In This Issue

~uORNIA
REOUEST FOR INFORMAT10N ._....•......... 122
OLOGY lliE UBERTY GOlD MINING DISTRICT .
AN EXAMPLE OF RECLAMATlON FOR WILDLIFE HABITAT-
123

BANFF NATIONAL PARK, ALBERTA CANADA 134

9CX)K REVIE'NS .._..
"il'UIUCATIOH OF TMI' MAIL ORDER FORM ..... '"
141
DMSlOM OF _._.ulID
~'" OF COMMIltVAfJON
Ot:OI.OGY
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SUBSCRIPTION FOAM
VISIT A MINE-A PAGE FOR TEACHERS .
142
143
DMG RELEASE-SA 163. SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER
MANAGEMENT IN SURFACE MINED-lAND RECLAMATION
MUSEUM UPDATE '"
144

n.~AgInc:y GOAOQNK VANVLECK

Sec"'.-y lex R.~,

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY stall

Edltor·,n.etllfll MafyC Wood. C<Mo' n.. Scott R,.... 'I'll'" Sco" Volley of 1M KIol'l'lOtIl Mo..onlOtlU 980-
Editor DOll Ouptu /TIOrphoc: lWO"'flCe. S"l,you COUl'lIy. Coldorn,o The"."., 01'lCl "oHey .......
EdflQtlal -'sMUlnea Mary EI·Bdoul nomtd lot John W $coli who OoK<Mored gold he'e '" 1850 An ort,cle
oboultlle geolog'c OCCllrrefICe of gold in III" '1t900n ol'lCl 'eeen' explorot\Qn
GlaphIcs and DelIO" louIse Huckab~
OCIfY'1)I in , neorby I.Jberty gold m,n,ng dis'nclilort, on poge123, PholO
P1.ltllleIhon, SUperVl1Ol' Jell lambe"
by John L Bu "

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LoI ""'fIIIM, CA 1001 2-4t02
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Request for Information

CALIF(lfNA QKlI.OOY (I6SH OOZ'I4566J • ~
~try .... Del*_ rAee.-_"00II_01 TIII~ I~ a rcqueM for Informal Ion aboul lhe mlln fcalures: and (31 a b"cfdescropl,on
....... ...clGtology The~OtIM;.OS.,1121·20U,
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jNood II S.C........'O, C'" PCMlm. .lel Send add". . earlhqllale In the Sanla Cruz MOllnl:\ln~ The (mcludlng IhO!ie caused by hqucf~chonJ. sile
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THE CONCl.U$lOl'ISN«JOPIN~ EXPl'ESSEO "'"
ARTIClES ARE SOlElY TMOSE 0# THE AUlHOAS B,l) l"CllOIl dunll& loC\"Cfe sclsnuc shu-,nl ology, 380CI"1C" DI"I\'"C. Sune 100. Pleasanl
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DifPMTlIEHT OF COHSERVATIC:W
To tlclp dc\Iclop I complete map of Iftc dls-
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Co<~ _ toe aoor...ed ~ ECl<IOf. IflbullOlland I)PC of landslides Ihal occurred
CAl.If'OflNlAGEOlOOY _a-uo.._, S - - dunnl'he.' rceenl Clrlhqllale, ~,enl'MS
345 Mld..lleflC"ld Road. MS 998. Menlo ParI..
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a USGS to~raphle base: (124.0001~ (2) a
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120 \\hlgale Dr,\'('. Waisonville. CA 95078
In/of~IOCAlIFORHIAGEOLOOY PO BoIe~.
Saa_, CA i&812·2iI8O large .cale map of the land~lldelsl shOllllnl! (408) 722-3580, X'

CGEOA U 141111 _IU "990)

CAlifORNIA GEOLOGY
'"
 The Liberty
Gold Mining District
Siskiyou County. California
By

TOM FERRERO, Consulting Geologist

Ashland. Oregon

The rugged and SC&f'Iic Klamath Mounlains

geotTlOfpQe jltOWlCll is 01 mIMM! 10 scientists
because oI1l'18 complex structural geology In
lhis regIOn. Movement 01 tectoniC plales 0Yef NOlIn FoI~
Smlmon AI ... ,
geologic lime formed !he geology or Itle Klamath
Mountains. When !his region was Iol'mlng
milions oIyears 890. an oceanic plate to the
weSI was Iorood benealh the North American
conbnootal plale 10 lhe east by a process known
as subduaJOI'l. The heavi8!' oceanic 0'U$1
plunged beneath lhelighter continental crull.
Howe....... nol all or !he ootanic crustal rod!. was
subclucted and some pr;ll1IOn...irlckJding
volcanic island arcs and fragments oIlhe earth',
mande that ie beneath the oceanic crust-were
ltvvsl againsl the continental plate and b&came
assimilated in II. ().ter lime lheae varN:x!s
segmenllo 01 008aniC auslill rock became par1
oI1he Notlh Am&l'ican ~l& in a process known
as aeer.lIOn.
explorllJCln geologislS and mllers are
inl8feSllld in lhis region because ~goilieanl Photo 1. Gold mlning regiol'l ollhe Sawyers Bar area In 1he liberty distria, Klamalh Mournains.
amounts of IlCOnOITlICalIy reeov9fable gold may
S1s,,",you Coonty. v_ it to 1he lIOu!hweS! from EJnll Summit, Scon Moul'llail'ls, ~wlf'>Q 1he North
Fork ollhe Salmon RIVer valey "foregrOlXld. The long spur ridge IAI separates Whites Guidi fBI
rema," undiscovered. Many Caljlomia lode gold
!rom Eddy Guldl (C). Several lode gold min.. were developed near 1he heads of Eddy Guldl and
distllcts that were active III the late 1800. and
Whites Gulch 11'1 the lale 1800s and early 19OOs. The Stuart Fork Formation forms the rugged
early 1900s are being reevalullted by nIIW highlands In photo. The conlatl 01 the SlIJ.art Fork FOfTI'Ialiol'l and lhe hangil'lg wall of !he mineralized
Glpbra\lOn melhocfs and geok;lgic lhruSl zone (D) is rouoltly Indicated on the photo. The inaconslbi~1y of some mines reqUIted mIners
models .... .allOr. to haul jl'l equlpmenl and su~es over long dislarlCel. PhoIos b)' aurhor except lIS rtOIfId,

INTRODUCTION

The Libcny gold mining disuict is
located ncar Sawyers Bar in Siskiyou
County, California, on the oorth slope of
the Salmon MowlIains. along the NOM
Fork of the Salmon River (Figwe I;
Photo 1). It is one of the principal pre-
1970s lode"' gold (quaJ1Z veins) produc-
ing districts in lhe Klamath Mounlains
geomorphic provinl.:e, which is second in
lode-gold production in California to !he
Sierra Nevada Molher Lode. Results
from rel.:ent exploration activity suggest
!hat !here may be additional economi-
cally minable gold ore reserves in the
Libeny district
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
The Klama!h Mountains geomorphic
province extends from lhe nonhern end
of the Sacramento Valley into southern
Oregon. II is a stnJ(:turally complex.
deeply eroded upland. and is the least ac-
cessible and least geologically known
geomorphic province in California. The
major rivers in this region have dissected
the province into several well-defined
mountain ranges. including the Siskiyou.
Sou!h Fork. Marble, SCOll, Salmon, and
Trinity mowlIains (Figure I).
Rocks of lhe Klamath Mountains have
been intensely deformed by several
periods of folding and faulling and arc
predominantly the remnants of Paleoz.oic
and MCS07.oic volcanic arcs· along with
oceanic crust and mantie material on
which these rocks once rested (Wagner.
1988). Over geologic time several
periods of subduction caused these
Paleozoic and Meso7.oic volcanic island
arcs to accrete onto the NOM American
continent. Regionallhrusl faulling
subsequently deformed these accreted
terranes· further IIld they now form
north·south trcnding arcuate: bellS lhat dip
eastward IIld are progressively older to
the cast (Wagner, 1988).
The Klamalh Mountains arc primarily
composed of a series of complexly folded
and faulted metamorphic rocks of Ordo-
vician to Jurassic age thaI have been
intruded by ultramafic rock (peridotite
and serpentine) and large granitic bodies
(plutons) from Late Jurassic to Early Ceo
n07.oic time (Clark. 1970). These rocks
form. complex foundation (called the
Subjacent Series) on which younger. less
deformed sedimentary and volcanic rocks
(termed the Superjacent Series) were
deposited (Norris and Webb. 1976).

CALIFORNIA GEQOGY June 1990 '23

 ."'.
IIT.ASHLANO
£L.7$3;J·
OREGON _
- - - -- CALIFORNIA

... ~llS. 5
• Hornbrook
Seiad
Valley

Happy
C.mp

- North Fork
of Salmon
River Road ,-..."",.,---1;;;;;;;;-

.
' T\

-
n 0
o,,}"\
",.

'"
Weed ::,1,-
., .:-
IIT.SHASTA
0
,.o. Forks
aUahan
...
EL.H.IU·

.... of Salmon
0 Dunsmuir
r ...... " Weitchpec SALMON C~===__~ ....."",
n South Fork
FIGURE 2
AREA
tTl ",.-z. • of Salmon
River Road Trinity
» "'. ~
Hoopa Center
CO "1-
-z. Arcala '"o. Willow 0' ~ ....'" -,
Creek
.
0 5 to t5
, .
20 3
",'
'
....
~
MilES
....~' 5

FigUfe t. G_fallocation map 01 !he UbefTy gold mining districl, Siskiyou CounTy. flOflhweslem Califofnla.

Subjacent Sories
Sedimentary rocks within the
Subjacent Series include upper Paleozoic
and Triassic fossilirerous marine
sandstone. congkllnerale. locally discon-
tinuous lenses of limestone. slaty shale.
and lhinly bedded chert that were
originally deposited as oceanic sediments
along the border of ancestral North
America. Volcanic rocks within the
Subjacent ~ ue typically basaltic.
andesitie. and occasionally rhyolitic
(Irwin, 1970),
The sedimenlary-volcanic marine
record in these rocks was terminated by
large-scale intrusions of molten rock
associated wilh lhe Nevadan orogeny·
(Late Jurassic Period), A common rock
's.. Olollaf'/. p. 132.
type in the Klamalh Mountains is quartz
diorite· which represents a less silica-
rich rock composition when compared
wilh the more silicic granodiorite rock
that is characteristic of Sierra Nevada
plutons (Norris and Webb, 1976).
The Subjacent Series thickens
northward into soulhem Oregon. Its total
thiclcness is estimated to be 40.000 feeL
Bodies of u1tramafJC rocks are abundant
(Norris and Webb, 1976).
Superjacent series
Superjacent Series rocks include
Cretaceous marine sedimentary and
volcanic rocks that are up to 5,000 feet
thick (Norris and Webb, 1976). The
Klamalh Mountains began to form during
the Nevadan orogeny ncar the close of
the Jurassic Period. The lhick succession
of marine sedimenLary and volcanic suau
was uplifted above sea level, folded.
faulted, and intruded by ultramafic and
granitic roch. Great quantities of debris
were eroded from the ancesual Klamath
Mountains into the bordering seas (Irwin.
1970). Deposition of marine strall
OOC\IlTed throughout most of the
Cretaceous Period in the Klamath
Mountains region. These sediments
compose the Superjacent Saies. During
the laIC Cretaceous and T crtiary periods.
rocks of the Subjacent Series were
uplifted above sea level to form the
Klamath Mountains (Irwin. 1970).
Superjacent Series rocks now occur
mainly on the margins of the province
and as isolated bodies on down-faulled
blocks.

". CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY June 1990

 The KJamalh Mountains have boc:n
interpreled u being a displKed eJOtell5Km
or the Sierra NevMla. Two signincanl
strue:tural episodeJ: ..e reoogni7,ed: (I) a
period or tighl (Lsoc:linal) rolefing that •
proc:cded and 8tXlOfTIpanied the pilulonic
intrusion during the Nev.dan orogeny.
and (2) during the middle and I.te
Cenozoic Era. noonal and high-angle
reverse r.ulling rai$ed the Klamath
upland. Subsequent erosion crealed the
-
present rogged lOpOgaphy (Photo I). In
addition to lheIe 1eClonic- cpdodes.
ute:nsive periods or regional thrust
raulling signiflCanLly arrCC1ed Jurassic:
age and okkf rocks or the Klamath
Mountains (Norris IUld Webb, 1976).

Gold

Gokl is the most imponant mi~al

commodity in the Klamath Mountains
and occun in placers. massive sulfide
bodies, and quartz lode deposilS
(Wqner.1988). Production in the
Klam.th Mountains from 1880 through
1953 totaled 3.861.379 rine ounces, pre-
dominantly from placer deposilS Orwin.
1960; 1970). PlICa gold wu elOlensively
mined during the middle tnd late 1800s
rrom river v.vel.long the Klamath.
Trinity. Smith. Scott, and Salmon rivers
and their tributaries. Older terrace
dcposilS on various levels adjacent 10
these rivers and their uibutaries were
orten mined by hydraulic metJ,ods in the
late 1800s (Photo 2).
Lode gold deposits are round
throughout the Klam.1h MowlIains.
They occur in .11 metamorphosed
sedimentary and metamorphosed
vokanic rock types or Jurassic age and
older. Gold most commonly occurs in
native form within quarlZ veins. and is
broadly associated with iron arsenic
sulride (arsenopyrile) and iron sulfKk
(pyrite), and locally associated with k.d
sulride U;akna). zinc sulfide (sphalerite).
and c:oppc:r-bearing silic.te (chrysocoll.).
The silver content or Klam.th Mountains
ores is usually low.
A few lode gokl depo5its have been
found in ipeous intrusive and u.l!ramaflC
rocks. Gold-qu.-tz veins are oflen
..
Phom 2. n. Oro Fro hydr-.K; gaId ~ lrt Quaou Viler. near ttw ScoII. RI_, Sisk/rOU Ccully,
orca 1890s. Gold-bNmfI or....... _ t-lg cam.d by ~ 10 !he aUce whilll a man washes
W«ay the e1pOsed m." tIrraoI WIth. hIgh"9fftsl"l'e WlII*' route (CIIed a -",IN") (lowet nght ot
photo) Photo CXIloYflIsyd tJe s;"uyou C<II.I'lty HisIOriul SocNty.
associated with plutonic rock (diorite:. 2). An estimated 1.210.000 ounces or
quartrdiorite, dacite) and small intru· gold were mined in the 17 river miles
sions of fme.grained light-colored rockJ between the towns orS.wyers Bar and
(.plite sills and dikes). An intrusive rock Forks of Salmon (Root, 1925). The
(dacite porJityry) is locally called gravel bars, terraces, IJld benches were
"birdseye porphyry" because or its worked ror gold by hand methods. Later
distinctive large reldspar crystals set in • wing-dams IJld flumes were used, and
fine-grained matrix. It is commonly 15- eventually the higher bench terrace
&OCialoo with ore bodies in the southern gravels were mined by the hydr.ulic
Klamath Mountains. method, Gravels along North and South
RussilJl Creek, Whiles Gulch, Eddy
Gulch. and other tributaries or the Norlh
HISTORY OF THE UBERTY DISTRICT
Fork of the S.1mon River thai drain the
The Liberty gold mining district or Liberty district were also placer mined
southwestern Siskiyou County is • (Photo. 3 and 4), Eddy Gukh yielded
principal lode gokl producing district in 145.000 ounces or placer gold (Root,
the Klamath Mountains. second only to 19'2j).
the French Gulc.h/Deldwood districl ne.
Redding, C.lirorni., Fragmeruary Lode gold was discovered 11 the Black
historical rceorcb indicate production Bear mine in 1860. and at the Klamath
£rom the: Liberty district to be Ilicul and Mountain Laurel mines in 1862
300.000oWlOeS orJode gold (fable I). (Root. 1915). Production began the yar
following discovery at all three mines
P1aceJ deposits have also been which were the greatest gold producers in
imponanr. producers in the Libeny the Liberty district (T.bk I) (Hoa..
mining district.. The North Fork or the: 1971). Produclion rrom these and
Salmon River wu finl mined rCl' placa numerous other mines in the districl
gokl ne. Sawyers B. in 1850 (Figure continued intenniuently until the 19305.

CAlFORNlA ceQ.OGY ..... ,...

TABlE I. REPORTED PRODUCTION' FROU SOt.E PRINCIPAl lCX>E GClO MINES OF" Tl-E uends southw~l-northelSlalong Ihe
LIBERTY MINING DISTRICT, 1162 TO 1". (HIan, 1888; <nwtord, 11$4" 1_; Hamillon. IQ20: nonh slope of Ihe Salmon Mowuains
Flo«. 1825; o.gg.D. 1lnZ; Em.n6ori. li32;..bnft, 1i32; Br.cIey, 1i:35 HDl:l, 1971). (Filure 3). It dips mainly south 10 CIS!,
The producIon rw..rrb«a _ c:IlcueI1IId in ITIIr'Iy euu !nIm ~ ...... blaNd on $20.157 told price
from 10depecs 104.5 dcpee$ in the

_....
"hlugh . . price of gold -.cI Wring . . run 01 producDon In . . I..ilel'Iy lhlna. SOUthw~1 half of !he district (Black Bear,
Eddy Gukh. Whites Gukh areas), and it
Mine dips 40 degree$ 10 85 degrees wesl in !he
northeasl half of !he districl (Big Cliff.
"',00) China Gukh, Cow Creek areas) (Figllfe
2: Photo 1). The lJ'lOn'Wous dip 10 the
WCS! is probably due 10 faulting and
>12.05l0 foldinl of the thrusl zone along Ihe odie
of the Russian Peak batholith..
Eddy Gulc:h

Mol.ntainlllutel ".020 The thrusl zone contains nWTlerous

Bal (also called Caliform.
Consolidated, Gold Balll"
LInIon (also called Ewening
Suw, e.tlulj
Lanky Bob
discontinuous slabs of bedded chert and
siliceous schist sheilled mainly from the
22,900
Stuart Fork Formation. and melamor-
phosed organic shales and mudstones
(carbonaceous Khisl). pelitic schist. slate
and peenstone derived mainly from the
Hayfork terrane. These rocks are folded
7,.20
and faulted. although their general
2••1lilO anilUde is parallel to the l.hrust. They
have been intruded by numerous silk and
1.•50 dikes of predominanlly diorite and dxite
>1,700 porphyry"'. and a fmc. grained. dark rock

,..,. (possibly a lamprophyre·; HoIZ. 1971).

RKad:s ~; prodta:;IlOfl was ~
•• Mowttain l " ~lh IT'll"," _
producIiYe y . porphyry sills and dikes was called
Some ore was processed in circular
pil.1 in which broken ore was pulveri7.ed
by stone wheels (lUTastras; Photo .5).
Most ore was processed in stamp mills
comprised of batteries of two 10 lhiny.
two stamps (Pholo 6; SlUmpf, 1979).
Ball mills and flotation systems were
employed in !he later productive years
(Bradley, 193.5; Gowen, 1949). Due 10
the rugged terrain. many openr.lOI's
installed acriallramways 10 move ore
from mines on the Sleep rjdg~ and
mountain sides 10 more accessible mill
sileS loca~ down slope on level ground.
Some comnl\mili.~ were "lied in
the Liberty districl during the produclive
years. Townsi\.CS with posl offices were
established at Black Bear (1869) and
Rollin (1898) (Figure '2; Stumpf, 1979).
The liner was located in Eddy Gulch.
and was named after Rollin Fagunde:r..
T...
n.gn. in manr caM'.
worlled by ".J. BaI" Compwly in ...
According to local lore. FagllJ1dez was
the captain of a sailing vessel moored in
San Francisco in about 1860. He give up
a sea.going life 10 join the rush for gold.
and found pay din at the Humpback mine
in Eddy Gulch (Filure 3).
GEOlOGY OF THE UBERTY DISTRICT
Nearly all of !he lode mines in the
Litleny gold mininl disuictce located in
an approximately 2,OOO·fooc-widc shear
zone. This shear zone is in Ihe thruSI
faulled conlaCt belween undc::rlyingille
Paleozoic to middle Mesozoic groenstone
and marine mewedimenu of the
undifferenliated Hayfork te:rrlne. and
overlying Paleomic 10 Triassic bedded
chert and other marine metasedimenu of
the Stuut Fork Formltion (Seyfen. 1968;
Goodie. 1990). The thrust zone occuu
as an oulcrop about 12 miles lonl which
The porphyry .ills and diW conunon1y
form one wall of quam veins Of 0CCU1 as
frapnents in !he vein bearing fissure.
The disli.ncl red 10 orange/brown
wellhc:red wrface expression of !he
"t.own argillite" by prospectors. and was
consW:lered a prime indicator of gold
beating mineralilllKln, especially in
association with quan:r. veining.
Gold bearing quartz veins in the
Libeny district mosl often occur along
contacts belween harder, more r~islanl
bedded chert or siliceous 51Chis!, and
softer leu resistanl carbonaceous schisl
(Elmandorf. 1932: Jones. 193'2). When
the Stuart Fork Formation was thrust over
the Western Palezoic and Triassic Bell
rocks, and slabs of each rock unil were
sheared from the thrusl faull walls. much
of the slippage OCCWTed along the
siliCClOWl rockkabonaceous rock
conllC-U. llte soflef ccbonaceous rocks
are much more sheared along !he conlacts
than !he harder silicic rocks.
Later. lensional fOfC~ exer~ most
likely in association wilh intrusion of the
·S-Gbual')'. Po 132.

". CALifORNIA GEOlOGY

......""
 LEGEND
""""'- Rood
~ River
3~ Mine
e Existing lown
3

:;..,\!.. Etna
1\ Mountain
SCALE
o 1 2 Miles
hoJ..-.J LIBERTY
GOLD MINING
Tanners Peak
,II DISTRICT
II'
l",.V\)SAWYERS ~ 8
BAR
~- Klamath
National
Forest FoAK
~.

Long Gulch L.1c8cF~

MINES
1. Homestoke 9. Big Cliff 17. live Yankee
2. Cub Bear 10. Lanky Bob 18. Ida May
3. Hogan 11. Keaton 19. Klamath
4. Overton 12. Uncle Sam 20. Union
5. Highland 1J. Humpback 21. Mountain laurel
6. Advance 14. Block Bear 22. Anno Johnson
7. Rainbow 15. King Solomon 23. Cleaver
CECILVILLE B. Molloy 16. Wilson 24. Hickey

Russian Peak balholilh during !he
JurWtc Ncv.dan orogeny (and possibly
during CRt.ceoU5 and Tertiary orogenic
epis0de5·) forced opo'! many of lhc shear
planes in the lhrust zone. Much of lhe
opening occurred along !he sheared
',.. Glouary. p.l32..
siliceous rock.k_bonaceous rock con-
1aCl$. POfPhyry and odter sills and dikes
were inuudcd along the opened planes.
Mineral bearing Wiler derived from
magma (juvenile w.lCf) or from water
trapped in sedimenr.ary rocks when !hey
were deposited (OOlUlltC wilIer) was
mobilized by heat now from orogenK
proc:enc-s. circulated du-ough the reo-
pened rl5SUIeS. dcpositinl silK&. rnetaJlK
sulfides. gold. and olher minerab (Photos
8 and 9). This process OCC\DTed in many
phascs. Generally. the sills and dikes
were intruded first. followed by multiple
episodes of vein deposition.

