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1"All nations should help support the development of a global university


designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most
persistent social problems."

1、所有的國家都應該幫助建立起一個全球性的大學,用來培養學生們解決世界
上最頑固頭疼的社會問題。

2"People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or


surroundings than by any internal characteristic."

2、人們的態度更多情況下取決於當時的處境和環境,並非人們的性格特點。

3"Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer
people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are
spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."

3、許多世界上鮮為人知的語言由於越來越少的人使用而逐漸消失。使用這些語言
的國家應該採取措施防止這些語言絕跡。

4"It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types
of imaginative literature."

4、每個人都有必要去閱讀詩、小說、神話和其他的幻想類的文學作品。

5"The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human


behavior."

5、社會的安定取決於它對人們極端行為的回應和措施。

6"Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of


contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people
from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."

6、儘管很多人認為現在奢侈安逸的生活是無害的,但實際上這樣的生活阻止了
人們培養堅強獨立的性格。

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7"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has
a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and
resist unjust laws."

7、有兩種法律:公平的和不公平的。社會中的每個人都應該遵守公平的法律,更
重要的是,應該不遵守或者違抗不公平的法律。

8"Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting
views of others does one really discover the value of that idea."

8、只有通過質疑某個觀點,並把它與其他觀點進行比較,人們才能真正理解那
個觀點的價值。 只有被迫對某個觀點的質疑進行反駁,並。。。

9"If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being
of its individual citizens."

9、社會要繁榮,其整體的發展應優先於個人的利益。 (我理解題目的意思是:
整體的發展和個人的利益發生矛盾的時候,出於對社會繁榮的長遠考慮,個
人的利益應讓位於整體的發展。)

10"National governments should devote more of their social programs and


services to children than to adults."

10、政府為兒童所想所做應該比成人多。

11"Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own
reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about
reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must
be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world."

11、在乎自己聲望和社會地位的人很少能帶來改革。而那些真正想要改善一個政
府、一個教育系統或者其他機構的人卻必須要接受世界上其他人的蔑視。

12"Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends,
teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in
the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our
attitudes, not a few individuals."

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12、很多人認為一些個人和小的群體(例如家庭、朋友、老師、名人)影響了他們
的思維和做法。其實是這個社會作為一個整體影響著人們的態度,而並非一
些個人。

13"Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual


information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of
fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues
and overall perspectives."

13、當前的科學技術提供的資訊總是由很多小的資訊片段組成。這導致了人們總
是專注於零碎的資訊,而很少注意到大的問題和整體的框架結構。

14"People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution
and restraint in the use of that power."

14、當權者小心謹慎並且有限度的使用他們權力的時候他們的工作才最有效。

15"Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort
and courage is to move in the opposite direction-in other words, to make
things as simple as possible."

15、每個人都能把事情搞大搞複雜。而真正需要努力的卻是相反的—即要把事情
越簡單化越好。

16"Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any
society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that
modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such
situations, modern development should be given precedence over the
preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served."

16、很多人認為建築代表了一個社會過去的歷史價值,但是當現代城市的規劃者
想要利用老建築佔用的地盤做新的規劃時,就會引起很多爭辯。在這樣的情
況下,現在的開發者在規劃時應該優先考慮到保留歷史建築。 %%%%%%
%...在這樣的情況下,現代的發展應該優先被考慮,以使當代的需要得到滿
足。

17"No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to


conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking."

17、遵守傳統經驗和想法的人是不會成功的

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18"Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends,
and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only
facts have learned very little."

18、學生們只有在學習了事實的來龍去脈後才有必要記住這些事實。只學習事實
本身的學生是學不到多少東西的。

19"Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to
be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should
expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy."

19、公眾人物,例如演員、政治家和運動員應該預料到人們對他們私生活的關注。
當他們決定成為公眾角色時,他們應該知道自己的一些隱私將被公佈於眾。

20"The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase


people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."

20、技術進步的最主要的目標就是提高人們的效率,使得每個人都有更多的閒暇
時間。

21"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the
results of that research are controversial."

21、花費在研究上的金錢總是很好的投資,即使研究結果是有爭論的。

22"A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines,
regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of
school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts
should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a
much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts."

22、學校或者大學應該付給所有學科老師相同的工資,而不必理會校內外教師的
薪水差異。例如,入門級的數學老師和藝術老師應該拿到相同的薪水,即使
在校外,數學專家比藝術專家的平均薪水高出很多。

23"Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary


society than is the reality or truth behind that image."

23、在當今社會,引人的表面現象比現象背後的本質重要得多。

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24"Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplines-that is,
courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and
biological sciences-colleges and universities should allow students to enroll
only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen
fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly work-oriented
society."

24、學校與其讓學生們學習種類繁多的課程-藝術、人類學到物理、生物科學,還
不如只讓學生們學習針對以後工作而開設的有針對性的課程。這樣的集中方
式順應了目前工作為主的社會。

25"No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise one's beliefs
than to adhere to them."

25、不管在什麼樣的情況下,妥協總是沒有堅持好。

26"The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after
them, not by their contemporaries."

26、只有後來人評價以前的人,而不應該同時代的人相互評價。

27"In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive
effect."

27、在大多數社會,通常情況下競爭總是起到消極的作用,而不是積極的作用。

28"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was.
People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading
books."

28、在電視機時代,閱讀書籍已經沒有原來那樣重要了。人們從電視上學到的東
西絲毫不比從書本中學來的少。

29"The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly


overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their
own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree."

29、人們對進入大學學習的獲益總是評價很高:許多人通過四年的學習學到的東
西要比僅僅為了得到大學文憑學到的東西要多。

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30"Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work
makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they
pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those
interests may seem."

30、"學者和研究人員不應擔心他們的工作是否對整個社會有所貢獻,
比較重要的是,他們要追求個人興趣,
不管他們的興趣看起來是多?不尋常或者多?特殊。"

31"Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and


psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying
human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."

