i o
”
v o l t a g e l i m i t i n g l e v e l of an i d e a l bandpass l i m i t e r
vL
s i g n a l suppression f a c t o r of an i d e a l bandpass l i m i t e r
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.2 T h e o r e t i c a l Approach
1.2.1 A n a l y t i c a l Scope
The a n a l y s i s presented i n t h i s document has been performed w i t h t h e
a i m of obtaining t r a c t a b l e equations w i t h which t h e output d a t a q u a l i t y
can be p r e d i c t e d f o r each channel f o r a v a r i e t y of transmission modes
and conditions.
1.2.2 Method of P r e s e n t a t i o n
This document i s , i n a c e r t a i n sense, t u t o r i a l , and i n another sense,
a working document. Much m a t e r i a l , which has been b a s i c a l l y derived
elsewhere, has been extended or modified and reproduced h e r e . Enough
m a t e r i a l has been included t o make t h e document almost s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t
f o r t h e purpose o f making performance c a l c u l a t i o n s on t h e system. The
scheme employed i n t h e w r i t i n g of t h i s document has been t o p r e s e n t a l l
b a s i c d e r i v a t i o n s i n appendix form. The main body of t h e paper w a s r e
seyved f o r assembling t h e i n d i v i d u a l channel equations from component
equations appearing in t h e appendices. I n t h i s manner, t h e m a i n body
o f t h e t e x t i s u s e f u l f o r working computations, and t h e appendices pro
vide t h e r e q u i r e d a n a l y t i c a l support.
1.2.3' Assumptions
The most important of t h e simplifying assumptions which appear
throughout t h e document a r e t a b u l a t e d below a s an a i d t o t h e r e a d e r .
1 . 3 System Description
A p h y s i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e system concept, s p a c e c r a f t and ground
equipment, signal design, and system operation of t h e u n i f i e d S-band
system has been discussed i n volume I of t h i s s e r i e s , NASA TN D-2208.
Although t h e p r e s e n t volume contains block diagrams of t h e system channels,
it i s recommended t h a t t h e r e a d e r f a m i l i a r i z e himself with volume I p r i o r
t o reading t h i s volume.
where
A = s i g n a l amplitude
where
= t h e magnitude of t h e f l a t i n p u t n o i s e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y .
From e q u a t i o n s (1)and ( 2 ) , w e o b t a i n
where
s p e c i f i c a t i o n of t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of l o s s of c a r r i e r phase l o c k . The
l o s s o f c a r r i e r phase l o c k i s t r e a t e d .
where
A = s i g n a l amplitude
I
‘nil
= t h e magnitude o f t h e f l a t i n p u t n o i s e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y
rJ BAND-PASS
LIMITER
Bw= B l v -
LOOP FILTER
--
"
LOW - PASS
FILTER
Bv
BV
b
BAND-PASS
LIMITER
BwBlp
BAND- PASS
REF
LIMITER LOOP FIUER FILTER
a 1 1-
BLUD
BW= BLUD
where
aL = l i m i t e r suppression f a c t o r
A$v = phase d e v i a t i o n of t h e c a r r i e r by t h e v o i c e s u b c a r r i e r
= v o i c e s u b c a r r i e r demodulator p r e d e t e c t i o n bandwidth
BLV
10
-...
Since
equation ( 4 ) becomes
where
= peak frequency d e v i a t i o n of t h e v o i c e s u b c a r r i e r by i t s
A f rpeak information
= bandwidth of v o i c e channel p o s t d e t e c t i o n f i l t e r
BV
Equation (6) g i v e s t h e v o i c e s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o i n terms of t h e range
code, t h e v o i c e channel parameters, and L s u b c a r r i e r s t r a n s m i t t e d t o
t h e spacecraft.
-
‘i
‘i
11
A s in t h e c a s e oi" t h e voice channel, t h e peLk-squared s i g n a l t o mean-
squared n o i s e r a t i o w i l l b e used to determine t h e up-data channel
q u a l i t y . Thus, from e q u a t i o n E.3.2 ( 6 ) , page E-11, we have
where
-
IXlS
Kp = peak
of t h e up-data s i g n a l .
we obtain
where
a = limiter supression f a c t o r
L
A%
= phase d e v i a t i o n of t h e c a r r i e r by t h e up-data s u b c a r r i e r
A%l
= phase d e v i a t i o n of t h e c a r r i e r by t h e jth s u b c a r r i e r
A Pj
12
for %
N
] , equation ( 4 ) may be used t o i n f e r t h e channel q u a l i t y .
UD BUD
where
2
-0
A = peak value of t h e r e c e i v e d s i n u s o i d a l c a r r i e r
g
13
and
hfj
= s u b c a r r i e r phase d e v i a t i o n on t h e down-link c a r r i e r
A q
ct = s p a c e c r a f t l i m i t e r s i g n a l suppression f a c t o r
LS
Ap.eff = e f f e c t i v e phase d e v i a t i o n of t h e c a r r i e r by t h e turnaround
J s-Jbcarr ie r s
The ground r e c e i v e r n o i s e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y i s a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e
normal system n o i s e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y
l'ni I
p l u s t h e phase n o i s e
N
c
= 2 +
1 nTIBN
(4)
S
-
N
C
c-
II 1
Since
The t h r e s h o l d v a l u e of may be s p e c i f i e d as i n s e c t i o n C . 4 .
= i n p u t signa1,power t o t h e s p a c e c r a f t r e c e i v e r
'is
= c l o c k signal-to-noise r a t i o a t l i m i t e r i n p u t , computed i n
N l i m i t e r bandwidth
SNR a t t h e l i m i t e r i n p u t , , computed in B
" t h e clock loop noise
bandwidth. Combining equation F.1.4 (l), page F-12, and F.5.2 (4),
page F-36, we o b t a i n
16
S.
C S
\7
BAND-mss PHASE
LIMITER I b. MODUL ATOR
A+m
REF:
SIGNAL
I I
REF
SIGNAL
CODE
RECEIVER
CODE
GENERAT0R
I-'
1
CLOCK
where
where
A = t h e peak v a l u e of t h e s i n u s o i d a l c a r r i e r r e c e i v e d a t t h e
g ground
18
...
11
-.-
.-.-.-.--.I.-.. 1
-.1.-. I
. 1 1 1 I I. 11111-11111 I111111111 I II I I111111111IIIIIIIIII11111111 I I I I II I I1111111111111111111111 111
pseudo-random ranging code may be d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e r a t i o of
CY L K n
where
and t h e q u a n t i t i e s A
g’
CT
‘PS”
Acpreff, IQn,l)and Acp.eff
J
a r e t h e same
a s i n s e c t i o n 3.3.1.
2
-0
e vs
A
13
I ‘I
where as before
A = amplitude of t h e s i n u s o i d a l c a r r i e r received a t t h e
g ground
= band-pass f i l t e r bandwidth
BLP
Iu
0
( I* LOOP FILTER
Bw = BLP Bw = BLT
x 2
Ref
A
-
1
vco
I I
I b
Low-PASS
FILTER
Bw = B T
-
Qn ( f ) = t o t a l e f f e c t i v e t t i n p u t t tnoise s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y
T
K L
= 2 cos2(&reff) J:(%) J:(Acpi)
i=1 j =1
i#T
2
-0
e " = s i g n a l suppression f a c t o r due t o phase modulation of t h e
down-link c a r r i e r by transponder turned-around n o i s e .