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY .......990

'"
 Photo 3. View dowfl Eddy Gulctl 'rom the Klamath lode Oolcl ~n&: Photo 5. Remaina 01 an arrastra at the Anna.Johnson gold ~n&.
TiWlel' Peall in distance. The area in lhe center Ior&gfOUl'ld was Uberty distrid.
ellenslYely ITWled by hydraulic meltlods In the late lllOO$.

The intrusive rocks arc ortcn quile a1lered

when they arc in conlllct with quartz
veins. Alteration products include
sodium rcldspar (a1bile). iron-magne-
sium a.luminurn silicale (chlorill:). and
calcium carbonate (calcite).

Two common lypeS or quanz veins

are white, very line-grained (cryptocrys-
talline) quartz with minor llntounlS or
pyrile and vinually no gold. II'ld while to
clear, medium- 10 coarse-grained
cryslalline quartz with arscnopyrile,
pyrite. and gold. The porphyry sills and
dikes occur with both Iypes or quartz. In
many cases crypIocrystalline qulU17. and
granular quanz occur as layers or lenses
in !he same fissure.

Photo 4. View to the south from \tie Ama Jo/wlson gold ~ne showing the oeSI 0' Eddy Gulch. The
OUI00p8 are bedded d.n IIfld silic:eous sc:hiSI 0' Itl. Stuart Fork Formation. Sheared lhn.lStlone
roclu below these outerops are tldden by limber.

". CAllFOONIA GEOlOGY

 PtlOl0 7. View 10 !he north across China Gulch !rom !he Advarce gold mine. Liberty dislria. '" ""Ide
zooe of carbonaceous schist and rnin&ralized quartz Yeins strikes north hom the Advance fIWle
lICIOSS !hIS canyon and dips stoopl)' wesrward (10 1tle lett in pholO).

.... Pholo 6. Two·stamp rrd at1he Anna Johnson gold mine.lIberrv dial/iet.

Movement along the vein fissures
occurred between vein filling episodes as
indicated by brecciated quartz SU5pCnded
in later quanz and gouge. Pre-mineral
and post-mineral north-south and
nonhweSI-southeast striking and steep
dipping to vertical cross faults complicate
the structural relationships.
From field evidence. it appears that
upward migrating mineralized hydrother-
mal fluids circulated into and up through
the thrusl 7.onc. mainly along the
carbonaceous rock/siliceous rock
conlacts_ The mineralized fluids were
trapped laterally by eross faults. folds
ard/or pinched vein fissures. Concenlra-
tions of metallic minerals were deposited
in the structural traps. Ore bodies in the
Liberty district are commonly bounded
on one side by a pre-mineral cross fault.
or occur in antidinal folds (Weigel.
1935).
Ore bearing fissures occur throughoul
the Liberty district thrust zone. In the
Eddy Gulch area there are significant are
bodies at three or four levels of the thrust.
The greatest concentration of ore bodies
is closer 10 the hanging wall of the thrust
zone (Klamath. Union, and Mountain
LallIel mines), but a substanlial ore body
occuaed doser 10 lhe foot wall (Hump-
back mine) (Figure 3). In lhe China
Gulch area, the ore bodies are aligned
along several parallel carbonaceous schist
bellS up to 50 feet wide (PhoIO 7). The
Black Bear mine ore bodies are in two
parallel veins (Rool, 1925).
Ore bodies have been mined to depths
of 1,000 feci (Black Bear mine), 600 feel
(Klamath mine), and SOO feet (Mountain
LallIel mine; PholO 10) (Root, 1925:
Weigel, 1935). Numerous smaller ore
bodies in the district were mined 10
depths of 100 10 300 feci. HislOricai
records indicate that in some mines
increasing eoSts of hoisting, pumping,
and cTOu-culting on lower levels to
develop backs· hailed down-dip mining.
Production in some mines was slOpped
by litigation (Daggetl, 1932) and World
Wars I and II. Qlher operations were
simply mined out. Produclion in lhe
deeper mines reached well below the
SllIface oxidized 7.one (Elmandorf, 1932:
Jones, 1932).
Gold and sulfide minerals are
concentrated in fissure veins. Gold
occurs mainly as native metal associated
wilh quartz. and a small percentage
occurs in auriferous arsenopyrite. Gold
also occurs in altered porphyry where it
contacts quartz veins. Gold bearing
quartz occurs as continuous veins of solid
quartz from a few inches to sevcral feet
wide, and as SWIUTllS of randomly
oriented veinlets in the sheared carbona-
ceous schist and jXIrphyry. Wider vein
fissures usually contain a complex series
of quanz veins and veinlet swarms, cu-
bonaceous schist and altered porphyry.
Productive widLhs in the mines are
reponed \0 average about four 10 six feet
and widcn 10 as much as twenty-four feet
(Roo!, 1925). Melallic minerals make up
about I to 2 percent of lhe vein material
(Daggetl, 1932). Non-ore minerals
(gangue) include quanz and minor
amounts of ealcite.

CALifORNIA GEOlOGY .I"",,,,,,

'"
 0 500 1,000
~
-N-

~
FEET ~O~1~
-V- THRUST lONE
.-,- Unclude$ sheared ,I_b, or
WPTB end Stulft Fork roc aJ
20 to 30·

