[] , .....

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n FINAL REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES & OCEANS

11
[i
[
RECOMMENDATIONS
[1
fOR
[:
A TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER
[
MONITORING REGIME
[ FOR POINT lEPREAU, N. B.
[
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"N·~ MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.
Lord's Cove Deer Island, N.B.
.........
t , t q ....

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FINAL REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
A TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER MONITORING REGIME
FOR POINT LEPREAU, NEW BRUNSWICK
Identification of major phases of freshwater and terrestrial environments
that would accumulate radionuclides released from the Point Lepreau Nuclear
Generating Station.

MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.

Lord's Cove, Deer Island, N.B.
Canada EOG 2JO

DSS File No: 08SC. FP 806-9-C101

Date: March 31, 1980

./
~~ - ---~- ---
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
PARTICIPATING STAFF
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
THE STUDY AREA 3
THE TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT 5
THE TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER BIOTA 13
PRELIMINARY SPECIES SELECTION 27
ECOLOGICAL PATHWAYS FOR RADIONUCLIDES 29
THE PROPOSED MONITORING PROGRAM 33
LITERATURE CITED 41
DATA FILE FRESHWATER STREAMS - DUCK COVE
FRESHWATER STREAMS - DIPPER HARBOUR
L1TILE LEPREAU RIVER
RETREAT LAKE
TERRESTRIAL STUDY SITES
PARTICIPATING MRA STAFF

Arthur A. MacKay Project Director

Robert K. Bosien Field Director
Barry Hill Field and Lab. Technician
John Gilman Field Technician
Gary Wood Graphics and Printing
Peggy Lesl ie Data compilation, writer.
Margaret MacKay Typesetting

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to acknowledge, with thanks, the co-operation and assistance we

received from:

Dr. John Smith, F&O Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, N.S.

Mr. Ken Browne, Department of Environment, Province of N.B.
Fredericton, N.B.
Mr. David Methven, Memorial University, St. John's, N'f'I'd.
Mr. C.H. Jones, Domestic Licensing Unit, F&O, Halifax, N.S.
 ,

INTRODUCTION

The report should include the calculated flushing rates of the lakes and flow
rates of the rivers. Sites for the collection of undisturbed soil, lichen and plant
samples should also be identified. Field investigations should be carried out only
where there are information gaps that significantly affect the preparation of this
document.

2. PROCEDURES
Marine Research Associates Ltd. was contracted on October 5,1980 "to identify
the major phases of freshwater and terrestrial environments that would accumulate TASK 1 A literature search will be conducted to determine the level of data
radionuclides released from the Point Lepreau nuclear generating station". Objec- available.
tives and proposed procedures were as follows:
TASK 2 A preliminary evaluation of available literature indicates that few
1. OBJECTIVE data are available on the freshwater streams mentioned. Consequently, we recom-
mend a limited field examination of the streams in question as well as Retreat
To develop a baseline review document to identify the major phases of the Lake. These field investigations should include:
freshwater and terrestrial environments that would accumulate radionuclides re- 1) Physical characteristics
leased from the Point Lepreau nuclear generating station. This document will be 2) Invertebrates
used as a basis for the design and implementation of the land and freshwater en- 3) Fish
vironmental monitoring programs for the Point Lepreau nuclear station. 4) Bird species
5) Mammals
This baseline study should include the water, the sediment and the biota of 6) Bank cover
those water courses that enter Duck Cove and Dipper Harbour and including the 7) Bottom characteristics
Little Lepreau River and Retreat Lake. The biota section should include the 8) Stream flow
selection of a local species of fish, an aquatic invertebrate and an aquatic plant
which is readily available and which best reflects longterm effects resulting from Techniques will be modified from: Dodge, D.P. et. al. MANUAL OF IN-
the release of radioactivity from the Point Lepreau station. The selection should STRUCTIONS - AQUATIC HABITAT SURVEYS, Fisheries Branch, Ministry of
er:nphasize that the sampling and monitoring is to be related to environmental Natural Resources, Ontario.
health and should consider pathways leading to higher trophic levels other than
man. TASK 3 Assemble data and prepare the final report.

1
 ,

THE STUDY AREA

2.1 THE STUDY AREA

For the purpose of this study, the study area was considered to include the land,
streams and lakes within a fifteen mile radius from the site of the nuclear generat-
ing plant at Point Lepreau. As discussed in the body of this report, a much larger
area was considered in a general way. Specific studies were carried out at Retreat
Lake, Little Lepreau River and the streams draining into Duck Cove and Dipper
Harbour. A review of the literature showed that the greatest body of information
existed for Lepreau River. Consequently, we have included these data as supplementary
information.

2.2 STUDY SITES

Field investigations were limited in extent and a review of the literature reveal-
ed relatively little site-specific data. Areas of primary field studies conducted by
Marine Research Associates are shown in Figure 2.2.1.

3
 ,
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421 431 441

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05
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96

95
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FIGURE 2.2.1 STUDY AREAS EXAMINED
i 1 DURING FIELD STUDIES, (Also see data file).
I
- I
I i 94-
-+
-+ t·--+--
I 1, Little Lepreau River drainage
---+- -·---t-....!'>.,,;-'J,)M'i-- -+ 93 -J-----+--_ 2. Dipper Harbour drainage l,
-j---+-92-i---+--<
CONTOUR
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3.1 INTRODUCTION
THE TERRESTRIAL AND
This section provides background data on the physical and biotic characterist-
ics of the study area. Of particular interest in terms of a monitoring program, are
parameters which are common to the study area and which may influence the
FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT
biota of the area. Data provided in this section will serve as a foundation for the
selection of "monitoring species" as well as monitoring design.

3.2 GEOLOGY

The geological character of an area is known to influence terrestrial and fresh-

water characteristics as well as the composition of plant communities and, conse-
quently, animal communities.

3.2.1 BEDROCK GEOLOGY. As can be seen in Figure 3.2.1, there are seven
principal geological formations in the study area.

1) SilURIAN FORMATIONS composed chiefly of granite, diorite and allied types.

2) lANCASTE R FORMATION. The Lancaster formation consists chiefly of grey to green-

ish grey sandstones. Some of the beds at the base are purplish red and conglomeratic. A t a number
of places the formation has yielded fossil plant fragments that serve to correlate it with the Uttle
The relationships between streams and lakes surveyed and bedrock geology are
River series of Duck Cove, near Saint John. The formation has dips up to 90 degrees, but on the
as follows:
whole is much less deformed than the Mispek group (Alcock, 1944).

3) LEPREAU FORMATION. The Lepreau formation consists of coarse conglomerate and

sandstone containing large, well-rounded boulders. The beds are deep and red and have a regular
strike and dip, the latter averaging about 20 degrees. No fossils were found in them, but their
very fresh character, and the fact that they contain boulders of all other rocks of the region, in-
cluding the grey Lancaster sandstones is evidence of their past Lancaster age. The rocks ... of
the Lepreau formation are faulted (Alcock, 1944).
4) COlDBROOK GROUP consisting of undivided volcanic rocks.
1) Stream No.1 (Duck Cove) is located entirely in the lepreau formation.
2) Stream No.2 (Dipper Harbour) is located at the junction of the lepreau form-
ation and Mississipian or Pennsylvanian formations.
3) Stream No.3 (Little Lepreau River) has its lower reaches in the lancaster form-
ation and its headwaters principally in Silurian formations.

5} MISSISSIPPIAN OR PENNSYLVANIAN FORMATIONS composed chiefly of 4) Retreat lake is bounded by undivided volcanic rocks to the south and the lan-
volcanic and intrusive rocks, minor sandstones, conglomerate and shale. caster Formation to the north.

5
 ,
261 271 28\ 291 301 31\ 321 331 34\ 351
25'
3.2.1 BEDROCK GEOLOGY

PRINCIPAL GEOLOGICAL FEATURES'

Oa

~
---{)2 COLDBROOK GROUP
Chiefly basic volcanic
rocks.
C3
02
-01
m COLDBROOK GROUP
Chiefly acidic volcanic
rocks

01
5000
[mJ SILURIAN FORMATIONS
Granite, diorite and allied
types

~
LANCASTER FORMATION
A Sandstone, conglomerate and
5OQO :. 4." shale
~
., f. -99
r
'~'I /-flIT 1'111"
•• Rll(
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k e,:fll'(' [ill] LEPREAU FORMATION
Conglomerate and sandstone

99
CJlmpbells
Point [
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COLDBROOK GROUP
.:::j;," " -98
Undivided Volcanic rocks

98
~l MISSISSIPPIAN OR PENN·

[bill
~
- 05 05' SYLVANIAN FORMATIONS
-97 Chiefly volcanic and intrusive r
rocks, minor sandstone, con·
glomerate and shale
97

ocrn
SILURIAN FORMATIONS
-96 Granite, diorite and allied
types

m
MISSISSIPPIAN OR PENN·
96 SYLVANIAN FORMATIONS
-95 Chiefly sandstone, conglomerate
and shale; minor volcanic and
intrusive rocks

95 RECORDED SAND DEPOSITS

-94 Interlidal and subtidal
l
94
-93

10411.. 1
FeF3 E3 H
• E3
0
RECORDED MUD DEPOSITS
Intertidal and subtidal

2
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,ASHHe
500 0 1000 2000 3000
I
93 Vlrds 1000 500 0 2000 3000
'000
iSE3HHH

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66°30' 25'
I
6 225000m. E. 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133

3.3 SURFICIAL GEOLOGY
Soils in the study area are generally classified as bedrock and thin till over bed·
rock consisting of clay, rock flour, silt, san.d, gravel and boulders, occupying depressions in
the bedrock; includes slope wash and rubble, prevalent in areas underlain by resistant bedrock
types (Surveys and Mapping Branch, Ottawa, 1973). In terms of utilization, soil
classification ranges from class 4 (Soils having severe limitations that restrict the
range of crops or require special conservation practices) to class 7 (Soils having no
capability for arable culture or permanent pasture).
Maclaren Atlantic limited (1975) described soils at the plant site as follows:
"The actual site of the proposed plant is underlain by varying thickness of over-
burden consisting of peat, sand and gravel, and red stiff to medium marine clay
with some glacial till. The distribution and thickness of these materials vary great-
ly as they fill a fairly irregular bedrock surface. In glacial channels scoured into the
bedrock overburden thickness exceeds 60 feet. On the other hand there are num-
erous bedrock ridges exposed throughout the peninsula. In glacial channels and
on outcrops along the coast numerous glacial striae are encountered indicating an
approximately north·south trend of ice movement. Since the direction of ice move-
ment is almost parallel to the strike of the rock, differential erosion has produced
a saw tooth rock profile controlled by the bedding and joint systems within the
rock." , localities would undoubtedly be less than that of the Point lepreau area.
, .
3.4 GROUNDWATER
"Groundwater is located within the surficial gravels at depths of a few feet be·
low the ground surface. This water table is held up or "perched" by the underly-
ing impervious clays. In addition a second aquifer was located at or near the sur-
face of the bedrock in the bottom of glacial channels~ This water appears to be
seeping downward along the surface of the bedrock either through open joints,
or more likely through interconnected seams of gravel underlying the clays.
Porosity of the bedrock is so low that all groundwater flow through the rock must
occur in joints, fracture zones, etc. Extensive pressure testing in boreholes has
shown that the in situ permeability of the rock mass is in the order of 1O-5 cm/sec.
or relatively impervious, Le. indicating tight joints and fracture zones"'(Maclaren
Atlantic Limited, 1975).
3.5 WIND
Westerly winds prevail in the study area throughout most of the year being
more northwesterly in winter and southwesterly in summer. Average wind speeds
from the west and from the south equals or exceed 15 miles per hour... 8riefly the average
monthly wind speed throughout the year is greater at Point Lepreau than at the nearby inland
locations of Pennfield Ridge and Saint John. During the winter the strong outflow of cold
arctic air produces storms south of the Bay of Fundy with resulting strong winds in the Point
Lepreau Area, whereas in summer, winds are moderate except for tropical storms
The most servere weather phenomena which occur at Point Lepreau are intense storms and
tropical cyclones (HurricanesJ... it was estimated that winds in excess of 100 miles per hour occur
with a frequency of once in twenty years (Maclaren Atlantic, 1975).
Data for wind direction and speed over a 12-year period at Point lepreau are
found in Figure 3.5.1 and are considered as representative for the study area.
It should be noted that Point lepreau is a promontory which projects well out
into the Bay of Fundy. Strong winds blow unrestricted across open water from the
east, west and south and the full force of storms is often felt. Wind data for inland
 r

--
N
i ..---~% ., . ,: .
16.0mpn
.·V JI.4mph
/~
:--------------115%
{'.-. ~
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.

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FIGURE 3.5.1 PERCENT FREQUENCY WIND DIRECTION
AND AVERAGE SPEED (1939·1951). (Maclaren Atlantic, 1975).
l
8
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 \
3.6 CLIMATIC FEATURES In summer the cooler air in this region causes much fog which seldom extends more than
ten miles inland from the coast. Point Lepreau... is said to average ninety days of fog per year

1) TEMPERATURES
The study area, being in the north temperate region, is characterized by warm
summers and cold winters. The Bay of Fundy strongly influences the climate result·
ing in somewhat cooler summer temperatures and warmer winters with more rain
than inland. Although the spring warm-up is late, the winters are not as cold as in
New Brunswick's interior.
Temperatures for the study area were not available on a long-term basis. How-
ever, they would be somewhat similar to Saint John, N.B. Data presented in
Table 3.6.1 for Saint John City can be considered representative for the study
area. However, MacLaren Atlantic (1975) has pointed out: The mean annual temper'
ature based on a ten-year record for Penn field Ridge, within ten miles of Point Lepreau, is 41.9
degrees F. The temperatures measured over a 20 year period at Saint John...are quite similar,
the onlv differences being that in summer the monthly mean temperatures at Point Lepreau
are slightly higher (3 rf~grees F I and in winter slightly lower (3 degrees F.) than in Saint John.
Temperature data for Nov. 74 - Oct. 75 for Point Lepreau are presented in Table
3.6.2.
(Squires, 1976). Table 3.6.3 summarizes the occurrence of fog for a 10-year per-
iod at Pennfield Ridge (located approximately 35 miles southwest of Saint John)
and for a 30-year period at Saint John city, Saint John airport and Fredericton
airport. The term"fog" here denotes the point at which visibility is reduced to
5/8 mile or less. These data can be considered as representative for the study
area.
4) SUNSHINE
Conditions of sunshine and overcast conditions occurring at Saint John City
are summarized in Table 3.6.4 for a 10-20 year period. These data can be con-
sidered as representative for the study area.
3.7 FRESHWATER STREAMS.
Streamflow data were only available for Lepreau River and Little Lepreau
River (Historical Streamflow Summary Atlantic Provinces to 1976). Little Le·
preau River has a drainage area of 14.8 square miles. The monthly discharges in
cubic feet per second for 1976 are as follows:

2) PRECIPITATION

Average monthly values for rainfall and snowfall from 25·29 years data are January· 120 July - 33.0
given in Table 3.6.1. Data for Saint John city can be considered as representative February - 85.1 August -
for the study area. At Point Lepreau, however, rainfall measurements for an aD-year March - 56.7 September -
period indicate that rainfall occurs throurIJout the year and averages 33.61 inches per year, a 89.4 October·
April -
lesser amount than the measured amount of 42.88 inches in Saint John... Snowfall at Point May - 79.5 November -
Lepreau averages 65.65 inches annually and occurs from October to May. As with rainfall, there June - 18.9 December -
is less snow at Point Lepreau than at Saint John, which averages 85.4 inches annually. (Mac-
Laren Atlantic, 1975).
The maximum instantaneous discharge was 1950 CFS at 2306 AST on Jan-
3) FOG uary 28 and the maximum daily discharge was 1040 CFS on January 29. These
were extremes recorded for the period of record.
Coastal fog occurs in the Saint John and Pennfield Ridge areas close to 100
days annually while inland there is a greater continental influence (Environment Lepreau River has a drainage area of 92.1 square miles. Discharge rates are
Canada, 19731. as follows in Table 3.7.1.