Now
(3)
K L
= 2 cos2(AcPreff
1=1 j=1
T
B
]
? i#T LP
21
Considering now t h a t
equation ( 4 ) becomes
T
= 2 cos2(A'P,eff) J:(AVT) J:(Acpi) (A
','f)['>
.,
where
A = amplitude of t h e s i g n a l
g;
= band-gass f i l t e r bandwidth
BLP
= input noise s p e c t r a l density
I@"Tl
A s i n t h e case of PCM t e l e m e t r y only when t h e transponder
22
Ref
I
Iu
w
The s u b c a r r i e r s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o may be o b t a i n e d f r o m appeh
dix D.1.4.1, e q u a t i o n (6). Thus
K L
i#v
("'
Nv
= 6p rj2 cos2 ( A v ~ e f f ) J t ( A T v )
K
ifv
Now s i n c e
24
where
Bv = p o s t d e t e c t i o n f i l t e r ba.ndwidth
= phase d e v i a t i o n of t h e c a r r i e r by t h e voice s u b c a r r i e r
wi = phase d e v i a t i o n of t h e c a r r i e r by t h e ith s u b c a r r i e r
originating i n the spacecraft
BAND-PASS
FILTER LIMITER LOOP FILTER
B =BLp Bw = BL"
vco
where
= frequency of t h e biomedical d a t a s u b c a r r i e r i n q u e s t i o n
fb
where
27
= t h e peak frequency d e v i a t i o n of t h e biomedical data sub-
af, peak c a r r i e r by i t s modulation
= bandwidth of biomedical d a t a p o s t d e t e c t i o n f i l t e r
BB '
equation ( 3 ) becomes
'n
T
28
t
BAND-PASS LOW -PASS
b FILTER FILTER
Bw= BLP BE
L
Ref
A = amplitude of i n p u t s i g n a l
g
= bandwidth of band-pass l i m i t e r
BLP
= i n p u t noise s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y
=
2
sin V"( peak) [2IB LP
where
where
Now s i n c e
where
However, s i n c e
(3)
Equation ( 2 ) becomes
Now s i n c e
w
[u
-
d b q
31
BLP
BAND- WSS BAND-PASS
b F1LTER FILTER
Bw = B L P Bw = BsK NK BK
Ref. B FO
where
BK = key p o s t d e t e c t i o n f i l t e r bandwidth
The emergency key channel t h r e s h o l d i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e c a r r i e r loop
t h r e s h o l d . Thus, t h e r e a d e r may refer t o s e c t i o n 3.1 f o r t h r e s h o l d
r e l a t i o n s of t h e key channel.
4 . 1 C a r r i e r Demodulation Channel
The performance c r i t e r i o n f o r t h e c a r r i e r demodulator, which i s a
modulation t r a c k i n g phase-locked loop, i s i t s t h r e s h o l d . The demodu
l a t o r t h r e s h o l d may be t r e a t e d as i n appendix C given a knowledge of
t h e e q u i v a l e n t closed-loop n o i s e bandwidth B The FM c a r r i e r demcdu
N'
l a t o r i s shown i n f i g u r e 4.1-1. The i n p u t s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o i s
taken as
33
BAND-PASS
LIMTER b LOOP FILTER
BW' BLP
where
s i n u s o i d a l c a r r i e r amplitude
i n p u t n o i s e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y magnitude
4.2 T e l e v i s i o n Channel
The i n p u t s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o i s taken as
where
A = s i n u s o i d a l c a r r i e r amplitude
I I
@ni
= input noise s p e c t r a l density
35
w
cn
S 3
B ~p -
BAND PASS
LIMITER - LOOF
8, = B L P
I
7 [y[-12[3
NTv BTV
= 3K 2 L9 MTv
BTV BTv i Bw
However, s i n c e
then
(41
Tv
The i n p u t s i g n a l n o i s e r a t i o i s taken a s
where
A = s i n u s o i d a l c a r r i e r amplitude
37
w
03
BAND-PASS
LIMITER LOOP FILTER -b SQUARE LAW LOOP FILTER -
DETECTOR
L-l
FREQ MULT.
STl
LOW - PASS
FILTER
i
where
fT = s u b c a r r i e r frequency
Lp]
12 f T
2
<<I
(41
where
B = bandwidth o f t h e p o s t d e t e c t i o n f i l t e r
T
Using now equations ( 2 ) and ( b ) , we obtain:
However, s i n c e
The t h r e s h o l d of t h e t e l e m e t r y demodulator has been discussed i n
s e c t i o n F.3 where t h e demodulator a n a l y s i s i s given.
The i n p u t s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o , c m p u t e d i n t h e bandwidth
BLP’
o f t h e c a r r i e r band-pass l i m i t e r i s taken as
-
A2
where
A = s i n u s o i d a l c a r r i e r amplitude
= input n o i s e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y
where
('V peak
BV
= 2 . - sv
[ Af
fSV
[fvB;eaj2p]
:IBLp
N (5)
However, s i n c e
('V peak)
NV
1 BV = 3 rf
* fSV
S V I 2 rfVB;eaK] [>]i BV
42
Bw= BE
-F
Figure 4.5-1.- The biomedical data channel
w
where
A = s i n u s o i d a l c a r r i e r amplitude
I 'nil
= input noise s p e c t r a l density
where
A f w = peak frequency d e v i a t i o n o f t h e s u b c a r r i e r on t h e c a r r i e r
2
12 [
1 k]
fSV (3 1
2
%I
-
N
-
-
BLs
where
44
2
1[k] << 1 (5)
l2 fSB
Using a peak-to-rms K
factor, for t h e biomedical data s i g n a l ,
P’
t h e mean-squared d a t a signal-to-noise r a t i o a t t h e output i s taken
from equation E. 3.2 (7),page E-11, as
However, s i n c e
ANGL;E MODULATION
where
A = s i g n a l amplitude
$ ( t )= time v a r i a t i o n of t h e sinusoid
I f a s i g n a l function, f ( t ) , i s t o be incorporated i n t h e s i g n a l ,
two simple methods may be used. For phase modulation, l e t
$ ( t )= w c t f f(t) (m (2)
then
If w i s taken as t h e m o d u l a t e d f’requency of t h e s i n u s o i d a l s i g n a l
C
(or c a r r i e r ) , then it i s seen t h a t t h e s i g n a l f u n c t i o n f ( t ) appears
d i r e c t l y i n t h e s i g n a l phase. For frequency modulation, l e t
then
s,(t) = A COS
c 4
wet + f(t) dt
I
A-1
a
s ( t ) = A cos ECt + ys(t)l (7)
f ( t ) = a0 +
K
c
i=1
pi cos wi t + bi s i n Wit
1
K
f(t) = c
0
+ ic=1 ci cos
i Wit + e d
or
K. 7 1
+ vi
f(t) = d
0
I-
i=1
di s i n
I
. w.t
_I
A- 2
... . .