31、一些非主流的領域,如占星、算命以及偏執在社會中扮演著非常重要的角色,
它們滿足了人們的那些主流科學滿足不了的需要。

32"Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration
among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work
frequently in groups."

32、因為學習不是個人行為,而是需要人們的合作,所以各個年級的學生如果經
常在一個群體裏工作,他們會在學術上獲益非淺。 %%%%%...,因此所有
年齡的學生如果經常以群體的方式工作,他們會在學術上獲益非淺。

33"To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical
and moral standards."

33、一個官員要想成為一個好的領導,他必須有極高的民族和道德標準。

34"Government should not fund any scientific research whose consequences,


either medical or ethical, are unclear."

34、政府不應該去資助一個預期結果不明確的科學研究,不管它是醫學還是道德
倫理。

35"Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than


unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve."

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35、政府官員應該有自己的判斷力,而不應該被群眾的願望所左右。

36"While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute
their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better
prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of
cooperation."

36、儘管一些政府領導,比如體育、工業和其他的領域的人把他們的成功歸功於
良好的競爭機制和競爭意識,一個社會還是應該給年輕人灌輸合作的思想。

37"Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect-that is, on reasoning
and other cognitive skills."

37、社會沒有給予智力培養方面足夠的重視,比如人的推理和認知。

38"The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most
significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous
few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."

38、對歷史的研究把太多的重點放在對某些個人上。而歷史上一些重大的事件和
發展趨勢不是由個別名人決定的,而可能是由那些已經被人們淡忘的人製
造的。

39"Imaginative works such as novels, plays, films, fairy tales, and legends
present a more accurate and meaningful picture of human experience than
do factual accounts. Because the creators of fiction shape and focus reality
rather than report on it literally, their creations have a more lasting
significance."

39、有想像力的作品,比如小說、戲劇、童話和傳說向人們展示了過去人們經驗的
精確且有意義的畫面,而現實作品則稍遜。因為小說的作者重點刻畫事實,
而非文學本身,他們的作品有更深遠的意義。

40"In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university
level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the
academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach."

40、為了提高大學的教學質量,所有的教職員工應該去校外參加一些和他們教的
課程相關的工作。

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41"Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet
the individual needs and interests of each student."

41、只有針對每個學生的需要和興趣,教育才真正的有意義。

42"Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does


little to promote social harmony."

42、教育鼓勵學生們提問和批評,這樣無利於社會的和諧。

43"College and university education should be free for all students, fully
financed by the government."

43、大學教育應該對所有學生免費,全部由政府來承擔。

44"History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people
to make important decisions today."

44、歷史只教會我們做一件事:瞭解過去並不能幫助今天的人們在重大的事情上
做決定 。

45"Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all
levels of education."

45、人們為了更高的學歷而競爭,嚴重限制了人們各個階段的學習。(好象不
通?)

46"Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today


rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."

46、政府應該把更多的精力放到解決眼前實際的問題中,而不要放到未來可能會
產生的問題中。

47"The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader
than what can be learned from direct experience."

47、書本中學的到的知識遠比實際經驗中學到的知識多。

48"The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it
solves."

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48、快節奏的生活導致了很多無法解決的問題。

49"Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others,


people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices
that are best for them."

49、人們把太多的精力放在模型和範例上。人們應該學會獨立思考和行動,而不
要照搬別人的東西,這樣才能做出最好的選擇。

50"The media-and society in general-mistakenly expect an individual to speak


for a particular group, whether or not that individual truly represents the
views of the entire group."

50、通常情況下,媒體和社會都希望某個個人能代表一個特殊的群體,不管這個
個人是否能真正地表達整個群體的意思。

51"High-profile awards such as the Nobel Prize are actually damaging to society
because they suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition."

51、高回報的獎金,如諾貝爾獎實際上對社會是有害的,因為只有少數人才能獲
此殊榮 。

52"The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary


goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are
intrinsically deficient."

52、人們普遍認為應該把自我發展當作生命中一個重要的目標,這樣的想法是值
得懷疑。

53"To truly understand your own culture-no matter how you define it-requires
personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly
different from your own."

53、為了真正地瞭解你自己的文化,不管你怎樣定義它,你需要瞭解至少一種其
他的文化,並且這種文化和你的文化完全不同。

54"Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best
use of it."

54、很多人知道怎樣獲得成功,但很少有人知道怎樣很好地利用成功。

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55"People have been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differences
that they fail to see meaningful similarities among ideas, individuals, and
groups."

55、人們經常被鼓勵去尋找事物之間的不同,以至於往往忽略了事物之間有意義
的相似之處。

56"As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of
humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate."

56、人們越來越依賴於技術去解決問題,而人類自身思考的能力卻每況愈下。

57"Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities in


order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded
education."

57、大學應該要求學生們參加公益活動,這樣就能保證學生們得到平衡全面的教
育。

58"People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no
matter how valuable their contributions might be."

58、不管專家們的貢獻有多大,人們總是錯誤地懷疑他們,不信任他們。

59"Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and


development"

59、政府應該對科學研究和發展儘量少地加以限制。

60"In any profession-business, politics, education, government-those in power


should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any
enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."

60、在任何領域,商業、政治、教育、政府,掌權者應該在 5 年任期後下臺。對任何
公司企業來說,取得成功最保險的途徑就是聘用新生的人擔當領導。

61"Spending time alone makes one a better companion to others."

61、獨處會使更好地與別人相處。(不通?比較彆扭)

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62"One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by
studying its major cities."

62、一個人要想真正瞭解一個社會的最大的特點,只用研究一下它的主要城市即
可。

63"In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than
knowledge."

63、在大多數學術專業領域,想像力比知識本身更重要。

64"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of


people is through the use of images, not language."

64、如果想要和一大群人交流思想,最有效的方法是利用圖形,而並非語言。

65"The people who make important contributions to society are generally not
those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at
perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others."