9
 DAILY TEMPERATURE RAINFALL SNOWFALL

MONTH MAX. MIN. MEAN MEAN MEAN

January 28.2 12.2 20.3 2.58 23.7

February 30.1 13.4 21.7 2.39 21.0

March 37.3 22.3 29.8 2.33 15.4

April 47.0 32.3 39.7 3.46 4.9

May 57.0 41.1 49.1 4.04 0.2

JunE! 64.3 48.6 56.5 3.69 0.0

[
July 70.1 54.0 62.0 3.53 0.0

August 70.0 54.5 62.3 3.93 0.0

[
September 64.3 49.5 56.9 3.93 0.0

October 55.3 41.4 48.3 4.07 0.5

[
November 44.8 32.3 38.6 5.33 3.8
[
December 33.2 18.9 26.1 3.60 15.9

Year 50.1 35.0 42.6 42.88 85.4 TABLE 3.6.1 TEMPERATURE, RAINFAll AND SNOWFAll DATA FOR
SAINT JOHN, N.B. (25-29 years data) (Maclaren Atlantic, 1975).

MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE

MONTH MAX. MIN.

JaAuary 3.3 ·17.2

April 6.1 . 2.2

July 17.2 10.0

October 11.7 7.7

MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE DC 4.4

DAILY RANGE OF TEMPERATURE DC

January 20.5
July 7.2 l
EXTREME LOW TEMPERATURE DC ·23.9
EXTREME HIGH TEMPERATUREDC 25.6
MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (mm) 525
TABLE 3.6.2 TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION DATA FOR POINT
lEPREAU, N.B. (November, 1974 to October, 1975) (Maclaren Atlantic, 1977).
l
10
MONTH PENNFIELD SAINT JOHN SAINT JOHN F'TON
RIDGE CITY AIRPORT AIRPORT

January 3.1 3.1 3.2 2.5

Feb. 3.3 3.2 2.8 2.0

March 6.4 5.3 4.5 2.4

April 6.7 5.9 6.4 4.3

May 12.0 11.4 9.5 2.8

June 13.7 11.7 12.0 3.4

July 17.7 17.2 17.1 4.0

August 15.0 12.6 14.2 3.6

Sept. 15.0 12.6 14.2 3.6

Oct. 8.6 7.6 8.8 4.2

Nov. 5.6 5.0 5.5 5.3

December 3.9 3.4 2.6 2.8

Year 107.5 98.0 99.2 41.1 TAB LE 3.6.3. MONTHLY MEAN DAYS WI I H AN INCIDENCE OF FOG AT
SAINT JOHN, N.B. (Lorneville Impact Study, Vol. 2).

MONTH MEAN·8RIGHT SUN· MEAN AMOUNT OF

SHINE HOURS CLOUD (Tenths)

January 110 5.9

February 125 5.7
March 153 6.1
April 159 6.3
May 193 6.2
June 201 6.7
July 219 6.7
August 209 6.2
Sept. 175 5.8
Oct. 153 6.2
Nov. 90 6.8
Dec. 108 6.2
Year 1,895 TABLE 3,6.4. MONTHLY MEAN SUNSHINE AND CLOUD DATA FOR SAINT
JOHN, N.B. (MacLaren Atlantic, 1977).

11
 NEW aaU.SWICIt
LCPllaAU RIVER AT LZPR&AU - STATION MO. 01AOOOI
MONTHLY AXD AHNUAL "BAM DISCHARGES IN CUBIC p.aT PItR SECOND POR TH. PERIOD or RICORD
n, ..... .u.
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y ... AP' ....y JUN JUL AUG OCT NOY Dac YEAR
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51.8
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1955
1956
1958
1959
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82. 1
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)10 '"
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1957
1958
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1960
1961
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1961
1962

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1965
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1961
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1969
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22'
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1961
1968

'" ". '" ! >l. II

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1910
1971
1972
1973
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1976
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1976
IUAN
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LOCATION LAT 115 10 12 N ORAINAGE AREA 92. I SO MILES

LONG 66 28 00 w NATURAL PLOW

FIGURE 3.7.1. STREAMFLOW DATA FOR LEPREAU RIVER. f

12
4.1 INTRODUCTION
A search of the literature revealed relatively few site·specific data on the
terrestrial and freshwater biota of the study area. In addition, extensive field studies
were beyond the scope of this study and some species, particularly terrestrial
invertebrates and aquatic plants, may be absent from our survey which was
carried out in late fall.
While we consider the absence of site-specific data as a serious shortcoming
in terms of this work, available general data and the results of our field survey
are sufficient to make a selection of monitoring species from those species
which are known to occur in the study area. It should be understood that other
species which have not yet been identified as occurring in the study area, may,
in fact, be more suitable for a monitoring program.
4.2 VEGETATION
The study area lies in the Fundy Bay Ecoregion, described by Loucks (1968)
as a community which is dominated by conifers and includes red spruce, balsam fir
and red maple, with scattered white spruce, white birch and yellow birch... The lesser veg·
etation is distinguished by a number of species of boreal affinity. Cowberry, or rock cran-
berry, is common on the dry rocky sites, and cloudberry is found in the peat bogs. Canada
raspberry...is common. Mountain-ash is abundant...
The most important deterrent to rapid growth appears to be wind. Trees on headlands and
exposed ridges have a short, broken appearance, even in dense stands. Although damage from
salt spray may be important, it does not account for the appearance of the trees on inland ridges.
Trees do well in areas near the coast protected from wind, but ridges miles from the direct effect
of salt spray look the same as coastal headlands. Shelterbelts of a wind-resistant species such
as white spruce have been observed providing effective protection, and should be stressed
in the silviculture of the Ecoregion. Shallow soils and extensive bare bedrock will make this
difficult. Regeneration of conifers is usually good on the deeper soils, but red maple of
sprout origin tends to dominate in a few areas.
MacLaren Atlantic (1977) carried out a more detailed survey of terrestrial
vegetation near the plant which they described as follows
THE TERRESTRIAL
AND FRESHWATER BIOTA
•
•
Off the road to the Jighhouse and west through the forest south of the building site is a
forest canopy formed mainly of black spruce and balsam with an occasional cedar, larch or
white birch. There is an intermediate layer of smaller spruce, balsam, alders and a sparse
scattering of mountain ash. An occasional shrub SJ.Jch as witherod and mountain holly is
found. The ground is carpeted with mosses, mainly peat moss, in which grow the character-
istic species of this shady, acid, saturated site - goldthread, twin flower. may flower. bunch-
berry, sorrel, starflower, creeping snowberry, sheep laurel, Labrador tea, sedges, Indian pipe
and the seedlings of witherod and mountain ash. Situated about half way across the Point
are several rocky ridges covered by shallow well-drained soil. Peat moss is replaced by other
species on this drier ground. Bunchberry is abundant; there are some wood ferns, twin-
flower, acuminate aster, club mosses, sedges, grasses, sarsaparilla and large-leafed goldenrod.
Balsam is the main canopy tree with white birch saplings coming in below. In the drier parts
at the north end of the cleared site, bracken is common in the openings.
On the western shore the trees are very much influenced by the wind. storms, ice and
salt spray. The effect of prevailing winds is to deform many of the balsam and spruce trees
along the west shore, causing dense stunted growth six to fifteen feet high, resembling the
growth of windswept alpine exposures. Tops of many of the taller trees near the shore are
dead, and numerous dead lichen-covered balsam and spruce stand out above the canopy
farther inland on the Point.
13
t •
- .. Bogs, which are a feature of this forest, range from the open type, such as the one beside bour and on the east side of Musquash Harbour. Further afield similar forest is found east

the road northeast of the lighthouse, to those which are almost covered by trees. The open of Saint John and in the west towards Black's Harbour.

bog is hedged by Labrador tea and alders and is composed of a deep saturated mat of peat
moss thrown up into hummocks, some of which are crowned with a white top of reindeer Table 4.9.1 summarizes vegetation records for the study area.
lichen. Growing in the peat is a spreading tangle of c1oudberry, cranberry, crowberry, false
Solomon's seal, cottongrass and other sedges. The more common bogs are overgrown with 4.3 INVERTEBRATES
a mat of peat moss and sedges, dotted with pitcher plants. There is usually a general scat·
tering of stunted black spruce, larch and alder with thickets of Labrador tea, sweet gale Numerous species of terrestrial invertebrates can be expected to occur in
and black chokeberry. Crowberry and iris are also common. the study area. No information on invertebrates was found in the literature and
these groups must, consequently, be excluded from a monitoring program.
In August 1974, two transects, each approximately 1,050m long across the building
site, were sampled. Each consisted of a strip 2 metres wide within which all woody veget· Species of freshwater invertebrates collected during MRA surveys are listed
ation was counted in 2D-metre segments. In addition, ages were determined for over 100 in Table 4.9.1
trees by counting the rings on stumps along cut-lines or by taking cores with an increment
borer.
4.4 FRESHWATER FISHES

The data for the transects shows the predominance of conifer, the high proportion of young
regeneration and the contrast between the mainly wet situation on Transect I (TI) compared to
the better drainage soil on Transect II (Til). The miscellaneous and unidentified category included
a few trees and a number of shrubs such as witherod, mountain holly, sheep laurel. Labrador tea and
rhodora. About 10 percent of the sample was made up of dead stems from 1 to 14 inches in dia-
Hooper (1973) has summarized the inland fisheries in the general vicinity of
the study area as follows:
The following fish are found within the Lepreau, Musquash and Mispec drainages but not
necessarily in all drainages:

meter. The information on growth showed a very wide variation, depending on moisture and shade.
For example, two balsams about 45 years old were respectively 5 and 10 inches in diameter. Coldwater Game Fish Other Fish

Two black spruce, each abolJt 6 inches in diameter, were respectively about 30 and 85
years old. A larger sample of ages and diameters related to site could be necessary before Brook trout Yellow perch

the age composition of the forest could be established. Landlocked salmon American eel
Lake trout (togue) White sucker

Comparison with forests a few miles inland and at a number of points along the coast reo American smelt Ninespine stickleback

vealed that the community on Point Lepreau is a fairly typical stand, although it seems to
have a somewhat higher proportion of dead and wind-molded trees. The high frequency of
Brown bullhead
Fall fish
L
fog and cooler temperatures may also influence growth and regeneration. Forests very sim- Lake chub
ilar in composition and life form can be found along the coast. For example, the bogs on Creek chub
the headland south of Pocologan Harbour are virtually identical to the . on Point Lepreau Northern red-belly dace
and in the adjacent area. The forest at Seely Head and around Seely Cove is similar to that
around the base of Point Lepreau and along the road to Dipper Harbour and Chance Har-
Banded killifish
Common shiner
l
14

l
 Brook trout are endemic and present in rare to abundant quantities throughout the drain- American eel Anguilla rostrata

ages. Landlocked salmon are present in Loch Alva (Musquash) and West Long Lake (Lepreau) Wh ite Sucker Catostomus commersoni
at least. Lake trout are known only in West Long and Victoria lakes although they probably Blacknose dace Rhinichthys atratulus
find adverse summer living conditions in the latter lake. Lakes in the Musquash drainage have Lake chub Hybopsis plumbea
very large populations of warm water trash species (white suckers yellow perch fall fish) and
l l Creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus
minnow species. The competition offered by these species significantly reduces the ability of Northern red belly dace Chrosomus eos
these lakes to produce coldwater game fish populations. Lakes in the Lepreau drainage have Golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas
somewhat better conditions for coldwater gamefish populations.. Common shiner Notropis cornutus
Ninespine stickleback Pungitius pungitius
Nine to twelve inch brook trout are common in angler creels in the Lepreau drainage. Land- Brown bullhead Ictalurus nebulosus
locked salmon and particularly lake trout (togue) catches are found often in angler creels in

West Long and Victoria lakes. The lake trout frequently range from 18 to 26 inches. Table 4.9.1 gives the status of various fish species in the study area based on
the literature and M RA field surveys.
A survey of angling pressures in New Brunswick in 1967 by the author showed that about
4.5 AMPHIBIANS
11 per cent of the total rod days spent angling in the province were represented in the Lepreau,
Musquash, Mispec and Black River drainages. This accounts for approximately 100,000 rod Gorham (1970) lists the following amphibians as occurring in New Brunswick:

days per annum.

