Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FOR RESTRICTED
CIRCULATION ONLY
No.
FOR RESTRICTED
CIRCULATION ONLY
Prepared by:
COMMITTEE ON “DESIGN ASPECTS FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY”
Though every effort has been made to assure the accuracy and
reliability of the data contained in these documents, OISD hereby
expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage
resulting from their use.
Oil Industry in India is nearly 100 years old. Due to various collaboration
agreements a variety of international codes, standards and practices are in vogue,
Standardisation in design philosophies, operating and maintenance practices at a
national level was hardly in existence. This lack of uniformity coupled with feedback from
some serious accidents that occurred in the recent past in India and abroad, emphasised
the need for the industry to review the existing state of art in designing, operating and
maintaining oil and gas installations.
With this in view, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas in 1986 constituted a
Safety Council assisted by the Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) staffed from within
the industry in formulating and implementing a series of self-regulatory measures aimed
at removing obsolescence, standardising and upgrading the existing standards to ensure
safer operations. Accordingly OISD constituted a number of functional committees
comprising of experts nominated from the industry to draw up standards and guidelines
on various subjects.
The present document on “Design Aspects for Safety in Electrical System” was
prepared by the Functional committee on “Design Aspects for Electrical Safety”. This
document is based on the accumulated knowledge and experience of industry members
and the various national and international codes and practices.
Suggestions are invited from the users after it is put into practice to improve the
document further. Suggestions for amendments, if any, to this standard should be
addressed to :
The Co-ordinator
Committee on “Design Aspects for Electrical Safety”
Oil Industry Safety Directorate
2nd Floor, “Kailash”
26, Kasturba Gandhi Marg
New Delhi - 110 001
MEMBERS
MEMBER CO-ORDINATORS
CONTENTS
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SECTION DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 SCOPE
3.0 DEFINITIONS
7.1 Characteristics
7.2.1 Transformers
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SECTION DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
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7.2.9 Cables
12.6 Vehicles
13.0 REFERENCES
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DESIGN ASPECTS FOR SAFETY IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Following the guidelines and adhering to The final conductor by which the
the safe practices given in this standard, connection to the earth electrode is made.
would ensure adequate levels of safety in
the electrical facilities of Oil Industry. v) Voltage, Low - (LV)
Electrical apparatus which has all its The certificate will normally describe
live parts entirely embedded in a mass the techniques and conditions of use.
of powdery material, in such a way
that under the conditions of use for
which the apparatus has been 4.0 Power System Design
designed, no arc occurs within the
outer explosive atmosphere either by i) The design of electrical installation
the transmission of flame or by the shall ensure provision of a safe and
overheating of the walls of the reliable supply of electricity at all
enclosure. times. Safe conditions shall be
ensured under all operating conditions
including those associated with start-
up and shut down of plant, as well as - Normal loads
those arising out of failure of electrical (continuous/intermittent loads)
equipment. The isolation of a part of
system of electrical equipment due to - Essential loads (Emergency loads)
either maintenance or shutdown shall
not compromise safety. Power - Critical loads (e.g. computer, fire
distribution system shall constitute water pumps, communication,
sub-stations located near load centres instrumentation controls etc.)
as far as practical.
iii) Required redundancy (based on specific
ii) The design shall be broadly based process/operating needs) shall be built in
upon the following factors: the substation which feeds power supply
to the process units/important facilities so
- Safety to personnel and equipment that in case of tripping of one feeder, the
during operation and maintenance, unit/facility may not be adversely affected.
iii) Special attention is drawn to Chapter X b) Existing fault level of feeding bus and
of IE rules which includes requirements system expansion factor for fault level.
for design of electrical system as
applicable to oil mines. c) Location of feeding substation and
routing of supply lines/feeder and the
4.1 Capacity of Electrical Plant reliability of power supply.
a) Solid earthing for low, medium voltage 4.3 Short Circuit Capacities
system (upto 650V) and for high
voltage above 11 K.V. i) Each short-circuit interrupting device shall
have fault duty higher than the maximum
b) Resistance earthing for 3.3 KV to 11KV value of short circuit current calculated at
system. its location. The related switchgear and bus
ducts shall withstand the above maximum
iii) The values of neutral earthing resistors fault current (mechanical and thermal
normally applied in industrial power stresses) for a minimum duration of one
system are selected to meet the governing second.)