65、為社會做出很大貢獻的人往往不是利用自己的觀點和成果,而是他們具有這
樣的才能,就是感知和整理別人的技巧和發明。

66"Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step
with their time and their society."

66、高深的思想家和具有創造力的藝術家們總是超前於自己的時間和社會的腳步。

67"People today are too individualistic. Instead of pursuing self-centered,


separate goals, people need to understand that satisfaction comes from
working for the greater good of the family, the community, or society as a
whole."

67、今天人們總是很個性化。人們需要認識和家庭、群體或者整個社會一起努力的
快感。而並非追求以自我和個人目標為中心的想法。

68"Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness of all


human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms
of conflict."

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68、學校應該教給學生所有人類之間內在的互通性,這樣就能有助於避免戰爭、
文化抵觸和其他形式的衝突。

69"Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other


government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment
and perspective than do members of the general public."

69、重大的政策決定應該留給那些政治家和政府專家們,他們比老百姓更熟悉這
些東西,因此能有更好的判斷力和遠見。

70"All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they
have no interest in science."

70、所有的學生都應該被要求學習理科課程,儘管有些人對理科不感興趣。

71"Patriotic reverence for the history of a nation often does more to impede than
to encourage progress."

71、多國家歷史的熱愛和崇敬往往對國家發展起阻礙作用,而不是推動作用。

72"Government should never censor the artistic works or historical displays that
a museum wishes to exhibit."

72、政府絕對不應該質疑博物館要展覽的藝術品和歷史陳列。

73"Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their


natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus
accessible to only a few people."

73、政府應該保護那些疆域範圍內的偏遠地區,儘管這些地區人煙稀少。

74"In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution


without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that
field."

74、如果在一開始沒有一個研究領域以前的研究成果巨大影響,在這個領域不可
能取得有意義的成功。

75"Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts."

75、政府對藝術的資助威脅著藝術的完整性。

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76"Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals
rather than seek immediate fame and recognition."

76、應該鼓勵年輕人去追求長遠、理想化的目標,而不要讓他們貪圖眼前的聲望
和名譽。

77"In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make
important discoveries."

77、在調查諮詢領域,新手比專家更可能有重大發現。

78"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and
ethics."

78、科學技術不但影響而且決定了社會風俗和民族習慣。

79"Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them."

79、領導人物的出現主要是由人民對他們的要求決定的。(不好理解)

80"College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them


rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market."

80、應該鼓勵大學學生學習他們感興趣的課程,而不要為了以後工作而刻意學習
某些課程。

81"Most people think that their deeply held values are the result of rational
choice, but reason often has little to do with the way people form values."

81、大多數人認為他們所擁有的價值是理性選擇的結果,但其實理性和人們創造
價值並沒有多大關係。

82"In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to recognize


the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts
and information."

82、在所有專業學術領域,認識到我們的不足和獲取新的資訊同等重要。

83"The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although


societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's
behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."

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83、”個人職責”的概念是個必要的虛構是事物。儘管社會要求個人負責他們本身
的行為,但人們的行為大部分是受社會力量而非受個人自己所為而決定。

84"Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside


the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic
disciplines is the best way to become truly educated."

84、大學應該要求學生學習本專業以外的課程,因為讓學生們瞭解不同學科的知
識才是教育的真諦所在。

85"People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork


requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual
competition does."

85、眾人拾柴火焰高。團隊需要合作,這樣才能比個體之間的競爭更能激發人們
的激情 。

86"Although, critics who write about the arts tend to deny the existence of any
objective standards for evaluating works of art, they have a responsibility to
establish standards by which works of art can be judged."

86、儘管那些評價藝術作品的批評家企圖否定在評價藝術作品時主觀標準的存在,
他們還是有責任建立一套判斷藝術作品價值的標準。

87"It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all
aspects of people's lives."

87、儘管很不幸,但這是一個事實,政治決定和政治活動影響著人們生活的方方
面面。

88"Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film,
advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much greater
relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past."

88、大學應該在流行音樂、電影、廣告和電視上開設更多的課程,因為現代文化比
過去的藝術文化對學生更適合。

89"In any realm of life-whether academic, social, business, or political-the only


way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view.

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Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be
superceded by simpler, more immediate options."

89、在生活的各個領域,不管是學術、社會還是政治,要想成功,只能靠實際的
觀點而並非空想。程式化的行為保證了基本的生存,而空想只會被更簡單、
更急迫的選擇取代。

90"The pressure to achieve high grades in school seriously limits the quality of
learning. An educational environment without grades would promote more
genuine intellectual development."

90、在學習裏為高學歷奮鬥的角逐限制了學習的質量。沒有學位等級制度的教育
環境也許更能開發人們的智力潛能。

91"Governments should provide funding for artists so that the arts can flourish
and be available to all people."

91、政府應資助藝術家,促進藝術繁榮,以便人們都能接觸到藝術。

92"For better or worse, education is a process that involves revising the ideas,
beliefs, and values people held in the past."

92、不論好壞,教育改變了人們以前的想法、信念和價值觀。

93 "The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our
daily lives."

93、研究歷史的價值只體現在這種研究和我們的日常生活相關時。

94"It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the
ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears."

94、一種文化要想保留它認為好的思想,消除它認為不好的思想,主要是通過正
規的教育。

95"The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness of its


government to tolerate challenges from it's own citizens."

95、當政府願意接受來自其公民的質疑時,才表明這個國家真正的強大。

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96"All students should be required to take at least one course in ethics, even if
taking the course means a decreased emphasis on academic subjects."

96、學生們應該被要求至少學習一種道德規範課程,即使這樣會影響學術課程的
學習。

97"Instant communication systems encourage people to form hasty opinions and


give quick replies rather than take the time to develop thoughtful, well-
reasoned points of view."

97、即時通信系統促使人們匆忙決定並快速作出回應,而不是花時間得出一個仔
細思考過、合情合理的觀點。

98"In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view
government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand
the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings-
trials, debates, meetings, etc-that are televised, the more society will benefit."

