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Nuclear Physics

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Nuclear Physics

Cold Fusion in a pile and radioactive pathways. Possibilities in Nuclear physics resulting from the $%uation. That is a result from the Particle&wave theory. ! "#

The Neutron could be a Proton plus electron who is to say that electrons don't fall into the nucleus. Then

(ydrogen would be a nucleus of two protons and one electron. When heated to the extreme the electron would go leaving two protons (elium )atomic fusion* then when it cooled down the nucleus capturing another electron reverting to hydrogen. +ranium has a large number of these neutrons who might be protons with a electron bound. When the electrons go then this leaves too many protons&&&fission. ,ne could transform one element into another by adding electrons to the nucleus or ta-ing them away at high temperature. Positrons would be a useful tool too.

W a v e & P a r t i c l e T h e o r

y . d v a n t a g e s / * Change one element into .nother )0old1 Platinum*. #* 23 bigger .tomic bomb or 224 mass to energy

nuclear energy with the conversion.

5* New radioactive pathways and manufacturing isotopes. 6* . 0ood way of treating 7adioactive waste. 8* . understanding of 7adioactivity influencing the particles of the nucleus and decays even to the smallest particle. 9* . New understanding of the : ! nucleus and binding that

: can be generali;ed to all

atoms.

.lan <rett alanbret=hotmail.com Wave&Particle Theory

.bstract/ . reaction in what all mass is converted )particle disintegrates* to energy. Caused by gamma radiation. Theory says one can force proton or electron decay using gamma radiation at the de<roglie wavelength of the particle. >maller particles1 and this is important for particle physicists1 will decay if hit by lower fre%uencies than gamma.

?one mathematically simply using >chrodingers wave e%uations F@N?@N0 a mathematical result that the above will only occur at a specific fre%uency of incoming photonAthe de<roglie wavelength of the particle. ,ne would have to account for .mplitude too and Potential and Binetic energy. .bstract/ )continued*

Page two. ,f interest for high theory is one can redo the math treatment again for any energy $ ! any energy $# producing any energy $5 . $one ! $two " $three )as time continues* the math solves one variable and produces $one"$two producing a double $three. ! " # )bound*

,ne thin-s here of the neutron being so close in energy to the Proton and the binding that occurs in the nucleus. Plus radioactivity due to a asymmetric binding. .nd isotopes. .nd the smallest of particles and there binding. .lso of interest to Nuclear Physicists is the binding of the hydrogen nucleus in fusion. .nd asymmetric binding in +ranium.

>ection

@ntroduction

The before and after $N$70C conditions are placed in the >chrodinger e%uation to give the before and after W.D$>. >ee fig. These waves are e%ual at the continuity point between before and after >ee fig. #

and this ma-es the waves e%ual at this point. This solves the variable in the initial conditions. This solves the problem.

Page 5. Eathematicle Treatment >ection # $nergy Conservation For fig. page

$before " $after

,r from the figure a photon hits a particle )in a potential* and produces photons. This is& ) *

hF ! mc# ! D " xhF

photon ! particle ! potential energy " a un-nown number of photons

$after " xhF this is x in units of )hF*

This is any number of photons out because of additivity of $nergy. <ut is that way to obtain a chain reaction.

hF " energy of photon in

mc# " mass energy of particle

D " potential energy the particle is in

x "variable that determines $after

Page 6 These energies are placed in the wave e%uations by >chrodinger1 the time dependant ones1 then with time @ can describe the before and after conditions as waves that are continuous at the point between before and after. >ection 5 @nitial Conditions

$before " hF ! mc# ! D G " H

&i$tIJ

>olution of the time dependant

>chrodinger e%uation.

Placing the energy e%uation in the above e%uation. We obtain.

)#

* Ginitial " H&i)mcK!D*tIJ ! H&ihFtIJ

This is the addition of a particle wave and an electromagnetic wave ie. .bsorption of the photon by the particle.

Folowing is the result of that absorptionA >ection 6 Final Conditions

$final " xhF

>o the wave out is&&

Lfinal " xH&ihFtIJ

" x )photon of energy hF* " a chain reactionAbut it must be mentioned that their is the superposition of waves principle so long as they all add up to the above. >o this may be anything out. .lso for math generality is x anything out in units of hu.

