ACCELERATION

In the real world, few bodies move at constant velocity for very long. The velocity of
body change when it interact with something else in the some way, which mean that
such interaction occur almost all the time. For the moment our concern is with how
changing velocities are describe :later we shall discuss the interaction responsible with
them .

A body whose velocity is not constant is said to be accelerated. this term applied
regardless of whether v is increasing, decreasing ,or changing in direction.

Just as velocity is the rate of change of displacement with time, acceleration is the rate
change of velocity with time. The symbol for acceleration is a, since it is vector quantity.
Fot the time being we are discussing straight line motion only ,so we shall consider as
scalar quantity a.

Acceleration is rate of change of velocity

The successive position of three accelerate cars after equal period of time.(a)the car is
going faster and faster,so it travels a longer distance in each peiod of time.(b)the car is
going slower and slower,so it travels a shorter distance in each period of times.(c)The
magnitude of the car’s velocity is constant, but its direction change.

where F is the resultant force acting on the body, m is the mass of the body, and a is its
acceleration.
If a body’s velocity is vₒ yo begin with and change to v to begin and change to v after a
interval of t, the body’s acceleration is given by the formula

When the final velocity v is greater than the initial velocity vₒ the acceleration is
positive.which signifies that the body is going faster and faster .when the final velocity is
less than the initial velocity,the acceleration negative, which signifies that the body is
going slower and slower.

Just what is that causes something to be accelerate? The answer a force, which for the
moment we can think of as a push o a pull.In absence of a force ,an object at rest
remain at rest an object in most continues in motion at constant velocity.

CONSTANT ACCELERATION

Let us return on car no 2 and plot a graph on its instanter ous velocity v versus time t
.All the point lie on straight line which implies that v is directly proportional to t .
Although the car’s velocity velocity increase exactly on proportion. Therefore the car’s
acceleration constant

From its definition,acceleration is expressed in term of

VELOCITY and ACCELERATION IN CALCULUS

Instantaneous velocity of an object at a certain time was defined as the value of the
tangent to the s-t curve of tis motion at that times..Another way to say the same things
is to define instantaneous velocity as the limit of ∆s/∆t approaches 0 when ∆s is the
object ‘s displacement in the time interval ∆t. That is,

Which in calculus notation is written

Thus the instantaneous velocity of an object is the derivative of its displacement with
repect to time. If we know s varies with t in particular case,we can obtain a formula for v
simply by differentiating s with respect to t. in the absence of an analytical expression
for s we must ,of course,find the instantaneous velocity by fitting a tangent to the s-t
curve at the point of interest

In a similar way the instantaneous acceleration of an object can be defined as

Which in calculus written

The instantaneous acceleration of an object is the derivative of its velocity with respect
to time. Since the instantaneous velocity is v=ds/dt, we can expresse a directly in term
of s and t as the second derivative of displacement with respect to times