98、在很多國家,從電視上看到政府人員辦公的場景已是可能。觀看這些過程有
助於人們理解影響他們生活的問題。政府辦公如審判、辯論、會議等的各個
場景,轉播得越多,對社會越有益。

99"The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a


product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is
effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better
about themselves."

99、很多廣告的目的是要讓消費者因為擁有產品後“像”廣告中的人物而購買某種
產品,這樣的廣告是有效的,因為這樣既銷售了產品,又讓人們自我感覺
良好。

100"When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become


storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct
it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise
than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers."

100、當我們研究歷史時,我們變成了講故事的人。因為我們無從直接知道過去發
生的事情,必須通過一些證據來構建,所以歷史研究是一個有創造成分的
領域,而並非一個客觀的學科。所有的歷史學家都是講故事的人
(storyteller)。

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101"The worldwide distribution of television programs and advertisements is
seriously diminishing the differences among cultures."

101、全球性電視節目和廣告極大地減少了各種文化之間的差異。

102"Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity


for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an
education that also taught them to explore their own emotions."

102、一些教育機構強調培養學生的推理和邏輯思考能力,但是如果也教會學生
認知自我的情感,學生們將受益更多。

103"It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define
ourselves."

103、定位自己,主要是通過定位自己所處的社會團體。

104"Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so.
Technological innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of
humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us.
Technology cannot change the condition of humanity."

104、人類在過去一個世紀並沒有真正的發展。科技的創新依值在進行,但是人類
的整體情況並沒有得到改善。戰爭、暴力、貧窮仍然跟著我們。科技不能改變
人類的情況。

105"It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we
become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference
points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated."

105、通過邏輯思維和精確的測量手段才能獲知我們的進步。沒有這些工具,就沒
有參考點來標明我們進步了多少,退步了多少。

106"With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and


communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society-including
education, politics, the arts, and the sciences-will benefit greatly from
international influences."

106、隨著經濟和通訊等領域的全球化,毫無疑問,社會的方方面面,包括教育、
政治、藝術和科學,都將從這種國際化影響中獲益非淺。

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107"The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is richer and broader than
what can be learned from direct experience."

107、從書本中所學的知識要比從直接的實踐中學到的更豐富、更廣博。

108"In any field of endeavor-the sciences, the humanities, the social sciences,
industry, etc.-it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the
ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal."

108、在任何領域如科學、人文、社會科學、工業等,我們最大的收穫在於達成目標
的道路上的經驗和發現,而不是獲取目標本身。

109"When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other
area, the most important question to consider is: How many people's lives
will be improved if the results are successful?"

109、為科學、教育或其他任何領域設定研究優先順序時,最需要考慮的問題是:
如果研究成功,多少人將從中受益?

110"So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding
of the past provides little guidance for living in the present."

110、現代生活是嶄新、複雜的,認知過去對現在沒有指導價值。

111"At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as
a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no
justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great
cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species."

111、在過去不同的地質時期,很多物種的滅絕都是自然因素造成,而並非人類
行為。所以,社會沒有理由花費很大的人力物力去拯救瀕臨滅絕的物種。

112"We owe almost all our knowledge not to people who have agreed, but to
people who have disagreed."

112、幾乎所有的知識都歸功於和我們意見不同的人,而並非和我們意見一致的
人。

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113"It is possible to identify a person's politics within a very short time of
meeting him or her. Everything about people-their clothes, their friends, the
way they talk, what they eat-reflects their political beliefs."

113、和一個人相處很短的時間就有可能知道他的政治立場。所有與他們相關的如
衣服、朋友、談話的方式、所吃的食物都反映出他們的政治信仰。

114"Instant foods, instant communication, faster transportation-all of these


recent developments are designed to save time. Ironically, though, instead of
making more leisure time available, these developments have contributed to
a pace of human affairs that is more rushed and more frantic than ever
before."

114、速食、即時通訊、高速運輸,所有這些最新發展都是為了節省人們的時間。但
具有諷刺意味的是,這些進步非但沒有給人們帶來更多的閒暇時間,反而
讓人們的生活節奏越來越忙亂。

115"The past is no predictor of the future."

115、過去並不能預示將來。

116"Society's external rewards are no measure of true success. True success can
be measured only in relation to the goals one sets for oneself."

116、社會所給予的外部獎勵不是成功的真正衡量標準。真正的成功只能通過自己
所設立的目標來衡量。

117"Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our
inclinations, or the dictates of our passions."

117、事實是不容改變的。它不會由於我們的希望、傾向或個人意志而改變。

118"It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the
spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain our minds and
spirits rather than set them free."

118、人們經常說教育的目的是釋放人們的心靈。但實際上,正規的教育卻傾向於
束縛而非釋放了人們的心靈。

119"Technology is a necessary but not always a positive force in modern life."

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119、科技對現代生活是必須的,但並非任何時候都能起到積極的作用。

120"How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society.


Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help
bring about a better society."

120、孩子融入社會的能力決定了社會的命運。遺憾的是,我們還不知道怎樣培養
孩子使他們對社會有益。

121"The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas
and impulses of a society."

121、藝術(繪畫、音樂、文學等)展現了那些隱藏的觀點和社會的脈動。

122"The university community consists of three different worlds -- the sciences, t


he humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates on its o
wn assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is
there meaningful interaction among the sciences, the humanities, and the
social sciences."

122、大學包含三種不同的領域:科學、人文和社會科學。因為每種領域都有自己
的設定和特殊的思維習慣,所以三者之間很少存在有意義的互動。

123"The problems of modern society have led many people to complain: 'We live
in terrible times.' Yet, given the choice, no one today would prefer to live
in any other time."

123、現代社會中的問題使很多人抱怨:“我們生活在一個糟糕的年代。但如果讓

他們來選擇,沒有人會願意過以往的生活。

124"Students should be encouraged to realize that mental agility and rhetorical


skill must be accompanied by sincerity and the true conviction of their
own beliefs."

