Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TO BE
• Significa “ser ” o “estar
estar””.
• Hace la negació
negaci ón a ñadiendo “not
not””
• Hace la interrogació
interrogación por inversió
inversió n.
USOS
USOS
Formar los tiempos I am writing with a
Para preguntar la edad. How old are you?
continuos. computer.
I am forty.
I was swimming
Indicar la profesión. I am a teacher.
yesterday.
USOS USOS
Para medidas. I am six feet tall. Indica tallas. I am size 8.
How big is the town? Con adjetivos. I am happy and you are
right.
It is quite big. Where (¿Dónde?) Where’s the boy?
What (¿Qué?)
I am six feet tall. Who (¿Quién?) When’s your birthday?
Why, (¿Por qué?)
Con ciertas expresiones. I am right.
USOS USOS
Indicar posesión. I have a white car. Obligación. I have to go to Alicante
tomorrow.
I have got a white car.
Puede indicar otro tipo de I have breakfast at Combinado con better You had better buy a
actividades. 7:45. indica consejo. new pair of shoes.
La contracción es You’d
Ingestión de alimentos
tanto sólidos como better.
líquidos.
Otros. I have a bath and my La construcción causativo I’m going to have my
wife has a shower. have, se utiliza cuando hair cut.
Construcción de tiempos I have been in New alguien hace algún servicio
perfectos. York. para nosotros.
CONTRACCIONES
PRESENTE, PASADO Y FUTURO
PRESENTE PASADO FUTURO
HAVE HAD WILL HAVE PRESENTE PASADO FUTURO
I do the washing up
every night.
Interrogativas. Do you love her? Did you go to
Does he speak England?
I never do the cleaning.
Valenciano?
¿Habla valenciano?
Sometimes I do the
cooking.
Uso enfático. He does love He did say what
running. he wanted to say.
PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
DIFERENCIA ENTRE ADJETIVO
Y PRONOMBRE
Acciones que recaen He washes himself
sobre el mismo sujeto. every morning.
ADJETIVO PRONOMBRE
ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES
PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
DEMOSTRATIVOS
Each other. “El uno al They love each other.
otro” SINGULAR PLURAL
CONCORDANCIA USOS
There's.
COMPUESTOS
EJEMPLOS
Something. Anything. Nothing. Everything.
Algo. Algo, nada. Nada. Todo.
I have some magazines from the library.
Somebody. Anybody. Nobody. Everybody.
Alguien. Alguien, Nadie. Todos. Do you want some chocolates?
nadie.
Somewhere . Anywhere. Nowhere. Everywhere . Have you any good book to lend me?
Algún lugar. Alguna parte, Ninguna Todas partes.
ninguna parte. I haven’t any money.
parte.
Someone. Anyone. No one. Everyone. I have no money.
Alguien. Alguien, Nadie. Cada uno.
nadie.
PRONOMBRES Y PARTICULAS
INTERROGATIVAS CONTABLES E INCONTABLES
When. When did you go there? •Los nombres se pueden clasificar en contables e
¿Cuándo? incontables.
What kind. What kind of music do you One book. Two pencils. Three boys. Four cars.
¿Qué clase? like?
CONTABLES INCONTABLES
So Few. He is alone, he has Much. I don’t drink much
Tan pocos. so few friends. Mucho. coke.
INCONTABLES
CONTABLES E INCONTABLES
Too Much. They eat too much A lot of. We have a lot of books.
Demasiado. “más de meat. Mucho, muchos.
lo necesario ”. We drink a lot of water.
Lots of. Lots of people came
Too Little. They have too Montones de. Mucho, yesterday.
Demasiado poco. little money. Mucha.
Plenty of. There are plenty of
So Much. They spend so Mucho, muchos. good books in the
Tanto. much money. Tiene el matiz de “de library.
sobra”.
I don’t have to hurry,
I’ve got plenty of time.
PARTITIVOS PARTITIVOS
A bar of. A bar of chocolate. A piece of. A piece of paper.
Una barra de. Un trozo de, una porción
A bottle of. A bottle of wine. de.
Una botella de.
A can of. A can of coke. A tin of. A tin of tuna.
Una lata de bebida. Una lata de.
A cup of. A cup of coffe.