~ WlIson ~
Humpback Mine
Mine

ROlLIN
(Old mill an
town sitel

I ...."••

. BC.../'\
/
.
1
. . / . .- \
....--- cs \
I. -7;!f_.-..... -.,_.~
BC .,..... \
r- ·... \.BC
'-'. \
.
~~~.:' ."
~
-.
- ·.05<1
~ GaSh~n.r
•f} Mi.!!!I
Be ~~ cs ~
Kla.atll
,
Mine

F",ure 3 Eckly Guldl group or mIIlltS In Ihe Ubefrv gold ""nong dIStrICt.

'30 CALlfOAN1A GEOLOGV .........

 .. .
_0"
- _ __
SYMBOLS

Contacta

-<[ V V "" Thrust Contact

____ .... Veins

>'200 Strike & Dip

......... ". Porphyry SlI1a

•••••••••••• Other Dikes & Sills

((/fJ}; Major Workings

~ Mine ~
Uncle
______ Road
/ Sam
Mine
/

, . _-rG-p.I}~ Anna Johnson

Mine

,--
BC
, Mountain .<[
Laurel ~ A
Mine
'<T
i A
'-<!
-..
.'
c .<[
;;
.j
cs.... :;."" t<
;,
•
,J1, ;,.
w BC
, 20°

\ BC,. PS "
•• BC \'. 1-0"" -<r \>-
A
LEGEND
Be ~It-
,,,,"IJS~~ A ~
'V

'1 I Bcl Bedded Chert

,/ ......,.·""~8C Union
Mine
,0'
O~
;.,
4" 20 to 30°
\ I csi Carbonaceous Schist

PS ~ A BEDDED CHERT OF THE [ill Pelitic Schist

l ,..°x"'~~ STUART FORK FORMATION

\ [ill Limestone

.'
"
\.

CAlIFOflNIA GEOlOGY June 1990 ,"

 / GLOSSARY
. . . . . ..."..: .1aull4lourldld _IIW II
~ UFII'IIatIcI» ~ ..... _

1111I...... dIIIlnct Irorn __ accnIId

...... 1n . . MglDn.
.... . . . . . -.rnNllrmg »"'1*101.
will Cll' lode -.....n. ftW'l WCllVIg Il'Wl
,..d.,..... .....
I .~ ;pi.,..
. . . . . . Of . .

inruIhJa
cIIriH:lalcncl fIOIPI¥I1c ~
~

1ilIUndIni mak ,..,.,.

-
(-..etl IlOi,ltIItillda, and ~ I
PhOto 8. Vi_ 0' a prospect trench fIO<th 0' the AdvatlCe gold mme. Libert)' d,s!ncl. Gold·bear,ng
quam: and casbonac:eou, schist debll, on 1el1. This site is located at the '001 of the s10p0 shown In
tIiIt: ~CD. . . . .d .......

Ph010 7.

It_,"""""""
...........,: ..... 01 . . ."....'.
and pIldDnIm
- . . parlol ....... o\nlelaCUlnO
In"
............ , ,.....01......
.ua.Il: and Ewer Q *'-.

--
RECENT EXPLORATION CONCLUSIONS

Results rrom exploration drilling Recent geologic mapping combined IDt"*'IIncbIng ~ ...
programs in the Eddy Gulch area in 1975 wiLh drill core and dwnp sample assays
and 1986 showed that pyrite and indicate that the Liberty mining dislrict . . . ."', . . . . . . radI. NlClDraIN
CIIlI~ C'lOt.~. . . . . . . . . . . . .
arsenopyrite are pervasive throughout the may have economically minable surrace
more porous rock units (mainly carbona-
coous schist and pelitic schist) to at least
gold reserves along vein oulClops in
Eddy Gulch. and possibly in other areas and or tJoil._.....
.-.z tIIarIIr.. pUDnIC rOdr. caw....... tg bioi.
or
......... amouni quIl'iZ'
and more Nn
100 reel above and below the veins or the district. Additional exploratory
- . I e : ...... 1O ..... 1oroN
(Photo 11). The ratio or arsenopyrite to work is needed 10 bener define the voleMic _: • ,...,., alrwd IinMr bell or
pyrite increases toward the veins, as does distribulion, grade, metallurgy and vrolcIno4a above. subGJcllon lOIMl
the gold oontenL Twenty-rour explora- volume or gold-bearing material.
tory drill holes interscd.ed 29 significant
gold bearing zones that averaged 16.5
reet wide. Assayed samples rrom lhese
zones averaged 0.056 ounce or gold per
ton (Sannes. 1977; Ferrero, 1986). Nine
or the zones were wider than 20 reet.
some were as wide as 42 reet with
average gold values or 0.050 ounce per
ton. Assays or dump material rrom the
Klamath mine averaged about 0.10 ounce
or gold per ton (Ferrero, 1986).

PhoIo 9. n.e Buzzatd vetn at The Advano:e mille is 6.5 leet Wide. dips sleeply eaSl and
COfltaJn5 quartz and carbonaceous setllsl Sample bags 3Jld hammer lor 5<:ale.

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY
 Photo 10. Oulcrops in loreground are part of the Mounlaln LalKlII mine PhOto 11. Reverse orculation dtillflg rig at the Union gold mine.
quaJ1Z vtoIn. Most of lhe gold produaion atlhe mine was laken "om ChIs LJb&r1)' distrICt Samplelworn this driling program W8fe used to
vein. The ""irl dips nOf1tlWesterly and Is In an anuelinal fold. analyle the rmning poMlnuai irlthiSlII'N.

REFERENCES

Bradley, Walter W., 1935. Sialuyou CoonI)': Cali-
Iornia Joul'nal 01 Minel and Geology, Thirty·
fi"'t State M"neralogisl's Report. p. 255-327.
Clark. William B., 1970. Gold diltricts 01 Ca~Ior·
..... Califoml. DiVision 01 MlI'IEIs and Ge0l-
ogy Burre~n 1~. 186 p.
Crawford. J.J.. 18S4. Siskiyou Counfy: Calilornia
Slate Mining Bureau. Twelllh Report 01 the
Slati M'n8falogia!. p.275-294.
Ctawford. J.J.. 1896. Siskiyou Counfy: Calilornia
Slate Mining Bureau. Thineenth Ripon of
the S13te Min....logill, p. 366-435.
Oaggln, 8el'l F.• 1932. Mining e"9~'s reporl
on Union Cenll"a1 gold mines, lJbefl)' min~
districl. Si~iyou County. Callfomia. Blacll
Bear. CaJilornia: ~li.shed.
Elmandorf, William J .. I932, Mining engineer's
r1lporl on lhe mining propefty of Gold Stan-
dald.Inc.• Sislliyou Counfy, Calilorma: Un-
pub~shed.
FerretO. Tom. 19&6. Consulting geologisrs
report on Eddy GuldllT1lr'Wlg properues.
Spnng 19&6 ExplofationPmjacl:Unpubiished.
Goodge. JoIvl W .. 1990. Tectonic eYOlution of a
cohefenl lale TriasalC subduction compiIU.
Stuart Fork lefl"ane. Klamath I.4ounlillns,
northem Calilomia: Geological Sooety 01
America Bulleun. Y. 102, p. 86-101.
Gowen. J.B., 1949, Consulting mining
engineer's repoll on geololfy and potenual of
the Eddy Gulch gmup: Unpublished.
HarnalOO. FleIChet, 1920, SISkiyou County: Car..
Iornia Slata Mi...ng Bureau. Se""nleertth Re·
port of lhe State Mineralogist. p. 529-536.
Holl. PresIon E.. 1971. Geology 01 the lodlt gold
districll in the Klama~ Mourllains, California
and Oregon: U.S. Geological SurYlty Bulletin
'290.
Irelan. William. Jr.. 1888, Siskiyou Counly: Ca~·
Iomra Stale ""n~ Bureau, Eighth R&poI'I 01
the Stall M.neralogiat. p. 5ll1·565.
Irwin. W~~am P.• 1960, GeologiC reconnal..
sance of the norlhem Coasl Rangel and
Klamath Mounlilll'li. Califomia: Callforma
o.Vlsion of Mines and Geology BUnlun 179.
Irwrn. W~~am P.. 1970. Geology of the Klamath
MolKltains: CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY. Y. 23.
no. 7. p. 135-138.
Jones, C. CoImck. 1932. Consulllng IT1llWlg In·
gl~'s report on Union Central, Mourllain
lau,~. and Klamath mines.libe<fy mining
distria, SislUyou CoonI)', Cati'omia: Unpub-
lliheel.
Norris. Rob&rlM.. and Webb. Roben W.• 1976,
Geology 0' Ca~Iomia: John Wiley & Sons.
Inco<porated. 365 p.
Root. Uoyd l.. 1925, Siskiyou County: Calilor...a
Stale Mining Bureau. Twenfy.fil'$t Report 01
the Slate Mineralogist, p. 428-487.
Sannel, David l.. Illn. Consulting geologist
report 01 actiVi\llt1 lor the properl)' 01 Naw
Cinch Uranium. SislUyou County. Calilomia'
Unpublished.
Seylert. Carll< .. 1966. Geology of the Sawyerl
Bal qllldrangle: Oep.aItmenl 01 G8olCienoe.
Burtalo State Univerlily College. Naw YOlk.
Slump!. Gary 0 .. 1979. Gold rmning in Siskiyou
CoonI)'. 1650 101900: Sisluyou Col,lflly HI...
torical SocIel)' Occasional Paper No.2.
Yleka. CalifonVa, 140 p.
Wagne<. David l.. 1966. Geology 01 the Del
Norte and Siskiyou counties and adjacenl
poIlIOflS 01 Humboldt. Shasta. and Tnnoly
counties, Ca~lornia: CALifORNIA GEOl·
OGY. Y. "4, no. 12, p. 267-272.
We.gel, C.R., 1935, Civil and minng engWlee<'S
map 0' Ball mine (Mountal/\ LaullII mine):
Unpublished.

CALIFOHNIA GEOlOGY June 1990 ",

 Reclamation for Wildlife Habitat
An Example From
Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada
By
GAil A. NEWTON, Plont Ecologist, Division of Mines and Geology
GEOFF G. ALLAN, Senior landscape Architectural Technologist, ,
Transportation, Public Works Canada.

Recloiming mined-out 099,ego,e po" In Calilar-

"10 has be<omll the locus of incrllosil'l9 COnCe,n.
Reclomol,on ordinances hove belln odopllld:
(1110 ""sure complioncll with 0 community', mos- ,
Ier pion thol moy de-igna!.. '~Ific land USIIS to
fulfill thOI comm<Jnity's requirements For Hood
control, greenbelts, 1or><ffil1s, or other land needs;
12) 10 g..... ranlee thol mined-Jond with liltl" 'II'
maining morie! wolue will be '1lItored to on (K-
ceploble cOftd;~on and conform with odjacent
highe.·rnoritllf·volue lands; gild (3}lo odd 0
M&OW.II of community protection to ensure thor
,,""ed-oul property is 'eclOlm"d. ReclomOlion is a
Cosl of doing bUlinen lor th.e oggregote indullry.
T~" following artid .. de",nbes I~" reclamalion of
a Canadian quarry deligned 10 support wildlife.
..• edilol"

INTRODUCTION

tlin.t glance. the golden meadow~

A shrouded in misl appear 10 be nalll-
rallandforms WOOlO I). Grass grows 10
knee level. Spruce grows to lhe edge of
the meadows. providing con:r for many
~pecies of birds. BUllhi~ meadow is nOI a PIlolo 1. View of a portion of Healy Creek pol follOWIng redamOlian. P/rolo by Goil A. Newfan.
n31uml landform: il is a reclaimed gravel
mine in B3nff N3tion31 Park.

Banff National Park altracts more than

Ihree million visitors a year. It is localed
on lhe eastern slope of lhe Canadian
Rocky Mountains. 310ng the Alben3
flank of the Conlinenlal Divide (Figure
I). Thb. National Park. Canada's firsl.
was established in 1887. Belween 1980
and 1986. the TransCar13d3 Highway
(TCH). which bisects Banff National
Park. was twinned to four lanes. This
TWlOnl1lg Project provided 16.7 miles of
new highway. which was fenced on both
side~ 10 proteel1he resident population
of deer and elk from the impacts of in-
creased tf"oIffie. Underpasses were buill to
allow animals to pass under lhe highway.
However. the fencing excluded wildlife
from their grolzing habitat. To compen-
sale for lhis loss of hilbital. large scale
off-road ~nd and gravel pilS were re-
claimed 10 provide forage areas for
deer and clk. Healy Creek sand
and gravel pil. a major extraclion
operalion which supplied 458.000 cubic
yard~ of alluvial aggregate 10 lhe Twin-
ning Project. is an CJtcel!enl example of
reclamation planning and implemenl..-
tion. Healy Creek pit opera1ions. as Wilh
all eXlraClion urea:. for lhe Twinnl1lg
Projeci. were managed and supervised
by Public Works Canada
REClAMATION PLANNING