criteria for limiting transient over-voltages,
i.e. earth fault current should not be less ii) The sizing of high voltage cables shall be
than the system charging current. based on the short circuit withstand
Besides, the value of neutral earthing capacity for a minimum time period as
resistor selected shall limit the earth fault dictated by the protection system in
current to a value, which shall be sufficient addition to the maximum anticipated load
for selective and reliable operation of earth current carrying capacity.
fault protection system.
iii) It is to be noted that in the case of
However, where an earthing transformer is generators, whose excitation power is
used for obtaining the system neutral, the terminal dependent, short circuit in the
zero sequence reactance limit (i.e. RO > 2 system will result in drop of the terminal
X0) should also be considered. (R0 - zero voltage and consequently the over-current
sequence resistance of the circuit protective devices may not get adequate
including neutral resistor and X0 zero current for operation. To avoid such a
sequence inductive reactance of the situation, necessary excitation support shall
circuit). be provided unless & otherwise required.
iv) The neutral earthing resistor shall be able iv) While sizing, the system necessary
to carry at least 10% of its rated current consideration shall be given to restrict the
continuously, unless otherwise required, system voltage drop within permissible
and full rated current (100%) for a minimum limits during starting of large rated motor
duration of 10 seconds. or group of motors. At the same time, the
short circuit current shall be kept within
4.2.2 Unearthed System limits keeping in view of the market
availability of switchgears. Reduced
voltage starting (soft start feature) for
motors may be considered as per system
requirements. d. Bus differential shall be provided for all
H.T. switchgear having direct
4.4 Insulation coordination connection with the inplant generators
and other vital H.T. switchgear.
i) The insulation of electrical facilities shall
be designed considering the system iii) Longitudinal differential protection shall be
voltage, the system neutral earthing, and provided for important plant feeders in
the over-voltages resulting due to system general, and plant feeders connected to a
fault, switching or lightning surges. The captive power plant bus in particular.
insulation co-ordination between the Wherever the system is resistance
electrical equipment and the protective earthed, restricted earth fault protection
devices shall be done in line with IS: 3716 may be provided for transformer
and IS: 2165. secondary.
ii) Insulation coordination is a correlation of iv) Particular care should be taken in the
insulation of equipment and circuit with the selection of protective devices for
characteristic of protective devices such machines and equipment operating in
that the insulation is protected from over hazardous areas, so as to isolate the
voltages. faulty section in the shortest time possible.
For high voltage system, protective relays
iii) The rated insulation level of Switchgears shall be used. For medium voltage
shall refer to the power frequency systems, direct acting releases and/or
withstand voltage and impulse voltage protective relays may be employed.
withstand values which characterise the
insulation. In respect of systems with In general, quick acting relays (with time
nominal voltage of 132 KV and above, full delays if necessary) shall be used and all
insulation values shall be considered for fault tripping shall be done through high
non-effectively earthed system, and speed tripping relays.
reduced insulation values may be used for
effectively earthed system. v) The supply of Energy to every electrical
installation other than low voltage
4.5 Protection and Metering installations below 5 KW and those low
voltage installations which do not attract
i) The protective system shall be selected provisions of Section 30 of the Indian
and coordinated to ensure the following: Electricity Act, 1910, shall be controlled by
an earth leakage protective device so as
a. Protection of equipment against damage to disconnect the supply instantly on the
which can occur due to internal or occurrence of earth fault or leakage of
external short circuits, overloading, current (IE Rule 61A).
abnormal operating conditions,
switching, lightning surges, etc. Provided that the above shall not apply to
overhead supply lines having protective
b. The continuity of operation of those devices which are effectively bonded to
parts of the system not affected by the the neutral of supply transformers and
fault, is maintained. conforming to Rule 91 of I.E. Rules, 1956.
- Unbalanced loading protection (46) vi) Each element of basic capacitor unit
may have its own built in fuse, which
(Negative sequence current protection) shall isolate the faulty capacitor.
- Stator winding temperature protection The capacitor bank feeders shall generally
(49 T) be tripped on bus under/over voltage
conditions and necessary interlock shall
- Under frequency protection (81) be provided for re-switching to take care of
capacitor residual voltage.