where
c
0
and do are c o n s t a n t s
7
J
For a given s i g n a l function, co and do a r e non-time varying and
convey no information. They w i l l be d e l e t e d f o r s i m p l i f i c a t i o n . Then
t h e s i g n a l f u n c t i o n may be defined
For PM we may d e f i n e
where
A-3
where
This s i g n a l may be r e p r e s e n t e d as
cp,(t) =
K
c
i=1
sin pit cpd
r
+-
1
Then
A-4
A-5
Aw,
ATi =r (9)
i
The modulated s i g n a l i s r e p r e s e n t e d as
A-6
NOW
0c t ( t )
+1
s i n Acp, ; =
= ct(t) sin a ~ p (3)
(
-sin
0 ct(t)Acp, ; = -1 i-)
and
+
cos (“Pi-)
-c ( t ) s i n
t
LY
( i-)
1 sin WC-t +
K
C cCpi s i n
i=1
pit + cp i$ (5)
A-7
r K l\
A- 8
APPENDIX B
NOISE
B-1
Ill1 I
A transformation f r o m r e c t a n g u l a r t o p o l a r coordinates y i e l d s
2 0; a l l o t h e r W ( 51
where i s a constant. The spectrum of mn(w) c o n s i s t s of two
square blocks of i n t e n s i t y IQnI and width AW, centered on +w
C
and
-W r e s p e c t i v e l y , as shown i n Figure B . l - 1 .
C'
= 0 ; a l l other w
B-2
This s p e c i a l case is useful i n t h e treatment of thermally generated
noise processes.
A = c a r r i e r amplitude
w = c a r r i e r r a d i a n frequency
C
The sum of s i g n a l p l u s n o i s e i s w r i t t e n as
where
-
s(t) + n ( t ) = A cos Ect + cp,(t)
1+ x ( t ) cos w Ct y(t) sin t
u)C
A transformation t o p o l a r coordinates g i v e s
B- 3
where
A cos V s ( t ) + x(t)
cos $ ( t )=
A( t)
+ ( t )= a r c t a n
or
s ( t ) + n ( t ) = A ( t ) cos I. + $(tq
Ct
as
v (t) =
1
+vL; Z(t) >0
= 0 ; Z(t) = 0 J
where
VL = voltage l i m i t i n g l e v e l
B- 5
2
PL = 8 p J (3
l(t)= 4 2
Jc
cos p C t + +(t)l (4)
vL
l(t) 4-
7T cos + cp,(t) 4- A ; A2 >> y 2 ( t ) (5)
where
S = l i m i t e r i n p u t s i g n a l power
Aw = bandwidth of t h e i n p u t noise s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y
-sin w t
C
Figure B.4.1-1.- Nonprelimited product d e t e c t o r
B- 6
I
The product d e t e c t o r i s assumed t o have some g a i n constant, K and t o
cpy
r e j e c t a l l except t h e "d. c. '' or d i f f e r e n c e terms of t h e product. Then
(2 1
The d i f f e r e n c e terms a t t h e output a r e
n m ( t ) = K' yo (5)
r p 2
= o ; a l l other w (7)
B.4.2 A P r e l i m i t e d Product Detector
The band-pass l i m i t e r of f i g u r e B.4.2-1 i s f e d an a n g l e modulated
s i g n a l p l u s narrow-band Guassian n o i s e and d r i v e s a product d e t e c t o r ,
having g a i n c o n s t a n t K'cp.
B-7
$!
I I:
The r e f e r e n c e s i g n a l has negative s i n e phase.
-sin W t
C
l(t)= 4 5 cos
JI
pet + cctq
where VL i s voltage l i m i t i n g l e v e l . Equation B. 2 ( g ) , page B-4, de
scribes $ ( t ) . Then
'
m ( t ) = -K' s i n w e t l ( t ) (2)
m ( t ) = -4
V
-
fl
'
K'
sin w t cos
C
pet + $(ti] (3)
2V K'
m(t) = -
rl
' s i n $(t) (4)
A(t) Z A (6)
B-8
and
s
m (t) = ’9 s i n q s ( t )
2V K’
- fl
2v P’
n ( t )=
m
- L-
.rrA Y ( t ) (9)
= o ; a l l other w
6
-sin w t
C
B-9
The band-pass f i l t e r has a n a r b i t r a r y g a i n c o n s t a n t
Kf.
+
1
cp,(t) + x(t) in - wd)t
(".
+ y ( t ) cos
("c - "d)t)
B-10
c d (7)
0
= o ; a l l other w
I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o compute t h e r a t i o o f output c a r r i e r p w e r So t o
t n e magriitude of t h e output noise s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y f o r t h e white Gaus
s i a n case
where
S = i n p u t c a r r i e r power
B-11
APPENDIX c
s1
c-1
c-2
I
t
= %Jvd(t) d t
0
Thus
c- 3
Now the i n t e g r a l over 7 o f t h e loop f i l t e r impulse response i s simply
t h e Laplace transform or t h e t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n of t h e loop f i l t e r which
w i l l be l a b e l e d FL(s). Then
Qo(S) = (14)
a
K= V&v
2
c-4
c- 5
KP[l - G(s]
yrcpFL
1+
S
where
G(s)
A t o t a l g a i n constant
= Iv(tpKf
K
i. 2
+ s(!%%Kf
- 4 - KJCciKfZ
(5)
The t h r e e t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n s may be r e w r i t t e n as
G(s) = K
+ s(K
s - z
- p) - Kz I (7)
C-6
VDW
m,o
1
= K6f
s2
[ -f-
s(s
s(K
- 2)
- p ) - Kz I (9)
where
K>> -p (121
then
and
n
21-25
a.
I
(
'
I
IPI
I
I
I
b.
c
C.
a.
C
Case
2
-
K2
2
S
3 2 35
S
K K K w
4 c n n
U(t) C K~ s i n w n t
n=l n = l s2 + w 2
n
...
U ( t ) i s t h e u n i t s t e p f u n c t i o n , as d e f i n e d as
u(t) = 1;t 2 0
= O ; t < O
Case 1 i s a phase s t e p i n p u t of amplitude K1 r a d i a n s . Case 2 i s a
phase ramp i n p u t w i t h slope K2 radians/second. Case 3 i s a phase
acceleration with acceleration 5 radians/second
2
. Case 4 is a sm
mation of s i n e waves having amplitudes Kn and f r e q u e n c i e s u)
n'
c-9
The e r r o r function t o be t r e a t e d i s given as
K S(S - P)
E(s) = mi(s) - B0(s) E Gib) (3)
Case 1:
K1
= -
S
E(s) =
K K (s
Icp
- PI
(3)
s2 + s(k - p) - Kz
where
I
1
4 = tan
-1 - 4 - h K z - (K -
(5)
Case 2:
K2
= 2
s
K2KP(s - P)
E(s) =
[s s 2 i-s(K - p) - Kz] (3)
c-10
where
Case 3:
E(s) =
2K K
3 @
(s - p)
(3)
s2L2 + s ( K - p ) - Kz]
c-11
a
where
-1
JI = 2 tan-' - tan
K - p K + P
It i s seen t h a t t h e r e i s a t r a n s i e n t e r r o r , a s t e a d y - s t a t e e r r o r which i s
an i n c r e a s i n g f u n c t i o n of t i m e , dependent on t h e p o l e frequency, and
two constant s t e a d y - s t a t e e r r o r s , one dependent on t h e p o l e frequency.