A packet of. A packet of crisps.
Una taza de.
Una bolsa de.
EL GENERO GENERO
•Un gran número de nombres carecen de é l, por
eso tenemos la misma palabra para masculino y
MASCULINOS FEMENINOS NEUTROS
femenino.
Father. Mother. Flower.
Teacher. Doctor. Student. Lawyer. Padre. Madre. Flor.
Profesor. Médico. Estudiante Abogado. Brother. Sister. Cat.
. Hermano. Hermana. Gato.
Artist. Reader. Musician. Driver. Boy. Daughter. Door.
Artista. Lector. Músico. Conductor. Chico. Hija. Puerta.
MASCULINO Y FEMENINO
MASCULINO Y FEMENINO
A male doctor. A woman doctor. Bull. Cow.
Un doctor. Una doctora. Toro. Vaca.
Actor. Actress. Cock. Hen.
Actor. Actriz. Gallo. Gallina.
Bachelor. Spinster. Duke. Duchess.
Soltero. Soltera. Duque. Duquesa.
Boy. Girl.
Chico. Chica. Emperor. Empress.
Emperador. Emperatriz.
Brother. Sister.
Hermano. Hermana. Father. Mother.
Padre. Madre.
Lady Ladies
Wolf. Wolves. Thief. Thieves. Sheaf. Sheaves
Lobo. Ladrón. Gavilla. .
City Cities Loaf. Loaves. Leaf. Leaves. Half. Halves.
Barra de Hoja. Mitad.
pan.
Wife. Wives. Shelf. Shelves. Self. Selves.
Esposa. Estanterí Uno
a. mismo.
Life. Lives. Knife. Knives. Calf. Calves.
Vida. Cuchillo. Ternero.
Cod. Duck.
Bacalao Pato.
FORMACIÓN DE PALABRAS
FORMACIÓ
FUNCIONES DEL NOMBRE
COMPUESTAS
Sujeto. María is a teacher.
Verbo + Breakfast. Desayuno.
nombre. Predicado. María is a sociable
woman.
Preposición + Overwork. Exceso de
nombre. trabajo.
Complemento Directo. I saw a woman there.
GENITIVO SAJÓ
SAJÓN USOS DEL GENITIVO SAJÓ
SAJÓN
Apóstrofo y una “s “es la Peter’s bike.
regla general.
•Es una construcción especial que se utiliza para Acabados en s, s ólo “ ’ ”. Pits’ car.
indicar posesión. La estructura del genitivo sajón es:
Poseedor + ‘s + cosa poseída. Plurales irregulares no A men’s club.
terminados en “s” o “-es”
•Normalmente la utilizamos con personas y rara vez siguen la regla general.
con objetos. Más de un sujeto. My brother and sister’s
friends.
Con instrumentos I play the piano. Con los superlativos. Water is in my opinion
musicales. the best drink.
NO SE USA NO SE USA
Colores. Red is my favourite Cuando nos referimos al Wine is good for you.
colour. sentido general de algo.
The wine from Pinoso is
Deportes, actividades y Swimming is good for the best.
juegos. you. Partes del cuerpo. Wash your hair.
Con personas. Doctor Ferreira no The Both of them. Both of them are happy
doctor Ferreira. Ellos dos.
Neither. Ninguno. Neither of them came to my
Ni. party.
USOS
LOS ADJETIVOS.
Detrás de los verbos She is nice.
Modificar al sustantivo y normalmente le preceden. copulativos: be , look,
sound, taste, appear,
A red car. seem, get, feel, stay,
fall, etc.
Algunos siempre llevan I am interested in
Al ser en inglés parte invariable preposición. politics.
I have a red car. She has a red dress. Los participios pueden He is tired.
hacer las veces de
adjetivos. He is tyring.
My daughter wears red shoes.They have red
skirts.
LA COMPARACI
COMPARACIÓÓN CON
EL ADJETIVO
ADJETIVOS
Los que van delante A beautiful song . IGUALDAD
se llaman atributivos.
As... As. I am as tall as you are.
Los que van detrás se She is alive. Tan como.
llaman predicativos En los puntos va el
adjetivo.
So.....as. He is not so intelligent
No tan como. as his brother Mike.