When generator with unit transformers
is employed besides individual M.V capacitors of smaller ratings may be
equipment protection, the following controlled with switch fuse units.
additional protections are
recommended: The continuous current rating of fuses and
switching devices for capacitors should be
i) Transformer over fluxing protection 30% higher than the normal full load
current.
i) These systems shall have inherent
4.6 Emergency Power Supply independent battery backup to maintain
continuity of supply to critical loads (e.g.
i) This is an independent back-up source of process control, communication, fire alarm
electric energy that upon failure or outage systems etc.) in the event of
of normal source, automatically provides normal/emergency supply failure.
reliable electric power within specified time
to critical devices and equipment whose 4.7.1 Un-interrupted Power Supply (UPS)
failure to operate satisfactorily may
jeopardise the health and safety of i) An un-interrupted power supply shall be
personnel or result in damage to property. provided, as required for meeting critical
loads that cannot withstand a momentary
ii) The emergency power supply system shall interruption/other A.C. mains disturbance
feed the following loads to enable in supply voltage. A separate battery shall
continuity of supply in the event of failure be provided for UPS system.
of MAIN SUPPLY.
ii) Following loads shall be connected to the
- Electrical loads essential for the UPS system:
safe shutdown of the plant.
- Critical instrumentation and process
- Emergency lighting, security control,
lighting, obstruction lights.
- Critical communication equipment,
- Process plant instruments as
required - Microprocessor based distributed
digital control system.
- Communication equipment, Fire
Alarm control panels. UPS system shall be fed from the
emergency system, wherever provided.
- D.C. Supply system, UPS system
iii) In case of total power failure, un-
- Auxiliaries of emergency set as interrupted power supply shall be available
applicable for at least 30 minutes or as determined
by the process considerations.
- Fire fighting equipment excluding
main fire water pumps iv) Each branch circuit of the UPS distribution
system shall have a fused disconnect
- Essential ventilation loads, and switch. The fuse shall be fast clearing type
and the fuse rating shall be coordinated
- Loads critical for process, plant and with the rating of the UPS system.
personnel safety.
4.7.2 DC Power Supply
iii) Emergency power supply shall be
available as per process/equipment i) Unless otherwise specified, independent
requirements, but within a period not DC power supply systems shall be
exceeding 30 seconds from the instant of provided for the following:
failure of normal supply.
- Plant shut-down system and DC
iv) Unless otherwise required, the emergency instrumentation.
generator in general may not run
continuously in parallel with the normal - Electrical switchgear controls and
power supply system. However, to critical (escape) lighting, critical
facilitate periodic testing and maintenance D.C. drives viz. LUBE OIL PUMPS
it is preferable to include synchronising etc.
facilities for short time parallel operation of
D.G. set unless objected to by electrical ii) Each DC power supply system shall
supply authorities. include charger-cum-rectifier, battery and
DC distribution board. DC link in the UPS
4.7 Critical Power Supply Systems system shall generally not be tapped for
DC instrumentation power supply except
in rare circumstances. ii) Following factors shall be considered for
proper selection of electrical apparatus
iii) Fire alarm system shall have a dedicated and equipment for areas where
24 V DC battery backup system. flammable gas or vapour risks may arise:
iv) It is recommended that D.C. supply for a) Area classification, i.e. Zone 0, 1 or 2
electrical controls, instrumentation, UPS
etc. shall have separate independent b) Gas group classification, i.e. the gas
battery banks. group.
(Note : The maximum length of switchgear All electrical equipment shall be selected
lineup may preferably be limited with respect to the maximum steady state
to 15-20 metres considering current (rms value for AC) which it has to
operation and maintenance carry in normal service, and with respect
requirements. to the currents (prospective, short circuit
currents) likely to be carried under
x) It is recommended that battery room, abnormal conditions and the period (for
UPS room, charger room, operator’s example, operating time of protective
room of large sub stations, located close devices, if any) during which it may be
to process units should have blast proof expected to flow.
walls. This is to protect vital control power
sources from any external damage, thus iii) Frequency
ensuring availability of control power for
safe shutdown in disastrous conditions Electrical equipment shall be suitable for
suitable for indoor use. continuous operation with respect to the
system rated frequency with variation
7.0 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT limits likely to occur.