SALAMANDERS (Caudata)
'Spotted Salamander Ambystoma macula tum
Blue-spotted Salamander A. laterale
• Red-spotted Newt Diemictylus viridescens

In his report on the Lepreau River, K_ Smith stated the only species offish ob· Dusky Salamander Desmognathus fuscus

served were speckled trout Notropis minnows and chub.

l
Red-backed Salamander Plethodon cinereus
Four·toed Salamander Hemidaetylium SCl/tatum

A study was conducted by William Groom on elver observations in New Brun- (hypothetical)
swick waters (1975). His findings for the Lepreau River can be summarized as Two·lined Salamander Eurycea bislineata

follows:
... very few elvers were present in this river from May 1 to 15... Catches increased steadily... TOADS AND FROGS (Salientia)
until the midnight high tide of May 24... when over 500 elvers could easily be caught in a
single scoop... The arrival of large eels, up to 36 inches in length, were collecting in the pool • American Toad Bufo americanus

area... The last days of May... saw large numbers of elvers massed under the falls, up to 6,000 'Spring Peeper HyJa crucifer

per scoop... Gray Treefrog Hyla versicolor

Bullfrog Rana catesbe;ana

Redmond (1974) reports the followi ng fish species in the Lepreau River. 'Green Frog R. c1amitans

Mink Frog R. septentr;onalis

Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis 'Wood Frog R. sylvatica
Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush • Leopard Frog R. pipiens
Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax Pickerel Frog R. palustris

15

On the basis of our experience in Charlotte County, species marked with an
Askerisk (-) will be commonly found in the study area in the spring. During the
summer period, Ranaclamitans and Ranapipiens will be common in ponds, lakes
and streams.
Bird populations hava not been studied in the tornevilla araa (with the exception of a few
r
scattered observations from birdwatchers and data obtained on the Saint John Breeding Bird
Survey route (in 1970 and 1971)) so we must make inferences about them, generally from r
impressions of the fauna in similar habitats to the east and to the west

In the pradominant forest habitat we expect that there are approximately 55 species of r
4.6 REPTilES
birds regularly nesting in the area. An edditional 20 species could be found nesting regularly
in the old field and residential habitats. Expected minimum population density of these birds
No reptile records were found for the study area. Gorham (1970) lists the
at the beginning of summer (excluding young of the year and migrants, either or both of
following species as occurring in New Brunswick.
which are likaly to be present at any given time) is approximately 100 nesting pairs per 100
acres in the forest and about 150 pairs per 100 acres in the old field and residential habitats,
TURTLES i.e. about 17,000 birds in the development area. These would raise to flying stage some

Snapping Turtle
Wood Turtle
Chelydra serpentina
Clemmys insculpta
25,000 to 30,000 young each year...
Winter populations of birds in the development area would vary greatly from year to year
r
depending on fluctuating supplies of seeds and fruits. No winter bird censuses have ever been
Painted Turtle Chrysemys piera
conducted in New Brunswick 50 it is difficult to estimate the number of birds per acre.
Studies in coniferous forests in other regions (Ontario, New Jersey, Connecticut) and our own
SNAKES
impressions suggest that 20 to 60 birds per 100 acres would be usual. with perhaps 150 birds
per 100 acres in exceptional winters. The usual mid-winter population within the develop-
Water Snake (hypothetical) Natrix sipedon
ment area would, then, be about 3200 birds of 25 to 35 species.
"Red-bell ied Snake Storeria occipitomaculata [
"Garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis
In the triangle down wind of the development about 50 landbird species might be found
Ring-necked Snake Dradophis punctatus
'Smooth Green Snake Opheodrys vernalis
in winter with densities varying usually 20 to 150 birds per 100 acres.
[
During spring and fall, mainly mid-March to early June and mid-August to early November,
On the basis of our e.xperience in Charlotte County, species marked with an
Asterisk (-) will likely be common in the study area.
large numbers of migrant land birds, which often tend to concentrate along coastlines, pass through
the area. At times there might be as many as 50,000 transient birds resting in the area for
L
from one to a few days. Smaller numbers of migrants would be present at any time during
migration. L
4.7 BIRDS
Actual sight records of various species of birds reported in the study area have
In a report by Baird, Christie and Pearce as part of the lorneville Enviro- been identified by Squires (1976). These are listed in Table 4.7.1. It should be
nmentallmpact Study (1973), inferences were made concerning bird and land noted; however, that the listing includes water birds as well as rare or irregular
mammal populations of the lorneville area. Since lorneville is in the vicinity visitors and migrants. The area is a very important one for aquatic birds as an over-wint~
of our study area we consider the information of Baird et al. to generally apply. ering area, a stopover during migration and as a visiting area. (Maclaren Atlantic, 1974).
It should be noted however that certain species may not occur while others that In fact the Canada land Inventory recognizes the area as having great importance [
are not mentioned may, in fact, be present at certain times of the year. for migration or for wintering waterfowl.

16
l
[
 Bird species identified by MacLaren Atlantic (1977) in the study area are b. Open Habitats ,
listed in Tables 4.7.3 and 4.7.4.

Sparrow Hawk Common Crow Common Grackle

Ruby-throated Hummingbird Catbird Brown-headed Cowbird
TABLE 4.7.1 REGULAR NESTING BIRDS IN LORNEVILLE DEVELOPMENT
Yellow-shafted Flicker Starling American Goldfinch
AREA.
Traill's Flycatcher Yellowthroat Savannah Sparrow
Barn Swallow House Sparrow Chipping Sparrow
Cliff Swallow Bobolink Song Sparrow
1. Regular nesting birds in Lorneville development area.
Bank Swallow Red-winged Blackbird

2. Land birds wintering in Lorneville development area.

a) Forested habitats a. Forested habitats b. Open habitats

Goshawk Sharp-sh inned Hawk
Red-tailed Hawk Common Crow
Spruce Grouse Robin
Ruffed Grouse Northern Shrike
Black Duck Boreal Chickadee Black-throated Green Warbler Great Horned Owl Starling
Goshawk Red-breasted Nuthatch Blackburnian Warbler Saw-whet Owl House Sparrow
Sharp-shinned Hawk Brown Creeper Chestnut-sided Warbler Hairy Woodpecker Common Grackle
Spruce Grouse Winter Wren Bay-breasted Warbler Downy Woodpecker Brown-headed Cowbird
Ruffed Grouse Robin Ovenbird Gray Jay Slate-colored Junco
American Woodcock Hermit Thrush Northern Waterthrush Blue Jay Tree Sparrow
Saw-whet Owl Swainson's Thrush Mourning Warbler Common Raven White-throated Sparrow
Chimney Swift Golden-crowned Kinglet Wilson's Warbler Black-capped Chickadee Song Sparrow
Hairy Woodpecker Ruby-crowned Kinglet Canada Warbler Boreal Chickadee Snow Bunting
Downy Woodpecker Cedar Waxwing American Redstart Red-breasted Nuthatch
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Solitary Vireo Rusty Blackbird Brown Creeper
Least Flycatcher Red-eyed Vireo Evening Grosbeak Golden-crowned Kinglet
Eastern Wood Pewee Tennessee Warbler Purple Finch Evening Grosbeak
Olive-sided Fly catcher Nashville Warbler Pine Siskin Purple Finch
Tree Swallow Parula Warbler White-winged Crossbill Pine Grosbeak
Gray Jay Yellow Warbler Slate-colored Junco Common Redpoll
Blue Jay Magnolia Warbler White-throated Sparrow Pine Siskin
Common Raven Cape May Warbler Lincoln's Sparrow American Goldfinch
Black-capped Chickadee Myrtle Warbler Red Crossbill

17
 r
4.7,2 SIGHT RECORDS FOR BIRDS IN THE STUDY AREA

Actual sight records of various species of birds occurring in the study area. (Data
from Squires, 1976, The Birds of New Brunswick, N.B. Museum, Monographic Series
No.7, 2nd edition). (Nomenclature 'from Squires),

Common Loon Gavla immer

r
Red-Throated Loon Gavla stellata Common Flicker Colaptes auratus
Red-Necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus
Horned Grebe Podiceps auritus Scissor-Tailed Flycatcher Muscivora forticata

Little Blue Heron Florida caeruJea , Alder Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum

Common Goldeneye Bucephala cJanguJa Bank Swallow Riparia raparia

Barrqw's Goldeneye Bucephala is/andica Red-Breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis
Bufflehead Bucephala ableola Brown Creeper Certhia {ami/faris

Harlequin Duck Histrionicu$ histrionicus Long-Billed Marsh Wren Telmatodytes palustris

King Eider Somateria speetabilis Gray-Cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus
White-Winged Seatea Melanitta deg/and; Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis
Surf Seater Melanitta perspicillat8 Golden-Crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa
L
Black Seater Melanitta nigra Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus
Sharp-Shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus Canada Warbler VVflsoniacanadens~

Bald Eagle
Purple Sandpiper
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Calidris maritima
White-Winged Crossbill
Lark Bunting
Loxia leucoptera
Calamospiza melanocorys
l
Great Black-Backed Gull
Bonaparte's Gull
Larus marinus
Larus philadelphia
Savannah Sparrow
Sharp-Tailed Sparrow
Passerculus sandwichensis
Ammospiza caudacuta l
Least Tern Sterna albifrons Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla
R'azorbill
Common Murre
Alea lorda
Uria aalge
Fox Sparrow
Snow Bunting
Passerella i1iaca

Plectrophenax nivalis
l
18

l
TABLE 4.7.3 BIRDS SEEN AND HEARD ON SAMPLE LINE, JUNE 1975.
Species
Common flicker
Alder flycatcher
Least flycatcher
Olive-sided flycatcher
White-breasted nuthatch
Winter wren
American robin
Hermit thrush
Swainson's thrush
Ruby-crowned kinglet
Tennessee warbler
Magnolia warbler
Black-throated green warbler
Cape May warbler
Chestnut-sided warbler
Ovenbird
Yellowthroat
American redstart
Brown-headed cowbird
Purple finch
Dark-eyed junco
White-throated sparrow
Unidentified
Total
Birds/minute
TABLE 4.7.4. BIRDS IDENTIFIED IN THE FUNDY SHORE FOREST, JUNE
1975.
Spruce grouse
Ruffed grouse
Common snipe
Alder flycatcher
Least flycatcher Magnolia warbler
June 18 June 19 June 29 Olive-sided flycatcher Cape May warbler
0530-0630 hrs 0510-0620 hrs 1015-1055 hrs Blue Jay Blackburnian warbler
Common raven Chestnut-sided warbler
1 1 Common crow Bay-breasted warbler
1 Black-capped chickadee Black-throated green warbler
2 3 2 White-breasted nuthatch Yellowthroat
1 Red-eyed vireo Ovenbird
1 Winter wren American redstart
3 1 Catbird Common grackle
1 2 American Robin Brown-headed cowbird
2 L Hermit thrush Evening grosbeak
4 5 L Swainson's thrush American goldfinch
4 4 1 Ruby-crowned kinglet Dark-eyed junco
6 5 Starling Song Sparrow
6 6 1
5 1 TOTA L - 3B species
1
3 2 Records of occurrence for birds in the study area have not been summarized
1 in Table 4.9.1, since a separate monitoring program has been initiated for birds
6 6 1 by the Canadian Wildlife Service.
2 4 1
4.8 MAMMALS
1
1
Squires (1968) lists the following mammals as occurring in New Brunswick.
1 1 1
(Nomenclature from Squires).
7 6 1
SHREWS AND MOLES INSECTIVORA
5 3 1
"Masked Shrew Sorex cinereus
52 56 20
Smoky Shrew Sorex fumeus
0.87 0.80 0.50
Arctic Shrew Sorex arcticus
Gaspe Shrew Sorex gaspensis
Water Shrew Sorex palustr;s
Tennessee warbler Pygmy Shrew Microsorex hoy;
Northern parula "Short-Tailed Shrew Blarina brevicauda
Yellow-rumped warbler Hairy-Tailed Mole Parasalops breweri
Yellow warbler Star-Nosed Mole Candy/ura cristata
19
 •

BATS CHIROPTERA

"Little Brown Bat Myotis lucifugus

Keen's Long-Eared Bat Myotis keeni;
Least Bat Myotis subulatus
Silver-Haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivagans
Big Brown Bat Eptesicus fU5CUS

Red Bat Lasiurus borealis

Hoary Bat Lasiurus cinereus

HARES, RABBITS, ETC. LAGOMORPHA

"Varying Hare Lepus americanus

RODENTS RODENTIA

"Woodchuck Maromota monax

"Chipmunk Tamias striatus

Gray Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis
"Red Squirrel Tamiase/ums hudsonicus
Flying Squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus
*Beaver Castor canadensis
"Deer Mouse Peromyscus maniculatus
Southern Bog Lemming Synap tom ys cooped
Northern Bog Lemming Synaptomys borealis
"Red-Backed Mouse Clethrionomys gapperi

"Meadow Mouse Microtis pennsylvanicus

Rock Vole Micro tis chrotorrhinus
"Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus

Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus

House Mouse Mus musculus
Meadow Jumping Mouse Zapus hudsoniclIs
Woodland Jumping Mouse
*Canada Porcupine
Napaeozapus insignis
Erethizon dorsa tum
Based on our experience in Charlotte County, species marked with an Asterisk (")
should occur commonly in the study area.
l
20

l
 Sight records and reports given by Maclaren Atlantic (1977) in the study area
are as follows:

Masked shrew Meadow vole

Short-tailed shrew Muskrat
Varying hare Meadow jumping mouse
Woodchuck Woodland jumping mouse
Red squirrel Porcupine
Deer mouse Red fox
Red-backed mouse Black bear
Skunk White-tailed deer
Moose

4.9 SUMMARY

Table 4.9.1 summarizes terrestrial and freshwater species records for the study
area.

21
 TABLE 4.9.1 SUMMARY RECORDS FOR TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER BIOTA, POINT LEPREAU, N.B.

- .. --
r
~ ~
I ~ ~
r
SPECI ES
E
~
E '"
.;:,
~
~ SPECIES
E
~
E '"
.;:,
~

...'"
~

'"'" a: '"
~

...'"'" c:r:
...'"'" .c
...'"'"
~ ~
.0
~ ~
:J :;; ~ :J ~

'"
I'"
~ ~

?- probably occurs ~
..: '"'" .;:, '"
.Y- ? . probably occurs ~
..: '"
'"n
~
'"
.;:, '"
.Y- I
'">a
~

'" c:r:
a:
...'" ...'"
.0 n .0 <0
> ....J
p. occurs. no data on abundance
U
a I
'"
....J :J
....J
...'"
.;: P . occurs. no data on abundance
U
I
~ '"
....J :J ...
.;:
[
'"'"n
~

'"'" ...'"'" ...'"'"

~ ~

C· common .Y-
(,) '"nn ......'" ~
n
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C· common -"
(,) '"nn ...'"
~
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~

A· abundant 0
:J
0 ....J '"
....J '"
a: '"
f- A· abundant 0
:J
0 ....J '"
....J '"
a: '"
f-

INVERTEBRATES Pelecypoda

Turbellaria Sphaeriidae C C
Phagocata velata C
r
INSECTA
f-.
Coelenterata
--
Hydra C C Plecoptera P C
------ _. --
Bryozoa Taeniopterygidae P
Fredericella sultana P Perlodidae P
r
Annelida Paracapnia sp. P
-
Oligochaeta P C P Capniidae P

Hirudinea Nemouridae C

Helobdella sp. P C A Ephemeroptera

-
Glossiphoniidae

Erpobdellidae
t-- P

P
Heptageniidae

Stenonema sp. P
C

P
P

Mysidacea Ephemerella P

Mysis sp. P Odonata

Amphipoda Aeshnidae

Talitridae Basiaeshna janata P

..
Hyalella azteca C A Cordulegastridae P

Gammarus sp. C Coenagriidae P

Gastropoda

Physa sp.
Coleoptera

P
l
C Promoresia sp.
- r
Laevapex sp. C
l
- ._-- -- --
22
 TABLE 4.9.1 Continued.

