m

6
 

à
 
à
 m
It is a homogenous one-phase system consists of solvent &
solute.

×






 

It is the component which is dispersed as small molecules (e.g.
sugar) or ions (e.g. NaCl) in the solvent.

×
 



   
 

 


m
It is the phase in which the dispersion occurs. It may be one or
more solvents.

¦

 
 
-m½asy to swallow for pediatrics & geriatrics.
2-mThey provide a rapid absorption rate & so the therapeutic
response is faster.
3-mThe drug has a uniform distribution.
4-mDrugs in solution are less irritant to stomach than drugs in
solid dosage forms (tablets & capsules).
m
m

6

 
 
-mDifficult to transport & store because liquids are bulky.
2-mThe stability of drugs in aqueous solutions is poor.
3-mThere is a probability for growth of microorganisms.
4-mAccurate dosage depends on the ability of the patient to
use 5 ml spoon or dropper.
5-mThe taste of a drug is usually unpleasant & the colour may
be unattractive.
Ým mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 
 m

ô
 
  

¦m ¦ 

 
×



 m xotable water (Tap or drinking water):
 ml of official potable water contains not more than  mg
of residue after evaporation to dryness (at  5Œc).m
º ½ ;
èm ôor washing & extraction of crude drugs.
èm olvent in pharmaceutical preparation for internal and
external use when there is no difference between potable
& purified water.

Ô m xurified water:
 ml of official purified water contains not more than  mg
of residue after evaporation to dryness (at  5Œc).
It is used as solvent in some pharmaceutical preparations (where
potable water is not suitable due to x
or hardness) except
parenteral preparations.
It is prepared by ;m
èm Distillation and
èm Deionization by ion exchange resins (there is no heat so
the cost is low).
m

Æ m Dater for injection.

It·s pyrogen-free distilled water, sterilized immediately after
collection. It is used for parenteral preparations. m

ë m Aromatic water (to be discussed later).

Ým
mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m

m J  

 

 m Dater-miscible solvents.
½xamples;
èm liquid macrogol = x½
èm propylene glycol
èm ethyl alcohol
èm glycerol

Ô m Dater-immiscible solvents.
·mÎegetable oil e.g. sesame oil, olive oil, maize oil, cotton seed
oil.
·måineral oil e.g. liquid paraffin.
·m ynthetic oil e.g. ethyl ether, isopropyl myristate.

¦ 
 m ¦


 


   
De add NaCl to increase the tonicity of hypotonic solution.
N.B.

ypertonic solutions should be well diluted before taking orally.

Ô m à


Ascorbic acid ´Îit.Cµ & odium metabisuphite are antioxidants.

Æ m x



·môor oral administration
èm Chloroform .25%
èm Benzoic acid .%
·môor external use
èm xara hydroxyl benzoate (parabens)
èm Chlorocresol .%
èm Chlorobutol .5%

ÝmmÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m

ë m a

 
·mColors are added to solution for external use to facilitate
the identification or to improve the attractiveness.
·môlavoring agents are add to solutions for oral administration
to mask the unpleasant taste (e.g. sucrose).

 m 

They are materials, when dissolved in a solvent, will enable it to
result any change in x
when a small amount of acid or alkali is
added.
½xamples of buffer;
·môor internal administration: phosphate, citrate & carbonate.
·môor external administration: borate.




 m
They are sterile pyrogen-free intended to be administered
parentally.
¦

6

m
ü 
 ¦
 m




¦



 m¦

   

ypotonic sols. may cause haemolysis (if the sol. is very
hypotonic and/or of large volume) while hypertonic sols.
may cause shrinkage, irritation to the vein (phlebitis) &
thrombosis.
Ô m¦

 x 
Îery acid or alkaline solutions injected by subcutaneous or
intramuscular routes, will cause pain & tissue damage & if
injected by IÎ route, it may cause phlebitis.

ÝmmÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m

x
is adjusted by using suitable buffer e.g. phosphate

buffer.
Æ m¦

 
 

ypobaric sols. tend to rise while hyperbaric sols. tend to
sink relative to the C ô.
ºsed in case of spinal anaesthesia.
ë mà


  


 

u ôor aqueous solutions
- odium åeta bisulphate, sodium sulphite & ascorbic acid
u for oily solutions
- butylated hydroxy anisole (B
A), butylated hydroxy toluene
(B
T), Alpha tocopherol & propyl gallate
 à



 

½xamples
odium edetate, calcium edentate, citric acid & tartaric acid.
 