After preparation of the under surface, i) The KVA rating shall depend upon the
the switchboard shall be spray painted maximum simultaneous continuous load
with two coats of final paint. Colour and probable system expansion loads. In
shade of final paint shall generally be general, the rating and the percentage
light admiralty grey shade No. 631 as impedance of each transformer shall be
per IS:5, unless otherwise required. selected to limit the continuous current
The finished panels shall be dried in rating and short circuit current to values
stovings ovens in dust-free within the ratings of available switchgear.
atmosphere. Panel finish shall be free The transformer impedances shall
from imperfections like pinholes, generally be as per Indian standards
orange peels, runoff paint, etc. unless otherwise required. The rating and
the percentage impedance of transformer
shall be compatible to permit start of v) The drawout carriage on the switchboard
highest rated motor while the transformer shall have three positions viz., ‘Service’,
is preloaded with maximum operating ‘Test’ and ‘drawn out’. Automatic safety
base load. shutters shall be provided to ensure the
inaccessibility of all live parts after the
ii) Transformers connected to Grid supply breaker is drawn out. It shall not be
may have ON LOAD TAP CHANGERS for possible to drawout the carriage or rack it
inplant control of secondary voltage. Plant in with circuit breaker closed. The
distribution transformers may have OFF breaker/contractor feeder trolley shall
CIRCUIT TAP changers. remain inside the cubicle even in the test
position. There shall be distinct overall
iii) In addition to standard accessories, the door for the breaker compartment and it
transformer shall be provided with should be lockable. All circuit breaker
auxiliary devices/protective devices such trucks of the same rating shall be
as Buchholz relay, oil level and oil temp. interchangeable.
indicator with alarm trip output contacts
and current transformers for the vi) Suitable interlocks shall be provided to
secondary side neutral for Protection. prevent faulty operation such as:
Transformers of rating above 2000 KVA
may be preferably have winding - ‘Pluging in’ or ‘drawing out’ of a closed
temperature indicators with Alarm/Trip breaker.
provisions.
- ‘Pluging in’ a breaker with earthing
7.2.2 High Voltage (H.V)/Medium Voltage isolator closed.
(M.V) Switchboards
- ‘Closing’ of earthing isolator with the
i) These shall be designed to ensure breaker ‘Plugged in’.
maximum safety during operation,
inspection, connection of cables and - Pulling out of auxiliary circuit plug with
maintenance with Switchboards breaker in service position.
energised.
- Pushing in breaker to service position
ii) The switchboard shall be totally enclosed, with auxiliary circuit plug not in
dust and vermin proof. position.
iii) Each unit of the switchgear shall have - Opening of compartment door with
necessary internal sheet metal barrier to isolating switch in ON position and
form separate compartments for buses vice-versa for Motor Control Centres.
instruments/relays/cable connections etc.
Compartment for cable connection shall The maximum height of operating
allow cable pulling, termination and handle/switches shall not exceed 1800
connection work with switchgear mm and the minimum height not
energised. Suitable arc propagation below 300 mm.
barriers shall also be provided.
Independent pressure release flaps shall - It shall not be possible to operate the
preferably be provided for each different circuit-breaker unless it is fully in
compartment of H.V. Switchboards. service or Test or isolated position.
Terminal strip for outgoing control cable
connections should be accessible to vii) Suitable eye bolts for lifting of panels
facilitate working and testing with breaker shall be provided. On removing the eye
in test/service condition and while the bolts, no holes offering access to panel
switchboard is energised. shall be permitted.
iv) Barriers shall be provided to permit viii) Different sections, viz. busbar,
personnel to work safely within an empty switchgear, cable, relays and meters etc.
compartment with the bus bars energised. shall be compartmentalised. Busbars and
The minimum clearance and creepage supports shall withstand specified short
distance of bus bars shall conform to IS circuit level without permanent
4237. deformation. Busbars shall be preferably
sleeved and joints shall be motors of rating above 160 kw shall be
taped/shrouded. Minimum clearances rated for high voltage. If required, the rating
between live parts, between live parts to of medium voltage motors may be
Earth and Neutral shall conform to extended upto and including 200 KW.