~ ~

'" OJ
'" SPECIES '" OJ
'"
SPECIES '"
E
E .2 ~
'"
E
E .2 ~

'"
OJ
'"
OJ
~
cr: ~
'"
.0 '"
OJ
'"
OJ
~
cr: ~
'"
.0
~
~ ~
::> ~ ~ ::> ~

7- probably occurs
~

'"
OJ
'"
~ '"C.
OJ
~
OJ
.2
OJ
-'" '"
:r: ? - probably occurs
~

'"
OJ
'"~ '"c.
OJ
~
OJ
.2
OJ
-'" '"
:r:
P - occurs, no data on abundance
>
0
.0
:r: OJ
cr:
::>
'"
-' "iii
.;: P - occurs, no data on abundance
>
0
.0
:r: OJ
cr:
::>
'"
-' '"
.;:
<J ~ -' ~
~ <J ~ -' ~
~

C - common -'"
OJ
C. ~ '"
OJ
~
c.
'"
OJ
~
'"OJ
~
C - common -'"
C,)
OJ
C.
c. ::;
OJ '"c.
OJ
~ '"
OJ
~
'"
OJ
~
C,)
::> c. ~
~
OJ
~
OJ
~
OJ ::> OJ
~
OJ
~
OJ
A - abundant 0 0 -' -' cr: I- A - abundant 0 0 -' -' cr: I-

Trichoptera FISHES
Hydropsyehidae C Pl P Brook trout A C
Leptoceridae C C Lake trout P
Odontoceridae P Rainbow smelt P
Oeeetis (7) C American eel ? ? ? A ?
Macronema spp. C C C White sucker A
Psychomyiidae Blacknose dace P
Psychomyia sp. .P P Lake chub C
Brachycentrus sp. P P Creek chub C
Astenophyla (cases) ? P P Northern Red-belly dace P
Phryganeidae P P Golden shiner P
Diotera Common shiner C
Tipulidae P P Ninespine stickleback A C C
Chironomidae C C A A Brown bullhead C
Simuliidae C
Heleidae P
Araneae P

23
 TAB LE 4.9.1 Continued.

SPECIES '" '"

E
~

'"
--'"
'" SPECIES '"E
'"
E
~
Q)

--'"
'"

- -
.~
E .~
.
]. probably occurs
'"'"
~

1;; -'" '"

~

'"
..:
n:
::>
'"n
Q)
~

'"
.~
Q)

"'...J'""
:.ci
I '" ? - probably occurs
'"
Q)
~

'"
'"
Q)
~

..:'"
n:
::>
'"
Q)
~

'"
.~
Q)

"''""
.J:l
I '"
-- -.,
~

--'" -'"
~ Q)
Q)
> .J:l n: (ij > .D n n: ...J ro
P - occurs, no data on abundance a I Q) . P - occurs, no data on abundance a I Q)
::>
.;:
U ...J ::> U ~
...J
~

'" '"
- '" '" '" '"
Q)

'"nn
Q)
C - common Q) Q) Q) C- common n ~
"'::>"
Q)

"'::>"
0 -;:; ~

n
~ ~
~
0 n .E
~
n
~

Q)
~
~

A - abundant 0 0 ...J ...J

Q)
n:
Q)
I-
Q)
A - abundant 0 0 ...J '"
...J n: '" l-

AMPHIBIANS Red-backed vole C f :~

Spotted salamander ? ? ? ? ? ? Meadow vole C

Red-spotted newt

American toad
?
? ?
?

?
? ?
? ?
?
?
? Muskrat
Meadow jumping mouse P
C
r
? ? ? ? ? ? Woodland jumping mouse P
Spri ng peeper

Green Frog ? ? ? ? ? ? Porcupine P C

Leopard Frog ? ? ? ? ? ? Red fox P

Wnod Fmn ? ? ? ? ? ? Raccoon P P

Mink ?
REPTILES Striped skunk P

Red·bellied snake ? White-tailed deer P P P C-A

Garter snake ? Moose P P

Smooth Green snake ? Black bear P P

MAMMALS
Masked shrew C

Short-tailed shrew C
Linle brown bat ?
Varying hare C C-A

Woodchuck P

Chipmunk
Red squirrel
?
C
l
Beaver
Deer mouse
C C C

C
l
24
l
 TAB LE 4.9.1. Continued.

~
~ ~
Q;
~
SPECIES ~

E
E '"
.~
~
~ SPECIES ~

E E .~
'"'" II: ~
'" '"'" II: '"
.!e
'"'" '"'"
~ ~
~ .D ~ ~ ~
.D
~ ::J ~ ::J
I'" I'"
~ ~ ~

?- probably occurs 1n ..: '"'" '"

.~ '"
-'" 7 . probably occurs ~
..: '"'"
~
'"
.~ '"
-'"
'">0
~

P - occurs. no data on abundance '"0

> .D
I
0. II: '"
-J ~ P - occurs, no data on abundance
.D
I
0. II:
'"
-J
'"
.;:
U ~ '"
-J ::J
ro
~
ro ~
~
U ~ '"
-J ::J ~
~

C - common '" ~
'"0. '"
~
C - common '"0. '" '"'" '"'" ~

-'"
'-' .9-
0. ~
.!e
~ ~
~ '"
~
~
-'"
'-'
::J
0- -;::
~
~

0-
~
~ '"
~
~

A - abundant 0
::J
0 -J '"
-J '"
II: '"
I- A - abundant 0 0 -J '"
-J '"
II: '"
I-

TERRESTRIAL VE(;ETATION Fake Solomon's seal

Snruce Cotton grass

Fir Pitcher plant

Cedar Sweet gale

Alder Black chokeberry

Mountain ash
White Birch LICHENS, MOSSES & FUNGI

Tamarack Cladonia gracilis C-A

Goldthread C. pyxidata C-A

Twinflower C. rangiferina C-A

Mayflower Sphagnum sp. A

-
Bunchberry Dicranella heteromalla C

Sorrel Physia sp. C

Starflower Centraria glauco C

Creeping snowberry Parmelia conspersa C

-
Sheep Laurel Usnea strigosa C

Labrador tea Bracket fungi C

Indian pipe Ceratodon purpureus C

Witherod Lycoperdon pyriforme C

Mountain holly Polystictus velsicolor C

Bracken

Cloudberry

, Cranberry

Crowberry

25
 TAB LE 4.9.1 Continued.

SPECI ES '"
E
'"'"
'"
E
~

'"
.~

--'"
'" SPECIES '"E '"E
<tl
~

'"
.~
--
'"
<tl

?- probably occurs
'"
~

'"
-
<tl

-
~

'"
..:
cr:
:J
'"'"
~

'"
.~ '"
-"
.-
.0
<tl
:I: ? - probably occurs -
'"'"
~

'"
'"
~
~

'"
..:
cr:
:J
<tl

'"a. >
~

'" '"
-"
.0
I
<tl

-- -
~

'">0
-
~

'">0 .0 a. cr: <tl .0 cr: <tl

-'"
...J <tl ...J 'iii
.;:
P - occurs. no data on abundance .;: P - occurs, no data on abundance :I:
U
:I:
'"
...J :J U ~ '"
...J :J
<tl

-
~ <tl
'"'"
--
<tl
C - common
A - abundant
-"
u
:J
0
'"a.a.
0
'"
::J
~
a.
'"
...J
'"
~

'"
cr:
'"'"
~
~

'"
f-
C - common
A - abundant
-"
u
:J
0
'"a.a.
0
'"
;::;
...J
'"a.
~

'"
...J
-'"
~

cr: f-
'"'"
~
~

'"
AQUATIC VEGETATION r
Drepanocladu5 sp. P
Equ isetum sp. P
Saponaria officinal is C
Spartina sp_ A
Chrysoplenium americanus C
Tolvpeli. 'p. P
Nitell. ,p. C
Vallisneria sp. P
Hepaticae, Chiloscyphus C
Musci, Fontina/iaceae A

._"-_..-
l

26 [
 PRELIMINARY SPECIES SELECTION
5.1 INTRODUCTION

While an inventory of the terrestrial and freshwater flora and fauna of the
Point Lepreau area is far from complete, numerous species have been identified as
occurring in the study area and selection of monitoring species is possible. The
objective is to select species which will, because of their local status and ecolog-
ical position, most rapidly and easily demonstrate the concentration of radio-
nuclides in the terrestrial and freshwater systems. Consequently, we have es-
tablished the following criteria for preliminary selection of monitoring species.

1. SPECIES STATUS. Suitable species should occur commonly

in the study area.

2. ABUNDANCE. Suitable species should be sufficiently abund-

ant to allow adequate sample collection.

3. DISTRIBUTION. Suitable species should be generally distributed

throughout the study area and common elsewhere to allow for an
expanded sampling program if necessary.

4. SIZE. Suitable species should be readily obtainable in sufficient

bulk to insure sufficient sample mass.

5. LOCATION. Since radionuclides are most likely to be transport-

ed in groundwater and drainage streams, species occurring in local-
ities where drainage is slowed (sphagnum bogs, backwaters in
streams, ponds or lakes) should be considered as primary "candidate
species" since such areas should offer greater opportunities for con-
centration of water-borne radionuclides in the resident biota.

6. ECOLOGICAL POSITION. Suitable species should occupy a

position in the iood web which leads to higher trophic levels
other than man.

27
 INVERTEBRATES

Leech Helobdella sp.

Caddis fly larvae T richoptera

FISH

Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis

r
Nine-spine Stickleback Pungitius pungitius
l
AMPHIBIANS

Spotted Salamander Ambystoma maculatum

Red-spotted newt Dienictylus viridescens
American Toad Bufo americanus r
Spring Peeper Hy la crucifer
Green Frog Rana c1amitans [
Leopard Frog Rana pipiens
Wood Frog Rana sylvatica
[
MAMMALS

Beaver Castor canadensis

Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus

TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION

Cedar Thuja occidentalis

Alder Alnus rugosa
Reindeer Moss Cladonia rangiferina
Sphagnum Moss Sphagnum sp.
5.2 PRELIMINARY LIST OF CANDIDATE SPECIES.
AQUATIC VEGETATION l
Using the criteria listed above, the list of species recorded in the study area
was reviewed and the following species appear to be suitable for a monitoring
program.
Water Horsetail
Stonewart Algae
Equ isetum sp.
Nitella sp.
l
28
l
l
6.1 INTRODUCTION
ECOLOGICAL PATHWAYS
Maclaren Atlantic Ltd (1977) has presented an analysis of the anticipated
interaction between radioactivity and the environment. Annotated excerpts FOR RADIONUClIDES
which apply to the terrestrial and freshwater environments are presented be-
low.

During the operation of the Point Lepreau nuclear generating station, small quantities
of radioactivity will be released to the air and to the ocean. The AECB has jurisdiction over
releases of radioactivity to the environment. The maximum permissible releases of radio-
active material from nuclear generating stations are derived from the recommendations of
the International Commission on Radiological Protection (/CRP). The ICRP is an independ-
ent, non-governmental body consisting of internationally recognized experts from many
Fission gases 25,000 Ci-MeV
countries and a wide variety of scientific disciplines.
lodines 0.09 Ci
Particulates 0.006 Ci
The AECB has an operating target for annual radioactive releases, during normal oper·
Tritium (HTOI 7,000 Ci
ation, of one percent or less of those releases corresponding to the maximum permissible
dose for individual members of the public. The maximum calculated dose to a member of
The average concentration of released material in air downwind from a source normally
the public living at the site boundary, resulting from releases at this "target" level, is with-
decreases exponentially with distance from the source, and depends upon the source shape,
in the normal variation of natural background radiation, and is indistinguishable from it.
effective height of release, the weather and the time over which the release takes place. Radio-
active decay also enhances removal of radionuc/ides from the plume.
Nonetheless, the presence of radionuclides in the environment which result from the
operation of the Point Lepreau nuclear generating station must be considered in relation to
In addition, particulates and reactive vapours are lost from the plume by settling with de-
the potential radiation exposure of people and lower· form biota. The magnitude of exposure
position being highest near the station. Gases and non-reactive vapors ultimately disperse in
that is likely to result from effluent depends upon many complex relationships. These reo
the atmosphere.
lationships involve how, where, what kinds, and in what amounts radioactive materials are
introduced into the environment, the pathways by which the radioactivity is transported
6.3 RELEASES TO FRESHWATER
through the environment, and the ways and extent to which the environment and its re-
sources are used by man.
There are no direct releases from the station in sources of freshwater. The Active Waste
Storage facilities will be designed and operated to prevent contamination of groundwater
and surface water. Both groundwater and surface runoff at the facility will be sampled and
analyzed to demonstrate compliance with this aim.
6,2 RELEASES TO THE AIR
In spite of the foregoing, it must be stressed that airborne particulates ultim-
. Based on operating experience with CANDU PHW plants, the projected annualairborne ately will reach streams and lakes in run-off and will tend to concentrate in fresh-
releases per-reactor are given by AECL as follows: water organ isms.

29
 \
'\, ,\
I
6.4 PATHWAYS FOR RADIOACTIVITY TO TERRE' • LSYSTEMS 6.5 BUILD·UP OF RADIONUCLIDES DUE TO AIR EMISSIONS

Generalized environmental pathways for releases to organisms other than man There are many methods of estimating atmospheric dispersion. Calculations for the di-
are shown in Figure 6.4.1. lution factors used in this section were obtained from Bryant's data. This approach follows
standard practice in the Canadian nuclear industry. The concentration of released materials
Plants and animals can be irradiated externally by the decay of fission gases in the ef· in air tel at a point some distance from the source is given by:
fluent plume and the decay of particulate material deposited on plant surfaces and soil.
Radioactive nuclides enter land plants by absorption and adsorption on above-ground
C= KO unitslm3
leafy and woody portions, and by absorption through the below-ground root portions.
Many of the nuclides will be inert relative to plant systems and will accumulate passively
where Q= release rate of materials (units/s)
on plants and soils. A number of radionuclides, however, enter into active plant metabolism
K= dilution factor Islm 3 )
and may be taken up by the plants along with the naturally-occurring forms of these ele-
ments. Such radionuclides may be concentrated many times over the environmental level
The value of K depends on the distance from the source, the shape of the source, effective
by the plants.
height of release, the weather and the time over which the release takes place.

Radioactive nuclides enter animal systems in three ways: absorption and adsorption on
The stack at Point Lepreau will exhaust to the atmosphere at a height of 67 m. The re-
the skin, ingestion and inhalation. The relative importance of each route depends on the
lease point is at the top of the heavy-water upgrading tower, which is located beside the reactor
chemical form of the nuclide itself, the form in which it is transported, the ability of
building. Dilution measurements at the Pickering Generating Station have shown that dilution
particular living systems to assimilate that nuclide in that chemical form and the potential
is estimated conservatively by taking the effective height of release as the physical height,
for accumulation of that nuclide within animal tissue. An additional route exist'S for mammals l

the forage-and/or prey-to-mother-milk-to-infant pathway. Carnivorous species could be sub·
ject to biological magnification where consumption of prey would progressively increase the
body burden. The build-Up of 1-131 is not expected to be significant due to its short half-
life (eight days) and anticipated smaJl releases. Tritium will be released in water vapour form
but does not concentrate selectively in the environment.
6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL EQUILIBRIUM
Animals may release accumulated nuclides to the environment in waste products to the
soil and atmosphere. Plant and animal wastes and dead material faJl to the ground where
they are decomposed.
After start-up of the Point Lepreau nuclear generating station the radioactive nuclides
will move toward steady state concentrations in the affected areas. Additions to the enviro~
ment will be made continually through stack emissions, but counter·balancing losses will
occur due to radioactive decay and physical transport out of the system. Ultimately inputs
and outputs would achieve at least a rough steady state.
when Bryant's curves are used. Predictions of effective stack height are inexact and an
l
effective height of 50 m is assumed for added conservatism_
From the Bryan ts curve the concentration at 70-80 km from the station is approximately
I l
1 percent of that at the plant boundary. The outer limit of the zone of influence of the station
is, therefore, about 80 km. Even if emissions leading to the maximum permissible dose rates at
the plant boundary were released, the dose rate at 80 km VIIOuld be less than the annual
fluctuations in the natural radiation background.
The deposition of long-lived particulate radionuclides from the plume wifJ be hifller near
the station, and presents the possibility of cumulative build~up in the environment. Using
Bryant'S method and a deposition velocity of 3 x 10-3 mis, the expected deposition rate at
l
1 km is about 4 x 10-3 mCi/km2 y. As the present weapons test fallout rate of the order of
2 mCilkm2 y just maintains the present environmental contamination of about 150 mCi/km2 l
we may expect an equilibrium level from anticipated plant releases of about 0.3 mCi/km2.
This small amount of particulate contamination on the ground gives rise to an annual dose
of 0.01 mrad, assuming the mean gamma energy to be O.7MeV.