Case 4:
K
cI
p.(t) = U(t) c Kn s i n Writ
n=l
K K K
ncpn
(U S ( S - p)
E(s) = C
n=l [I.' + on'] [s2 + S(K - p) - ~4
K
e(t) = C
n=l
c-12
where
- tan
4
- (K - p ) 2 + w + Kz
n -
It i s seen t h a t t h e r e i s a t r a n s i e n t e r r o r and a l s o a s t e a d y - s t a t e
e r r o r which i s a sum of s i n u s o i d s having f r e q u e n c i e s t h e same as t h e
input s i n u s o i d s , and amplitudes and phases which a r e dependent on
s i n u s o i d frequency and l o o p parameters. The s t e a d y - s t a t e peak e r r o r
i n r a d i a n s may be seen t o be
K AVi
e c. (7)
pk i=l
wi wi
K AY,
2
w
i
C-13
where
Then,
The r e s i d u e a t s = A i s given a s
The r e s i d u e at s = B i s given as
C-14
The sum of t h e r e s i d u e s i n t h e l e f t half plane i s given as
Then
2%
X
=2 [e]
K
For t h e a l t e r n a t e n o t a t i o n ,
u)
n
K = 25w
n ' =-Z
2BN = 2 + 457
C.2.4 Threshold P r e d i c t i o n
A phase-lock loop i s u s e f u l only when it i s locked. A phase-locked
loop which i s o p e r a t i n g a t a high input signal-to-noise r a t i o w i l l
remain locked most of t h e time. A s t h e input signal-to-noise r a t i o i s
lowered t h e l o o p w i l l break lock more f r e q u e n t l y , but w i l l r e g a i n lock
i f t h e signal-to-noise r a t i o i s not t o o low.
c-15
Perhaps t h e s i m p l e s t way t o t r e a t t h r e s h o l d i s t o d e f i n e the l o o p
as operating above t h r e s h o l d i f it i s i n l o c k a c e r t a i n average percent
of t h e time and d e f i n e it as below t h r e s h o l d i f it i s i n lock less than
t h e r e q u i r e d percent of time. I n t h i s manner loop t h r e s h o l d i s r a t h e r
s u b j e c t i v e and i s dependent on t h e loop's use, which d e f i n e s t h e t h r e s h
old i n lock time percentage.
c-16
value o f cpi(t) - cpo(t) exceeds -
2
JI
radians, then t h e e r r o r f u n c t i o n
sin Fi(t) - cpo(t] w i l l decrease w i t h i n c r e a s i n g phase e r r o r and
To(t) w i l l not t r a c k cpi(t). I n o t h e r words, i f t h e instantaneous value
of Ti(t) - cpo(t) exceeds
JI
-2 f o r a loop which i s i n i t i a l l y locked, t h e
loop w i l l break lock.
where
c-17
I1 I l l I 1
I
CP
S&t) Ideal m(t)
* Loop
5 band-pass
ni(tlo limiter filter
~ -
vco <
n i ( t ) = x ( t ) cos w t
C
- y(t) sin wet (2 1
c-18
where, from equation B . 2 ( 9 ) , page B-4,
l(t) = 4 - cos
vL
fl 1WCt +c p p + a1A (5)
where
AW = 27tB
i (7)
i s t h e c o n s t a n t value of t h e f l a t n o i s e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y i n t o t h e
where
c-19
Equation C . 2 (2), page C-3, shows t h a t t h e phase s u b t r a c t o r con
stant K i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e amplitude of t h e s i n u s o i d feeding t h e
cp
phase-locked loop. When t h e l i m i t e r suppresses t h e sinusoid, it a l s o
suppresses K
'p
by t h e same f a c t o r y.
The value of K which i s sup
cp
pressed by t h e limiter a c t i o n w i l l .be denoted by K .
'a
then
K = a K
'pa LcP
Ka = % K (3)
and
c-20
The following treatment w i l l be f o r t h e s p e c i a l case of zero Doppler
e f f e c t . I f Doppler e f f e c t cannot be neglected, loop threshold may be
t r e a t e d easily using t h e results of s e c t i o n C.2.4.
and
c-21
then
and
7.47db 8.62db
where
K = open loop g a i n
c-22
F
] P I <<K
5 = 0.707
where
5 = loop damping f a c t o r
then
z =A z
0
-= - -2 KO
= ao% (3)
where
= conditions a t t h e loop d e s i g n t h r e s h o l d
0
Then
2BN
0
= 3 a~ % (5)
C-23
Using M a r t i n ' s ( r e f . 7) approximation t o a as a f u n c t i o n of
limiter i n p u t s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o , we have
a s (7)
or
then
-
2BN = 1
2%
0
L
+
I
1 (9)
where
C-24
n a t u r a l r e s o n a n t frequency w very l a r g e compared t o t h e h i g h e s t
n
modulating fkequency. Simultaneously, t o reduce t h e transmission of
phase noise or j i t t e r through t h e loop, t h e i n p u t s i g n a l p l u s noise
may be processed through a sharp cut-off band-pass f i l t e r having a
bandwidth j u s t wide enough t o pass t h e modulated s i g n a l . For high i n
put signal-to-noise r a t i o s and l i n e a r loop operation, t h e bandwidth of
t h e e q u i v a l e n t phase n o i s e w i l l be h a l f t h e i n p u t bandwidth. For mod
u l a t i o n i n d i c e s n o t t o o l a r g e , t h e bandwidth of t h e phase n o i s e w i l l
form, e s s e n t i a l l y , t h e closed loop noise bandwidth. Such a modulation
t r a c k i n g loop i s c a l l e d a p r e f i l t e r e d loop.
then
.2=k]
cp
2
and
C-2 5
then
where
= n o i s e - t o - s i g n a l r a t i o i n t o t h e l i m i t e r , computed i n t h e
l i m i t e r bandwidth Bi
then
.- .
.. .
C-26
~~
APPEN3IX D
PRODUCT DEMODULA!IT ON
1 *
output
filter
BO
- sow
n o w
-sin w t
C
-
Figure D. 1-1. Demodulator c o n f i g u r a t i o n
where
D-1
= o ; a l l o t h e r v a l u e s of W (3)
where
K'
s (t)= .-Y
m 2 A s i n cps(t) (4)
K
s . ( t ) = A cos
1
+ Acprct(t) + c ncpi sin (Wit + cpi
i=1
t h e m u l t i p l i e r output i s
2 K
A
m ( t ) SK'c p 2 sin + c .AV,
i=l
sin pit + cp i
D-2
J
Then, t h e d e s i r e d m u l t i p l i e r term i s
Using t h e G i a c o l e t t o expansion ( r e f . 1)
I m m K
-
K
sin
D-3
then, for n i = +1
NOW
and
J
-n
(x) = (-lln Jn(x)
then
D-4
si(t) = A
K'
sow = 2 A s i n cps(t) (2)
It i s noted t h a t f o r t h e output s i g n a l t o be a l i n e a r r e p l i c a o f
t h e phase modulation, AT, must be l e s s than about 30". If l i n e a r i t y
i s not of g r e a t consideration, as for clipped speech, ATp may be
increased. I n no case may ATp be g r e a t e r t h a n 90". Residual c a r r i e r
suppression c o n s i d e r a t i o n s w i l l g e n e r a l l y l i m i t ATp t o less than 90".