LA COMPARACIÓ
COMPARACIÓN CON
LA COMPARACIÓN
ADJETIVOS
POSITIVO COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO
• Los monosi
monosiííabos y bis í labos a ñaden “-er
er”” en el Tall. Taller. The tallest.
comparativo.
• Los monosí
monos í labos acabados en una consonante Big. Bigger . The biggest.
precedida de una única vocal, duplican la
consonante. Como en fat
fat.. Fatter
Fatter..
LA COMPARACIÓN EL COMPARATIVO
“-Er”. I am taller now.
POSITIVO COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO
COMPARATIVO DE
EL SUPERLATIVO
INFERIORIDAD
The .....est The richest people in Less + adj + than . She is less intelligent
Elda. than Rose.
Con adjetivos de una o dos
silabas. The least + adjetivo The least important of
indican inferioridad. all his novels.
Se utiliza in para lugares y
periodos de tiempo.
POSITIVO COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO
The + most + adjetivo The most beautiful girl
Con los de dos o más in town. Busy. Less busy. The least
silabas. busy.
At the At least. At the Tocando una The keys are on the table.
station. Al menos. bottom. superficie.
En la En la parte
Transportes I saw her on the plane/on the
estación. de abajo.
públicos, train/on the bus.
caballos, motos
y bicicletas.
Siglos. In he l9th century people did not in a hurry. In any case in danger
wear jeans.
In private
LA COMPARACION DE LOS
ADVERBIOS
ADVERBIOS
Modificando frases. Perhaps they will Quickly. More quickly. The most
win. quickly.
CLASIFICACIÓ
CLASIFICACIÓN OJO CON ENOUGH
FRECUEN LUGA MODO GRADO TIEMPO
CIA R CON ADJETIVOS CON NOMBRES
Often. Away. Fast. Enough. Yesterday.
He is rich enough He has enough money
Frequently. There. Well. Very. Daily.
Recuerda
Sometim Near. Slowly. Almost Last week.
es. Rich enough money
Always. Here. Hardly Tomorrow.
Never. Rather
STILL ALREADY
Still. My sister is still Already . This car is already
Detrás de to be. working . Va detrás de to be. too old.
Todavía. Va entre Already . He has the tickets
sujeto y verbo en I still love her.
En posición final already.
afirmativas e enfatiza.
interrogativas Do they still live in
Sax? Already . I have already
Va detrás del Se coloca entre el bought the grapes.
sujeto en He still hasn’t paid. auxiliar y el verbo en Have you already
negativas. Da afirmativas bought the books?
énfasis
Do go home.
Practise. Practising.
EL PRESENTE SIMPLE
Afir . Sujeto + Inf. I live in Elda. EL PRESENTE CONTINUO
3ª p. (He, She, It) añade He kisses her.
Afir . S + Be (am, is, are) I am reading.
“-s” o “-es
+ Ing.
Neg. Sujeto + Don’t o I don’t like coffee.
Doesn’t + Inf She doesn’t smoke. Neg. S + Be + Not + Ing. She is not smoking.
Inter. Do o Does + S + Inf? Do you love me? Inter. Am, Is, Are + S + Are you running?
Does he go to school? Ing?
Usos. Acciones habituales. I get up at 7.45.
Verdades universales. Snow is cold. Usos. Acciones en proceso I am readind a book.
Planes futuros. I am playing tennis
Horarios. The match starts at
Acciones en el futuro 6.00. Acciones repetidas. tomorrow.
He is always talking.
sujetas a un horario. The train leaves at 6.00.
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: every day , always, usually, Otros. Le suelen acompañar: at present, nowadays,
often, never, generally , etc. now, at the moment, etc.
EL PASADO SIMPLE
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO Afir . S + Vb. Regular + ed I played.
Afir . S + Have (have o I have played tennis. S + Vb Irr ( I ate.
has) + Participio I have eaten paella. 2ªColumna).
pasado Neg. S + Did + Not I did not play.
Neg. S + Have + Not + I have not washed the (didn’t) + Inf. I did not eat.
Participo pasado. dishes. Inter. Did + S + Inf? Did you play?
I have not seen her. Did you eat?