30
 ~t
A
IG fiE 6.4.1 SIMPLIFIED TERRESTRIAL AND
PRECIPITATION FR S~WATER PATHWAYS FOR RADIONUCLIDES.

RADIONUCLIDES IN
GASEOUS EFFLUENT

DIRECT RADIATION
INHALATION IMMERSION
ADSORPTION ABSORPTION
INGESTION

TERRESTRIAL
PLANTS

~>~
" \ TERRESTRIAL
HERBIVORES
TERRESTRIAL
CARNIVORES

\
\

f.~~INA"\l;: .. " >i6.::~.

"" ~
~ .9 ... -o.':q:.'.
·::.'o:··':j:}.:,f?·:.· "
.. .. ··"'·;·cS:· ..(t·.. ·:u·.·
-ti.,"O::··ir. ':6- ::'(1/f';CJ::
. .'.:.'.:.. . ;.::..:. . :~.:.::<.~f)···"'·,,· .. ,\C:,o.. ''''':a···· ..
d. _. • ••••• : - . • • • • __ . • • • • ' .:

. ;~.:.:}:.::.,
"13"
:.::0.' ::~; ;'?"T':' .D..'?;}?::
'0' / ) ' . '
AQUATIC PLANTS 0 ;
:, ... ; •... : : '.'

"'........ '" VI '-"}!/_ . PHYTo"PLANKTON ... ' .J{iJ.~

DETRITUS FEEDERS .........
. . .-. . . ~ \L'_
~' .'.:: :0>....
c:O·:~"',
:".i:--'
HERBIVORES--
.f ZOOPLANKT~ ~.<: '.
--
y' -.-'sA. '.
::.'Cl

DRAIl'lAGI'
_ :.:t~:,
• :''0-:;,
j
" ,...:'\,,-,
.....
(N/!: '. Y
'::-O~·.~:. CARNIVORES " .qf~~:': 7
: :'''~.: ~ ": ~ .. : .
~ .'.-....
. "~;~
DETRITUS FEEDERS
.....~:-"'~-.'
.. ~
/

. : ;.-:':-j. ..', :..t:: . '/

"".'.ft<' .
Decay. animal wastes ~
.' "'0
• {J." .. -.
'(J.... ",.
. ....,...-:..:0:", ....
..•\.01
'V ... . /
' .. T
Detritus ~

31
 [
[
air concentrations would give thyroid dose rates of about 0.03 mrem/y to an infant and 0.003
6.6 DOSE TO TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS

The Canadian designed operating targets limit the dose rate at the exclusion area boundary
mrem/y to an adult.
r
The total annual dose from airborne releases at the boundary is therefore about 1.4 mrems
from released radioactive materials to a small fraction of the natural background radiation
level. This small increase in dose rate is not expected to damage living organisms or the
to both infants and adults. This is about one percent of the annual dose from natural background [
radioactivity.

r
ecosystem. It is worth noting that the Environmental Assessment Review Panel for the Point
Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station reported to the Minister of the Environment that:- The 6.8 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
question of the effect of radioactive discharges on organisms other than man has been dis-
Inactive liquid wastes at the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station should have a
cussed at considers/be length by a number of expert committees and panels in recent years.
One of the most recent of these was an international panel of the Committee on Oceano-
negligible effect on the aquatic environment. [
graphy, U.S. National Academy of Sciences. All of these bodies agree that if environmental
levels of radiation are based on the proteetion of man then other organisms will not be
The description of chemical systems in Chapter 3 indicated that the use of these materials
will be minimized under expected operating conditions. It is believed that hydrazine and
[
harmed. It must be noted that there is a dissenting opinion from a group in Sebastopol in
cyclohexylamine/morpholine concentrations in the boiler blowdown will be well below
the U.S.S.R. They have produced a number of publications which claim observable damage
to fish eggs developing in contaminated water where the total doses received were extreme-
toxicity levels of 1.0 mg/I hydrazine and 0.3 mg/I morpholine. Once the blowdown is
mixed with the cooling water discharge it will be greatly diluted and its effect on the aquatic
r
ly small (less than 10 percent above normal background radiation). Other research workers environment will be insignificant.
(including some in the U.S.S. R.J have been unable to repeat their results.

In addition, any other chemical liquid wastes (i.e. demineralizer wastes) will be treated
The monitoring designs presently being considered for terrestrial, freshwater to required levels prior to entering the cooling water discharge. As with the boiler blowdown,
and marine systems, of which this report is a part, assume that environmental any remaining chemical constituents in these wastes will have a negligible effect on the a· ..
programs should not be designed around pathways leading to man. quatic environment.

6.7 DOSES FROM AIRBORNE RELEASES
NBEPC has estimated that alm~t all of the dose at the exclusion area boundary will come
from external irradiation from released fission gases and from inhaled tritiated water vapour.
The expected air concentrations at the boundary will give dose rates of about 1.4 mrem/y
from external irradiation, 0.08 mrem/y from inhaled tritiated water vapour and 0.01 mremly
from deposited particulates.
In addition, small amounts of iodine may be released, causing irradiation in man as a re-
sult of food chain contamination or direct inhalation.
The expected air concentrations at the boundary would give a dose rate to the thyroid
of an infant fed only locally produced cow.'s milk of about 0.7 mrem/y. As there is no dairy
industry in the area, the most probable route for exposure is by inhalation. The expected
Only a small quantity of oil contaminated wastes will be produced and these wastes will
be treated to ensure that only innocuous oil concentrations (i.e. 15 mgl1) are allowed to
enter the cooling water discharge.
Finally, sanitary wastes will be treated by conventional methods to ensure applicable
effluent standards are met.
As indicated, inactive solid wastes could be handled by various conventional methods. All
procedures for handling these wastes will be reviewed with the proper authorities and there-
fore the effect on the environment should be minimal.
l
Contaminants contained in the products of combustion generated by the standby boiler
and emergency diesel generators will be dispersed to acceptable levels by the proper selection
of exhaust stack heights.

32
l
rl
 'I
/1
0J,.
7.1 INTRODUCTION
THE PROPOSED
It is clear from the foregoing, that the release of radionuclides and particulates
is expected to fall within natural background levels, but that biological concentration MONITORING PROGRAM
in the environment may occur. This assumes a "best case" operational approach.
However, it is clear that operational "events" do occur and it is our view that mon-
itoring programs should be designed from the "worst case" perspective since no-
thing is lost if values remain acceptable, and comparative background data are a-
vailable if they are required.

The proposed monitoring program, presented in this section, has been designed
with a view to:

1. determing those sampling areas in the environment where surprise that a more complete inventory of the terrestrial and freshwater biota
radionucl ides may concentrate physically. was not carried out prior to the construction phase.

2. determining the best sampling area and locations from a

"worst case" perspective, and
3. determining those species which may be best suited to
tracing the passage of radioactivity through the biological
systems.
In each case, we have attempted to provide the rationale behind our recom-
mendations
7.3 THE MONITORING AREA
The assessment of dispersal and deposition of long-lived particulate radio-
nuclides presented in the preceeding section appears to be based on a steady-state
theoretical model and does not appear to take into account prevailing winds, vary-
ing wind velocities, inversions and modifications in dispersion created by the Bay
of Fundy. The area of greatest influence is calculated to be in the immediate vic-
inity of the stack and reduces to 1% of these values at 70-80 km.

7.2 LIMITATIONS
While a detailed analysis of dispersion patterns is beyond the scope of this work,
analyses carried out for sulphur dioxide emissions from the Coleson Cove Thermal
As previously mentioned, site-specific data for the terrestrial and freshwater
Generating plant throw some light on the variations in dispersion which can be
biota in the study area are not complete. These gaps in information create some
anticipated (Lorneville Impact Study, 1973). Pertinent sections from this report
limitations in the selection of monitoring species. While numerous unrecorded
are reproduced below.
species (which might be excellent candidates for a monitoring program) un-
doubtedly occur in the Point Lepreau area, we have hesitated to include these
sJ;lecies without first-hand knowledge about their occurrence, distribution and Because Lornevi/le is situated at the boundary of two very different surfaces (the land and

abundance and have only considered those species which have been recorded or the Bay of Fundy!. the dispersion of emissions can be expected to be very dependent upon
which, as a result of our experience, we feel will be present. We must express our the wind direction and, therefore, was divided into the following sections:

33
 (i) Southwesterly winds blowing from the Lorneville area toward Saint John (1900-2500)
Dispersion of emmissions under these conditions is based on regional wind direction measured
at approximately 300 metres (990 feet) at the radiosonde station on Sable Island. For this wind
direction it was found that "limited Mixing" conditions, in which pollutants are uniformly mix-
ed in the vertical direction beneath an overlying inversion or stable layer, could cause the maxi-
mum ground level concentration to exceed the Maximum Acceptable Air Quality Objective
of 0.34 ppm about one to three times per month between May and October, and once or twice
per month in the cold season (November to Apri/). The point of maximum concentration could
be from 3.6 to 6.2 miles downwind of Lorneville and, therefore, could occur within Saint John.
Sustained afternoon advection inversions, in which the emissions are injected initially into
a stable layer, transported over land with relatively little dilution, and then brought rapidly to
the surface in high concentrations by vertical mixing over the relatively warm land, could occur
about four times per month in the warm season but less than once per month in the cold season.
This condition can persist for about four hours in the middle of the day at a downwind point
which is continually shifting due to changes in wind direction and temperature structure of
the air.
During the night time the emissions are often prevented from reaching the ground by an
inversion layer which forms overnight next to the ground. About an hour after sunrise this
layer has been destroyed to the extent that the emissions, which have undergone relatively
little dilution aloft, can be brought to the ground in high concentrations. This "morning in·
version breakUp" could take place from two to seven times per month in the cold season.
This condition lasts only about 30 to 45 minutes and the point at which it occurs is contin-
ually shifting.
(iiJ Winds blowing inland from the Lorneville area in directions other than towards Saint
John (0900-1900)
With this wind direction, sulphur dioxide can be transported inland towards the Saint
John water supply lakes north of Lorneville, It was found that, under limited mixing con-
ditions, maximum ground level concentrations could exceed the Maximum Acceptable Nat-
ional Air Quality Objective north of Lorneville, once or twice per month throughout the year,
fr;'r approximately four hours each time.
Sustained afternoon advection inversions could cause high concentrations to reach ground
34
on two or three afternoons per month in the warm season, but less than once per month in
the cold season. Morning inversion breakup could occur one to five times per month in the
cold season. The maximum concentrations during the above three conditions will be at a
point 6 to 30 km (3.6-18.6 miles) downwind of the source; this point will be continually
shifting because of changing wind direction and air temperature structure.
(iii! Winds blowing from Lorneville over the 8ay of Fundy towards Nova Scotia (2100-
36(0).
It is desirable to examine the impact the Lorneville emissions may have on the air quality [
of western Nova Scotia. In the cold season, air passing from New Brunswick over the re--
latively warmer waters of the Bay of Fundy, will be warmed from below and the Lorneville
emissions will be well mixed through a very deep layer of atmosphere. The dilution rates
over the Bay of Fundy will be large and emissions are unlikely to reach Nova Scotia in
measurable concentrations.
In the warm season, the plume could travel for long distances in a duct between an elevated
stable layer and a stable layer forming next to the relatively cooler water of the bay. Analysis
of this situation revealed that after a distance of 100 km (62 miles) the Maximum Acceptable
National Air Quality Objective could be exceeded over Nova Scotia, but less than once per
month. Since this estimate was done without regard for the reduction of S02 concentrations
due to chemical decay and washout by precipitation, it is estimated that the emissions that
are projected to come initially from the Lorneville area are not likely to affect the agri-
culture and forestry industries of Nova Scotia. Additional emissions, however, will increase
the chance of Lorneville emissions affecting Nova Scotia.
While the above summary deals with sulphur dioxide, it is clear that some
variations in dispersion patterns may have implications with regards to dispersion
from the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station. In particular, we wish to
point out the following
1) SOUTHWESTERLY WINDS (190 0 - 2500 )
a) "Limited mixing" conditions could cause maximum ground
level concentrations. This conforms with the analysis provided by MacLaren
Atlantic (1977).
 b) Sustained afternoon advection inversions may transport
emissions beyond the study area.
c) Night time inversion layer at ground level may prevent
emissions from reaching ground level resulting in the transport of particulates
beyond the study area.
2) WINDS FROM OTHER DIRECTIONS (090 0 -180 0 )
a) Under "limited mixing" emissions, afternoon advection in-
versions and morning inversion breakup could cause deposition of particulates
up to 18.6 miles from the stack.
3) WINDS BLOWING OVER THE BAY OF FUNDY TOWARDS NOVA
SCOTIA (270 0 -360 0 ).
a) During the summer, the plume may travel long distances in
a duct between an elevated stable layer and a stable layer forming next to the
cooler water of the Bay. High concentrations of particulat·es could be expected
up to 62 miles from the stack.
In the absence of a detailed dispersion study and assuming the "worst case"
perspective, it would appear that the monitoring area should be expanded to take
into account dispersion of particulates to outlying areas. The monitoring areas
which should be included, if Coleson Cove data are applicable, are shown in
Figure 7.3.1. An examination of wind frequency data (Figure 3.5.1) shows
that winds blow from 1800 to 360 0 approximately 76 percent of the time.
Therefore, areas towards Saint John and the Nova Scotia shore should be
given primary consideration.
7.4 MONITORING SITES
While we agree that emphasis should be given to the immediate area around
the plant, it is clear from the foregoing that a wider sampling area should be
considered and we would recommend that sampling sites should be established
as follows.
1/ 1. ZERO TO FIVE MI LE RADIUS. Five terrestrial/freshwater
sampling sites as shown in Figure 7.4.1
2. FIVE TO TEN MI LE RADIUS. Four terrestrial/freshwater
sampling sites to be selected.
3. TEN TO TWENTY MI LE RADIUS. At least two terrestrial/
freshwater sites to be selected.
4. NOVA SCOTIA. We have not recommended sites for Nova
Scotia. However, we would recommend that the establishment
of monitoring sites be considered.
It should be noted that we have combined both terrestrial and freshwater
sampling sites since all of the recommended terrestrial species occur at these sites.
The only difficult species in terms of collection are the leeches and
Caddis fly larvae. We would estimate that, if these two species can be obtained
with relative ease, each sampling should not require more than 5 man-hours.
Allowing for travel, the sampling time for the entire area recommended above
should be in the order of 45 to 55 man-hours or 6 to 7 man-days.
7.5 SAMPLING SEASON
We recommend that sampling be carried out during the summer or early fall
since most species occur in greater abundance and are more easily obtained dur-
ing this period.
7.6 SELECTION OF MONITORING SPECIES
While the contract requires identification of a suitable fish, invertebrate and
aquatic plant as well as suitable sites for the collection of undisturbed soil, lichens
and plant samples, our examination of available species and food webs suggests
that a broader spectrum should be examined to insure that entry of radionuclides
into the numerous biological pathways is detected. Consequently, we recommend
35
 __ J

/
J

.,,,.
.... ,,,.
-\\'iBRUNSWICK
,~,

SOUTHEASTERLY WINDS
AREA 1
.,.,.
"1fZl

. .,..