It i s d e s i r a b l e t o place a bound on t h e r e s i d u a l c a r r i e r remaining
a f t e r modulation s i n c e g e n e r a l l y t h e demodulator r e f e r e n c e s i g n a l i s de
r i v e d from t h e r e s i d u a l c a r r i e r . For square wave modulation t h e r e m i n
ing c a r r i e r i s given by t h e l i m i t i n g case of equation A . 3 (7),page A-8,
for ATi i d e n t i c a l l y zero, as
D- 5
D.l.3 Noise C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
The n o i s e spectrum o u t of t h e m u l t i p l i e r i s f l a t w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s
s e t by t h e i n p u t bandwidth B. Therefore, t h e bandwidths Bo of t h e
low-pass o r band-pass f i l t e r s a r e t h e e q u i v a l e n t n o i s e bandwidths a t
the output.
where
D.1.4 Output S i g n a l - t o - n o i s e R a t i o s
The r e s u l t s of t h e p r i o r t h r e e s e c t i o n s may now be i n t e g r a t e d t o
g i v e output s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o s f o r coherent demodulation of both
s u b c a r r i e r s and a r b i t r a r y baseband modulation.
ifj
h r r K
i#j
D-6
From e q u a t i o n D. 1.3 ( 2 ) , page D-6, t h e output n o i s e power i s
-- 12
N = (3)
BO
i#j
D-7
I I I 1 I Ill1 I I1
No
KI
-2
- 2 2Bo I%/
The peak squared s i g n a l to mean-squared n o i s e r a t i o i s then
2
= sin (*'p) (4)
NO
S =K s (6)
o r.m.s p o peak
D-8
.._. - .. . __..
.... -..... . . . . _..... ...-. _.._..-___._
4
i
x"
s
The input signal and noise are taken in the usual form as
where the signal and noise characteristics are the same as in D.l,
page D-1.
For a high input signal-to-noise ratio into the limiter of, say,
10 db, the multiplier signal may be taken from equation B . 4 . 2 (7),
page B-9, as approximately
pronounced.
D-9
m u l t i p l i e r output m(t) will be approximated f o r a l l input signal-to
noise r a t i o s by
where
a = l i m i t e r s i g n a l suppression fac-;;or.
S
where
= l i m i t e r i n p u t signal-to-noise r a t i o i n t h e l i m i t e r band
width BL.
D-10
[#]
Nj BL
(9)
Equation ( 4 ) i s r e w r i t t e n a s
D-11
APPENDIX E
vd(t) OUtPUt
0
Ideal
-band-pass .
l(t) Loop efilter 0
*filter
ni(t) - limiter
- BO no(%)
vco -
The i n p u t s i g n a l i s t a k e n i n u s u a l form as
where
E-1
The t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n of i n t e r e s t is t h a t r e l a t i n g t h e VCO d r i v i n g
signal v d ( t ) t o input s i g n a l vi(t). I n transform n o t a t i o n , f i m
equation c.2.1 ( 9 ) , page C-7,
(4)
where
where
vD(
= '
KK
[g2 f s(K
s - z
- p) - 1
Kz
db
E-2
E.l Detection of S i n u s o i d a l S u b c a r r i e r s
and A r b i t r a r y Baseband Modulation
The i n p u t s i g n a l i s taken as
s1
. ( t ) = A cos bet + Vs(ty
where
E- 3
where
f b ( t ) = a r b i t r a r y baseband f u n c t i o n and
th
AW. = peak r a d i a n frequency d e v i a t i o n of t h e c a r r i e r by t h e i
1
subcarrier
7
-t-
K
C AW, cos
i=1
Fit + (3)
where
hbpeak
= peak r a d i a n frequency d e v i a t i o n due to t h e baseband
modulation
E.2 Noise C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
E- 4
The n o i s e spectrum a t t h e l o o p f i l t e r o u t p u t i s t a k e n as
where
CP ( j w ) = f l a t i n p u t phase n o i s e spectrum.
cp
Equation E.2 (1) follows from e q u a t i o n E ( 6 ) , page E-3.
E.2.1 Low-pass Output F i l t e r
The low-pass o u t p u t f i l t e r i s t a k e n t o have an amplitude transmis
s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of u n i t y and p h y s i c a l bandwidth B cps which
0
corresponds t o r a d i a n bandwidth
where
e = 2nBe (3)
then
'="'e =
[ 0 (jw)'d(
jAw jw)
(4)
J
.
-jaw
0
(n'U0)
Awe = (5)
3
E-5
I n radian notation,
Aw0 = 2fiBO
w = 2nfm
m
E-6
Where
aW = e q u i v a l e n t n o i s e bandwidth a t t h e output
e
-2 I(wm-9)
j
(ju,)
2
d(jw) = j a w e
or
E- 7
It i s seen t h a t from equation ( 5 ) an approximation may be made.
2 2 2 >> -
1 B 2
Be = (2n) fm Bo ; fm
12 0
P ( j w ) = w 2 @v(jw)
n0 m
or
No 2 ($) lPvl2
2(2fl)*BOfm
2
E. 3 Output Signal-to-noise R a t i o s
The r e s u l t s of t h e p r i o r s e c t i o n s a r e now used t o obtain output
signal-to-noise r a t i o s f o r two cases: a r b i t r a r y baseband modulation
w i t h a low-pass f i l t e r , and an i n d i v i d u a l s u b c a r r i e r w i t h a band-pass
filter.
E- 8
th
From equation E.l (4), page E-&, t h e output s i g n a l for t h e j
subcarrier i s
No - - I@v12(2~)2 kj2 + q B o
where
f . = c e n t e r frequency of t h e band-pass f i l t e r
J
2
AW
LA
A
S = . Kv2 _2
(4)
where
The second bracketed q u a n t i t y i n equation ( 5 ) i s seen t o be t h e i n p u t
signal-to-noise r a t i o computed i n a p h y s i c a l bandwidth Bo. Then
S
A =1.
2
NO
where
th
Af2 = peak c y c l i c e e q u e n c y d e v i a t i o n of t h e c a r r i e r by t h e j
J subc a r ri e r
Approximately
S
A&
2
NO
for
S
ob peak = 7 @'% peak (1)
The peak-squared s i g n a l i s
E-10
where
fb (7)
r.m. s. = K Pf i Peak
t h e n t h e mean-squared output signal-to-noise r a t i o may be formed as
- =
NO
[
3KP2 m peak
Bo
l2[dB0
E- 11
APPENDIX F
SPECIALIZED DETECTORS
Re ce i v e r
Si(t) + n i ( t ) = t h e I F i n p u t s i g n a l p l u s noise
= product of c ( t ) and t h e I F r e f e r e n c e s i g n a l
s,(t) r
6 ( t )+ n m ( t ) = s i g n a l p l u s noise out of t h e m u l t i p l i e r
m
F-1
Sk (t = c o r r e l a t o r output s i g n a l
= clock loop d r i v i n g s i g n a l
where s.
1
( t ) has t h e same p r o p e r t i e s t r e a t e d i n appendix A. 2.
(4)
then
A
s m ( t )= 5 cr(t) sin (5)
F-2
1-
K co
* cos nipit +
i=1
nl=
O3 nk= OD
(6)
(t)ct(t) = c l ( t ) (7)
r7
where
*
For a d e t a i l e d p h y s i c a l explanation of t h e ranging equipment,
s e e volume I of t h i s series.