124、必須鼓勵學生們意識到:機智和修辭技巧必須以真誠和真正的信仰為基礎。

125"While most of the environmental problems we face result from the use of tec
hnology, society must depend upon technology to find solutions to these
problems."

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125、雖然我們面臨的大多數環境問題都來源於科技的應用,我們應該依靠科技
本身來尋找這些問題的解決方案。

126"The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."

126、沒有選擇的情形非常少見。

127"What we call progress is a matter of exchanging one problem for another."

127、我們所謂的進步只不過是把一個問題轉化成了另一個問題。

128"Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress."

128、不犯錯誤就不會有發現和進步。

129"Every new generation needs to redefine 'right' and 'wrong' in its own terms
and according to the conditions of its own time."

129、每一代人都需要根據自己所處的時代情形重新定義“對”與“錯”的概念。

130"What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual
achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent."

130、社會認為最大的社會成就、政治成就和個人成就往往招致極大的不滿。

131"Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that
personal economic success requires conformity."

131、大多數人只意識到個性化的益處,但實際上個人的經濟成功需要一致性。

132"The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question


authority."

132、當許多公民質疑權威的時候,社會才能更富強。

133"Artists should pay little attention to their critics. *Criticism tends to


undermine and constrain the artist's creativity. ”*those who evaluate works
of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc.

133、藝術家應該對給予他們的批評毫不理會。批評家總是削弱和限制藝術家的創
造力 。 *評價藝術作品,例如小說、電影、音樂、繪畫等的人。

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134"It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value."
*a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, music,
paintings, etc.

134、是藝術家而不是批評家,帶給社會一些具有持久價值的東西。*批評家指經
常評價藝術作品 ,例如小說、電影、音樂、繪畫等的人。

135"A crucial test of character is whether one is able to adapt to changing social
conventions without sacrificing one's principles."

135、性格測試最關鍵的一點就是看一個人能否在不犧牲個人原則的基礎上適應
變化的社會習俗。

136"People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the
most critical of it."

136、對某思想或策略最執著的人往往對其最挑剔。

137"Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between


them."

137、傳統和現代不相容。人們必須在二者之間做出選擇。

138"Many people admire idealism, but it usually leads to disappointment or


trouble."

138、許多人崇尚理想主義,但它往往帶來失望或煩惱。

139"The most practical and effective way to protect wilderness areas is to attract
more tourists to these areas through environmentally sensitive projects."

139、保護野生環境最實際有效的方法就是通過環保專案吸引更多的觀光客到那
些地方去。

140"Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now


become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited.
As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete."

140、通過電視和世界聯網的電腦,人們得以瞭解很多他們沒有去過的地方。所以,
旅遊業會越來越不景氣。

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141"High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and te
levision, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication."

141、高速的電子通訊媒介,如電子郵件和電視,阻止了人們有思想、有意義的交
流。

142"The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within


the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies."

142、對於公司的執行官,他們唯一的任務就是在法律允許的範圍內,為公司賺
取盡可能多的金錢。

143"Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They


should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."

143、學生們應該帶著一定的懷疑態度對待所學的任何東西。他們應該質疑老師教
給他們的東西,而不是被動地接受。

144"Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools.


Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional
educators."

144、家長和社會都應該參與到當地的學校中來。教育太重要了,不能只靠專業教
育者。

145"Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is


no longer very important."

145、當代社會提供了很多學習的途徑,讀書這種學習方式已經不是很重要了。

146"Choice is an illusion. In reality, our lives are controlled by the society in


which we live."

146、選擇只是幻想。實際上,每個人的生活都是由所在的社會決定的

147"There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is


subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires."

147、沒有哪件事情是完全客觀觀察的結果。所有的觀察都是主觀的,通常由觀察
者的期望和意願所導引。

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148"The arts (music, dance, visual arts, etc.) are vitally important to students'
education and should therefore receive as much emphasis as mathematics,
science, reading and other mainstream subjects."

148、藝術(音樂、舞蹈、視覺藝術等)對學生的教育非常重要的,因此它們應該
得到和數學、科學、閱讀以及其他主流課程一樣的重視。

149"The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are
only tools of human minds."

149、人類思維總是勝過機器,因為機器只不過是人類思維的工具而已。

150"The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain


consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader
who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will
accomplish little."

150、有效力的領導者最本質的品質就是對特定原則和目標的堅持。任何領導者,
如果他很容易受到流行觀點的影響,那他就一事無成。

151"In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society
to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is
subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished."

151、在媒體鋪天蓋地的年代,不可能樹立英雄。任何人在媒體的“審視”下都會

名聲掃地。

152"One often hears about the need for individuals to take responsibility for
their own lives. However, the conditions in which people find themselves
have been largely established long before people become aware of them.
Thus, the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and
unrealistic than is often assumed."

152、我們經常聽到個人需要為自己的生活負責任。但是在人們認識到自己所處的
情形之前,這些情形很大程度上已確定。所以個人責任要比通常認為的要
複雜和不切實際的得多。

153"Most people live, whether physically or morally, in a very restricted circle.


They make use of a very limited portion of the resources available to them

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until they face a great problem or crisis."

153、大多數人,不管是肉體上還是精神上,都局限於有限的範圍內。直到他們遇
到重大問題或危機的時候,才會發現自己只不過利用了可用資源很有限的
一部分而已。

154"Sometimes imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. People


who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can
approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes."

154、想像力有時比經驗更有價值。缺乏實際經驗的人對可能性有更自由的想像空
間,所以能夠不受固有的習慣和思維的限制來完成任務。

155"In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motivated
not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ
from those held by the majority."

155、在任何領域,最主要的聲音來自於這些人,他們並不是由信念驅動,而是
由希望表達和大多數人相異的觀點和想法的意願所驅動。

156"Over the past century, the most significant contribution of technology


has been to make people's lives more comfortable."