FIGURE 7.3.1 TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER MONITORING

AREA SUGGESTED BY COLESON COVE WIND DATA.

~~. _....
S?
.ll.····

<,4
53
/i9 ....
:... / '
l
- - ' ····t9 99
'" .I·~,
Gr.nd6~_.'·
B(r;'ks..-- .
.--,' 92
\.29/
AREA 3
I
.-;;,. NORTHWESTERLY WINDS

:6
 J

27'
,., ~ ~ ~
"
i
..'
.
'l"
I'
,;,

~
/"
,... "-:-"..
~
/

~
..... FIGURE 7.4.1 PROPOSED TERRESTRIAl!
" " "rt~:p:'ibR":1ll~~ri;'=;=T~":,'..f~~~~;=:;t~~'Ilj~WJill~IO~~~U~~;I2~ll:1q:iI3~k::~"~~ 15 FRESHWATER SAMPLING SITES IN THE
VICINITY OF THE POINT LEPREAU NUCLEAR
GENERATING STATION (See Data File for 1:20,000
maps of all sites except Lepreau River.

I~
I

I",

.!
~5

i•
~ -OJ

J:
14 15 J6 -02

--L --f-----j!'---L..jl
'0>

I~,
I
"""
I
I

,
" ."
96 +
I
+-J
95

'!J." -r L I
I 94-
--I
"
- '·3
., ·95

-'-
Q2]!~:!=~t=~t:~t=~~=~~~~~:~~:~,::;t~:~::~~~. .~'~·-:·=·:'·;-:-:~;-:~..:-~.~-~.~._;::.:-:-;~.~.~-~. T."=J-"
5 CQNTOU~ ."rE...... ,.;I fEU tQUIOtSTA/'lCl lI£S COUA8ES $(l "WS

92·-t;c--f--- t::....~= A_=::,;::..-::::':'\9l1J

!
WN 6<iSlOOO!n E 99 100 01 02 03 U' 04 05 06 07 08 09 10lO' 11 12 13 14 15 16 ~·lY
22~.E. \26 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 \38 139 140 141 142 143

37
 that species which occupy most of the basic trophic levels be included in the mon- This species was chosen over other trees because of its existance along con-
itoring program. sistent drainage areas. It is felt that exposure to water-borne radionuclides is
enhanced in such a habitat.
We would suggest that the following samples be taken and analysed from the
proposed sampling sites: 2. Reindeer moss (e/adonia rangiferinai. A primary colonizer, Reindeer moss occurs
commonly on ledge outcrops often in well-drained areas. It has the ability to absorb
TERRESTRIAL SAMPLES and retain moisture and would appear to be the most suitable species for monitoring
such habitat. I
1. Speckled Alder Alnus rugosa
2. Reindeer moss Cladonia rangiferina While we have no information on its position in the food web it is probably [
3. Bog moss Sphagnum sp. utilized by insects and other invertebrates and serves as a minor browse for mam-
4. Flying insects (gross collection) malian herbivores.
5. Soil samples r
3. Bog moss (Sphagnum spi. Spagnum is abundant in poorly-drained depressions.
AQUATIC SAMPLES
This is a unique habitat where water-borne radionuclides may be concentrated. l
1. Leech H e/obdella sp.
Sphagnum is probably utilized by insects and mammalian herbivores.
2. Caddis fly larvae Trichoptera
3. Ninespine stickleback Pungitius pungitius
4. Flying insects. No specific terrestrial insect was identified as a suitable species
4. Green frog Rana c1amitans
for a monitoring program. Nevertheless, forest insects are probably the most im-
5. Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus
portant link in the terrestrial food web where they utilize forest plant cover and
6. Water Rorsetail Equisetum sp.
serve as food for numerous species on higher trophic levels. We believe that gross
7. Stream/Lake sediment samples night collection of night-flying insects will provide a suitable technique for sampl-
ing this important group.
Our rationale for incllJding these species, apart from preliminary selection
criteria, is as follows: 5. Soil samples. Soil samples, including resident fauna, should be taken and mon-
itored from both poorly drained and well-drained sites.
TERRESTRIAL SAMPLES
AQUATIC SAMPLES
1. Speckled Alder (A/nus rugosai. The speckled alder is a common species occurring
in thickets in wet soil along streams, lakes, swamps and areas subject to spring 1. Leech (He/obdella spi. This member of the class Hirudinea, was chosen as a mon-
flooding (Canada, 1956). itoring species because it met all the criteria for preliminary selection. These
leeches were found to be common. Pennak (1978) indicates that this species is
l
While it is not a primary browse species it is on the base of the food web and generally distributed over the region and can be found in a variety of habitats,
will be utilized by insects which are fed upon by amphibians, birds, mammals an!! from lakes and ponds to springs, streams and marshes. This organism is of adequate size
reptiles. for rapid collection. However, as with the majority of freshwater invertebrates,

38

[
 a considerable amount of time would be necessary to collect sufficient quantities
for testing.

This leech has been found to live as a carnivore on a diet of snails or as a

parisite of fish, reptiles and amphibians (Pennak, 1978). It is an important fish
food (Scott & Crossman, 1973). Helobdella provides an essential link in the
ecological web. which will pass radionuclides to higher trophic levels. It can be
This species is most readily collected by siene netting.
found year around in various aquatic habitats. It is most common at depths of
less than two meters and on substrates to which they can adhere. The standard
collection method is individual picking from the underside of rocks, logs, and
4. Green Frog IRana c1amitans). The green frog is an efficient insect-eating am-
debris (Pennak, 1978).
phibian which occurs commonly throughout the region. While most other am-
phibians can only be obtained in quantity during the spring breeding season, the
2. Caddis fly ITricoptera). Caddis fly larvae meet the basic criteria of a monitoring
green frog is common along the margins of streams, lakes and ponds throughout
species. They were found to be common and in sufficient abundance at most
the summer months.
sites visited. Pennak (1978) indicates they are widely distributed in this region.
They are relatively easy to collect, given sufficient time to obtain proper quantities.
Since the green frog utilizes insects and serves as a food for many aquatic
and terrestrial carnivores it is an important link in the food web.
Tricoptera larvae are most commonly omniverous, living off plant debris and
small organisms found as they crawl across the bottom or which come into range
5. Muskrat IOndatra zibethicus). The muskrat occurs in streams, lakes and ponds
of their substrate-attached cases (Pennak, 1978). They have been observed during
throughout the region. It is a large aquatic herbivore which utilizes a wide range
fish food surveys as an important component of the fishes diet, particularly trout
of aquatic plants. As a result this species should provide an excellent sampling
(Pennak, 1978).
tool for assessing the presence of radionuclides. Muskrats are utilized by large
predators.
These organisms can be collected year round by picking from a relatively hard
substrate or waShing them from debris and vegetation (Pennak, 1978).
6. Water Horsetail IEquisetum sp.). Water Horsetails occur commonly along streams,
ponds and lakes and are easily collected.

3. Ninespine stickleback IPungitius pungitius) . The Ninespine stickleback, was
selected as a monitoring species due to its observed and reported (Scott and Cross-
man, 1973) abundance and distribution throughout the study area and surround-
ing region. They are relatively large and easily collected with a minnow siene.
The Ninespine stickleback is an opportunistic carnivore, living on a variety of
., aquatic organisms; including crustaceans aquatic insects and smaller fish and eggs.
It is a primary source of food for larger predator fish, such as trout and pickerel
As a result it forms an important link in the aquatic food web.
Equisetum sp. is an important primary producer utilized by various aquatic in-
sects, invertebrate herbivores and terrestrial herbivores.
This species may be readily hand picked in the shallow shore waters of most
streams and lakes from mid-spring until late autumn.
7. Stream/Lake sediment samples. Sediments deposited in backwaters and dead-
waters offer the best possibility for the physical concentration of pollutants in
the freshwater system.

39

Alcock, F.J. MUSQUASH. Charlotte, Kings and Saint John Counties, N.B.
Geo!. Survey Canada, Map 1084A, 1959.
Baird, J.C., D.S. Christie, and P.A. Pearce. BIRDS AND LAND MAMMALS.
In: AN APPRAISAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE
DEVELOPMENTS PROPOSED FOR LORNEVILLE. N.B. Environment
Canada, Vol. 2, Task Reports, Ottawa, 1973.
Cormack, D.W. REPORT ON THE FOREST COVER IN THE LORNEVILLE
DEVELOPMENT AREA. In: An Appraisal of the Environmental Consequences
of the Developments Proposed for Lorneville, N.B., Environment Canada,
Vol. 2, Task Reports, Ottawa, 1973.
Department of the Environment, Canada Land Inventory. ATLANTIC
PROVINCES CRITICAL CAPABI L1TY AREAS, Supply and Services
Canada.
Department of the Environment. Canada Land Inventory. ATLANTIC
PROVINCES. SOIL CAPABI L1TY FOR AGRICULTURE. Supply and
Services Canada.
Department of the Environment. Canada Land Inventory. Atlantic
Provinces. LAND CAPABILITY FOR WILDLIFE-WATERFOWL.
Supply and Services Canada.
Department of the Environment. Canada Land Inventory. Atlantic
Provinces. LAND CAPABI L1TY FOR RECREATION. Supply and
Services Canada.
Department of the Environment. Canada Land Inventory. LAND CAPABI L1TY
FOR FORESTRY. Supply and Services Canada.
LITERATURE CITED
Environment Canada. AN APPRAISAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSEQUENCES OF THE DEVELOPMENTS PROPOSED FOR LORNE-
VILLE, NEW BRUNSWICK, Vol. 2, Task Reports, Ottawa, 1973.
Fisheries and Environment Canada. HISTORICAL STREAMFLOW SUMMARY
ATLANTIC PROVINCES TO 1975. Inland Waters Directorate, Water Resources
Branch, Water Survey of Canada, Ottawa, 1977.
Groom, W. FINAL REPORT ON ELVER OBSERVATIONS IN NEW
BRUNSWICK WATERS. Report to the N.B. Dept. of Fisheries, Research
and Development Branch, 1975.
Hooper, W.C. INLAND WATER LIMNOLOGY AND FISHERIES. In: An
Appraisal of the Environmental Consequences of the Developments Pro-
posed for Lorneville, N.B. Environment Canada, Vol. 2, Task .Reports,
Ottawa, 1973.
Levigne, R.G.A. ECHOES FROM THE BACKWOODS. London: Henry
Colburn, 1846.
Loucks, O. L.A. FOREST CLASSIFICATION FOR THE MARITIME
PROVINCES. Reprint From: The Proceedings of the Nova Scotian In-
stitute of Science, Vol. 25, Part 2,1959-60. 2nd printing, 1968.
41
 MacKay, A.A., R.K. Bosien and P. leslie. BAY OF FUNDY RESOURCE Squires, W.A. THE BI RDS OF NEW BRUNSWICK. Mono·Graphic Series
INVENTORY VI. PEA POINT TO POINT lEPREAU. Marine Research No.7, The New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, N.B. 2nd edition, 1976.
Associates ltd., Report to N.B. Dept. of Fisheries, 1979.

MacKay, A.A. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A MARINE MONITORING

REGIME FOR POINT lEPREAU, NEW BRUNSWICK. Report to the
Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 1979.

Maclaren Atlantic Limited. COMPARISON OF ENVIRONMENTAL

FACTORS RELATING TO ALTERNATIVE SITES FOR A NUCLEAR
GENERATING STATION. Summary Report to N.B. Dept. of Fisheries
and Environment, 1974.
f
Maclaren Atlantic limited. PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
STATEMENT· lEPREAU NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION. Report r
to the N.B. Electric Power Commission, 1975.

Maclaren Atlantic Limited. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE I

POINT lEPREAU GENERATING STATION. Report to The New Brunswick
Electric Power Commission, 1977.

Morris, R.F. POPULATION STUDIES ON SOME SMAll FOREST

MAMMALS IN EASTERN CANADA. Journ. Mamm. 36: 21-35.

Morris, R.F. THE lAND. MAMMALS OF NEW BRUNSWICK. Journ.

Mamm., Vol. 29, No.2, pp 165-176, 1948.

Pennak, R.W. FRESHWATER INVERTEBRATES OF THE UNITED

STATES 2nd. ed. Wiley Interscience PUblication, John Wiley & Sons,
Toronto, 1978.

Scott, W.B. and Crossman, E.J. FRESHWATER FISHES OF CANADA.

Bulletin 184, Fisheries Research Board of Canada; Ottawa, 1973.

Smith, K. lEPREAU RIVER, Internal Report, N.B. Department of !

Natural Resources.

Squires, W.A. Per. comm: N.B. Museum, May 18, 1961.

42
 DATA FILE
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.
Lord's Cove, Deer Island, New Brunswick
..
~. "- ....
LOGS IN STREAM, MUD
AND GRAVEL
Canada

BEDROCK, FRESHWATER STREAMS

WATERFALL (2')
Welch cove POINT LEPREAU, N.B.
SAMPLING STATION ~
Scale: 1: 20,000
Base Map Source: Forest Classification Map, N.B.
Department of Natural Resources
•
GRAVEL
•• I (Depth 2.3'
I'
.1
Width 10')
I
,
,?
•

••
, I
) Duck Cove

Indian Cove

Point Lepreau
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY· DATA SHEET

NAME OF STREAM OR LAKE~,:':,:",:,,::-:-,:"N:.:.O~N:.::A::::M:.:;E;..... _

SYMBOLS
LOCATION: DUCK COVE. POINT LEPREAU. N.B.

Dam~ OBSERVERS: R.K. Bosien. B. Hill

~. DATE (S)::_.:.;N:.:o.:.;ve:;:.m~b:.:e,;.r.:.;'9:..:•...;',:9.:..;79=-_ _ TIME: _';.;:2;.;:40.;,...._ _ TO: _..;.'3;;,;°;.;°'-- _
Wharf /~ STATION NUMBER:: ':-. _
Inlet/outlet~
Rapids WEATHER:: _ _~S~un~n.:Jyc.;a~n~d:..:w~i:.:n~dY!.._ _

Falls oC:::...
AIR TEMPERATURE: _ _.::3::.5_ _

f /' hUJ
Rocks
'I
Sfl(0e£
~®I Gravel WATERTEMPERATURE: 4~•.::00;.;:C~ __

1 '\ / Sand ::::":::. S. SALINITY: 0 0 /00

'i: \ '! Mud

'

.. :.'::' ,....,.
;
:~.
CONDUCTIVITY: _ _~5~5
DISSOLVED OXYGEN: _ _-::'-:'.!:p~pm:::--
_

- ",,\ _

=\ f~ Swamp or Marsh i t ~ pH: 6_.4 _

t
Yt
-.[
'it- \
I
~
~ .,y,
~ '">'- ' Swamp or Marsh
with trees ~
,...
It.
'i
t * je
SECCHI DISC AND/OR WATER COLOR:
FLOW RATE: _--=2:.:..:.;,::.cf:.::.s
_
_

~R! " -=' 'f / ~ ,(

Beaver House ...c... j.ll. Width
36"
Depth (inchesl
1.5,4,6,2
Distance
Times: 36.2 sec.
60 feet

.j;
""" ./ -I.-J.. 44 Osee.
...- ~

5ad 60" 3 , 5.5 • 5.5 • 7 • 3

~ ~:o.
Beaver Dam

*
~/
64" 1.5 • 6 , 5.5 • 6 • 4

~
/ -I- "
4-~.
Hardwoods 86" 4.5 , 6 • 4.5 , 3.5 , ,
oj.
AOUATIC FLORA:
"'- Softwoods 4 If s. Sample No. Species Abundance Comments
Mixed Hardwoods A A M
and Softwoods T' .
North ~ W
Water Chem.
Station

Sampling Station
AOUATIC FAUNA
COMMENTS: Sample No. Species Abundance Comments

1 Canada Goose Trichoptera (')

Chironomidae, Species A (1)
Speices B (3)

(Use back of sheet for additional datal

MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.• Lord's Cove. Deer Island, New Brunswick, Canada
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY· DATA SHEET

NAME OF STREAM OR LAKE;,'_ _..:;N~o:..!Nl!.~m~e,- _

SYMBOLS
LOCATION: Duck Cove, Point Lepre.u, N.B.