F-3
,
state code acquired correlation correlation
P1
0 I c1 0 50% 0
P2 ,
P3
-X a I X 25% 341
P4 I -Xa I
a 50%
I 75% 341
!
p5 RI b 50% 75% 693
-
P6 xc C j 50% 75% 1 397
-
p7 X(abvbcvac) check a, b, c 75%
,x
cmponent
a
length
11
31
b 63
C 127
I n terms of F o u r i e r s e r i e s ,
c
r7
( t ) c t ( t ) =: C $F - cos ( p n j s i n pw
cl
t
p=l
where
w = TT
cl R
R = clock b i t p e r i o d (9)
Then t h e c o r r e l a t i o n d r i v i n g s i g n a l f o r s t a t e P7 i s
1
2 c r( t ) y ( t )
nm ( t ) 5 - (3)
F- 5
where
Bi A AWi
; I w [ < 23-r -=- (5)
2 2
= 0 ; a l l other w
Then
@
1sin2
(w) = -
(g)
cr R
where
R = bit r a t e of c,(t)
" 9
L J
Since
nw,
- y) = 2 2 < w - y < 2
AWi
= o ; ( w - Y J ' 2
then
Aw
mY( w - y) = 2 2 2
i
= o ; a l l other y (9)
F-6
It f o l l o w s that
AW,
w + -
I
2 sin2( k)
aW;
1
w -
2
Let
2R = x ; y = 2Rx ; dy = 2Rdx
then
w -
2
2R
Qm ( w ) = 121J w - -
nw2
2R
Q
sin2 x
X2
dx
2R
r 1
-
X
sin 2x
ax
+ 2 \ x x
X
1
1
IX 2 sin2 x
x2
ax = L
2
{$ 1
-1
X
+
2
cos 2x
X
2
2
c o s 2x1
X
1
X
1
where
Si(4 = ("x
J
0
sin x
F-8
2.R 2R
2
.
w -
2
2R
and
+ -R1
The frequency of i n t e r e s t i s
The assumption i s a l s o made t h a t t h e i n p u t bandwidth may be l i m i t e d t o
Awi = l O c R (231
U s i n g t h e assumptions s t a t e d above, t h e n o i s e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y a t t h e
output o f t h e band-pass f i l t e r B may be w r i t t e n as
(25)
)$nil 10 1 1
@c(")
(- +-
6.rr + -
4.rr + si(18. 85) + Si(12.
(29)
F.l.3 Signal-to-noise R a t i o s
From equations F . l . l ( 1 0 ) and F.1.2 ( 2 7 ) w e may o b t a i n t h e s i g n a l
to-noise r a t i o a t t h e output of t h e band-pass f i l t e r of bandwidth B
for program s t a t e P as
7
F-10
("'p.> i=1 ~ o ~ ( * ~ i )
F-11
From equation A.3 ( 6 ) , page A-8, it may be determined that the receiver
p2]
input signal-to-noise ratio for the range code component only,
Nir B
is related to the input signal-to-noise ratio for the total
carrier by
It is seen that there has been an effective signal loss due to the
effects of the receiver code on the input noise, given by the factor
2 * 6 2 or 0.835.
Tr
Equation ( 4 ) may be generalized as
where
YBN
N
where [dB
N
is the total carrier-to-noise ratio at the input to the
F-12
The d e s i r e d output s i g n a l S
0
( t ) i s t h e change of s,(t) when a
code component i s acquired. The change i s always p o s i t i v e ( r e f . ll),
t h e r e f o r e , S ( t ) i s always p o s i t i v e .
0
6
has only v a l u e s 0.25,
0.50, 0.75, or 1.00 ( r e f . 11). A c q u i s i t i o n o f a component i s s i g n a l e d
by J4( i n c r e a s i n g from i t s i n i t i a l value, s a y 0.50, t o t h e next
h i g h e r value, s a y 0.75. Therefore, t h e e f f e c t i v e output s i g n a l may be
w r i t t e n as
A
s (t) =
0 Tr
F-13
where
p2
= correlation value a f t e r a c q u i s i t i o n of a component
pl
= value b e f o r e a c q u i s i t i o n of a component
Theref ore, K
and i s r e l a t e d t o t h e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y a t t h e r e c e i v e r i n p u t through
equation F.1.2 (27),page F-10, as
n K
K 1
K
- ' -0 s i n2 ~'p, J:(A~~)- 'i
l@ol-
6.12 s ( ) i=l I'ni I
The t o t a l code a c q u i s i t i o n time for t h i s system, assuming p r i o r
clock a c q u i s i t i o q m a y be broken i n t o two p a r t s : t h e i n t e g r a t i o n time
r e q u i r e d t o make a d e c i s i o n w i t h h t h e assigned e r r o r p r o b a b i l i t y on a
maximum l i k e l i h o o d b a s i s , and t h e b u i l t - i n machine d e l a y time. The
following d e f i n i t i o n s are made:
Ta = t o t a l code a c q u i s i t i o n tb-3
T. = i n t e g r a t i o n time p e r t r i a l c o r r e l a t i o n
1
p. = , p e r i o d , i n elements of t h e i
t h component Wi
1
- log2 Pi = number of information b i t s i n W
Ni i
1 = s u b s c r i p t d e s i g n a t i n g longest component
w1
T = i n t e g r a t i o n time p e r information b i t i n
1 w1
then
T. = N T
1 1 1
F-15
Ta = Tm IC Pi - 1
1 + TINIC Pi
F-16
u
-TJ
_c1
1
r), = 20
15 -
IO
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2-
I
1.0 1 IO0
-
Figure F. 1.5-1. Error p r o b a b i l i t y v e r s u s signal-to-no-;e d e n s i -y' r a t i o
F-17
Freq.
mult .
. ( t ) = A cos
s1 kCt+ ps(t3
where
. ( t ) = x ( t ) cos w e t - y ( t ) s i n w ct
n1 (3)
F-18
l(t)= 4 -
vL
JI
cos
I+ 1wet $(t) (4)
l ( t )2 4 -
fl cos
VL
+ cps(t) + ddj
A
(5)
sr ( t ) = - sin w ct (1)
s ( t ) =; 2 V K'c ( t ) (4)
0 Lcpt
F-19
A q u a n t i t y which i s u s e r u l for p r e d i c t i n g d a t a q u a l i t y i -
s the
r a t i o of output d a t a b i t energy-to-noise s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y - r;
noise s p e c t r a l density.
4 2K1 2
R-V
E 71
2 L r p
=R
I 'no1
where
n
b
- -i - r a t i o of i n p u t s u b c a r r i e r power to i n p u t noise s p e c t r a l
I@nil density
F-20
2
c ( t ) = -8 7f C O S [2m Ct + 2 91 (5)
CT(P = 4 kIBN
The loop may be t r e a t e d f o r t h r e s h o l d as i n s e c t i o n C.2.4, employ
ing equation (7) above. Equation (7) i s v a l i d f o r reasonably high
limiter SNR.