An average of four Ions of :.and and
gravel per person is u.'>cd annu:llIy in lhe
U.S. Bctween 1940 and 1980, an c\ti-
mated one nil Ilion :lcrCS were rmncd for
sand and grol\·el. and only one'lhrrd of
lhat are.. was reclilillled (Swanson. 1982).
Sand and gf"J\'C1 IIlrnlflg operalions ure
usually located along past or presenl
Slrcam courses; these area.'> oflen support
highly productive wildlife habilue. Well
planned aggregate pit reclam:1I10n can
rcsultlfl cost savings 10 lhe 0pcl'1llOr.
increased end-usc land values. and
increased bencfit of hubitat to wildlife
(Mencaeci and Carter. 1989).
Reclam:ll ion of a gravel extraction pil
for wildlife habitat. whether in California
or Albena. rcquires an understanding
of lhe planl communities und aS~OCialed
landforms that provide lhe basic needs
(food. water. and co\'er) for wildlife
specics. A delailed reclamation plan thaI
identifies u turgel wildlife specie, (or
relatcd group of wildlife :.pccies) and il.'>
specific ba~i~· needs should be preparcd
prior to inilialing lhe mining operalion.
Because habnat diver~ity is an imporlant
consideralion during reclamalion for
wildlife. the plan should also strive to at·
lract other wildlife species. as w..:ll as the
larget specie:.. to lhe sile by en~uring thai
II conlains many different planl commu·
nities. landforms. and water sources. Not
only dcx:s this diversily direclly inerca:.e

13. CAliFORNr" GEOLOGY

 {}
N 0i..~"'b~~"O Mit"
•>
o
• Btllb"
o
I o
•>
>
I
rIg"'" 1. Banff National Po.... A1beffo, ConoOo, ~ng TtoruConoclo
HoghwCl)' otld On a.ea 01 sol'ld olld gtll'Yfd exlrOdlOfl olong H"1y C.Hl.
the numbcrof wildlife species. bUI II alro
creates borders. or "edges." between
different plant communities. Edgc~ h:l\'c
been found to greally increase the number
of species able 10 use a site. as wei I as the
amount of usc a sile receives from any
~iven species.
HEALY CREEK PIT
The lIealy Creck pit exemplifies not
only thorough prior planning. but also
thoughtful planning for ell.. habitat and
Io\>ildtife habitat divcnily. The success of
the: Healy Creek pit reclamation progr:tm
is based on the mullidisciplinur) planning
process invohing s~cialists from a \,ni-
cl) of fields. nolabl) engmeering. \\ Ild-
hk biology. plam ecology. and landscape
architeclUre. These experts worked
together to mitigate the environmental
effects ofthc mining oper.llion.
Heal) Creek pit provides a model of the
type of design criteria used for rehabilita-
tion of other pits along the TCH corridor.
The main concerns for reclamation
planning at the Healy Creek pit included:
• the use of vel;ctatlon to natumlize the
inted'aee between new con!>true(lon
and remaining fore~t:
• contour grading of ~Iope~ 10 recreate
landforms and prevent erosion:
• habitat re-creallon for hooved
mammah such a~ deer and ell.
and fish;
• mlllimll.ing impacts to wildlife by
phased mining and sequential
rehabilitation of sand and gra\e1 pits.
The nllnLll!! dc~lgn for the pitlncorpo-
rated fUllCllonal and operational require-
ments for a majOr gravcl e\lrac:tion minco
as ",..ell as habitat requirements for elk.
Therefore. detailed plans for the cntire
operation were produced prior to mlnlllg
implemcmal10n (Figure 2).
londform
The first ~tep LIl planning for wildlife
habnat ., to determlIle the type and vari-
ety of Iandform\ th:lt will be llvailabJc
on the ~Ite dunng the reclamation pha~e.
c"mORNI'" GEOLOGY Ju,,~
BANFF
NATIONAL {}
PARK N
Healy Creek
*,Pll
•
BanU
\
Slopes may need to be graded to create a
more gradual ri!>C to the pit edge: in gen-
em!. slopes steeper than 30 percent lessen
the value of the resultant habnat (Green
and Salter_ 1987). The next step is to
determine if the target specks will U"t the
a\~Jilablc landforms and 10 increase the
\..ricty of landforms on the site. Mlninl;
operations usually result in regularly
shaped landforms (rectangular pus).
Because Irregularly shaped landforms
prO' Ide bcuer habitat by incrca..~ing the
amount of foresl edge. the landforms
eau!.Cd b) mlllllll; oper.itions may require
rc,haplllg
Healy Cfi,."('l Pit is located on an altu-
vialterrJCc m relam1'ly f1attcrram y,hll:h
did not allOY. for a y, ide variety of lantl-
form' to be created. The "muill-iobed"
dc\ign and \"Crtieal relief of the pit pro-
vided the needed variety for intcgmtlon
With the ,urrounding tcrmin (photo 2).
1990
 Water
,
,,, Drailling courses or water bodie~. an
essenti,ll feature for most wildlife recla-
,., mation projects. ~hould be designed for
the targel ~pecies (such as deep JlOnds
3 "
'0'
J
with ...h,dlow are:lS for waterfowl). Water
'0'ff greatly increases the number of .'>pccie~
HE~lV
,f· , :Ible to \I.~e a site :lnd increa~ ... the :lvaiJ-
,-"
CREEK
m
,"
,0 j able edge habitll!. especially if combined
wilh an irregulllr shoreline.
,"
,,," , ""...
-
Although water is not an e.'>senlial

- ON
, ON requirement for elk ll:lbitat. JlOnd~ were
included in the reclamation de~ign 10
increase the use of Healy Creek pit
by other mammab and waterfowl. The
ponds:11 lhe Healy Creek pit provide a
variety of aqu:uk habitats because of
the varying water deplhs. irregUlar
shorelines. and season:ll water level
fJuelU:ltiOn~.

Figure 2. Healy Creek pit neor the Sunshine Interchang!!, .howing the phased mining and r"clamation
plon (1.7). Se$ Photo 2. PJon by lombard North Group, Co/gory, Alberta.
The multi-lobed design of the pil was
based on gr.tvcl extraction logblics amI
the sp:ltial requirements of elk habitat
(foresled ,lfcas for c)'.:apc .JIld ('over
within 300-600 feel of foraging arca.\)
(Green and Salter. 1987). The main dif-
ference bel ween the Healy Creek pil and
morc convcm ional designs of gravel pi!:>
is Ihe lISC of relatively shallow excavation
cells as opposed to deeper. more rcclan-
gular pils.
top~oils a~ a re~ourcc rather lhan a con-
~tructiOIlmaterial. TUlJMlil stockpiles were
~tmtcgically located and repl:leertlellt was
ph:l~ed to 1I1Inimize erosion and damage
to the live eomponenb of the soil.
Plonts
Plants selecled for reclamalion projects
should Dc based on lhe climate. soils.
landforms. water forms. and lhe needs of
the largel species. Healy Creek pit is 10-
caled in the montane life lOne that typi-
cally has coot. short surtllllers. and long
cold winters. The Banff region has large
seasonal and annual variations in precipi-
lation and temper,Hure. with annual rain-
fall mngcs from 15 inches 10 50 inches
and temperatures ranges frortl 85 degrees
Fahrenheit in summer 10 - 20 degrees

The Healy Creek pit was excavated [0 a

nmxirnurn depth of 17 feCI and reclaimed
to a depth of 13 feel wilh slopes nOI ex-
ceeding:l horizontal to vertical ratio of
4: I. allowing for easy access by elk. This
pit design required more land ,Ind tree
dearing than a more tmditional gravel
operation would require. However. the
ph:lsing of mining and reclamation opera-
tions. the preparation of a detailed recla-
mation plan. and the integration of the pit
with exi~ting landforms. gre:llly reduced
the ~hofl and long term impacts of gravel
extraction comp:Hed with a more conven-
tional pil oper:ltion.

The ,1IJ1ount ,md quality of replaced

top~oils largely determine the product iv-
ityofrx:c1aimed 1'llIds. In montane re-
gions. top!'>Qil i~ often limited: therefore. Photo 2. Aeriol view 01 the multl.lobed delign of the Heoly Creek pit in 80nff Nol1onol Pork.
the mining :lnd reclamation plan trx:ated Photo by A AndeNon.

136 CALIFORNIA GfOlOGY June t990


Photo 3 An.A: he,d grozltS In ..... 'Wor..t willtife hobolal, f_riy 1M HeoI)r Cr.... .-d and
g..... el pol. noro bl' It. K-'ius.
Fahrenhel1 in wimer. One of Itle bcsl
melllods f\ll" delcrminlng plant <;('lcCllons
IS 10 ealalog lhe spcctcS l:roY;Jng 011 lhe
SIIC "nor 10 dlSlurb,mce and Spcc1C~
~rOYolng II ncam) arcilS Ihal currcnlly
ClIflPlII"llhe lyre of h~tlliallhc reebm;l-
lion pr~rum "1lllry 10 neale. Spc:cllll
a!lcnllon !!hould be !I\ocn to carly l><.ICC~­
sKJnal species (Ihat Ill. plant species .... hlCh
readily in\'auc dhlUlbcu areas following
natural or human-m:wk: diSlurbanccs).
Wildlife bioloeists have dclcrmincd
pnme ell habitat to be gr.ASSlands con-
tllinl"$ fCKue and sedge~ mterspersed
wilh chrublands and forested areas. on
modcr-.tel;t ~Iopin" lC"rrain (JO percent ur
less) (Green and Salter. 1987) Al lIealy
Creel. pil. vcgClaled fingers ollhe orl!:I'
lUll chrubialKb and foresced art:alIi .... ere
prcscr\-cd and lhe shallow. mulll-Iobcd
cJ(eu\"OIlion cells were planlcd:ill> I:faS\-
lands. The Irees and shrubs scrttn lhe
meadows from nearby rollds and OIher
disturb:lnces. e!\Sure immediate cover and
food for wildlife 'ptticll •• nd proviJc: a
ncarby courcc of seed and planl malerials
lhal will naturally illV'.tdc Ihc .ilc.
CAUfOllN1A Gt:OI.OGY
ACllvc re\"cgclallon ef!mts lift often
I'ICco~ry 10 speed up lhe latunl pro-
(" Sh. Incrc3..se lhc nlllnbcr of rlant
Sf'CCICS on a site. and minlmlJC erosion
IfplanlS are manuall) mstalled on a ~llC.
the plant nluenal), should be pl:IICcd 1ft
Irregular pallcrns 10 ertlance habllat dwcr-
sily; rows or unikKmly spiloCcd dc),I1l1b
should be ;I\olded Specie, choices should
De CrMlIpalllJle Wllh the Site t;haractCflSlICS.
pnwidt food (W" COYer lOr the 1arp:1 specie!>.
and. if non-native. be non-invasIVe.
The main food >;oorc:e (Ihe meadows)
al lhe lIealy Credo pll wall qUlCl.ly estab
li~hed by scedmg wilh fe-.roe. ",heat
gl~. I~ gloi». and bluc:gIOCo). and nal-
ur.J1 m\"OISlon of lhe area \lob encouraged
b) pffi\'Khn& a sullablc seedbed A lew
lree anJ ~b groupt.gs IIlCre placed
wlthm lhe meadows 10 provide eO\'er
away flOm the pll edge. Trtc. shrub. and
btrbaccous planlmgs lI.:rease the S11l1C-
lur.aJ dl~",il)' oflhe mullanl hahital. and
provide bellcr habllat V".t1ucs ('ueh as both
food 0100 "O'l'Cr) lhan oIny of Ihe cumpu-
nenls alone. In addilion. nags. slumps.
anti (Jcbfls p-ovldc: valuable ....lldhlc habl-
..... ,...
lal and :-hould be etlher left In pl:K'e 00