156、上個世紀,科技的最大貢獻在於使人們的生活更舒適。

157"It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time.
Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician."

157、有效力的政治領導者在任何時候都告訴真相是不可能的。對於政治家來說,
太坦白不是美德。

158"Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes f
rom someone who is an expert in that field."

158、在任何領域,只有該領域專家做出的評判才是有價值的。

159"Those who treat politics and morality as though they were separate realms
fail to understand either the one or the other."

159、認為政治和道德是兩碼事的人既不懂政治又不懂道德。

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160"The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers,
artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people."

160、偉大國家最可靠的標誌不是其統治者、藝術家或者科學家的成就,而是全
體人民的福利。

161"People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal
reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people who
try to act for the public good."

161、那些純粹出於個人原因追求自己學術興趣的人,相比出於公眾利益努力的
人,更有可能造福他人。

162"Important truths begin as outrageous, or at least uncomfortable, attacks


upon the accepted wisdom of the time."

162、真正的真理開始都是可憎的,或至少是令人不舒服的,和那個時代業已形
成的至理名言相抵觸。

163"Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought
before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways."

163、創造性不是指想人們沒有想過的東西;而是以新方式將舊觀點組織在一起。

164"Laws should not be rigid or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to
take account of various circumstances, times, and places."

164、法律不應該太僵化、太固定。他們應該是靈活的,考慮到各種實際情況、時間
和地點。

165"It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may
be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise
and unique perception of an individual."

165、總是某個個人推動了創新;細節可能由團隊完成,但是真正的創新來自於
個人的進取心與獨特的洞察力。

166"The function of science is to reassure; the purpose of art is to upset. Therein


lies the value of each."

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166、科學的目的是使人們安心,藝術的目的是使人們不安。這就是它們各自的價
值。

167"The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world.
After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with
different eyes."

167、對學術的研究改變了我們感知世界的方式。探究了這些領域之後,看同樣的
世界,卻是不同的視角。

168"It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people's behavior,
but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in
people's hearts and minds."

168、控制、限制人們行為的法律可能建立,但是立法不能改變人們的本性,法律
無法改變人們的所思所想。

169"What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge, but
certainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the
mind open -- but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn
the complex and often unsettling truth about anything."

169、人類真正希望獲取的不是知識,而是確定性。獲取真正的知識需要冒險,並
且要有開放的心靈,但是大多數人更喜歡確定感,而不是去瞭解事物複雜
的,甚至是使人不安的真相。

170"Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal
system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."

170、現代社會的許多問題是法律和司法系統不能解決的,因為道德行為無法立
法。

171"The way students and scholars interpret the materials they work with in the
ir academic fields is more a matter of personality than of training.
Different interpretations come about when people with different
personalities look at exactly the same objects, facts, data, or events and see
different things."

171、研究者和學者們詮釋他們研究領域的資料時,更多的是一種個人化的行為,
而不是擁有客觀的標準。當個性不同的人看待完全相同的物體、事實、資料

27
或者事件時,會給出不同的詮釋,看到不同的東西。

172"It is dangerous to trust only intelligence."

172、只相信智力是危險的。(Intelligence:The faculty of thought and reason.故智


力-理性相對於直覺-感性)

173"As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible,


but more complex and more mysterious."

173、隨著我們獲取的知識越來越多,事情不是變得更好理解,而是變得更複雜
更神秘。

174"It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data."

174、在沒有證據之前就得出理論,是重大錯誤。

175"Scandals -- whether in politics, academia, or other areas -- can be useful.


They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer
ever could."

175、醜聞,不管是政治、學術還是其他領域,都是有用的。它們能吸引人們的注
意力,而使我們聚焦於問題,以一種演講者和改革家都做不到的方式。

176"Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must serve.
Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world."

176、現在,實用性是我們最大的追求,所有的力量和聰明才智都應為其努力。任
何沒有明顯實用性的東西在當今世界都是沒有價值的。

177"It is easy to welcome innovation and accept new ideas. What most people
find difficult, however, is accepting the way these new ideas are put into
practice."

177、人們很容易歡迎革新和接受新思想。但是,人們發現最困難的是接受把新思
想應用到實踐中來的方式。

178"Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to survive in


a new environment and, eventually, to change it."

178、成功,不管是學術上還是專業上的,都包括適應新環境並最終改變它的能

28
力。

179"If people disregard the great works of the past, it is because these works no
longer answer the needs of the present."

179、如果人們忽視了過去的偉大成就,那是因為這些成就已不能再回應目前的
需要。

180"As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic
skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is
inappropriate-- and, perhaps, even cruel -- when one considers all the
potential uses of such money."

180、當人們挨餓、失業或者缺少維持生存的基本技能時,動用公眾資源來支持藝
術就不合適了,也許,考慮到這些金錢的所有可能用途時,就更不人道了。

181"Education should be equally devoted to enriching the personal lives of


students and to training students to be productive workers."

181、教育應該把這兩件事看得同等重要-豐富學生的個人生活,把學生培養成
生產者。

182"Success in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or risks
than from careful and cautious planning."

182、生活各個方面的成功更多是來自機遇或者冒險,而不是仔細和謹慎的規劃。

183"It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported social
transformations that have the most lasting significance."

183、更有持久影響的不是頭版頭條的政治事件,而是鮮有報導的社會變革。

184"The best preparation for life or a career is not learning to be competitive,


but learning to be cooperative."

184、為生活和工作做的最好準備,不是學會競爭,而是學會合作。

185"The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the
search for common ground and reasonable consensus."

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185、政治的目標不應是追求一個理想狀態,而是尋找共同點和合情合理的共識。

186"Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or


damage the quality of life."

186、科技產生的問題多於所解決的,可能威脅或降低人們的生活質量。

187"The material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily


connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries."

187、一個國家的生活質量提高和社會的安定是和其他所有國家的生活質量提高
和社會安定密不可分的。

188"Instead of encouraging conformity, society should show greater appreciation


of individual differences."

