Mth101

Term paper
Submitted by:
Name:-rahul kumar
Class: b.Tech (m.e)
Section: b4903
Roll no.: rb4903 b42
Reg. No.: 10901641
Submitted to: bhanu sir

Question :
Prove the following statements and
illustrate them with examples of your
own choice. Here , λ1, ...., λn are the (not
necessarily distinct) eigen values of a
given matrix A=[AJ K ]
(I) TRACE OF A EQUALS THE SUM OF
ITS EIGEN VALUES.
(II) (A-KI) HAS THE EIGEN VALUES λ 1-
K, ...., λn-K ARE THE SAME
EIGENVECTORS AS A.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 I take this opportunity to present my votes of thanks to all those
guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our
way throughout this project that has led to successful and
satisfactory completion of this study.
We are highly thankful to Mr. bhanu for his active support,
valuable time and advice, whole-hearted guidance, sincere
cooperation and pains-taking involvement during the study and in
completing the assignment of preparing the said project within
the time stipulated.
Lastly, We are thankful to all those, particularly the various
friends , who have been instrumental in creating proper, healthy
and conductive environment and including new and fresh
innovative ideas for us during the project, their help, it would
have been extremely difficult for us to prepare the project in a
time bound framework.

Rahul kumar

CONTENT
 Introduction
 Eigen values
 Eigenvectors

 Solve question to find eigen values and eigenvectors

 Proof of following
 Trace of A equals the sum of its eigen
values
 A-kI has the eigen values λ1-k,...., λn-k are
the same eigenvectors as A.

 Examples

 Reference
 introduction
EIGEN VALUE
IfA is any square matrix of order n, we can form the matrix A-λI, where I is the nth
order unit matrix. The determinant of this matrix equated to zero. i.e.,
A – λI = a11-λ a12 .... a1n
a21 a22-λ .... a2n = 0
.... .... .... ....
an1 an2 .... ann-λ
is called the characteristic equation of A. On expanding the determinant, the
characteristic equation takes form
(-1)n λn + k1 λn-1 + k2 λn-2 +.....+ kn = 0.
Where k’s are expressible in term of the element aij. The root of this equation is
called the eigen-values or latent roots or characteristic roots of the matrix A.

EIGENVECTOR:
If X= X1 and A= a11 a12 ... a1n
X2 a21 a22 ... a2n
... ... ... ... ...
X4 an1 an2 ... ann
Then the linear transformation Y = AX .....(i)
Carries the column vector X into the column vector y by means of the square matrix
A. In practice, it is often required to find such vectors which transform into
themselves or to a scalar multiple of themselves.
Let X be such a vector which transform into λX by means of the transformation (i).
Then λX = AX or AX-λIX=0 or [A – λI]X=0 ........(ii)
This matrix equation represents n homogeneous linear equations
(a11-λ)x1 + a12x2 + ... + a1nxn = 0
a21x1 + (a22- λ)x2 + ... + a2nxn= 0
.............................................................. .........(iii)
an1x1 + an2x2 + ....+ (ann-λ)xn = 0
which will have a non-trivial solution only if the coefficient matrix is singular i.e., if
A-λI = 0.
This is called the characteristic equation of the transformation and is same as the
characteristic equation of the matrix A. It has n roots and corresponding to each
root, the equation (ii) [or (iii)] will have a non zero solution.
X = [ x1, x2 ,.........., xn]’, which is known as the eigenvector or latent vector.
  Solve question to find eigen values and eigenvectors
Example Find the eigen value and eigenvector of the marix 5 4

1 2

Solution: The characteristic equation is A-λI = 0.

i.e., 5-λ 4

1 2-λ =0 or λ2 - 7λ + 6 = 0

Or (λ – 6) (λ – 1) = 0 therefore λ = 6, 1.

Thus the eigen values are 6 and 1.

if x, y be the components of an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue λ, then

A-λI X= 5-λ 4 x = 0

1 2-λ y

Corresponding to λ= 6 , we have -1 4 x = 0

1 -4 y

Which gives only one independent equation –x+4y=0

Therefore, x/4 = y/1 giving the eigenvector (4,1).

Corresponding to λ = 1 , we have 4 4 x = 0

1 1 y

Which give only one independent equation x + y = 0.

Therefore x/1 = y/-1 giving the eigenvector ( 1 , -1 ).