lOe Sile (lr added 10 the final planllng de·
sl!!n. Atlhe Healy Creel. pll. dcbm. con·
\I\lrnf of de:ld tree, from the !!n1llhm~ of
lhe slle.....-as placed wllhln lhe mcadov..s
10 udd another dllllcns;(m !<.Ilhe lk"ign
SUMMARY'
Because mllllllg I' a d)nalnlc procc~.
reclamallon plans ~houtd be: SOnlC"Ahal
fleXible and cOllllnuall) updated as nccn-
.sar); hovoewr. forcfflClCnt and effeetl\;:
reebmatlon. lhe plan h .... s 10 be designed
prior III Ihe bej!.lIlmng. of nunlng. opera.
uon'. DI\-e"llY. III lerms of dlffercnl
Iypes of landforms and "'Oller (om,s. the
number of plant spce)cs 00 a Silc. the
V.HlCly of life forms rcprc<;cnled. and IIIe
,patlal rclat10llsnip of the planl gro.tpmg!..
IS the ~C) for reclamallon for \loildlife
habllal Ileal) Creek Pit eXIsts as a model
of -.ound. fleXible planlllnt: fOf gB\-et pn
recbmllllOn for wildlife habitat; ell. grve
loda) "nere there .....as once a gr."el oper-
alion (I"hoco 3)
rhe ,ucceM of the Ileal) Creel. pll
reclam.lIlOn prot!r.U1l "'':IS assured by lhe
IIllcnilloCiphnar) pbnnllg approach. in-
cludllll: ClIpcrl' from .all concerned fielJ~.
by the dynamIC plannlll& p~s . .and b)
~spomlble lIrpll.'menlalion. ThiS ~mt"
muhldl.sciplma.r) p1annmg approoch to
rco;!a", .. tlUlI of l>altd illKl gr.. \'t"ll'lb
can bt cquat1) successful In rcslorlng.
enha.ncing. or P1O\ Kiln! "'lkUl(C habItat
In California.
REFERENCES
er-n. J E~and So/l.... i.E..1987.~kw
,.domelon of w,IdJif. hobllot in Ih. (o.....dCin
pro.". ptQ\'>n<:••. Pre-pored lor E"..,ron....'"
(osoOO and .... berto RKreotio<l. POrb and
Wikllole foundot;on by Ih. Delio En....ron_toI
Monoge......1Group ltd.• 11.. p.
MerKo<a. M.c..onde..rt.r. RA. )989,,",-1_
.ec!o,m 11_ bonk It !lock Producll, Novembe.-,
p.41-S7
Swonoon., GA.19B1, Summa.., of ....ildIiI. "OIo;M
ofgro'<'el PI" symposium 1ft Svedorshy. W O~
and C,awford, !l.O~ edltOfl, W.IdIif. VoIues
of Gtov.I Pit>. Sympo_ Procwd'ngl, A-
24·26. 1982,Un....r1rlyolM.nl\ltSOlo,p I·S ~
IJ7
Books reviewed in this section are not available lor purchase from DMG.

Book
M'lIIng History

GOLD MINING IN SISKIYOU COUNTY

1850-1900. By Gary D. Stumpf. 1979. Siski-
you County Historical Society. 910 South
Main Street. Yreka. CA 96097.140 p. S9.51.
includes shipping and lax: paper cover.

One of the most important hiSlOrical events

in the hislory of CaliFornia occurrcd On janu-
ary 24.1848 when James W. Marshall di~­
cO\'cred gold while digging a lailrace for a
sawmill at Coloma. about 36 miles ea~t of
SUtlCrS Fort. Apparently. the Fir~t primed
notice of lhe ~old d,scovery at Coloma was ill
the Clllift""hlll newspaper. published in San
Fr.tnciseo on March 15. 1848. On May 29.
1848 the newspaper announced that it was
suspending publicalion because ilS OWn em-
ployees were joining the search for gold in
Sierra Ncvada.
In addition to the Mother Lode of the
Sierra Nevada. the Klamath Mountain~ in
northwestern California have produced im-
pressive quantities of gold. The principal
gold mining countics in lhe Klamath Moun-
Hard rock miners of the Blue Grovel gold mine. Siskiyou Counly. Underground miners in the 1800s hod tains include Shasta. Siskiyou. and Trinity.
to be physicolly tough becouse their worlr: wos orduous. Note the white condles they used to light their In lhis region gold-bearing quart2 veins oc-
woy underground. Cove-ins, pop-outs, lires, Roods, premoture explosions 01 blosting chorges. timbers, cur in metamorphic rocks of Paleozoic and
ond equipment lolling down deep sholls coused trogic occidents which were 011 '00 Irequent in the Mesoloic age lhat have been invaded by
underground mine. of Colilornio during the 18oos. In mines thot were hundreds of lee' deep. foils were granitic rocks of Jurassic age. Numerous
o common couse of deoth. Although hord rock mining hos become much lOfer in recent yeors, it re· dikes are associated Wilh the gold veins.
mains as One 01 the most dongerou. profe..ions. Photos courtesy of the Siskiyou C(wllly Historical Gold also occurs in placer deposits along
Society. ri\",rs and streams.

A wing-dam gold plocer mine on the Klamath River OcroU from the long Gulch gold distrid. 5i.kiyou County. circo 1890.. The lorge
spinning currenl wheel in Ihe foreground powers 0 pump thot wo. used to wosh Ihe gold from the ';ve' grovel. and sands. The pile of
olluviol 'ock on which the men ore .tonding was .tocked will. lhe aid 01 a wooden derrick lcente, of photol. Note lhe Rum" operolion
On upper left .ide 01 photo.

138 CALlfORNtA GEOLOGY June 1990

 Reviews
In 18491lotd prospeClor~ f,rsl explored
the Klamath. SCOll, and Salmon fi~ers of the
Kl:arnalh Moontains geomorphic province
In June J 850 gold was discovered ncar lhc
confluence of the North and Soutll forl.s of
Che Salmon RI\"cr, SI~I.IYOU Counly. bUl the
small amounts of placer gold proved 10 be
In~ignlficanl and lhe prospel."IOrS conI inucd
theirscarch In March 1851 significant
• amounts of placer gold v.erc dl~()\'ered al
Yreka F1:us. Wllhin six weds about 2.000
gold-hungry men had rushed to the spot: the
Siski)ou County gold ru~h wa~ on.
In the carly days of the gold rush Cl\lr"ct-
Illg placer dust. rrakes. and nuggets from sur-
face gra~'cJs an(l sands demanded lillie in the
,,'ay of equipment. skill. or manpower. The
early miner was a lough. independent fellow
who lool;ed upon his quest for riches as
"every man for himself." Pans. rockers. long
!Oms, and sluu:es were allihal was required
!O make a fortune. Howe\'er, as gold became
harder 10 find, more efficient. larger·scale
methods - such as drlfl mining, hydraulic
mining, and lode mining - were employed
!O extnCl it. These methods required more
sophisticated equipment. were more expen-
sive. and commonly required financial bad- 'lie PII" Moll gold mine on the Klomotll River I\O'Or Gott>rille, Siskiyou County, circo 1890. Th.. mine
Ing. The once independenl miner lOIn forced operated for six months 0 year during periods allow woler IIow on Ille river. The wing_dom ("pper left
10 combine his efforts with others 10 make a of plloto) il 1I0iding lhe woler out of Ihis expoled and excovated ledion of river bed. The CV"enl
living. Some of the early da}' romance of wheel, "'rned by the river on tile other side of Ihe dom, WOI po..... r.d by two "Chin••• pumps.w lA
prospecting was 10Sl in Ihe process: lhe pur- Cllinese pump wos 0 slonting wooden ~h with the lower .nd in the ........ through wllicll On endl...
sun of gold became less of an advenlure and choin of slanted wooden boords - thaI jult iiI the Irough - moved upwo,ds. uS\lOlty by meOns 01 0
lllOl"e like another way lO make a living. treodmin.1

A drift mine w'as a hori~ontal passage dug

underground to follow lhe gold-bearing de·
POSil and lhlS mcthod was primarily used to
excavale placer gold. Underground crosscut
mining mel hods were somellmes used 10 in-
ler~ct Ihe gold ore al depth The h)draullc
mlnmg method lOla.' u~ed 10 e~'ratl auriferou'
gra\"Cls nd sands by means of high·pres)ure
W:llcr )CIS. often called "'gianI," or
"11l0rlltors. "
The lode mining method was uwd 10 fol·
low gold-bearing fis)ure) wilh a"o,'ialed
Quanl. and melallic sulfide mmerah IR lhe
"ouoI,y rod, A lode mIRe IS communly
called a "'hard rock mine" bccau!>(' ,Ieel
lOul,. dynamne. and powerful cru)hmg ma-
chlRe~ are required 10 e~lract Ihe gold Un·
dl.'r~rouod mIRing mel hod) were dangerou'
openlllOns Ihal reqUired )pecialiled equIp,
mCn! and knowledge
Prior 10 lhe 1970" lhe Klamalh Mount:lIn,
wa' the !'Ccond mo.t rrodu,·ti\'c gold region
in Califurnlll Sl\l.lYOu Counly Wa) a prlllc"
pal gold produclRj! area m the KI;ullJlh
Mounlams unllllhe 1930, Thl~ booi. de-
"'rlbe' the \anous mIning melho\h and the
eqUlpllleol j!old mlner~ emplu)ed 10" re't lhe
yellow melal from Ihe rugged Jnd .ecnie
nM)<JnI3In, of SI~klYOU County. California D
Till! 18905 min.. wlleeled lIil borrow from 'nO"llly Center by way 01 e,no and Sawy.... B.ar 10 Grollom
Gulell - a distonee of obo,,' 50 miles - where Ill.' slruc:k a S6.000 pockel of plocer gold

CAUFOIINIA GEOLOGY
".
 .. .
More
Book Reviews
EDM TRAVERSES MhASUR~MENT.
COMI'UTATION AND ADJUSTMENT. fly
R,G. Bird. 19119. Loogllllm ScientifiC &
Technical, Es»ex. England Copuhlhhcd by
John Wiley & Son~. IlK .. 605 Third Avenue.
New York. NY 101:511 1411 p. $6195. hard
eu,'cr.
A 11"ll\1:rse lIlay be defined 3' II ~lIr~cy by
mca~urmg straight hnc, frnm pOlnl1O pmnl
and Ihe angle bel...·ccn. An 100M IS an clcc-
lr,)nic dlslarICc-mca,uring Instrument.
Th,s technical book ,ncludes lhe folJU"'mg
chapler': lravcrse~; lhe oo'iCr\lalion of angles
and bearings; correction 10 measured cl".
lant:cs; EOM calibration: nll!>Closure. accu-
rary. and I'.cighling: rhe method of equal
shlfls; lilt: method of condilion equa.ions: lhe
/krIo.·dlld, mClhod: length ralios. or l,ne pairs:
ncl .....ork adjuStmenT: and height traver,cs by
trigonomelrlcal Ie,·cling.
Geoc:hemicol ()"Cleo
CIH~MlCAL CYCLE.<; IN TIlE INOLU·
TION OF TilE EARTH. Edlled by C. 1.1r)'an
Gre!;or. Ruberl M Garret" Fred T ~bdcn·
I.le. J.llarr) Maynard 1988. John Wilily &
Son~. 605 ThIrd Avenue. New Yor~. NY
10158 2761J lind co"cr
Chel1llcal cycle~ revolve around lhe canh
a, il ~l ..wly ages, The cycles run lhrou~h rc\·
en'olrs _ ocean. all11lbphere. ,edllnenl~,
and MJ on -In an InlTlCale nel ..'ork thai
keeps inpulS and OUIPUIS roughly In halance.
re~ponding 10 dt~turbance~ by Sleenng lhe
SySlem bad loward~ a slead)' ~Iale so Ihallhe
,i~c and contenl of e:..:h reservOIr Slay ap-
proximalely Ihe SlIme over long interval~
(geologIcal penods or eras).
All of lhese geochemical cycles are being
affecled by human acl,vily. The nalunil me-
laboll\1ll of lhe eanh has been allered by
rnan'~ induslrial, agrieullural, and fOSSil-fuel
burning mel hods. Geocbemical cycles such
as lhe sulphur cyclc and lhe almos!lherle res-
en'oir of carbon have all been aeeeler-ned
and many subslanees lhal do 1lO1 cSisl
nalur.tlly are now being released inlo
tile almosphere.