Page 8 >ection 8 Continuity with time

)6*

Ginitial" Lfinal )continuity

condition*

.t some point in time the wave before e%uals the wave after. The Calculations

>ection 9 >olve for hM to obtain the fre%uency of the incident photon

Ginitial" H&i)mcK!D*tIJ ! H&ihFtIJ " xH&ihFtIN" Lfinal

)8*

H&i)mcK!D*tIJ ! H&ihFtIJ " xH&ihFtIN H&i)mcK!D*tIJ ")x& * H&ihFtIN

Next we solve this for x ?ivide by

H&ihFtIN

H&i)mcK!D*tIJ
ihFtIN

")x& *" H&i)mcK!D*tIJ

H&ihFtIN

)minus i*

Page 9

>olve for x&&&

)x& * " HO&i)mcK!D*tIJ

+seing now e%uation

! ihFtIJP

1 Page 5

The energy conservation e%uationA Where

)x& * ")mc# ! D*IhF

$%uate the two above e%uations at )x& *

)x& * ")mc# ! D*IhF " HO&i)mcK!D*tIJ

! ihFtIJP

we can solve here already by inspection ....however.....

$%uating these two at )x& * and ln both sides to get rid of exp.

Then Qust ta-e RitIJ out the brac-ets.

ln S)mc# ! D*IhFT " Omc# ! D R hF P)&itIJ*

hF " mc# ! D !) iJIt* ) lnS Omc# ! DPI hFT*

)9* Wave Particle $%uation

The simplest solution isA )U

* hF "mc# !D

because ln

"2

This gives the initial fre%uency of photon needed to decay the particle.

Page U >ection U Conclusions (ere is the fre%uency of the photon needed to decay a particle.

hF " mc# ! D
Where m is the rest mass )relativistic* and D is the potential energy of the particle. This result ties in with de <roglie particle waves1

?e <roglie gives

Vde<roglie"hIp " hImc )P"$Ic*

)W*

so hFde<roglie" mc#

li-e the top of the page from our calculations1 is there in established theory. We must remember the de<roglie wave of a charged particle is also an electromagnetic wave. For conservation of spin and charge small particles might be produced.

Page W >ection W The neutron Xi-e mentioned earlier one can generali;e the initial e%uations toA )Y*

$ ! $# " $5 is$ ! $# " x$

,ur treatment That

>olution x " # .nd $ "$#

) 2*

$ ! $ "#$

This is then a law that all particles at the %uantum level will obey. >o two protons ,F T($ >.E$ $N$70C combine. Two electrons ,F T($ >.E$ $N$70C bond in one orbit. The neutron is more or less T($ >.E$ $N$70C as the Proton. (ere is a pee- at the structure of the nucleus with this binding occurring and radioactivity relieving the energy differences. .nd is interesting for isotopes being out of balance of ! "#.

This is the same math for

hF ! mc# ! D " xhF

redone

with a generali;ation of

E1 + E2 = E3 E3 in units of E1 E1 + E2 = x E1 equation one )x& * E1 = E2 e%uation # Then we go to schodingers time dependant e%uation. +sing e%uation one Ginitial " H&i$ tIJ ! H&i$#tIJ Lfinal " xH&i$ tIJ These are e%ual at the Qoin in before and after. H&i$ tIJ ! H&i$#tIJ " xH&i$ tIJ >olve for )x& * H&i$#tIJ " )x& * H&i$ tIJ H&i$#tIJ H&i$ tIJ " )x& *

>ubstitute into )x& * $%uation # H&i$#tIJ " E2 H&i$ tIJ E1 <ring $ up H&i)$#&$ *tIJ " E2 E1
ln both sides

ln H&i)$#&$

*tIJ

" ln E2 E1

( E2 - E1 )t = ln E2 J E1 One of the solutions E2 = E1 ln 1=0 both

sides ;ero.

>o $ ! $ "#$ and x"# ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

This is for a parti le out also in the main rea tion !o the spin and har"e are onser#ed$ %nd one an see &hat rea tion follo& these rules$

hF ! m c# " xhF ! m#c#

'se ( potential ener") as another parti le at top of pa"e$ Or use the "enerali*ed equation E1 + E2 = x E1 equation one )x& * E1 = E2 $ " hF $#" m c# ! D )or & m#c#*

)x& * E1 = E2 )x& * hF "m c# & m#c# x"# from the generali;ation math. hF " m c# & m#c#