  Prove that if λ1, λ2, ........., λn are the eigenvalues of a given matrix A=[aik]
(i) Trace of A equals the sum of its eigen values.
(ii) A-kI has the eigen values λ1-k,...., λn-k are the same eigenvectors as A.
Proof:

(i) Consider the square matrix

a11 a12 a13

A = a21 a22 a23 ..........(i)

a31 a32 a33

so that A – λI = a11-λ a12 a13

a21 a22-λ a23

a31 a32 a33-λ

= - λ3 + λ2(a11 + a22 + a33) - ........... .........(ii)

If λ1 , λ2 , λ3 be the eigen values of A, then A – λI = (-1)3(λ-λ1)( λ-λ2)( λ-λ3)

= -λ2 + λ2 (λ1 + λ2 + λ3) - .. ...(iii)

Equating the right hand side of (ii) and (iii) and comparing coefficient of λ2 , we get

λ1 + λ2 + λ3 = a11 + a12 + a13.

Hence the result.

(ii) Let u be the eigenvector of An×n associated with the eigenvalue λ . Then, the
eigenvalue of
a k A k + a k −1 A k −1 +  + a1 A + a 0 I ,

associated with the eigenvector u is

 a k λk + a k −1λk −1 +  + a1λ + a 0 ,

where a k , a k −1 ,  , a1 , a 0 are real numbers and k is a positive integer.

[proof:]

(a k )
A k + a k −1 A k −1 +  + a1 A + a 0 I u = a k A k u + a k −1 A k −1u +  + a1 Au + a 0 u
= a k λk u + a k −1λk −1u +  + a1λu + a 0 u
( )
= a k λk + a k −1λk −1 +  + a1λ + a 0 u

since
A j u = A j −1 ( Au ) = A j −1λu = λA j −1u = λA j −2 ( Au ) = λ2 A j −2 u =  = λ j −1 Au = λ j u .

 Question: Prove that the trace of A equal the sum of its eigenvalues and A-KI has the
eigenvalues λ1-K, ...... , λ2-K are the same eigenvector as A.

3 1 4

A= 0 2 6

0 0 5

Sol: The characteristic equation is

3- λ 1 4

[ A- λI] = 0 i.e. 0 2- λ 6 = 0

0 0 5- λ

Or (3- λ)(2- λ)(5- λ) = 0

Thus eigenvalue of A are 2,3,5.

Therefore λ1=2, λ2=3, λ3=5.

And trace of A are 3, 2, 5.

Sum of trace of A = 3 + 2 + 5 =10. ..........(i)

Sum of eigenvalues of A = λ1 + λ2 + λ3= 2 + 3 + 5 = 10. ...............(ii)

Therefore it is proved that trace of A is equal to the sum of its eigenvalues.

If x, y, z be the component of an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue λ, we have

3–λ 1 4 x

[A – λI]X = 0 2–λ 6 y = 0

0 0 5–λ z

Putting λ = 2, we have x + y + 4z = 0, 6z = 0, 3z = 0 i.e. x + y = 0 and z = 0

Therefore x = 1, y = -1, z = 0

Hence eigenvector corresponding to λ = 2 is X1 (1, -1, 0).

Putting λ = 3, we have y + 4z = 0, -y + 6z = 0, 2z = 0 i.e. y = 0 and z = 0

Therefore x = 1, y = 0, z = 0

Hence eigenvector corresponding to λ = 3 is X2 (1, 0, 0).

Similarly the eigenvector corresponding to λ = 5 is X3 (3, 2, 1).

3–k–λ 1 4 x

[A – kI – λI] X = 0 2 –k – λ 6 y = 0

0 0 5 –k - λ z

Putting λ = 2 – k , we have (1 – k) x + y + 4z = 0, - ky + 6z = 0, (3 – k)z = 0 i.e. x + y = 0 and z

=0

Therefore x = 1, y = -1, z = 0

Hence eigenvector corresponding to λ = 2 – k is X1 (1, -1, 0).

Putting λ = 3 – k , we have y + 4z = 0, -y – ky + 6z = 0, 2z – kz = 0 i.e. y = 0 and z = 0

Therefore x = 1, y = 0, z = 0

Hence eigenvector corresponding to λ = 3 is X2 (1, 0, 0).

Similarly the eigenvector corresponding to λ = 5 – k is X3 (3, 2, 1).

Therefore we get that A-KI has the eigenvalues λ1-K, ...... , λ2-K are the same eigenvector as
A.

REFERENCE
1. Engineering mathematics book: by B.S.Grewal

2. www.google.com

3. Wikipedia.com