 
  Ô
- ºse of water for injections free from dissolved air
- Replacement of the air in the container with an inert gas
e.g. Nitrogen & carbon dioxide.




 
 
- stored at suitable conditions & at suitable x
.

 mx



 phenol, chlorocresol & orthocresol.










ÝmmÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m

¦ 

6
 
They are clear, aqueous solutions, saturated with volatile oils
or other volatile or aromatic substances.

ºàà
.m ôlavoring agents.m
2.m ome of them have therapeutic effect.
m
m
å 





 

 
m
m
m6

 


m Boil the plant with water in a suitable still and then collect
the distillate
m ½.g. orange flower water (Nô) & strong rose water (Nô).
Ômà
 


m Aromatic substance + water then shaking
m tand for 2 hours to ensure complete saturation then
filtration through wetted filter paper to prevent the
passage of excess oil & eliminate the absorption of
dissolved aromatic substance by filter paper.
Æm¦



 


m Aromatic substance + Talc trituration add water shaking
then filter.
m The first portion of the filtrate is re-filtrated to obtain a
clear sol.
JB.
Talk powder is used as a filter aid & a distributing agent to
accelerate the rate of solution. 
ëm6
 


m Alcoholic solution of aromatic substances + water + talc.
m The mixture is agitated & filtered.
m Aromatic water is then prepared by dilution with water.

ÝmmÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m

m×

 


 দ 

m By dissolving the aromatic substances in solution of
surfactant (e.g. tween 2 ), so greater amount of aromatic
substances can be dissolved.
m The aromatic water is then prepared by dilution with
water.

à
  
 m

-m upport growth of microorganisms & moulds.

2-m
igh temperature causes loss of aroma.
3-m Low temperature causes separation of the aromatic
substances
4-m The addition of electrolytes causes salting out to the
aromatic substances.
5-m hould be stored in light-resistant bottles ´or dark bottlesµ
to avoid auto-oxidation which can be catalyzed by light and
traces of metals.
m
m
m

àm
They are nearly saturated viscous aqueous solution of sugar
(e.g. sucrose) in water with or without flavoring agents &
medicinal substances.
×

.m ôlavoring syrups
2.måedicated syrups
a  
 
.m ugar (sucrose)
2.mxreservatives
3.môlavourants
4.mColourants
Others may contain special solvents, solubilizing agents,
thickeners and/or stabilizers.
ÝmmÝm m 6 É

mmj
 
m

 
   


m ucrose hydrolysis dextrose + levulose
m

Inversion of sucrose occurs by acid or heat.

 x 

 
 




 - ½asily fermented
2- sweeter than sucrose.
( weetening degree of levulose > sucrose)
3- Degradation of levulose results in brown discoloration, this
called caramilization.
m

 

 
  
m
  à
  

 



m ucrose + water
eating till solution is formed.

m
eat-stable components are added to the hot syrup.
m
eat-labile components & volatile substance are added
after cooling.

m Ô à
     


 

m ucrose + water haking till solution is formed.
m used in case of thermo-labile substances & to avoid
inversion of sucrose and caramilization
6

; time consuming



.m imple syrup Bx
2.m imple syrup º x

ÝmmÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m

  

 

m

-Addition of high concentration of alcohol causes

m crystallization of sucrose.
2-Dilution of syrups requires the addition of preservatives.
3- ucrose causes gellation of pectin.
4- trong acids cause hydrolysis (i.e. inversion) of sucrose.

m ¦
à


 m J  


 

These are sugar-free vehicles which are used as substitutes to

be administered to persons suffering from diabetes mellitus.
a  

dm odium CåC (as viscosity builder).
dm accharin sodium or sodium cyclamate (as artificial
sweetener).
dm xreservatives
dm Dater.
Ô m à 



a  

orbitol, saccharin sodium and/or sodium cyclamate,
dm
preservative if sorbitol is less than 6 % w/w.
orbitol is not absorbed from IT as rapidly as sucrose & is
6 % as sweet as sucrose & has a preservative action.
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m



ÝmmÝm m 6 É

mmj
 
m

6
 
They are clear, sweetened hydro-alcoholic solutions
intended for oral administration. They are usually flavored
to enhance their palatability.
m




-mJ  



used as vehicles.
2-m



 contain medicinal substances & have
therapeutic effects.




   
-mLess sweet.
2-mLess viscous.
3-mLess effective in masking the taste of medicinal
substances.
m

¦

 


-mAble to maintain water-soluble & alcohol-soluble
components in solution.
2-måore stable than syrups.
3-m½asily prepared.