applicable IS code (IS 4237) Sleeve or anti friction type bearings shall be
Switchboards shall have additional safety used. Vertical motors shall have thrust
features such as falling tool shrouds for bearings suitable for the load imposed by
trapping of free fall of maintenance tools the driven machinery. Unless otherwise
on live parts. Busbar supports shall be of specified, all motors shall be designed for
synthetic material with high tracking ‘Direct ON line’ starting.
index. The switchboard shall have earth
busbar of adequate size. The switchgear iii) High voltage motors shall be suitable for
drawout trolley (in case of drawout starting under specified load conditions with
design) shall have suitable scraping earth 80% of the rated voltage at the terminals
connection. Feeder tag plates shall be and medium voltage motors shall be
provided at both front and rear side of suitable for starting under specified load
panels. Where required, busbar routing conditions with 75% of the rated voltage at
shall be clearly marked on the back side the terminals.
of the H.V. Switch board panels for easy
identification during maintenance. iv) The permissible noise level shall not
exceed the stipulations laid down in IEC
ix) All non-current carry metallic parts of 34-9.
mounted equipment/components shall be
bonded to the earth bus. v) Motor vibrations shall be within the limits of
IS-4729 unless otherwise specified for the
x) Surge absorbers to limit the switching driven equipment. Motors with sleeve
surges shall be provided as dictated by bearings may require proximity probes to
the type of arc quenching media and measure shaft vibration adjacent & relative
switching device. to the bearings.
xi) Starting of motors from substation shall i) Motors shall be required for continuous,
not be allowed and switch boards shall satisfactory operation at rated output under
not have close push button at the following conditions :
switchboard for motor starting.
a) The terminal voltage differing from its
xii) In specific cases, motors requiring rated value by not more than ± 6%.
frequent start/stop, (e.g. product, loading
pumps etc.) shall be controlled by b) The frequency differing from its rated
contractor feeder appropriate to its rating. value by not more than ± 3%
xiii) Switch Boards shall have anti c) Any combination of (a) and (b).
condensation heaters.
vii) Motor ratings and torque characteristics
7.2.3 MOTORS HIGH VOLTAGE (H.V.) shall be adequate to accelerate the load
& MEDIUM VOLTAGE (M.V) from zero to rated speed under starting
requirements as stipulated by process
7.2.3.1 General operating conditions. Normally, the
starting time shall be less than the hot
(1) Motors shall be totally enclosed, withstand time of the motor.
fan cooled type as far as
practicable. As a minimum, all viii) M.V. Motors in general and H.V. Motors
H.V. motors shall have anti where required shall be suitable for
condensation heaters. The restarting under full load after a
minimum degree of enclosure momentary loss of voltage with the
protection for motor shall be possibility of application of 100 percent of
preferably IP 44 for indoor use the rated voltage, when the residual
and IP 55 for outdoor duty motors. voltage has dropped down to 50 percent
and is in phase opposition to the applied
ii) Generally Motors upto and including 160 voltage.
KW shall be rated for medium voltage and
ix) Motor bearings shall be selected to give a and manufacturer shall provide detailed
minimum L-10 life rating of 5 years drawing showing insulation arrangement.
(40,000 hours) at rated operating condition
(the L-10 rating life is the number of hours vii) Motors shall be designed to withstand
at constant speed that 90% of a group of impulse voltage of at least (4Un+5) KV with
identical bearings will complete or exceed a wave front raise time of 1.2 microsecond
before the first evidence of failure). The and decay time of 50 microsecond to half
bearings shall be adequate to absorb axial the peak voltage.
thrust in either direction produced by the
motor itself or due to shaft expansion. On viii)The interturn insulation of H.V. motors shall
line greasing facility should be provided on be able to withstand a peak voltage of at
motor for all grease lubricated bearings least 0.5 (4Un+5) KV with a wave front rise
(anti friction bearings). Wherever time between 0.5 & 1.5 microsecond and a
spaceheaters are provided for motors, a decay time to half the peak voltage of
separate terminal box should be provided between 3 & 10 (microsecond).
for termination of spaceheater cables, as Un = rated line to line voltage.
far as practicable.
