Water Treatment Technology

Water Resources Engineering

Civil Engineering
ENGC 6305

Dr. Fahid Rabah PhD. PE.

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 1. Introduction

1.1 Objectives of water treatment

• The principal objective of water treatment is to provide
potable water that is chemically and biologically safe for
human consumption. It should also be free from unpleasant
tastes and odors.
• water treatment objective is to produce both "potable" and
"palatable".
- Potable: - Water that can be consumed in any desired
amount without concern for adverse heath effects. Potable
dose not mean necessarily mean that the water tastes good.
- Palatable: - it is a water that is pleasing to drink but not
necessarily safe.

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 1. Introduction…cont’d

1.1 Objectives of water treatment..Cont’d

• Water treatment aims at producing water that satisfies
a set of drinking water quality standards at a reasonable
price to the consumers.
• Removal of solids in water. Solids maybe suspended,
dissolved or colloidal. Some of the dissolved solids
should stay in water at healthy concentrations.

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 1.2 Water Quality
1.2.1 Water quality characteristics
a. Physical characteristics:-
• Turbidity
• Color
• Taste and odor
• Temperature
b. Chemical characteristics:
• Many dissolved chemicals exist in water and many of them are
of concern such as:-
Chloride, fluorides, Iron, lead, manganese, sodium, sulfate,
zinc, toxic inorganic substances, toxic organic substances,

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 1.2 Water Quality
1.2.1 Water quality characteristics.. Cont’d
c. Microbiological characteristic:-
Pathogens: viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminthes
(warms)

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 1.2 Water Quality
1.2.2 Water quality standards

See the typical composition of water from different sources

See the EPA Primary drinking water standards

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 Secondary MCLs (mg/L)

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 1.2 Water Quality
1.2.3 Water classification by source
Ground- vs. Surface Water
Groundwater
• constant composition Surface water
• variable composition
• high mineral content
• low mineral content
• low turbidity
• high turbidity
• low color
• colored
• low or no D.O.
• D.O. present
• high hardness
• low hardness
• high Fe, Mn
• taste and odor
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 1.2 Water Quality
1.2.3 Water classification by source
- Surface water
- Ground water.
• The difference between the two water
types is given in the following table.

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 1.3 Water treatment methods
1.3.1 Unit operations and Unit processes
Water treatment plants utilize many treatment
processes to produce water of a desired quality.
These processes fall into two broad divisions:-
A) Unit operations: (UO)
Removal of contaminants is achieved by physical
forces such as gravity and screening.
B) Unit processes (UP)
Removal is achieved by chemical and biological
reactions.

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 1.3 Water treatment methods
1.3.2 Most common treatment methods
• Coagulation and flocculation (UP)
• Softening (UP)
• Reverse osmosis RO (UP)
• electrodialysis (UP)
• ion exchange (UP)
• adsorption (UO)
• Precipitation (UP)
• disinfection (UP)
• sedimentation (UO)
• filtration (UO

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 1.4 Water Treatment Plants
1.4.1 Most common water treatment plants
Water treatment plants can be classified as:-
A) Simple disinfection:-
It is a direct pumping and chlorine injection. Used to treat
high quality water.
B) Filtration plants: (surface water)
• Removes: color, turbidity, taste, odor, and bacteria (filtration
plant)
• if the source water has better quality with lower solids,
flocculation and sedimentation can be omitted, this
modification is called direct filtration.
C) softening plants:- (ground water)

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 Surface Water Treatment

Sedimentation
Screen basin
Surface water
from supply
Rapid Flocculation
Rapid Mix Basin
Sand Filter Sludge
Disinfection To
Distribution
Storage System
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 Groundwater Treatment
Sedimentation
basin
Ground water
from wells
Rapid Flocculation
Recarbo- Mix Basin Sludge
nation
Disinfection
To Distri-
Storage bution
CO2 System

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 Treatment Flow Chart
PAC Coagulant
Capacity: 132 million m3/day

Chlorine Flash Flocculation Sedimentation

injectionStabilization mix tank tank
Intake tank

Reservoir

Filter

Finished water
storage tank Chlorine
injection
Clear well
Household Pump
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 Conventional Water Treatment Process

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 Sedimentation

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 Sedimentation Tank

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 Circular Clarifiers

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 Automatic Backwash Filter

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 Filtration

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 Flocculator

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 Vertical Baffle Flocculator

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 Flocculation

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 Trojan UV
8000 LP S
ys tem

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