F-21
Freq.
mult. 4 b
phase
x3
-
I
I -sin
I s i n wlot
F-22
where i s not e q u a l t o w
C
. The f i r s t mixer i n j e c t i o n s i g n a l i s a
frequency m u l t i p l i e d v e r s i o n of t h e VCO s i g n a l .
so(t) = - A ~
sin (3)
The f i r s t intermediate frequency s i g n a l i s one term of t h e product
I n particular,
(5)
The second intermediate frequency s i g n a l i s one term o f t h e product,
K10K50AAosin
-Klo~50(t) s i n wGOt = 2 + Vi(t) -
1
mcpTJ(t) sin u)
6o
t
In-particular,
or
where
% = VCO constant
mqv(t) = 2K
0 0
h(7) s i n
r
qi(t - 7) - mqv(t - T] d7dt
F-24
qF'/i i+
xal
mul;.
xm
-- - .__ __
I n t h e f i g u r e , t h e v a r i o u s K's a r e amplitude t r a n s m i s s i o n c o n s t a n t s .
The numbered s u b s c r i p t s r e f e r t o t h e nominal c e n t e r f r e q u e n c i e s of t h e
v a r i o u s s i g n a l s . That i s ,
s47 ( t ) r e p r e s e n t s a s i g n a l whose nominal
c e n t e r frequency i s 47 megacycles. and m
m a r e frequency m u l t i p l i
1 2
c a t i o n f a c t o r s f o r t h e networks between t h e VCO and t h e mixers.
The i n p u t s i g n a l i s t a k e n as i n appendix C.
F-2 5
I
The VCO output s i g n a l i s taken as
(2)
s
m2
(t)= cos t2%t 1 + m2vv(t)
(5)
I n particular
L -1
F-26
In particular,
l(t) = -
4vL
fl
cos
r9
w t + Vi(t)
so(t) = -A 0 s i n
% = VCO constant.
F-27
W e next obtain
L 2
-
h(7) s i n
\
qi(t T)
K =-
2 K'V A %
71 ??Lo
F-28
'i
(t) I Ideal 1 I+\
Reference
signal subc a r r i e r s
si
S
(t)=As COS I. + C t qS[tj
where
i ( t ) = x s ( t ) cos wC t - y,(t) s i n wC t
S
The s u b s c r i p t s denotes a s p a c e c r a f t q u a n t i t y .
where
a = l i m i t e r signal suppression c o n s t a n t
L
S
F-30
2 -- 1
"L (5)
S
where
2K'V G
'P Ls r
4 (7)
A'Pm - 7(
F-31
The i n p u t s i g n a l r e c e i v e d a t t h e ground i s t a k e n as
f
F-32
where
and
2 2
A(p, a
(4)
02 = 4- LS 2
P I T 2 Ys ( t )
S
AS
2
-avs
e i s t h e power s u p p r e s s i o n f a c t o r o f Middleton ( r e f . 14) due t o
phase modulation by Gaussian n o i s e having an r . m . s . v a l u e of a .
pS
TS
F-33
then
rS,
BL
I
Imn,/
pnigj =
4
x m*'
2
"LS
2 S
(9)
and
F-34
*L
1 + AT,
2
--- -
si
l+x fl - S
-Ni
S-
BL
F-35
f L
L 7
2
-0.
TS
.
L
s (t) = A e
g g
2
cos t + Acpreff ct(t) + C
j =1
Acp.eff s i n
J iJ
w.t + cp.(t)
5 1
+
K
c
i=1
AT, sin pit
-
+ (4)
where
..
and
h=j
F-36
APPENDIX G
s ( t ) = A cos
K
t + ~ v ~ c , ( t+) c nrpi s i n
i =1
kit +
where
A = c a r r i e r amplitude
w = c a r r i e r r a d i a n frequency
C
It i s assumed t h a t t h e r e s t r i c t i o n t o s m a l l phase d e v i a t i o n s i n
s u r e s t h a t most of t h e s i g n a l power w i l l be concentrated i n t h e zero
and f i r s t o r d e r s i g n a l products.
G-1
G. 1 S o l u t i o n for Modulation I n d i c e s
where
G- 2
For a product d e t e c t o r
$=%=1
(3)
-N -r -- .
sC 1
Y Bo = B-&j (4)
0 NC r
r 1
G-3
I l l l l l I Ill1 I
Equation ( 7 ) may be s i m p l i f i e d t o
0
i
G- 4
.The bandwidths are t r e a t e d as system c o n s t a n t s , and t h e signal-to-noise
r a t i o s as independent v a r i a b l e s . ATi and Acpr a r e dependent v a r i a b l e s .
When t h e bandwidths and signal-to-noise r a t i o s are assigned as m i n i "
design goals, repeated simultaneous s o l u t i o n of t h e K s e t s of equations
y i e l d s s e t s of s o l u t i o n s (ATr, Acpi) s a t i s f y i n g t h e f i r s t design c r i t e r i o n .
The s o l u t i o n s a r e n o t unique as t h e r e a r e an i n f i n i t e number o f s o l u t i o n s .
K-1
i =1
(10)
BO :[
i No
- BO
=
E
Rm
i
where
R = keying b i t r a t e
E = energy p e r b i t
!@I=
v alue of channel noise s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y
G- 5
For t h e s p e c i a l case of a quadraphase s u b c a r r i e r which i s phase-
s h i f t keyed by two t e l e m e t r y channels, it may be determined t h a t
where
R and R = t e l e m e t r y b i t rates
X Y
E and E = t e l e m e t r y e n e r g i e s p e r b i t
X Y
IQI = value of channel noise s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y
where
ATj = d e v i a t i o n of t h e jth s u b c a r r i e r on t h e up c a r r i e r
G-6
Subst it u t i o n of equation (14) i n equation (8) g i v e s
The s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o f o r t h e r e s i d u a l c a r r i e r channel i n i t s
bandwidth B may be determined from equation A . 3 (7),page A-8, t o be
C
G-7
K a
NJ
or
-1 (4)
2BC
C
G- 8
G. 4 Signal Efficiency
P code
; K
P subcarriers = {2 cos2 (ATr)
L- j=1
+ 2 cos
i =1
% Peff =
G-9
APFEXDIX H
SuPPI;EMENTARY THlCORY
The t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n i s defined as
where
V.(s)
1
= u n i l a t e r a l Laplace transform of t h e i n p u t
voltage function v o ( t )
a Gaussian process. n 1
H-1
where
N = K T (7)
H-2
where
K .= Boltzmann's constant
T = temperature
/pnj N -K - T
--
- 2 - 2
rt i s p o s s i b l e to d e f i n e a n e q u i v a l e n t rrsquare" t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n
having c o n s t a n t amplitude Gr, some r e f e r e n c e amplitude of t h e o r i g i n a l
t r a n s f e r function, and a t r a n s m i s s i o n bandwidth (two-sided) of j2A%.
This e q u i v a l e n t t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n i s defined such t h a t t h e power t r a n s
m i t t e d through it from a white, Gaussian i n p u t d e n s i t y i s e x a c t l y equal
to t h e power t r a n s m i t t e d through t h e o r i g i n a l t r a n s f e r function. The
equivalence i s made by equating output n o i s e powers
then
G(s) = 5l.3
where t h e degree of Q ( s ) i s a t l e a s t one g r e a t e r t h a n P(s) and a 1 1
t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s of s are real.