188、社會應該讚賞個性差異,而不是鼓勵一致統一。

189"Truly innovative ideas do not arise from groups of people, but from
individuals. When groups try to be creative, the members force each other to
compromise and, as a result, creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more
conventional. Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone."

189、真正創新的思想不是來自群體,而是來自個人。當一個群體試圖創新時,群
體中的成員使得彼此相互妥協,最終削弱集體的創造性,趨向遵循傳統。
大部分創造性思想來自於個人的獨立工作。

190"The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquired


through solitude, rather than through interaction with others."

190、最難的莫過於認知自我,通常只能通過獨處,而非與他人交往來瞭解自己。

191"The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system,


a standard, a set of ideas -- not to prepare them for a specific job."

191、教育的目的應是給學生提供一個價值系統,標準以及一系列理念,而不是
使他們為某一特定工作做好準備。

192"Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders
must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of

30
compromise."

192、和偉大的思想家、藝術家不同,最有效力的政治領導者必須經常向公眾輿論
讓步,有時為了折衷要放棄原則。

193"The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the


character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its
heroines."

193、瞭解社會特徵的最佳方式就是研究那個社會所認為的英雄人物的特徵。

194"We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experiencing


it is to learn nothing at all."

194、我們通過直接經驗學習;沒有通過實踐而接受一個理論是學不到任何東西
的。

195"As societies all over the world have more and more access to new
information, the effects on life-long learning can only be positive."

195、全世界的人有越來越多的途徑來獲取新資訊,這對終身學習只會有積極的
推動作用。

196"People are too quick to take action; instead they should stop to think of the
possible consequences of what they might do."

196、人們行動太快了;他們應該停下來想一想行動的可能後果。

197"Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or


groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are."

197、典禮和儀式有助於確立一種文化,否則人們的社會或群體的角色歸屬感削
弱。

198"The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You
can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the
appearance and behavior of its people."

198、人們的眼神、衣著和行動表現出他們的態度和興趣。你可以通過觀察人們的
外表和行為來獲知許多這個社會的思想和價值觀。

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199"Progress is best made through discussion among people who have
contrasting points of view."

199、在持不同意見的人們中展開討論是進步的最佳方式。

200"Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations


as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the
salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career
based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work. "

200、大多數人找工作是基於實用性的考慮:經濟需求、較易找到工作,希望拿
到的薪水。很少有人自由地根據自己對某一份工作的才能和興趣出發去選
擇職業。

201"Any decision-whether made by government, by a corporation, or by an


individual person-must take into account future conditions more than
present conditions."

201、一個決策,不管政府、企業抑或個人做出的,都應該考慮將來的情形多於目
前的情形。

202"If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."

202、如果一個目標是值得的,那麼追求目標的任何手段都是正當的。

203"Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge
the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with
others-- that is, the ability to achieve social harmony -- should be a major
goal in every school."

203、學校太強調教學生怎麼質疑他人的主張。實際上,培養折衷和與他人合作的
能力,也就是促進社會和諧的能力應該被作為每個學校的主要目標。

204"Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities
and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in
their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain
undeveloped."

204、社會應該找出那些具有特殊天才和能力的孩子,並在小時候就訓練他們,
這樣他們最終能在此領域表現出眾,否則這些潛能可能得不到發展。

32
205"The bombardment of visual images in contemporary society has the effect of
making people less able to focus clearly and extensively on a single issue
over a long period of time."

205、當今社會視覺影像的爆炸使得人們不能長時間明確且全面地關注某一問題。

206"Most important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while


seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to
another."

206、大多數重大發現和發明都是偶然的:通常情況下人們為了某個問題尋找答
案,卻在這一過程中找到了另一問題的答案。

207"In order to produce successful original work, scholars and scientists must
first study the successful work of others to learn what contributions remain
to be made."

207、為了取得成功的原創業績,學者和科學家必須首先研究那些別人的成功業
績,然後確定還有那些領域存在研究價值。

208"In order for any work of art -- whether film, literature, sculpture, or a
song-- to have merit, it must be understandable to most people."

208、藝術作品要有價值,不管是電影、文學還是歌曲,都必須讓大多數人能夠理
解。

209"Now that computer technology has made possible the rapid accessing of
large amounts of factual information, people are less likely than ever to
think deeply or originally. They feel unable to compete with -- much less con
tribute to -- the quantity of information that is now available
electronically."

209、現在電腦技術已經使快速地訪問大量的資訊成為可能,人們已經不像以前
那樣進行深入和有創造力地思考了。他們感覺無法,也沒有意義去和現在
可以電子化獲取的信息量相比。

210"The increase in knowledge is forcing people to specialize. As a result, the


distance between fields of specialization has become so vast that specialists
in different areas are rarely able to influence each other."

33
210、知識增長迫使人們將其專業化。結果專業化領域間的跨度非常大,以至不同
領域的專家彼此之間很少能夠相互影響。

211"The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that
people in one period of time are significantly different from people who
lived at any other time in history."

211、研究歷史最明顯的好處就是消除了這樣的錯覺,某個時代的人們與歷史上
另一個時代的人們有重大的差別。

212"Learning for learning's sake is an outdated concept. Today, education must


serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals."

212、為了學習而學習已經是過時的理念。現在的教育必須是面向未來並且有明確
的目標。

213"Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with school or


college."

213、教育主要是個人的事情,與學校或者大學基本沒有關係。

214"Censorship is rarely, if ever, justified."

214、審查制度很少被證明是正當的。

215"People often look for similarities, even between very different things, and
even when it is unhelpful or harmful to do so. Instead, a thing should be
considered on its own terms; we should avoid the tendency to compare it to
something else."

215、人們經常尋找相似處,不管兩個事物有多麼不同,即便這樣做沒有意義或
是有害的。我們應該就事論事,避免把它拿去和其他事物比較。

216"People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are
more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their
predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge
and experience."