-m weeteners; sucrose, sucrose syrup, sorbitol, glycerin or
artificial sweetener as saccharin.
!
   

 
" we use an artificial
sweetener as saccharin Because ; m

m mall amounts are used due to its great sweetness.

m ucrose is slightly soluble in alcohol & if used, it will be
precipitated.
2-môlavoring materials.
3-m½lixirs containing over  % alcohol need not preservatives.
x
  



Ým mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m

-m Dater-soluble substances are dissolved in water & alcoholic-

soluble substances are dissolved in alcohol.
2-m The aqueous solution is added to the alcoholic solution to
decrease the separation of alcohol-soluble components.
3-m eparation of some of the flavoring oils by the reduction of
the alcoholic concentration may occur.
ë mTalc powder may be used as a filter aid to adsorb excessive
amounts of oils & help in their removal from the solution.

m
m

à
6
 
They are alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions of volatile oils
or volatile substances. The alcohol content is in the range (62-
85%).
uuu The solubility of volatile substances in alcohol is greater
than that in water.
m

x
  

 à


  
ºsing alcohol as the solvent
Ô à
  
  
ºsing alcohol for the desired constituents & water for the
undesired constituents (to remove them)
Æ a


  
uch as the preparation of ammonium carbonate spirit.

º
 

-môlavoring agents.
2-måay be taken orally, applied externally or used by
inhalation.

Ým mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m



6
 m
They are liquid pharmaceutical preparations , the vehicle is
aqueous & the medicaments may be in solution or suspension.
They should be freshly prepared.

×




 

 

-mThe active ingredients.
2-m weetening, coloring, flavoring & suspending agents.
3-mÎehicle e.g. distilled water, aromatic water, infusion &
decoction.
m
m ×
 

 à



They contain one or more soluble ingredients e.g. NaCl &
potassium citrate.
m
Ô 
  








m They contain insoluble substances in water .
m These substances are light.
½xamples; light ågCOÆ, åg Oë, åg trisilicate.
m They are easily diffused for enough time just only by
shaking the bottle & give a uniform dose so there is no
need for suspending agent.

Æ 
  








m These substances don·t remain evenly distributed in the
vehicle for a sufficient time to ensure a uniform dose.
½xample; Creta prepareta CaCO3
m D n
susp 
 a  [ .. acac 6-  &
 
0.3 ] o    
v oy of 
m
m

Ým
mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m

& decrease the rate of sedimentation and allow uniform

doses.

ë 
  
 




 


m lightly soluble liquids [e.g.creosote] don·t diffuse & will
be separated so we need suspending agents .
m These liquids are easily soluble in alcohol & glycerin and
when these solvents present in a sufficient amount, they can
dissolve the insoluble creosote & the mixture will be a
Simple mixture .
m
 
  

  
 


¦m ü
 

m These are alcoholic solutions of resins.
½xamples; tincture myrrh & tincture benzoin.
m Dhen the tinctures are diluted with water, the
resins are precipitated so we need suspendin aents.

mà 
m These are alcoholic solutions of volatile liquids which
are sparingly soluble in water.mm
m On dilution with water, it produce a fine precipitate.
m J  
    r qr
& ly hk 
r qr
.

 






m They contain a freshly prepared salt by combinin citric

acid & sodium carbonate or bicarbonate at the time of
dispensin, producin a mixture chared with CO2.

Ým mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m

Ë  
They are liquid preparations intended for external application.
They may be either solutions or contain dispersed solid or liquid
particles by using suspending or dispersing agents.

·mLotions are applied to the skin for protection where they

leave a thin protective coat after drying on the skin.
·mLotions should be labeled by ´shake before use´.

a


  
It contains 8% of each zinc & calamine with glycerin & calcium
hydroxide solution.
Calamine is composed of zinc oxide with a small amount of ferric
oxide which gives calamine its pink color.

Ë

They are alcoholic or oleaginous solutions or emulsions of
medicinal substances intended for external application with
rubbing.

·mAlcoholic or hydro-alcoholic liniments are useful for

rubefacient, counter-irritant or penetrating actions.
·mOleaginous liniments are useful for massage.

a


 
They are clear viscous solutions composed of pyroxylin (4% w/v)
dissolved in a 3: mixture of ether & alcohol with or without
added substances.

Ým mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m

·mCollodions form a protective film after solvent evaporation

& used to hold edges of incised wound together & increase
wound healing.