H-3
--
BIT - 2Tc
-
Figure, H.1-2. Gontoixr o f i n t e g r a t i o n
H- 4
t h e n , by t h e t h e o r y of r e s i d u e s
of G(s)G(-s)
G( jw)G(- j w ) d j w = 27cj
i n t h e left-half
and
of G ( s ) G ( - s )
(1-5)
G i n the l e f t - h a l f plaae
r
or
B
N =%c{-
Residues of G( s ) G ( -S )
i n t h e l e f t - h a l f plane
E.2.1 S i n g l e Networks
Every l i n e a r network, a c t i v e or p a s s i v e , c o n t r i b u t e s n o i s e t o a
s i g n a l p a s s i n g through it. For purposes o f p r e d i c t i o n , it i s important
t h a t t h e n o i s e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e networks d e a l t w i t h be known.
joules
mR(f) = mR cycle per second
where
K = Boltzmann s c o n s t a n t
It i s p o s s i b l e t o a t t r i b u t e n o i s e produced by a l i n e a r network t o an
imaginary r e s i s t a n c e a t t h e network i n p u t , matched t o t h e input,and 'co
consider t h e network i t s e l f n o i s e l e s s . The temperature of 'chis imaginary
r e s i s t a n c e which would be r e q u i r e d to produce the network n o i s e i f t h e
network w e r e n o i s e l e s s i s c a l l e d t h e network's " e q u i v a l e n t n o i s e
H-5
. + Ni
S1 G so + No
A A
v v
8- (noisy) -
S.1 + Ni G so + No
P
Figure H. 2.1-1. - Equivalent n o i s e temperature o f a n o i s y l i n e a r network
H- 6
__
r
I n f i g u r e H.2.1-1 ( a ) ,
So = GSi
i
where
N
O
= N
N
C GN
i
= N
N
+ GKT. ( p e r cycle of e q u i v a l e n t
1 n o i s e bandwidth)
I
NN = n o i s e c o n t r i b u t e d by t h e n o i s y networks
I n f i g u r e H.2.1-1 ( b ) ,
So = GSi
No = NN + GN
i
- GKTN + GKTi
KT
i TN
-Ni
- - =I+- (4)
S GS; T;
GK TN + T
NO (
This r a t i o i s a f i g u r e of m e r i t , which, when equal t o one, i n d i c a t e s a
n o i s e l e s s system.
H-7
I 1 I
No = G KT
2 2
e
+ G2G1KT1
e
[2e + TI]
No = KG2G1 G1
T2
T =T1 +- e (47
n.
1. e G1
H- 8
I
.
---
.
-.
,- ...,, ,,.,,.,.,,
I .1,111 I1111 11111111I 1111 1111II 11111I II I 1111 I I I I II
It can be shown (ref. 16) t h a t t h e e q u i v a l e n t i n p u t n o i s e temperature
of a l i n e a r , b i l a t e r a l , passive network, having power g a i n G whose
P'
p h y s i c a l temperature i s T i s given as
PY
Te' = k - j T p
Tn = T1 + - e
(7)
i e G1
If t h e l o s s y network i s defined by i t s a t t e n u a t i o n or l o s s f a c t o r L
where
then
Te = T2 +Ti
L +E - q T p
e
H-9
__
GL GN
0 ON
(lossy) (noiseless1 0
H-10
2
Po = s0 + No = 8k]
where
VL = voltage l i m i t i n g l e v e l
= a 2 p
so L 0
Ni
where - i s the input noise-to-signal r a t i o . The a c t u a l and approx
s:
imate %* are plotted i n figure H.3-3.
H-11
-20 -15 - 1 -5 0 5 IO 15 20
Si
-
Ni
INTO LIMITER B W , db.
Davenport's a n a l y s i s w a s f o r t h e case o f a n m o d u l a t e d s i n u s o i d a l
s i g n a l . For t h e purpose of s i m p l i o i n g t h e a n a l y s i s i n t h i s paper, t h e
assumption w i l l be made t h a t t h e results c i t e d above a p p l y e q u a l l y to
a n g l e modulated s i n u s o i d a l s i g n a l s .
H-13
I
Figure H. 4-1. - Communication l i n k model
The r e f e r e n c e p o i n t f o r determining t h e s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o i s
g e n e r a l l y t h e i n p u t of a s t a g e which has s u f f i c i e n t power g a i n s o t h a t
a d d i t i o n of n o i s e by subsequent s t a g e s i s n e g l i g i b l e .
H-14
where
G = e f f e c t of propagation loss
LP
- G ~ G ~ Ae
~ f fG ~ P ~
R' - 47rR
2
where
A = wave l e n g t h of t h e r a d i o energy
then
r .1 2
H-15
=b]I&[=
2 2
GLs
where
C = v e l o c i t y of l i g h t
f = r a d i o energy f'requency
then
'i = G ~ p G ~ s G ~ ~ G ~ G ~ G ~ P ~ (9)
= PT Gi
'i
i=1
Gi
- i=1
'i - T
' L
H-16
I
I 1 I I I II 111 I II I II
.. .. . . . . ..... .. . -- -
or
NJB = KTsB
The s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o a t t h e r e f e r e n c e p o i n t i s now w r i t t e n
TB [A]
fiL;
H.5 Antenna P o l a r i z a t i o n Loss
H-17
I
Plane of wave
I
+4 % + (1 - d(1
P 2 + ( 14T2)(1+ - %’)
+ %2)
cos 2a
(1)
where
= a x i a l r a t i o of t h e i n c i d e n t wave
% = a x i a l r a t i o of t h e r e c e i v i n g antenna
H-18
4'
K -- f o r c i r c u l a r to l i n e a r p o l a r i z a t i o n .
P - 2 ( 3I
P l o t s of e m p i r i c a l l y derived d a t a r e l a t i n g percent i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y
f o r s i n g l e words and p e r c e n t word a r t i c u l a t i o n t o p o s t d e t e c t i o n peak
speech t o root-mean-squared noise, with peak c l i p p i n g depth a s a param
e t e r , have been p l o t t e d i n t h e r e f e r e n c e s . The o r d i n a t e s of t h e p l o t s
a r e l i n e a r i n p e r c e n t i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y . The a b s c i s s a s are l i n e a r i n
d e c i b e l s , peak speech t o r . m . s . noise. Since t h e d e c i b e l value of a
peak t o r . m . s . r a t i o i s t h e same as t h a t o f a peak-squared t o mean-
squared r a t i o , and s i n c e t h e r a t i o of peak-squared s i g n a l t o mean-
squared noise has been derived f o r s e v e r a l d e t e c t o r s i n appendices D
and E, t h e i n t e l l i g i b i l i t y p l o t s a r e d i r e c t l y useable i n p r e d i c t i n g
t h e performance o f voice channels.
H-19
REFlERENCES
R-1
18.
Schelkunoff, S e r g i e A , ; and f i i i s , Harold T.: Antennas, Theory
and P r a c t i c e . John Wiley and Sons, I n c . , New York, 1952, p. 43.
20.
Rumsey, V. H. ; e t a l : Techniques f o r Handling E l l i p t i c a l l y P o l a r
i z e d Waves, w i t h S p e c i a l Reference t o Antennas. Proc. IRE,
~01.39, May 1951, P. 533.
21.
Shyne, N. A,: Speech S i g n a l Processing and Applications t o Single
Sideband. ERL Tech. Rept., Montana S t a t e College, Boseman,
Mont., 1962.