Inter. Have o Has + S + Have you been there? Usos. Acciones que I went to Barcelona.
Participo pasado? ocurrieron en el I was reading the paper
Usos. Acciones acabadas de I have read the book. pasado. and then it began to
A veces acompaña al rain.
las que no se dice
cuando sucedieron. pasado continuo
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: last year, yesterday , two
Otros. Puede llevar just, for, since, already, yet, etc. days ago etc.
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO
EL PASADO CONTINUO
CONTINUO
Afir. S + Be (Was, Were ) I was writing a
+ Ing. letter. Afir. S + Have o Has + I have been
Been +Ing. learning English
Neg. S + Was, Were + I was not writing a for 20 years.
Not + Ing letter.
Neg. S + Have o Has+ I have not been
Inter. Was, Were + S + Were you writing a not + Been + Ing. sleeping.
Ing? letter? Inter. Have o Has + S + Have you been
Usos. Acciones en proceso I was painting the Been + Ing? reading?
en el pasado. gate. Usos. Acciones pasadas que todavía continúan.
En narraciones. The girls were
Para descripciones. smiling. Otros. For y since le suelen acompañar.
EL PASADO PERFECTO
EL PASADO PERFECTO
CONTINUO
Afir. S + Had + I had gone .
Afir. S + Had + Been I had been
Participio Pasado.
+ Ing. watching TV.
Neg. S + had + Not + I had not gone .
Neg. S + Had + Not + I had not been
Participio Pasado.
Been + Ing. watching TV.
Inter. Had + S + Had she gone?
Participio Pasado?. Inter. Had + S + Been Had she been
+ Ing?. ironing?
Usos. Acciones que ocurrieron antes que otra
acción pasada. Usos. Acciones que estaban en proceso
antes que otra acción pasada
ocurriera.
Otros. Le suelen acompañar: when, before, by
the time etc.
EL FUTURO SIMPLE
EL FUTURO CONTINUO
Afir. S + Will o Shall + I will go . Afir. S + Wil be + Ing I will be reading
Inf. Valle de Elda.
Neg. S + Will + Not + I will not go. Neg. S + Will + Not + I will not be
Inf. Be + Ing. watching TV.
Inter. Will + S + Inf? Will she come?
EL FUTURO PERFECTO
EL FUTURO PERFECTO
CONTINUO
Afir. S + Will have + I will have arrived at
Participio Pasado. 7.00. Afir. S + Will have + Been I will have been
Neg. S + Will + Not + I will not have + Ing. working.
Have + Participio finished. Neg. S + Will + Not + Have I will not have
Pasado. + Been + Ing. been working.
Inter. Will + S + Have + Will she have paid? Inter. Will + S + Have + Will you have been
Participio Pasado? Been + Ing. working?
Usos. Acciones acabadas en el futuro. Usos. Acciones que estarán finalizadas en el futuro.
EL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE
EL CONDICIONAL PERFECTO
Afir. S + Would + Inf. I would go to Afir. S + Would + Have + I would have gone
London. Participio Pasado. to London.
Neg. S + Would + Not + I would not go to
Inf. London. Neg. S + Would + Not + I would not have
Inter Would + S + Inf? Would you go to Have + Participio gone to London.
. Lisbon? Pasado.
Usos Deseos en el presente o en el futuro. Inte. Would + S + Have + Would you have
. Participio Pasado? gone to Paris?
Even though. Even though he is rich he never In spite of. In spite of having lived in France
A pesar de . she doesn’t speak French.
Incluso. shows off.
Even if. Even if it rains I will go. Despite. Despite all the efforts he didn’t
Incluso s i. A pesar de. win.
ORACIONES DE TIEMPO
ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
When. When you want to visit us, let us
Cuando. know.
If. If you need me, phone me. While. While I was in Italy I ate a lot of
Si. Mientras. pasta.
Unless. Unless you pay you can’t come Before. Before I worked in Elda, I worked
A menos que Antes. in Crevillente.
Since. I have lived here since 1962
Desde.
Whenever. Whenever he comes I visit him .
Cada vez que
Until. Until I found it I was sad.
Hasta.
The thing This is the thing that we Will, shall. Ought to.
that. should do. Auxiliares de futuro Deber.