D.m~ OBSERVERS: R.K. Bosien, B. Hill

~. DATE IS): November 19, 1979 TIME:.....:1.;:.40:;:0:...._ _ TO: _...;..7 _
Wh.rf /~ STATION NUMBER:: _ _-!.2'- _
InletlOutlet~
Repids WEATHER:; S;:,;u:;;n;;.n:,:.y..:.;,;nd:...;c:.oo:.I _
~
Fells
~ AIR TEMPERATURE: _ _5:.0..:C=---- _
Rocks Y. ><. I<
WATERTEMPERATURE: 1~.5~0..:C=---- __
Gr.vel 00
D g"" SALiNITY: _ _~O _
S.nd .::::';:: $. CONDUCTIVITY: _ _......:4~0 _
Mud .::; :.::';: M. DISSOLVED OXYGEN: --------------------
~ t pH: 6:.:..7:....... _
Sw.mp or M.rsh

Sw.mp or M.rsh
wi th trees ~
A
,... 't
j
t * ~
SECCHI DISC AND/OR WATER COLOR:
FLOW RATE: 1.73 ds
_

Width Depth Distance 10 feet

Beaver House ..Q... 1J.1t. 46" 3,3,5" Times: 5 sec.
Beaver Dam -p.T>. 46"
46"
3,5,6"
2,5,7"
5 sec.
9 sec.
® H.rdwoods
~ l}".
AQUATIC FLORA:
Softwoods 4 ~ S. S.mple No. Species Abundance Comments
Mixed H.rdwoods
and Softwoods
+4' . . . •

North ~W

W.ter Chem.
Station 0
Sampling St.tion. @-:J. AQUATIC FAUNA
COMMENTS: Sample No. Species Abundance Comments

Araneae (1) .
Area very swampy with numerous alders along bank.
Trichoptera, Phryganeidae (11
Diptera, Tipulidae (2) (2)
Ephemeroptera, Ephemerella (3)
Chironomidae (1) (1) (12)
Oligocheata (1)
Nemouridae, Prostia sp. (1)
Allocapnia sp. (1)
(Use back of sheet for addition.1 d.t.) Plecoptera (4)
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.• Lord's Cove, Deer Isl.nd, New Brunswick, Canada
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY· DATA SHEET

NAME OF STREAM OR LAKE;,.' ~N~o.!::N~am~e _

SYMBOLS
LOCATION: Duck Cove, Point LePreau N.B.
D.m~ OBSERVERS: R.K, Bosien. B. Hill
TO: _
~. DATE(S): November 19, 1979 TIME: 1545
/~
~
Wharf STATION NUMBER:: ~3 _

'f InletlOUtlet~
i
~-l
Repids WEATHER:: ..:S~u~n~n:x:y..!!a~nd~C:20~ol!_ _

i ! Ii
t
s,H-W M 1>5
Falls

Rocks

Gravel
AIR TEMPERATURE:

WATERTEMPERATURE:
SALiNITY:
2~0~C~

~O~°:.J./~o~o
_

__
_
5tUMf,tJ Sand
-l /l!JlJ
11J.i7!£5 ......
CONDUCTIV ITY:: -.:::4:;.2 _

5~ Gg;4:z I?..JD~K
-f Mud
;.'
'.;: :.-::' ,,,,. DISSOLVED OXYGEN: -"1~1..1:p~p~m:._ _

c::JfItI1IIL5 Swamp or Marsh ,i: t.t pH: 6.5

If Swamp or Marsh
with trees
A t .I}
'J! 't it
~
SECCHI DISC AND/OR WATER COLOR:
FLOW RATE: approximately 50% of rate at site Ng
_

~ Beaver House -0- i.H- .

Beaver Dam
~ 00
- - --
Hardwoods
Ou/..i1e-.er AQUATIC FLORA:
Softwoods
Abundance Comments
~1117 '7Z1 --;;:b/ A./7 ,f.E?/Ze71« --">---- Sample No. Species
Mixed Hardwoods A II. M-
and Softwoods T' . Chrysosplenium americanum (common)

North ::- W
Water Chern.
Station o
Sampling Station @-:S- AQUATIC FAUNA
COMMENTS: Sample No. Abundance Comments

Nemouridae, Paracapnia sp. (1)

(Use back of sheet for additional data)

MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.. Lord's Cove, Deer Island. New Brunswick, Canada
 DATA FILE
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.
Lord's Cove, Deer Island, New Brunswick
Canada

FRESHWATER STREAMS ENTERING DIPPER

HARBOUR, NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA

-<J SAMPLING STATION

Scale: 1:20,000
Base Map Source: Forest Classification Map, N.B.
Department of Natural Resources.

END OF TIDAL
INFLUENCE

. • . .--• DIPPER HARBOUR

BEAVER DAM

SALT MARSH

TIDAL FLATS
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY· DATA SHEET

NAME OF STREAM OR LAKE:~'_......iN~O~Nil;iA~M!.5E..... _

SYMBOLS
LOCATION: Dipper Harbour, N.B.
r~ll-llJt I--D-am--:..'::::fe;-.~'P-.- - - I OBSERVERS: B. Hill, G. Wood
~. DATE(S): November 19, 1979 TIME: ....:1~6~30~_ _ TO: _.l.o17:.>6",0~ _
Wharf /~ STATION NUMBER: _ _.......:1 _
InletlOutl.t~
Rapids WEATHER: _ _....:S,;;un;;;n~y~a:;n;:d;.:c::o;;:ld=__ _
~
Falls
~ AIR TEMPERATURE: _ _..:.1.0.,;C::..... _
Rocks '1.)(. ](
Gravel 00 " WATER TEMPERATURE:: __1:..0-"C~ _
o 8" SALiNITY: ..::
O _
Sand ::::.:";:= $. CONDUCTIVITY: _ _~2o:::0~B _
Mud .::; :.:;": M. DISSOLVED OXYGEN: .!..11!..1!1pp~m!l_ _

Swamp or Marsh .i: 1::.t pH: 6.7

SECCHI DISC AND/OR WATER COLOR: _
Swamp or Marsh It. t .0}
with trees :k
,.. 't jt FLOW RATE: 8.19cfs

Beaver House Width Depths (inches) Distance 34 feet

17' 11 ,8 , 12, 12 Roughness factor
Beaver Dam 18' 13. 15, 16,9 Flow time 86 sec.
14' 24,30,36
Hardwoods
AQUATIC FLORA:
Softwoods
Sample No. Species Abundance Comments
Mixed Hardwoods All. N\
and Softwoods T' . Saponaria officinalis (common)
Spartina sp. (abundant)
~~_ _....J North

Water Chern.

COMMENTS:
;/ \ Station

Sampling Station. "@-j. AQUATIC FAUNA

Sample No. Species Abundance Comments

Chironomidae. species A (8) OTHER INVERTEBRATES

Stream bottom mud with a few stones.
Deer, moose and bear tracks on marsh. species B (1)
Varying Hare seen.
speices C (1) Gammarus sp. (23)
My,is sp. (1)
Ephemeroptera, Stenonema sp. (1)
Trichoptera. Macronema sp. (4)
Phryganeidae (3)
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD., Lord's Cove, Deer Island, New Brunswick, Canada
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY - DATA SHEET

NAME OF STREAM OR LAKE:~' _,!;:N~O~N:!!A~M!!JE=-- _

SYMBOLS
LOCATION: Dipper Harbour: N.B.
Dam ~ OBSERVERS: B. Hill, D, Methven
~. DATE(S): November 22,1979 TIME: 1003 TO: __1:,::0::;:39=.' _
Wharf /~ STATION NUMBER: _ _!;.2 _
Inlet!OUtlet~
Rapids WEATHER:: C~I:.:::o::::ud~y:_ _
~
Falls
~ AIR TEMPERATURE: __4,;.0..;:C'-- _
Rocks )1.><'"
Gravel 00 /I WATER TEMPERATURE: _ _...2(..:5:l:°~C'_ _
" g., SALINITY:
0
0 /00
Sand ::::(:J: S. CONDUCTIVITY: _ _-'3~5!..- _
Mud '::,: :.::':': (II. DISSOLVED OXYGEN: _~I..!.I,J,p:l!p!!.m!._ _

Swamp or Marsh -it t.t pH: ....:::6:::..5 _

SECCHI DISC AND/OR WATER COLOR:_....:.R:.::e:::d:::.di~sh~-:::b:.::ro::;w:.::n!._ _

Swamp or Marsh It. t <}
with trees :k 't
,..' ~ FLOW RATE: 3.917 cfs
Width Depths (inches)
Beaver House ...a.. i.H. 90" 10.5,11,12,4 Distance 25 feet
Beaver Dam --p.T>. 72"
62"
5 . 5 , 11.5 , 14.0 , 4
14.0,11,11,6
Roughness factor 0.8
Flow time 26 sec.
Hardwoods

Softwoods
+4l}".s. ~
99"

AQUATIC FLORA:
8.5,9.5,6.0,6.0 24 sec.
30 sec.

Sample No. Species Abundance Comments

Mixed Hardwoods A A ~
and Softwoods TI .
North ~ W
Water Chern.
Station o
Sampling Station, @-:l- AQUATIC FAUNA
COMMENTS: Sample No. Species Abundance Comments
MAIN STREAM· Deeper than at site 2, averaging 2 to 5 feet, but variable. Strong current on ebb-tide. Three
foot banks along marsh edge. Few rocks; mainly mud and sand with some gravel.
Gammarus faciatus (5)
No bi rds observed.
No mammal tracks observed, 1 dead Rana clamitans Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae Ipupae, 5)
Plecoptera, Perlodidae (I nymph)

(Use back of sheet for additional data)

MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD., Lord's Cove, Deer Island, New Brunswick, Canada
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY· DATA SHEET

NAME OF STREAM OR LAKE;.'_...;.;N.:,O.;.N::,A;:;M::,:E:.- _

SYMBOLS
LOCATION: Dipper Harbour, N.B.

Dam~ OBSERVERS: B. Hill, D. Methven

1151 TO: _
~. DATE(S): November 22.1979 TIME:
Wharf /-=- STATION NUMBER: _ _...2.
3 _
InletlOutl.t~
WEATHER: _ _--::C:.:.:lo:::u:;;d~y _
Rapids
~
Falls
~ AIR TEMPERATURE: _ _6:..0....;C~ _
Rocks ~><.}(
0., " WATERTEMPERATURE:: __....;3~0~C~ _
Gravel
tJ g 0
0
SALINITY: 0 /00
Sand .-::: f"::": $. CONDUCTIVITY: 4~0L- _
Mud .::; :.::':'; M. DISSOLVED OXYGEN: _ _IJ.\Ol..oPloO!!m!l... _

Swamp or Marsh ,i: t~ pH: 6.5

SECCHI DISC ANDIOR WATER COLOR: _
At 4-
Swamp or Marsh
with trees 'J! 'r
~
*' FLOW RATE:
W:lth
7.133 cfs.
Depths I inches) Distance 33 feet
Beaver House 106" 5.0,12.5,13.0,9.5 Roughness factor 0.9
66" 19,19,16,11 Flow times 43 sec.
Beaver Dam
132" 15 , 19, 12 , 10 42 sec.
Hardwoods 144" 15,14,12,8
AQUATIC FLORA:
Softwoods
Sample No. Species Abundance Comments
Mixed Hardwoods A II. M
and Softwoods Ti .

North ~ W
Water Chern.
Station o
Sampling Station. @-:S- AqUATIC FAUNA
COMMENTS: Sample No. ~ Abundance Comments

Chironomidae. Species A (6) Trichoptera (case)

Insect sampling site gravel bottom with some sand and rocks.
Species B (3) Bryozoa, Fredericella sultana
1·2 Hydra on small rocks.
Speices C (3) Hirudinea, Helobdella stagnalis (1)
Deer. porcupine, raccoon tracks.
Plecoptera, Paracapnia sp. (4)
Capniidae

(Use back of sheet for additional data)

MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.• Lord's Cove. Deer Island, New Brunswick, Canada
 DATA FILE
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.
Lord's Cove, Deer Island, New Brunswick

\
,,
Canada
LITTLE LEPREAU RIVER
POINT LEPREAU. N.B.
& '"l
(LOWER SECTION)

~
-0- ( ,, SAMPLING STATION

'"
Scale: 1: 20,000
,• Base Map Source: Forest Classification Map. N.B.

(• Department of Natural Resources

,
.
)
,
•,
.. .- .... ~

AREA SURVEYED

! .r-" IS NOW AN EXTENSIVE BACKWATER EXACT LOCATION

LITTLE LEPREAU ','"

•
OF SAMPLING SITES NOT KNOWN

\
.
•,

., .
.............
•
•• '-
I••
•
(
••
/
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY· DATA SHEET

NAME OF STREAM OR LAKE' LImE tl!l'R~A~"IIIIf~

SYMBOLS
LOCATION: Point Lepreau, N.B.