ix) Polarisation index
7.2.3.2 H. V. Motors
Polarisation index of H.V. stator winding
i) Winding insulation shall be class F and shall have a value of at least 2. If the
temperature rise limited to that specified in insulation value of the motor exceeds a
the applicable IS for class B insulation. value of 120 (Un+1) (where Un is rated line
- line voltage (KV) mega ohm, a minimum
ii) Motors shall be designed to allow minimum polarisation index of 1.5 is acceptable.
number of consecutive hot starts as
dictated by process operating 7.2.3.3 M. V. Motors
requirements. Number of uniformly spaced
startups in an hour shall be a minimum of i) Motors shall be designed to allow three
three. consecutive starts from cold condition, two
consecutive starts from hot condition and
iii) The main power Terminal Box shall be four uniformly distributed starts in one hour.
phase segregated and suitable to withstand
the specified fault level for a minimum ii) Motors shall be provided with minimum
duration of 0.2 sec. (Commensurate with class ‘B’ insulation or class ‘F’ insulation
instantaneous short circuit protection). may be considered for special applications
Winding ends shall be preferably brought and permissible temperature rise above the
out and star point made in a separate specified ambient temperature shall be
terminal box. Neutral terminal box shall limited to the values applicable for class ‘B’
have necessary space provision to mount insulation. The windings shall be
differential CTs for motors of rating 1500 tropicalised and adequately braced. The
KW & above. ends of the windings shall be brought out in
a terminal box with six terminals with
iv) Motors of rating above 1000 kw shall be suitable links to connect them in Delta.
provided with RTDs, BTDs. Separate However, motors rated upto 2.2 KW may
terminal boxes shall be provided for space be connected in star with three terminals.
heater and RTDs, BTDs.
iii) The terminal box of motor controlled by air
v) Induced voltage at the shaft of the motor circuit breaker shall be capable of
having uninsulated bearing system shall withstanding the full internal short circuit
not exceed 250 mV r.m.s. for roller and ball conditions, with the specified system fault
bearings and 400 mV r.m.s. for sleeve level for a minimum duration of 0.2 second
bearings with the motor running at no load. (Commensurate with instantaneous short
Alternatively, the non driving end bearing circuit protection). Where motor control is
shall be insulated from the motor frame to through contactor and MCCB, or back up
avoid circulating current. fuse, the terminal box shall be able to
withstand the let-through energy of
vi) The insulated bearing end shield or protective devices corresponding to
pedestal shall bear a prominent warning maximum system fault level.
iv) The terminal box shall be of sturdy ii) While sizing the battery following factors
construction and large enough to facilitate shall be taken in to consideration, in
easy connection of required number of addition to envisaged duty cycle :
cable runs and size. (specifically Aluminium
Conductor Cables). Additional trifurcating - Temperature correction factor.
boxes may be considered for motors - Ageing factor as applicable.
requiring termination of two or more parallel
runs of power cables. 7.2.6 Equipment for Uninterrupted
Power Supply System
7.2.4 Battery Charger and D.C.
Distribution Board i) This shall be of free-standing, floor
mounted, metal enclosed and vermin proof
Charger and D.B. shall be floor mounted, type having hinged door for front access
free standing, metal enclosed and vermin and suitable for indoor use.
proof type having front access hinged door
and suitable for indoor use. ii) Under normal conditions, the rectifier-cum-
charger shall feed the inverter and charge
This shall consist of battery the battery set. In case of mains failure, the
charger/rectifier, which shall feed the load battery shall supply the necessary power to
and keep the batteries under fully charged the inverter. The inverter in turn feeds the
condition. Provision shall also be made for load through the static switch. If the inverter
necessary boost charging/initial charging of malfunctions or is overloaded, the load
battery. shall be instantaneously transferred to the
by-pass line through the static switch.
7.2.5 Batteries and Battery Accessories Normally the inverter shall be operated in
synchronised mode with the by-pass line,
i) This shall be indoor stationary type (lead and manual forward transfer or manual
acid/Ni-Cd etc.) with adequate capacity to reverse transfer shall be effected without
meet the backup requirements as any break.
envisaged in the duty cycle. Accessories
shall generally be as follows : Automatic forward transfer, in case of
inverter malfunction, shall be effected with
- Battery stand made of treated first a break not exceeding 5 ms.
class teakwood assembled without the
use of any metal fastenings. 7.2.7 Capacitor Banks
- Intercell, inter ro and inter bank i) The capacitor shall conform to IS 2834
connectors and end take offs.