216、人們錯誤地認為他們碰到的問題要比他們前輩碰到的問題更複雜、更具挑戰
性。這個錯覺最終會隨著知識和經驗的積累消除。

34
217"To remain vigorous, any academic field needs to be led by truly independent
thinkers who are willing to ignore established boundaries and challenge
long-standing assumptions."

217、為了保持活力,任何學術領域都需要由真正獨立的思想者領導,這些人無
視傳統的束縛,敢於挑戰根深蒂固的思想。

218"The best way to teach-- whether as an educator, employer, or parent-- is to


praise positive actions and ignore negative ones."

228、最佳教育方式,不管是作為一個教育工作者、雇主還是父母,都是表揚積極
的行為,忽略負面的行為。

219"The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segment s or
details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sense of
the whole."

219、學習新學科或技能的最佳方式是深入研究小片斷或細節,而不是一開始就
試圖獲取整體的認識。

220"College students -- and people in general -- prefer to follow directions rather


than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many
choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction."

220、大學生-還有普通人-都更喜歡跟從指導,而不是做出自己的決定。因此,
大學應該盡可能讓學生少做選擇,給學生提供明確的方向。

221" 'Moderation in all things' is ill-considered advice. Rather, one should say,
'Moderation in most things,' since many areas of human concern
requires or at least profit from intense focus."

221、“對所有事情適度”是不正確的建議。而應是“對大多數事情要適度。”因為人
們從事的許多領域需要或者至少得益於執著。(這裏的適度類似中庸)

222"The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that


is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal
because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held
back by practical concerns."

222、教育的目的應該是建立一個與世隔離的學術環境。這種環境是很理想的,因

35
為這樣學生們就可以不被日常事務牽扯精力而專注地研究重要問題。

223"Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to


offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies
all too often distract from real learning."

223、儘管技術創新,如錄影機、電腦以及網際網路看似改善了學校的教學方式,
但這些技術時常分散真實的學習。

224"Most people prefer restrictions and regulations to absolute freedom of


choice, although they would probably deny such a preference."

224、大多數人更傾向於限制與規則,而不是絕對的自由,雖然他們可能會否認
這一點。

225"Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty—whether to


one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution
—is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force."

225、大多數人被教育說忠誠是一種美德。但是,忠誠-無論對於朋友、學校、受雇
公司或任何機構來說,經常都是一種有害而非積極的力量。

226"Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things
if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful."

226、鼓勵年輕人相信如果他們足夠努力就能成就偉大的事業,不僅是誤導而且
可能是有害的。

227"Computers and video technology can make facsimiles of original works such
as paintings and historical documents available to everyone. The great
advantage of this new technology is that it will enable anyone—not just
scholars—to conduct in-depth research without having access to the original
works."

227、電腦以及視頻技術可以製作原件的複製品,使得普通人都能接觸到繪畫或
歷史文件,此新技術的巨大優點在於它使得每一個人-而不只是學者-能
夠不接觸原件而進行深入的研究。

228"Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity


and energy."

36
228、一致性幾乎總是壓抑個性化創造和活力。

229"Much of the information that people assume is 'factual' actually turns out to
be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a 'fact' should
be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future."

229、許多人們認為“真實”的資訊結果是不準確的。因此,對任何被稱為“事實”
的資訊都應該此懷疑態度,因為很有可能它將來被證實是虛假的。

230"Although it is easy to respond positively to the work of another person or


group, it is far more worthwhile to give negative feedback."

230、雖然很容易對他人和團體的工作給出肯定的反饋,但是給出否定的反饋更
有價值。

231"An individual's greatness cannot be judged objectively by his or her contem


poraries; the most objective evaluators of a person's greatness are people
who belong to a later time."

231、個體的偉大成就不能由同時代的人來評判;對於成就最客觀的評價者是後
來人。

232. "Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of
the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being."

232、社會應盡力挽救每一動植物物種,不管花費多少人力、時間和財力。

233"The true value of a civilization is reflected in its artistic creations rather


than in its scientific accomplishments."

233、文明真正的價值反映在它的藝術創作上,而不是科學成就上。

234"Most societies do not take their greatest thinkers seriously, even when they
claim to admire them."

234、大多數社會並不重視偉大的思想家,即使社會宣稱景仰這些思想家。

235"We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than
from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress
and inhibit learning."

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235、我們通常從和我們意見統一的人那裏學到的東西比從和我們意見相悖的人
那裏學到的東西多的多;意見分歧阻礙了學習。

236"Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."

236、競爭對社會的好處大於壞處。

237"It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social


problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future
generations."

237、我們應該把更多的錢用在當前的問題上,而不是用在可能有助於我們後代
的長期的研究專案上。

238"No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their
knowledge and experience to that field of study."

238、幾乎沒有任何領域能夠取得具有重要意義的進步,除非結合其他行業的知識
和經驗到該領域中來。

239"A nation should require all its students to study the same national
curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different
parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."

239、一個國家應該要求所有的學生在上大學前都學習相同的課程,而不應該允
許不同地區的學校擅自決定自己的教學領域。

240"The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze


the trends of its youth."

240、瞭解當代文化最有效的途徑是分析它在形成初期的發展趨勢。 %%%%%瞭
解當代文化最有效途徑是分析其年青人的趨勢和潮流。%%瞭解當代文化
最有效的方式是分析其年輕人的文化趨勢"

241"The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of


contemporary life that it has become a more important form of
documentation than written records."

241、攝影機可以精確地拍攝當代人們的生活,它的重要性已經超過了紙筆記錄。

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242"It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold
information from the public."

242、政治領導們在公眾面前有所保留是必要的,甚至是必須的。

243"Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that


scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a
wider audience, their ideas will have little use."

243、今年來學術領域更加專業化,以至於學者門的研究只作用於很小範圍內的
人群。除非學者們的研究能適合大範圍的人群,他們的想法才有用。

244"Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial
support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a
nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."

244、政府必須保證主要城市用於發展的財政支持,因為國家的文化傳統發源於
並保留在這些主要城市。

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