Dom~ OBSERVERS: B. Hill, D. Methven

~. DATE(S): November 22, 1979 TIME: TO: _
Wharf /~ STATION NUMBER:_--':.- _
InletiOutlet~
Rapids WEATHER: Cloudy
~
Falls
~ AIR TEMPERATURE: _ _.....:;6;,:.0'-0"'C _
5P((j(E 5f0Jt6 Rocks -1. ><. )(
Iii. vt!!;t~ !J.(p/olr!- SIN/( rJ1..1ER.6 P/-biJa- Gravel 00
D go<J
WATER TEMPERATURE: __2"'."'5"_C"-- _
Sr1<eJlfrl. ~,J K SALlNITY: "'O_o"'/o"'o'- _
Sand ::: :':::
....... $.
CONDUCTIVITY: .....:;30"-- _
Mu d
M DISSOLVED OXYGEN: _ _1;,:2:.Jp::tp::.:m.:.- _
•• :;:.'::"

Swamp or Marsh .i: t t pH: --::6.:.;.0--' _

SECCHI DISC AND/OR WATER COLOR: _
Swamp or Marsh At -} FLOW RATE: _
with trees ,.. :k 't jI,
Beaver House ..a... i.K. Width
22'
Depths linches)
11,1,14,11
Distance 33ft.
Roughness 0.8
Beaver Dam --p:O. 22'
22'
16,17,23,18
22,20,22,9
Times 15 sec.
15 sec.
Hardwoods
t 4-",
Softwoods 4- If s. AQUATIC FLORA:
Sample No. Species Abundance Comments
Mixed Hardwoods A 11 N\
and Softwoods T' .
North >- tJ
Water Chem.
Station o
Sampling Station. ®-~ AQUATIC FAUNA
COMMENTS: Sample No. Species Abundance Comments
Diptera, Tipulidae (1)
Hydra on rocks. MOLLUSCS
Crows, ducks (lsp.), varying Hare Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae (1)
Leptoceridae (1) Pelecypoda, Sphaeriidae 11)
Odontoceridae (1 case. no larva)

Chironomidae, 7species (1)

Plecoptera, Taeniopterygidae (.1)
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.. Lord's Cove, Del!r Island. New B·runswick, Canada
Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae (6)
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY - DATA SHEET

NAME OF STREAM OR LAKE' LITTLE LEPREAU RIVER

SYMBOLS
LOCATION: ...:PO:...:.:I.:..:N..:.T.:L::E::...P:..:.RE:;A..:.U:.;,:...:.N:..:,:;B.~ _

Dam~ OBSERVERS: B. Hill, D. Methven

TIME: TO: _
~. DATE(S): November 22,1979
Wharf /~ STATION NUMBER:: _ _...::..
2 _
InletlOutl.t~
Rapids WEATHER:: 2Su~n~n:.ly:.c.,~co~l:::d~a~nd~w~in,::;d:.xy _
~
Falls
~ AIR TEMPERATURE: _

Rocks ~ ><. "

1°..:C
WATER TEMPERATURE: _ _..:. ::...- _
Gravel () goII
""
SALiNITY: _
Sand ::::!";:"= S. CONDUCTIVITY: _
Mud .::; :.:;':': M. DISSOLVED OXYGEN: _ _-:.;l0::..t:lpp~m::.- _

.t t.t pH: ..:6:;:.0==-- _

Swamp or Marsh

Swamp or Marsh
with trees
It
'j{ 't
"
t *
jI
SECCHI DISC ANDIOR WATER COLOR:
FLOW RATE: No data - ice forming
_

Beaver House ...a... i ....

Beaver Dam ~.T>.
Hardwoods
f l} 1+.
Softwoods
4 s.
Mixed Hardwoods A 11 '"
* AQUATIC FLORA:
Sample No. Species Abundance Comments

and Softwoods To '

North ~ W
Water Chem.
Station o
Sampling Station. @-:S- AQUATIC FAUNA
COMMENTS: Sample No. Abundance Comments
Hydra present
INSECTS
10 Black Duck, 1 Bald Eagle, 1 Deer.
Met trapper with: 1 Varying Hare, 1 Beaver
Chironomidae, Species A (4)
Sticklebacks abundant
Species B (3)

FISH

Pungitius pungitius (4)

MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.• Lord's Cove. Deer Island, New Brunswick, Canada

,
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY· DATA SHEET

NAME OF STREAM OR LAKE' LITTLE LEPREAU RIVER

SYMBOLS
LOCATION: POINT LEPREAU, N.B.
Dam ~ OBSERVERS: B. Hill, D. Methven
~. DATE(S): November 30,1979 TIME: ......:1:::.50~O::....._ _ TO: _
Wharf /~ STATION NUMBER: _
InletlOutlet~
Rapids WEATHER: .:::C:.:lo~u:::d!.y.;w:.:.ith::;.;s::;n.::ow::...:f:.::lu::;rr~ie::s:_. _
~
Falls
~ AIR TEMPERATURE: _ _..::3:.::.5::.,0.:;C'--.J.;(?c.:) _
Rocks ~ )(, ,(

Gravel 00 WATER TEMPERATURE:_-'4...;°C::..;.:(?..:.) _

D go" SALiNITY: _
Sand ::::;'::: $. CON DUCT IV ITY: _
M d ; . ' ......
u .. :; :••;;. ,-,. DISSOLVED OXYGEN: ..:.1:::.0""p:t::pm~ _

,t t ~
*
Swamp or Marsh pH: 6
SECCHI DISC AND/OR WATER COLOR: _
Swamp or Marsh It. ~ FLOW RATE: _
with trees ,... 'Jl 't ~
Beaver House ..a... i.1t .
Beaver Dam

Hardwoods
AQUATIC FLORA:
Softwoods
Sample No. Species Abundance Comments
Mixed Hardwoods All. M
and Softwoods T, .
North -->~tJ
1oWO Water Chern.
Station

Sampling Station. @-j. AQUATIC FAUNA

COMMENTS: Sample No. Abundance Comments

Strong current at dam. Chironomidae. Species A (5) (7) OTHER INVERTEBRATES

Species B (5) 14)
Species C (1) Oligochaeta (3)

Trichoptera, Oecetis sp. (3) (1) FISH

Leptoceridae (2) (1)
Odonata, Aeshnidae. Basiaeshna janata (1) Pungitius pungitius (2) (2)
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD .• Lord's Cove. Deer Island. New Brunswick, Canada
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY· DATA SHEET

NAME OF STREAM OR LAKE' LITTLE LEPREAU RIVER

SYMBOLS
LOCATION: POINT LEPREAU. N.B.
Dam~ OBSERVERS: B. Hill. D. Methven

~
Wharf
w· DATE(SI: November 30. 1979 TIME: 1545 TO: _
STATION NUMBER: _ _--=4!-. _
InletlOutlat~
Rapids WEATHER:: .:::C:.::lo~u:::dLy'..:C:l:0~ld~,.:.sn~o~w~f~lu~r~ri!::es~ _
~
Falls
~ AIR TEMPERATURE: _ _~3.=5.::°C~.u(?.!..I _
Rocks 'I. ><. )(
go~
Gravel 0 0 WATER TEMPERATURE::_--..:4:;:.0:..0,:::C..;(c:..?:....1 _
D SALiNITY: _
Sand .::::';:'= s. CONDUCTIVITY: _
Mud .::; :.:;": (II. DISSOLVED OXYGEN: 1~0~p:!.lp!!.!ml_ _

tt
.;l
*
Swamp or Marsh pH: 6.0
SECCHI DISC ANDIOR WATE R COLOR: _ _"'B.uro"'w"'n...isbou..:·"'y"'e:ullpLllw"'- _
Swamp or Marsh At
with trees ~ 'i j FLOW RATE: Dam 32.72 cfs
~

Width
Beaver House ...a... i.H. 20'
Depth linches)
3"
Distance 100 feet
Times 14.0 sec.
Beaver Dam 13.5 sac.
Hardwoods
AQUATIC FLORA:
Softwoods
Sampta No. Abundance Comments
Mixed Hardwoods All. M
and Softwoods T" .
North )0 W
Water Chern.
Station ~
Sampling Station. ®-~ AQUATIC FAUNA
COMMENTS: Sample No. Abundance Comments

Simulidae (6 larvae) Oecetis (?) (1) (9)

Ephemaroptara. Stenonema sp. (4) Brachycentrus (?) (1)
Trichoptera, Macronemum sp. (3 species) Astenophyta (2)
Species A (12) Hydropsychidae (1)
Species B (7) Diptera, Chironomidae (15) (3) (2)
Species C (10) Hel'idae (1)
Phryganaidae (1) (1) Odonata, Aeshnidae (1)
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.• Lord's Cove. Deer Island. New Brunswick. Canada
Psychomyiidae. Psychomyia sp. (4)
OTHER INVERTEBRATES

Gastropoda, Physa sp. (4)

Hirudinea, Helobdella sp. (1)
Oligocheata (1)
Amphipoda, Talitridae, Hyalella azteca (4)

FISH
\
Pungitius pungitius (1) (2)

r
PLANTS
[
Drepanocladus sp. (1) (1)
Equisetum sp. (pieces)
Gramineae (pieces)

l
l
 A-."/
• DATA FILE
r-..... •
~.
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.
Lord's Cove, Deer Island, New Brunswick
Canada

Retreat Lake
FRESHWATER STREAMS
LITTLE DIPPER HARBOUR, N.B.

Clear Lake
SAMPLING STATION ~
Scale: 1:20,000
Base Map Source: Forest Classification, N.B.
Department of Natural Resources
•
••

Black Lake
.. ----
•
••
••

_ .....
SKETCH AND DESCRIPTION FRESHWATER SURVEY - DATA SHEET

NAME OF STREAM OR LAKE;.'~:.:R::.ET.:.:R:;E;;A::T:-L=A.;;K::E~:-:-:=-:=-=:-:-:-: _

SYMBOLS
LOCATION: MOOSE CREEK WATERSHED. LITTLE DIPPER HBR •• N.B.

Dam~ OBSERVERS: R.K. Bosien. B. Hill

t
tJ
Wharf
~.
/~
InletiOutl.t~
Rapids
DATEISI::__D
;;.e;;.c;,;.em=be;;,;r..;3;:.
• .;.19""7..;9;...._ _ TIME: __1::;3;::00::...._ TO: _.:.:164=5
STATION NUMBER:_....:5:.:s~t~at~io~n~s~v~is::.it~ed~.

WEATHER:
lI:9i::.:lI::.:ne::.:t",s:::e~t

C..;oo_l_an_d_su_n_n..;y
_
_

_
~
Falls
~ AIR TEMPERATURE: ...::;Oo..;C::.... _
Rocks 'I. ><',(
Gravel 00 WATER TEMPERATURE: l:.:;.5:..0.;C:..- _
o 8·"
Sand ::::!/ S. SALINITY:
CONDUCTIVITY:
0
3=2::.::5:..- _
Mud .::; :.:;':': "'. DISSOLVED OXYGEN:_.ll9 _

Swamp or Marsh ,i: t.t pH: 6.3

SECCH I DISC AN DIOR WAT ER COLO R: _ _..;4:..f",e",et",/w=at",e:..r"'br"'o"'w"'n'--
Swamp or Marsh A. t f FLOW RATE: _
_

with trees 'il 't

... je
Beaver House ..a... i.H- Site 1 INSECTA
Beaver Dam ~.T>.

~\~{I
~'l Hardwoods
+-} ... Chironomidae (15)

." ••t> •01 ~~ Q Softwoods 4 If S. Plecoptera 111

• Mixed Hardwoods f'f ""

Tricoptera (1 )

and Softwoods • -Leptoceridae 12)

-oQ
0 North >tJ
- Macronerna sp. (4)
-Phryganeidae (3)
Water Chern.
~ Station 0
Sampling Station. ®-~ AMPHIPODA

COMMENTS: Man-made lake; approximately 40 years old. Shallow, mud bottom. rocks and sand beadles covered
with weeds. Talitridae (2)
Gillnet set 1620 Dec. 3.1979. taken in 1530 Dec. 4.1979.
Beaver, deer, ducks, geese, sticklebacks Site 2 INSECTA
Lake owned by C. Wilson. Saint John Tugboat Co.
Following information supplied by employee at Lake.
1) Man-made. 30-40 years ago_ Chironomidae (44)
2) Drains: Clear Lake-natural spring-fed lake Odonata· Cordulegastridae
Mud Lake· small, man-made
T richoptera - Leptoceridae (6)

- Brachycentrus sp, (1)

MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.• Lord's Cove. Deer Island, New Brunswick. Canada -Phylocentropus sp_ (1)
 3) Depth: 5-10 feet
20 feet deepest
Site 4 INSECTA INSECTA r
4) Not much aquatic life
5) Lake stocked with hybrid brook trout. Chironomidae (175)

Tricoptera . empty cases (11)

Chironomidae

Tricoptera
(21)
r
CLEAR LAKE (1 )
1) Spring fed; no inlets -Phryganeidae (1)
2) Native trout
3) Previous land-locked salmon
-Polycentropodidae (1)
-Leptoceridae (5)
AMPHIPODA r
Ephemeroptera (4)
Talitridae (110)
-Heptageniidae (3)

TURBELLARIA Odonata
ANNELIDA
-Coenagriidae (2)
Hirundinea -Helobdella (1)
[
-Phagocata velata (6) Hemiptera
-Erpobdellidae (1)
-Corixidae (1 )
ANNELIDA
AMPHIPODA
-Oligochaeta (6)
-Hirudinea Talitridae (22)

-Helobdella stagnalis (20)

MOLLUSCA r
GASTROPODA
Pelecypoda

Gastropoda -Laevapex sp. (2) -Sphaeriidae (2)

Gastropoda

Site 3 INSECTA - Laevapex sp. (2)

Aquatic Flora
Chironomidae (75)

Tricoptera empty cases (11)

Tolypella sp. present

l
Plecoptera (1)
Nitella sp. common

AMPHIPODA
ValJisneria sp. present

(20) HEPATICAE
Tulitridae
Chiloscyphus common

ANNELIDA
MUSCI

Hirundinea - Glossiphoniidae (1)

-Helobdella (1)
Fontinaliaceae Species 1 - present

Species 2 - abundant
l
PELECYPODA l
Sphaeriidae 11 )
l
 26\ 271 281 291 301 31\ 321 331 34\ 351
25r

03
-02 DATA FILE
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.
Cl Lord's Cove, Deer Island, New Brunswick
02 Canada
-01 TERRESTRIAL STUDY SITES
MAC E S
POINT LEPREAU. N.B.

01 Terrestrial Study Site and number ~

5000

5000
-99

99
-98
Welch

98
- 05
{ Cove
05'
-97

97
-96

96
-95

95
-94

94
-93

Miles I 0 2
s=F3 E3' F3 E3 I
hilelrn 1000 500 0 1000 2000 3000
93 'HHHHH I

66°30' 25'
I
225000m.E. 126 127 \28 129 130 131 132 133
TERRESTRIAL STUDY SITES

Three terrestrial sites were studied in a limited way.

SITE NO. TS-'

LOCATION. Near Visitor's Centre, Point Lepreau

SPECIES
') Sphagnum (Sphagnum sp.)-Abundant
2) Spanish Moss (Tillandsia usneoides)-Abundant
3) Lichens - Abundant
4) Mosses - Abundant
5) Fir (Abies balsamea) - Abundant, approximately 50% dead.
6) Birch (Betula sp.) - Present
7) Alder (Alnus sp.)-Present

SITE NO. TS-2

LOCATION. Approximately 2 miles from nuclear plant above gate

SPECIES
1) Sphagnum (Sphagnum sp.) - Abundant
2) Spanish Moss (Tillandsia usneoidesl - Abundant
3) Lichens - Abundant
4) Puffballs - Abundant
5) Fir (Abies balsamea) - Abundant, approximately 90% dead
6) Birch (Betula sp.l - Present

SITE NO. TS-3

LOCATION: Crossroad just north of causeway

SPECIES
1) Sphagnum (Sphagnum sp.) - Abundant
2) Spanish Moss (Tillandsia usneoides) - Abundant
3) Lichens - Abundant
4) Fir (Abies balsamea) - Abundant, approximately 75% dead
5) Birch (Betula sp.) - Present
6) Tamarack (Larix laricina) - Present