!






  
xrepared by adding 2% camphor & 3% castor oil to collodion to
give flexible product & more comfortable use.

à





  
It·s  % solution of salicylic acid in flexible collodion used as
keratolytic for removal of corns from toes.
m
m
m
m


m
They are aqueous solution or suspensions for rectal
administration .

×
 


 m 


m ºsed to evacuate the bowel to treat constipation e.g.
soft soap enema & åg O4 enema.
m The volume of evacuation enema is up to 2 liters.
m Need warming before use.

Ô mü

 


m ive local or systemic effects.
m The volume not more than  ml.
m Need not warming before use.
(A)m Local effect



; to relieve local irritation e.g. tarc
enema.
¦

 e.g. trentine enema.
ü
  
; for x-ray examination of lower bowel
e.g. BaSO4
Ým mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 
m

(B)m ystemic effect

à


 e.g. thiopentane sodium enema.
J
e.g. nutrient enema which contains vitamins,
carbohydrate & minerals.





They are aqueous solutions, intended to be used after dilution with

warm water. They have antiseptic, astringent, anesthetic or
soothing effect. m

  

They are aqueous solutions intended to wash out the mouth. They
are used for their antiseptic, astringent, deodorant or refreshing
effect.

6 

They are aqueous solution which are applied into body cavities to act
as cleansing or antiseptic agent.
e.g. eye douche, nasal douche & vaginal douche.
m


m
They are semisolid preparations intended for external
application.
·mOintments intended for application to the eye are called
ophthalmic ointments & must be sterile.




¦m




mJ  



 

 used as vehicles in the
preparation of medicated ointments or used as emollients.

Ým mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m




 
  
(oleaginous bases)
½xamples
- Yellow petrolatum (Îaseline)
- Dhite petrolatum
- åineral oils e.g. paraffin

Ô ¦  


  



It·s composed of cholesterol, stearyl alcohol, white wax &
white petrolatum.
u It has the ability to absorb water, resulting in the
formation of D/O emulsions.
¦ 
 


It can absorb twice its weight of water & give D/O emulsion.
a


is D/O emulsion

Æ 
 
 (water-removable or water-washable)
·mThese bases contain O/D emulsifying agents & easily
washed from the skin & called water-washable bases.
·mThey may be diluted with water or with aqueous solutions
·mThey have the ability to absorb serous discharges &
exudates.
½x.: 
  
 
; It contains
- sodium lauryl sulfate (O/D emulsifying agent)
- stearyl alcohol 7& white petrolatum (the oily phase)
- propylene glycol & water (the aqueous phase)

ë#
 




½x.: x

 




 

- xolyethylene glycols are polymers of ethylene oxide & water.
- It·s represented by the formula
OC
Ô (C
ÔOC
Ô)n C
ÔO
.
·mx½ may present as liquid, semi solid or solid according to
the molecular weight.

Ým mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m

a
 

They are viscous liquid or semisolid emulsions of either O/D

type or D/O type.
·mCreams are usually used as emollients or used as medicated
applications to the skin.
½xample:- vanishing cream.m

6
 

 
  


Ým
 m  m m!m  m m!m
Ým mm  m"m
m"m
Ýmmm
m"m  m"m
Ým
 m #m$m  ) mm
Ýmm %&m 'm&m
Ýmmmm '&m *!m
Ýmm 'm&mm mm
(m (m


x

They are semisolid preparations intended for external
application to the skin.

×


  
 m
.m they contain a larger percentage of solid material so
they are thicker & stiffer than ointments.
2.mless greasy.
3.mmore absorptive.

m l


 º

xrepared from mixing 25% of each ZnO & starch with
petrolatum used as astringent.

Ým mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m

x


They are solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread up on a
suitable backing material & intended for external application to a
part of the body for prolonged contact.



 $ 


u xaper cotton
u Linen
u åuslin silk


 





u Rubber base
u ynthetic resin material

º

J 



 for protection or mechanical support
Ô



 for localized or systemic effects

à





It contains salicylic acid ( -4 %) in a suitable base & used as
keratolytic agent to remove the horny layers.

Ým mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m

a


They are solid dosage forms in which the medicinal agents
and/or inert substances are enclosed within small shells mostly
made from gelatin.

¦

 


.m The shell of capsule can eliminate (mask) the undesirable
taste or odor.
2.mxrotect the drug from light.
3.mxrotect the drug from acidity of the stomach (enteric coated
capsules).
4.mxrotect the stomach from the drug·s irritating effects.
5.m½asy to swallow.
6.mºse fewer excipients.