Thts book opens Wtlll a IllSloriclll skelch of
cycli<: proce~!>C~ in geology. II lhen l.h~cusse~
geocllemical cycles in Ihe conlinenlal crUSI
and lhe oceans and geocllem,nl cyele~ of at-
nlO)phcTlc ga~e~. Chaptcr J deals wllh IIller-
BellOn of ellcmieal cych:s Wilh lhe mantle,
Chapler 4 wllh Ihc bl1lchemical c)"cIes of
carbon and ,ulfur. and Chapter 5 wilh lhc
evolVing uogenic cycle
lIy lookHlg al how eanh has reacled 10 pre-
'IOU~ changcs HI liS I'hemical ma~e-up. Ill-
s'ght llIay be gained IIllo It<l>< earth Will real'l
10 the currenl ~ituallon
'<0
WORLO FAcrS & FIGUIWS Th,rd 1:lh-
11I)fl. lIy VIctor Sh()\l.'er, 1'}8,} John Wiley &
Stm" 605 Third Avenue. New Yor"-, NY
10158 721 P $5995, h~rd c,,~·er.
CUtll!lardltVC data on 2 l!l ClIunlnes, IWcr
2.650 CllIe,. and abuul 3.000 llcogr.lphle and
cullurdl fealures of Ihc ....orld arc pruvided m
Ih" handhuo~ Orj;anlled lAW elewn -.ec-
11On,. Ihe book contaIn., counl ry labre, by
C<lAlmenl; ctty lables. by cUntlnenl and coun-
Iry; counlry ("umpan,ons; clly cumpartS(m~;
eumllam.lms of cultur.l1 fealur"". gcogT:lphle
lable, and compan....m' uf sca~. !'lands. riV,
e,",. mountatn,. nalllT:lI la~es. and lI.alcrfalr.-
Informauoo. ,uch as hydrographic fealures
of ethe'. populallon slahsllCs. eounln", ",-,uh
j;real"'l encrgy production. hlghesl ell,e,.
longest bridge,. and lalliude and longuude lIf
'.HllIUs ril'cr., un readily be located,
FIELI>GEOPI1YSICS. By John Mtlsom
1989 Hal,ted Press. John Witey &. Sons.
Inc. 605 Third AI'enue. New York. NY
10158,182 P $19.95. Mlft cover.
ThIs handbook!' IIltemJcd 10 help anyone
tnl'oh'cd In small-'>Calc geophys,cal wrvcys
II IS de"gned for pracllcal applicatIons In
field u.)c The buo~ dC.ICTlbesesscnl'al field
lechnlques and aswcialed equlpmem Wtlh
poarlleular enlpha,,, bemg grVelllO practical
hmtlalton,. common prohlems. and pllfalls,
M:llly u",ful c"ampte,. lables. chedli'l'.
and IlJu'traltUlI~ arc proVided IIllhe 1>00"-.
Chapler, cOlier gT:l' lIy InI·e"'g3l,ons. Illag·
nellC Inl'e'ligatlon,; raIllNeltvily ,un1'y~;
eleClTlC current mel hods: direct current
melhods; Induced polari1allon; eleClro-
magnelle mel hods; seIsmic melhll'd,; !iC1~mlC
reflecllon and 'cisnlle refr.letion ~urveys.
GeolKhnology
PLATE TECTONICS & CRUSTAL EVO·
LUTION. Th,rd eduion. By Kenl C. Condie.
1989 Pergamun !'ress. Mu..el1 House. Fair-
viell.' I~~rk, Elmsford. Ne.... York. NY IOS2J.
S49.SO. soft cO\~r, $100.00, hard C"'1'r
Rapid accumulallon of dala In Ihe fields of
geophysics, geochenustry, and geology In
lhe paSI 25 ycars has added much 10 lhe un-
derstandtng of Ihe physical and chemical na-
ture of Ihe earlh's erusl and of lhe proce,se,
by .. htch u ellolved
This book d,scu~~s lhe origlll and ellolu-
lion of Ihe earlh's crust. It Include\ tnforma_
lion on the ongln of Ihe earth· moon syMem.
the manlle and core, lhe erUM, plate IC<"lon·
'cs. 1C<"lonlC )('lling~. magma a~socla"oo and
manlle sources. PhaAcfUloie orogenic sys-
lems. !'reeamhnan cru,lal provlllces, ongm
and e,'olullon of the crust amI mamle. and
e"lIgenlc earlh S}'Mem,
CAliFORNIA GEOLOGY Jvne t990
Gold Rtnh
GOLD SU;KER. Ad'-cnlurcs of a Iklgian
,'rgonaul donng Ihe Guld Ru~h Year, By
jean-NIcolas l'crlOl. l'ran~laled by Helen II
Ihelnur Edlled by 11 R. Laman. 19115. Yalc
Unl\'erSlI)' "ress. 411 North Branfurd RlIad.
Ilranfonl, COnnCCllCOl 06405. 4SI!' Hard
cover.
Many bt)()~S havc been "-'fllIen ",-,htch shed
IIghl on lhe ~ocialand cult oral history of lhe
guld ro,h er.. In Caltfurni;l. Thl' narr.ttl\'e of
a gtfted sloryleller relays IInporlant lhemes
uf l:urOf'C'an and American history -lhe
rcaCIIOfl of lhe Frcnchman 10 Ihe gold ru,h.
lhe plonecr espenence of illlnllgr.tms III the
WC'I Coast. the forctgn per'peellve on life In
nmctcenlh-cenlury Caltfornla and Ihe P..lClflC
Nurthwe,I, Ihc CUSlom, of Ihe now·e~l,ncl
Yosennlc Illdians.
In 11150. Jean·N,eolas l'crlUI. al..cnty-'tX
ye:lr old Belgian, lefl !'ans 10 JOin a Frcnch
mining company btlUnd for the gold ficld.1 of
CalifornIa. l'<'rIOl', narral,,-e begtns ",-,ith hIS
~htpboard ad'-cnlures "" 'he lI.'ay 10 America
lie lands al Momerey. Califurnia, and SCb
out for the soulhcrn mines 200 miles away.
Reaching the gold mming I'a",p~, !'erlOl and
h,s fnend, become compelent nllners and
begin 10 ~now and admire Ihe Yosemite
Indians, wtth whom lhey work placer nunes,
l'crlol is hlrcd to open a lr.lll 10 Y<l!>Cnllle for
u-.:: by I,-,urisl' Then he 'el off for Oregon 10
tnVe~hgate new gold diseo\'Crle~. He never
reachc\ lhese new fields. btll 'lays In
!'unland 10 become a landscape gardener
ThIS huo~ is number 310flhe Yale Un,ver-
~uy Wcstern Americana .'CTICS.
MINERALS ANI) ROCKS. ExerCIse' In
CryMal108mphy, Miner.l108Y. and /-land
SpecHnen l'cuolO8y, lIy Cornel" Klem
1989. John Wiley &. Sons. 60S Third Avenue.
New York. NY 10158 402 p. $28,95. paper
cover.
Exercises in Ihis collect ion arc des,gned
to supplemenl an introduclory nnner..logy
coorse or a beginning-level m,neralogy-
IlClrology course.
ThlTly-fivc exercl~s. whie-h Cl1vc:r a Wide
r.. nge of IOPICS m cryslallography. nUllcr..l_
OSY. and hand specimen pelrolog)'. arc
ineluded. A stalemenl of goal~, background
mformation. references, and IIllllany cases a
malertals lIS. are tncloded "llh eaeh a~s'gn.
menl, The book inelude~ bolh .self-conlained
c~erclse' Ihat can be performed oUl)IlJc: Ihe
clas~roum or laboT:llory and nlaleTlal,-
depcndem exercise, II.hich llIU\1 be pcrfurmed
m a elassmom.
 TECTONICS OF SUSPECT TERRANES:

- - r I, - ,
•

-' --..- ..
Mllllntaln Building and Contincnlal Growth.

••I•
- -
Topic) In lh~ Earth Sci~nces 3. D)' David G. ~.
lIo,,·ell. 1990. London. Roulledge. Chapman
and Hall. 29 Wesl 351h Slreel. New York.
cOlforn,o c""" ... ~
.~.

Ii it ~-
~

•
NY 10001. 232 p. $35.00. paperback.
::;':";:
Inlroduced III this book IS Ihe conc~pl of
..
;~

suspeclterrlnes: how SUspcellerranes rClall' "

to classic plale teClonlCS theory. and what
they represent in rerms of mounlain building
and conlincnlal growlh processes.
Q]Po<,,"' .....
CD UI'derpIOI9O_~
~Ba./O.e-~ __
DO-I1"'YolOMd,_

~
"" 11\>"_' lKI..n
...."'...r 0<..._ uusr
. . 0.0<__ _..."
The term trrmi" rcfelS to topographic or
ph)'siographlc features. such as In a moun-
o 1"1"'"9"...,..... 01 SorWo
Uoo:OO-Qroocopoo~ __
r?'Ill<l-V~_­
~ "'*"""I' OI'Id...-onoc ........
~ 1~-1O '" Y""' _ _ ,n
8
8
I.' Go IKI.......... " , " ' . . . - . . . -
1.1 Go l K I _ o I _ CfO!Otl
lainous terrarn. basin and rJnge lerra;n. or [D-..- c.::..J r......... ng ~l ~ C",1OtI ~ !C!O
dUl:n rerrain. The lerm Irrrmrr describes a 010-2'0", Y Old ..... ton.
parllcular kind of geologic body and requires
a mod,fier for clarlfiutiOll. such as a volcano- A 930 mill·lo~ wI.t_Io_eo.' «on section from tile Colifornia Continental aorderiand ta the Ria
genk lerrane or a limeslone temllle. A lec- Gronde nh.Lote Tertiary ta pr...nt day tectonic mo".menl in this region •• pnneipolly cou•• d by Crul'
tonostraligraphie terrane has both structural tale.tension ond nfling procel105. Theil force. ore octing on old.. rock tilot hoi undergone Ihru.t
llectonk) and straligrapllic crileria. The au- foulti~ ouocioled witil occrellon tectonic move mel'll. m.y.: ",i"ion. of yeof'$ old; Go: glgo·onnum,
thor defines a tectonosrratigraphic terrane as meon....g bI.ion. 01 yeOf'$ old.
a faull-bounded Slratigl1lphic body lhal is ge-
netically unrelated 10 adJOining slr.lligraplilc
bodies. and is genelically dislinct from the
OIher tectonostratigraphic lcrl1lncs in the
rcgion.
In rhe section on rhe Cordillem of Norlh
Amenca. lhe tectonic hislory of the conli·
ncnlal coaSI of thc California Conlincntal MAIL ORDER FORM
Borderland IS described (see cross scl:rion). Complete oddre.. form On next poge
Geologic koowledge has increased dramati- Indicate number of copies Pnce includ05
pottage oMi sole. to.
cally dUllng the laslthirly years. but lhere
are sllll many unkno,,·ns. A glossary and •
BULLETINS
bibliography are included. _ _ Bl90 Geology of northe .... California. 1966 $ 10.00
_ _ Bl93 Gold dillrKIs 01 Colifor ... io. 1970 $ 8.00

SPECIAL REPORTS
_ _ SR120 Geology lor plonning;n Sonoma County. 1980 _ . $ 13.50
McIp Interpretallon _ _ SR156 Mineral land c1a..ification of port!<lI'ld cement concrete·grode oggregote
in til. Socrome",'o·Foirfield productiQn_con.umption region. 1987 (new) $ 18.00
FOUR DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF _ _ SR163 Surfoce and groundwater monogement;n lurlon mined_lond rl<lomotion. 1989
GEOLOGICAL MAPS. Techniques of Inter· (new) . _. . . .. . .. . $ 10.00
prelallon. By Clive A. Boulier. 1989. John
Wiley &. Sons. Inc" 605 Third Avenue. New REGIONAL GEOPHYSICAL MAP SERIES (scal. 1,250,0(0)
York. NY 10158. 296 p. S61.95. soft cover. _ _ Mop No. lDAeromognetic mop of tile Sacramento quodrongle. 1988 $ 6.00
_ _ Map No. 20 romog etic mop 01 tile Son'o Rosa quodrongle. 1988 . , 6.00
GeOlOgical maps are the most fundamenlal _ _ Mop No. 3DAeromognelic "'ap of Ih. San Bernardino quadrangle. 1988 , 6.00
unils of a geological dala base. Interprelation _ _ Mop No. 40 Aeromognetic mop of rhe Weed quodro...gle. 1988 ... _.. _..... , 6.00
of geological maps requires rhe ability to
retrieve four dImenSIOnal dala from two SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS
dimenSIOnal maps. _ _ SP33 MIneraI. and rocks. 1962 . . .. . . , 1.00
ThiS lext covers the techniques of geologi-
cal map imcrprerallon from the elementary
_ _ SP41 BasIc plocer mining. 1946 .
_ _ SP59 Proceedingl of mined land redomotlon worksllop. June 11-12, 1980. 1982
_ _ SP86 Footilills counhe. rrn ing handbook. 1985 .. . .
.
.
, .,,,
, 2.00

, 4.00
lel'('lto a complete analYSIS of a publbhed
map. cO\o"Cnnglopics such as geomorphology. _ _ SP87 Placer gold recovery melhod•. 1986 . , 2.50
~traligr~phy. Igneous and mCtanH)lphlc
rocks. geometry and the dlstriburion of rocl COUNTY REPORTS
unils. and geological history. The le.~llnLro· _ _ CR4 Mine. and m,neral rllource' 01 Tnnity County. 1965 S 10.00