No tienen imperativo, infinitivo, ni participio de Usan otros verbos para suplir sus carencias
presente ni de pasado. temporales.He was able to go. I had to go
alone.
No forman tiempos continuos ni perfectos.
¿Van seguidos de infinitivo sin to, a excepción de
Tampoco aparecen en formas pasivas. ought to, have to y used to.
CAN CAN
Sólo se usa en el presente, para el resto se utiliza to Expresa conocimiento y I can play the violin.
be able to. capacidad física e I can read.
intelectual.
Se puede traducir por poder o saber.
Posibilidad. I can go with you.
I can swim . I know how to swim. Tambien para dar y Can I go with you?
recibir permiso.
l'll be able to go tonight. Puede indicar You can’t smoke
prohibición en la forma here.
Will he be able to come in time? negativa.
Deducción negativa. They can’t be at
I have been able to finish it in time. home.
CAN COULD
Habilidad. I can swim . Indica habilidad en el I could translate
Ofrecimientos. Can I help you? pasado. Italian at the age of 9.
Solamente se usa para el She can do it alone.
presente de indicativo.
Could se usa para el I could go yesterday.
pasado y el condicional. I could go tomorrow. Peticiones formales. Could I go with you?
MAY MIGHT
MUST HAVE TO
Obligaciónes morales. I must visit my Obligación normalmente You have to drive with
friend, he is ill. impuesta. a helmet.
Consejos. You must visit the
museum, it is one of Para indicar costumbres. I have to take an
the best in Spain. aspirin every night.
Deducciónes. He must be out
because nobody
answers the phone. En negativa, indica que You don't have to stay
algo no es necesario. if you have something
Prohibiciones. You must not come
to do.
here again.
WOULD SHALL
Hábitos y rutinas en el In 1998 I would walk Puede expresar cierta We shall never
pasado. a lot. determinación surrender.
USED TO NEED
Be able to. Habilidades. He is able to make a Tienen dos partes, si la primera es afirmativa, la
cake. segunda será negativa.
She isn’t from Sax, is she? She plays golf, doesn't she?
You can swim, can't you? She doesn't write very well, does she?
SAY Y TELL
MAKE Y DO
• Tienen el mismo significado, decir y contar.
•Comparten el significado de hacer
• To tell va con un complemento indirecto.
•No existen reglas
•To say solo necesita un complemento directo.
•To make tiene el matiz de fabricar.
I told her your story
MAKE Y DO MAKE Y DO
Everybody makes I always do the ironing. I make many His son is doing badly at
mistakes. telephone calls. university.
EXCLAMACIONES EXCLAMACIONES
What a. What a yacht.
Se usa con How. How beautiful.
sustantivos. Se usa con adjetivos How fast.
y adverbios.
También con adjetivos What a pretty girl.
• CD pasa a Sujeto
•Se usa para resaltar más la acción que el sujeto.
LA VOZ PASIVA.
PASIVA. C INDIRECTO LA VOZ PASIVA.
PASIVA. C INDIRECTO
Con estos verbos se puede usar el
complemento indirecto como sujeto. I gave Mary a kiss. Mary was given a
Esto no ocurre en español. kiss.
I showed my friend my My friend was
Give. Lend. Offer. Pay. house. shown my house.
Dar. Prestar. Ofrecer. Pagar.
It is said that he is going to be promoted.
Promise. Refuse. Send. Show.
Prometer. Negarse a. Enviar. Mostrar.
SUGERENCIAS PREGUNTAS
Let’s take a taxi. He suggested taking
Where's Mary? He asked where Mary
a taxi.
was.
He suggested that How can I go to He asked me how he
we should take a Elche? could go to Elche?
taxi.
Why do you smoke? He wanted to know
why I smoked.
Too. She is too old to climb the Rather. He speaks English rather
mountain. well.
EL CAUSATIVO HAVE
EL CAUSATIVO HAVE •Esta estructura se puede usar en todos los tiempos.
•El sujeto no se hace un empaste ni se corta el Did you have your tooth fill?
pelo, sino que contrata un servicio.
I have my hair cut every month. Do you have your carpets cleaned every year?
FINAL
direelda@centres.cult.gva.es
pcivera@elx.uned.es