×
 

(according to the shells)

 





·mThe empty capsule shells are made from a mixture of gelatin
+ sugar + water.
·mThe shell consist of body & an over fitting lid (cap) which fits
firmly over the body of capsule
·m
ard gelatin shells are used to manufacture most of the
commercially available medicated capsules.

Ô à 




·mThey are used to hermetically seal & encapsulate liquids,
suspensions, plasty materials & dry powders.
·mThey are sealed during the filling & manufacture process.

N.B.
The soft gelatin shells contain plasticizers (give the elasticity to
the shell) e.g. glycerin, propylene glycol & castor oil.
Ým
mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 
m

Æ 



·m½nteric capsules have been coated, or otherwise treated, to
resist dissolution in gastric fluids but release their contents
in the intestine.
·m uch delayed release of medication, may be desired in the
following cases:
a.m The drug is inactivated in gastric fluids.
b.mThe drug is irritant to gastric mucosa.
c.m Dhen a high concentration of the drug may be desirable
in the intestine as in case of anthelmintics.

x 


xowder is mixture of finely divided drugs and/or chemical in dry
form.
x

 
  


  
   
 

 
.m Dissolution rate of particles intended to be dissolved.
2.m uspendability of particles intended to remain undissolved
but uniformly dispersed in a liquid vehicle.
3.mºniform distribution of a drug substance in a powder mixture
or solid dosage form to ensure dose-to-dose content
uniformity.
4.mxenetrability of particles intended to inhaled for deposition
deep in the respiratory tract.
5.mNon-grittiness of slid particles in dermal ointment, creams,
and ophthalmic preparation.

Ým
mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 

m


$




 


¦m
$ 


½xamples;
.m Antacid powders (e.g. sodium bicarbonate) & laxative powders.
2.mDouche powders dissolved in warm water by the patient for
vaginal use.
3.måedicated powders for external application to skin, usually
topical anti-infective polymyxin ǀ sulfate or antifungal.
4.mBrewer·s yeast powder containing B²complex vitamins and
nutritional supplements.
m6


 


·mAfter a powder has been properly blended it may be divided
into individual dosing units based on the amount to be taken.
·mA number of commercially prepared pre-measure products are
available in packets including headache powders & douche
powders.




They are prepared agglomerates of smaller particles of powder
which are irregularly shaped but may be prepared to be
spherical.



 
 
¦m×

 
 


·mInvolves moistening the desired powder or powder mixture,
·mthen passing the paste-like mass through a screen of the
mesh size to produce the desired-size granules.
·mThe granules are then placed on drying trays and dried by air
or under heat.
m×

 
 


·mIncludes slugging which involves the compression of a powder
mixture into large tablets ´or slugsµ under pressure.
·mThe slugs are then granulated into the desired particles size
generally for use in the production of tablets .
Ým

mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 
m

¦

  

 
 


.m ranules flow well compared to powders.
2.mranules are more stable to the effects of atmospheric
conditions.
3.mranules also are more easily wetted by liquids than are
certain light and fluffy powders and are often preferred for
dry products intended to be constituted into solutions or
suspensions.




 




½ffervescent salts are granules of course to very coarse
powders containing a medicinal agent in a dry mixture usually
composed of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and tartaric acid.

×


Tablets are solid dosage form usually prepared with the aid of
suitable pharmaceutical excipients.

a 


 

  
 


   





.m Det granulation.
2.mDry granulation (slugging).
3.mDirect compression.

¦

 



 
.m They can be carried readily in small container.
2.mThey are acceptable to the general public due to its
convenience and due to the psychological advantage compared
to the other types of medication.
3.mThe cost is comparatively low.
4.mOne tablet represents one dose.
Ým
mÝm m 6 É

mmj
 
m

5.mThe dosage form is stable.

6.m½nteric coated tablets, that can pass the acid environments in
the stomach without dissolution, can be prepared.

×
 


a 





In addition to the medicinal agent(s), compressed tablets usually
contain a number of pharmaceutical excipients including:
Diluents or fillers: to increase the bulk of the formulation to
the desired size e.g. lactose, starch.
Binders or adhesives: to promote the adhesion of the particles
of the formulation during manufacture e.g. starch, mucilage.
Disintegrants or disintegrating agent: to promote the breakup
of the tablets on contact with water after administration to
smaller particles e.g. starch.
««««««««««« To be continued.

Ým
mÝm m 6 É

mmj