duces remore senSing as an InLegral part of _ _ (R6 Minel and minerai .elources of Sliosta County. 1974 , 7.50
learnmi: how to analylc geologICal maps. II
IS Intended 10 help undergraduate studcnts CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
reel al ease m map Imerpretat,on _ _ I year (12 ,nues) . $1000
_ _ 2 years 124 inu"sl . S20.00
_ _ Bock .uues (Spec,1y volume and monthJlndivlduol issue. SI.00 each. , 100

TOTAL AMOUNT ENCLOSED .. . . . . . ... .. " _

PAYMENT MUST BE INCLUDEDWlTH ORDER

CAlIfORNrA GEOLOGY
'"

T.KII"OI09'f of WoIer MOfNIOflft{j
WATER SAMPLING 1989 Edlled by
Jaromll Kra]ta Translallon edited by Jcremy
J()!i('ph A~"lillabic from Jolin Wiley ol Sons.
Inc,. 605 Thud A\~nuc. Ne\\ York. NY
10158 212 p S8995. hard ("over
Waler III a subSlanllallnd "1111 componenl
olihe envlrOnmenl1n ... hK-h ..~ Ii~~ Because:
or Ihls facl. upc'f1s from around lhe "'orld
ll'cognl:«' a r:fO¥>lnl need 10 monllor ",aler
qualll), on a r:~l snle Succtssfultn"lron-
menIal protl'tllOlland 1M ..hlt~~menIS of
a:o!or:lCaltOrlSC'n-;l11Oll depc'nd on Iht
I'-;lllabllll)' of larlt dala b<lSC's aboul ..-;lltr
~loOUrttS
Samphnl "'Jltr Spc'elmen~ 1\ neco;~r)
for appr.lllsml ",altr qualll) llId quall"l)'
Currenl and pottntlal u.mphQI mclhods and
ICChnolOlY art dtKu~d In Ihl~ lUI Pre<:lpl'
lallon IS umplcd malnl) 10 slud) lll~­
phcm' I"fOCtMC~
Surfxt "'<llltf \;Irnrhnr: I~ fundamental
10 qualll) \1u.l1I'~ rtlill,n, 10 Iht U>c 1"':111'1
suppl). IHllallllfl. f I~htrll'~ Iorio de,rtt of
pollullon Surfxt ",altr ....mrhn, I~ 1M haSI\
or \ludlC's of OI'"r:anll: Itfe In "'illtr and lhe d·
.. _ " -
ADDRESS FORM FOR ALL ORDERS
Please pronl or lype
PAYMENT MUST BE INCLUDED WITH ORDER
feci of surfact "',Utr on h)drdUllc slruclures.
ground"'":Iltr. scd,mtnl lrlln\port. and slllInl
Soil 'Ulcr siudles art of partICular rtlt·
~;IACt 10 agriculture and fortslfy and Ifle
Imporlanl In slu(hcs of IIII' effeo;\.) 0( C"":IpG-
lransplrallon and lhelr rdllllon 10 preCIPlla-
lion, surflCe ",altr,and ,rouoo"'altr
Gmund"'aler quluy mon,IOrtfIIIS usuall)
cUrled oullotally and the ,nformallOll ,alh-
ertd is us-ed for h)dror:colOllcal and 'co·
chemICal mapplnr:. h)lIroo)namK le~lInl.
and studieS of Itmporal \1IUallons In lhe
,TOUnd..-;ller ~llmc The anal)lltal resull~
of r:round"i1l1tr arc us-efulln ",aler conscr~"a'
1101I. the protttllOn of aqUIfer<; a,alnSl pollu
1101I and ....."Cr lk~·tlopmcnl. prO\pcctlnr: for
m,neral) and dc\"Clopmcnl (If mlncnl p«lI!o-
pc'Cb. dlsJl'O"':II of solid and hqllld .. aSles,
sub\urface SlonlC of hquld\ and ,a'>l:S. U'>l'
of mlncnl ..alcrs.ltoIbcrmat enellY. and
eUlhqune p«'dKIIOIl
In Ihl\ bool 'OilIer l.lImplln, 1\ Ifuled a~
an Independenl and compln ltchnolOfk:al
diSCipline C<)\~~le ran,t\ from the ,ene~1
probkm) of "'aler '>llRlpIIllIIO more 'JIC\'lft~
U'>I:\ Incllldml! lhC' ....mphnr: 01 alrJlO'phcrl\:
preelpI\3t,on. ,urfa.:e ",aler. "'II ..aler, and
~rQUnd\\-;ltel
. IfI>und dtf{\f'mauon. lI('ce!cromeler Uala, and
... More
Reviews
ocrOBER 17. 1989 EARTHQUAKI:.
SA""'TA CRUZ MOUNTAINS (Sltde Sell By
Gl1Iduale SllkScnts al Ihe Un"'cl"ill) of Calt-
fornl:O. S3nla Cru:( 1989 A\1II1:obk from
E.arlh ScIence 8o.ard. AuenllOll Inn Oranr:t
and Jeff l\.13rshal1. Quale Photo!>. Unl\enll)
ofCahforntil. Sanla Cnu. CA 9~ ~500
ptr 'oC1lm:ol.e ehed, pa)";;lblc 10 l: C RCJCn'-'l;
alk"'" four ",«b for lkh~~I)
GradWlle Sllklcnl\ al Ihe Unl\"Cr'll) of Calt·
fornl<ll, S:onla CrUL as)Cmbled a '>1'1 of f\"'I~
"~mm ~IKk\ of Ihe rtCl'nt ellrlhqual&' fur
lexhlng purpo:l'>C' Proceeds VI ,11 hcKfu lhe
L"C S:onla Crul Graduale Sludcm General
Fund
The '>1:1 Indude:\ tpKcnler dl"'rlhullOn
lRl~p \Ie". eros\. '>I'ehon,. and oblique \Ie\\ '.
both .l·O and 2-DI. ~ IC'\O ~ of lround deforma·
IIIIft, landslides. hqucfiICllon eflc:<.'h, enll-
nttflnr: htruclurah failure). I'n:dKled
a 1.1·pa~e 11"1 descnblllg the eloTlhquale In
IC"neraland a ~ltde-b)-)hdt dl ...... u\~t<'" , he
'1'1" of ,eneflll Inll:rC'~ltOl'lrlh "-,I('nl,,h
and" \ulIJhle for U'l' In !!Ci)I~) da,'<:'

NAME
ADDRESS _
Teoch'F>g ShOe Set
CITV _
LO\IA PRIHA I::.ARTIiQUAKE IShde
STATE _ ZIP _ Sell 8) [knn,~ Fo' 19119 A>llliable from
Iknn .. !'In. P 0 8o, 10.\1. Auburn. ('A
9~604 S20 00 per 'oC1
TOTAL AMOUNT ENCLOSED $$_;;;;;;;;;,-__
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CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SUBSCRIPTIONS ''''CIlI)' lSmm ~ltde) \\Ilh a lH:wllcd c\pl:tna·
lion of c",,'h ,1",1e and a facl \heel on lhe
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dCpKI 'Iru':lurat dJI1I"ge in the ,'IIIC\ III
o NEW SUBSCRIPTION: AllOw 60 days 'or delivery 01 lirsl Issue 1l1l111,lcr. Sanl" Cru/, and Wal,on~ ,lie; IlljllC'
jdl.:lIon (mud \ulcanuc' ur .. and bolhl nedr
o RENEWAL To receive your magazine conllnuously. send In renewal 60 days belore
expiration dale shown on your address label. (Example: EXP9012 means
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S..nld Crul MUUnIJln" and Ihe ",.lldp'>Cd
thai the subscription eXPires on rece,pt 01 December 1990 Issue,) Please (') I're" ,'rU~1 ure III 031.1a nd
enclose address labellrom pasllssue The ,l,.k: '1'1 ,,\ullat>1c fur d,""'MIm u...:
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CAUfOANI"'GEOI.OGV
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_"'CINy ,e , " . - - .. _'fIN' .... olotlU_"'1ll.:II

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C(OlOQV
'"
CAUfOIlN,A
A Page for Teachers

Visit a Mine
.. Minmg, Minerals. and Me" is the
name of an education progrJI11
cndor~ed by lhe California Mming As~o­
cialion (CMA). The program Icaching
modules acquainl grade school (kinder-
garten lhroogh six) students .... ith mineral
resources and the mining industry. The
Associalion has enli~tcd the panicip:nion
of member companic~ in Ihe distribution
of the program 10 interested schools.

The JO-moduJe pad.ct provides ba~lc

information on geology. rocks. and mm-
erals. :lntl thcir formmion; uo;c of minerals
In consumer products: technological ad-
vance' c\ol\ing from rnincrnl uses; the
ongoing need for mineral resources in
modern society; and environmental pro-
tection and reclamation practices. The
Cduc3110naJ packets provide activities that
can be used in nUllhcmatics. spelling.
and olher academiC subJects. as welt as
science. The modules are self-contained
and each module includes Jesson plans for
20 days of teaching. School ch,kI,en pose by huge ....,..,"9 equlp""ent at Jo.... estown ....,.... Tuolumn. Counly, Cal,fomla,
durill9 a vnit 10 the mme. Jamestown has 11'1. third h'9h~lt p<odu(!,on of gold 'n tile stote.
PiIoto COUMly of Sonora Mining Compony
Some CMA member companies aiM!
conducl mine tours for the public includ-
ing students in kinderganen through sixth
grade. and up. The mille tours generally
feature the geology related (0 mineraliza-
tion. proce!\Sing procedures for the mineral
ore. the equipment used. and environ- • Coca Mines Inc.: Cactus Gold Mines • Kerr-McGee Chemical Corporation:
mental protection and reclamation meth- (gold. sillier). near Moj:t\'e. Kern Soda Products Operations-Searles Lake
ods. Lead lime for scheduling tours County (soda ash. sodium l>ulfate. borax. pol-
ranges from two months 10 two weeks. • Grefco: Palos Colol'1ldO'i Mine ash). Trona. San Bernardino County
Most mining companies e:ln accommo- (diatomaceous earth). Lompoc. Santa • Sonora Mining Company: Jamestown
date 30 to 50 tour panieipants. Barbara County Mine (gold. siln:r), Jamestown.
• Homestake MlIllllg Comp:lIly: Tuolumne County
Some mining companies that conduct McLaughlin MlIle (gold. sillier), ncar
3re:
tour~ Lower Lake, Lake County

Tcacher~ m:l) requc,t information

Jbout mine tour, and teaching modules;
\;all or write to the California Mining
AMociation. 1010 11th Streel. Suite 213.
Sacramento. CA 95814. (916) 447-1977

CALIfORNIA GfOtOGY June t990 '<3

 STATE OF CALIFORNIA SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID
THE RESOURCES AGENCY AT SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
DIVISION OF
MINES AND GEOLOGY
P.O. BOX 2980
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 95812-013\
USPS 350 840
ADDRESS CORRECTION REOUESTED

SPECIAL REPORT 163

SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER

DMG Release t MANAGEMENT IN SURFACE

MINED-LAND RECLAMATION. By
BarbarJ Evoy and Mell-loJland. J989.
39 p.. 17 figures. 3 tables. $10.00.

This reporl provides informal ion on sur-

face water and groundwater management
for usc in the mined-land rcclamat iOIl
planning process in California. Mined-
l:lnd reclamation. as defined by the Cali-
fornia Surface Mining and Redamation
Act. is lhe combination of land lreal-
ments which pre~'ent or minimize water
degradation. air polhllion. damage to
aquali,· or wildlife habilal, and cm~ion
re~uhillg from a ~urface mining upcrulion.

Surface water alld groundwater man-

;lgellleni phlY an integral role in nearly
every reclamat ion plan. Groundwater and
surface waler runoff (bolh onto and off of
lhe site) must orten be evaluated (I) lO de-
sign flooding :tnd erosion proteclion mea-
sures such :l~ drainage channels. levees.
culverts. or riprap: (2) 10 prepare and
carry OUI a succes~ful revcget:l\ion pro-
gr.nll: (3) 10 design slable final ~Iopes:
(4) 10 m'lximil-e polenti,ll available wal<.'r
for lhe operalion and rec1<1111alion ~l<lge~:
(5) 10 prevent Ihe di~ch<lrgc of contami-
llanb from mine proce~"es or from mined
area~: and (6) 10 limit long-term 1o:<lchale
formal ion and movemenl froll1lailil1g~.
pil. or wa~le rock di~posal area~.

Thi~ report i~;l guide for nune opera-

lor~.local govcrnment, planners. and
plan rcyiewer.\.

Special Reporl 163 is avail;lb1c for

rderence or pun:hasc (SW.OO) <II DMG
offkes in Lo~ Angeles. f>lc<l~anl I-Iill. and
Sacr;ullenlo_ Copie~ may ;ll~o he pur-
ch:l~ed by Illail ord..:r (sec Mail Order
Form). ~

CALIFORNIA GfOLOGY June 1990 l:l9 1'18IJ

'"