- specifications for shunt capacitor for power
- Porcelain cell insulators, stand system.
insulators.
ii) H. V. capacitor shall comprise appropriate
- Hydrometers suitable for specific nos. of basic single phase units (minimum
gravity readings. 4 nos. basic units in parallel per phase)
which shall be connected in star formation.
- Cell number plates and fixing pins as
required. iii) Capacitor banks shall be with necessary
v) Necessary series reactor to limit in rush vii) Diesel Engine installation, do not call for
current and suppress harmonics (where Area Classification, provided the D.G. room
required) is properly ventilated. Normally the
ventilation provided to remove heat from
vi) The impregnant in the capacitors shall be the radiator is adequate to take care of
non-toxic. hazard aspect.
i) The emergency generating sets shall form i) In order to avoid spread of fire due to
a complete package and shall be designed cables, it is recommended that the outer
to start automatically on power failure and PVC sheath of all cables used in industry
feed the selected loads. It shall be capable shall be flame retardant type conforming to
of taking care of the load variations (e.g. category AF as per IS: 10810. The cable
the starting of largest rated motors on a shall have a low smoke property. The
preloaded system). The unit shall be minimum Oxygen Index shall be 29 Note 3.
complete with necessary starting
equipment, associated control panel and ii) High voltage cables may be
shall be suitable for remote starting. Aluminium/Copper Conductor XLPE
insulated PVC sheathed, armored type.
ii) The regulation of generator voltage shall be
automatic and necessary instruments for The conductor screen, XLPE insulation
metering viz. Ammeter, Voltmeter, screen shall all be extruded in one
Frequency meter, KWH meter, Power operation by ‘Triple Extrusion’ process.
Factor, Hour run counter etc. shall be
included in control panel. iii) 1.1 K.V. grade cables may be
Aluminium/Copper Conductor PVC
iii) Warning of abnormal conditions shall be insulated, PVC sheathed, armored type.
incorporated prior to automatic trip to
prevent unnecessary shutdown. iv) All power and control cables shall
preferably have extruded inner and outer
All the six stator winding ends shall be sheaths.
brought out to an externally mounted
terminal box and shall be connected in star. v) Where single core cables are armored and
Necessary temperature detectors shall be are meant for use on A.C circuits,
provided for the stator winding. The armouring with non-magnetic material (e.g.
terminal box shall have sufficient space to Aluminium) shall be given.
receive the cables of specified size.
The communication cables shall conform to
iv) Emergency D.G. set shall have Auto ITD specification. For fire alarm systems,
starting arrangement but only with manual PVC insulated, armoured and overall PVC
switching off features. The rating (Ampere sheathed cable with 1.5 mm2 copper
Hours) of battery, for cranking the engine conductors may be used.
type of earth fault protection schemes.
vi) The power and control cables shall have (Guidelines on this can be had from IEC
the following minimum cross sectional 183).
areas :
x) When feeders comprising of parallel runs of
a) Medium voltage 4mm2 cables are envisaged, the size and type of
powercable Aluminium or individual cable shall be identical.
2.5 mm 2 Copper
Note 3 Conductor size for wiring inside the - Start/stop push button/close,
panel for electronic neutral, Trip Switch
circuits/components shall be as per
manufacturer’s standard. - Ammeter,
i) Valves with electrical actuators shall - It should be noted here that the
generally be provided with integral current rating of cables will vary
starters. depending upon laying formation,
method of sheath bonding etc.,
ii) The necessary local/remote selector apart from other derating factors
switch, start/stop control switches or push normally considered. (Ambient
button, torque limit switches etc. shall be temp., depth of laying etc.)
provided on actuator for local/remote
control depending on mode of selection. In iii) All trenches shall be sized depending upon
case of failure of torque limit switches, the the number of cables, and its voltage
mechanical design shall be adequate to grade. High voltage, medium voltage and
stall and trip the motor without damage. other control cables shall be separated
from each other by required spacing or
iii) The control circuits shall AC operated for running through independant pipes,
short distance or DC operated for trenches or cable trays as applicable.
extended distance. The actuator shall be Cable trenches inside substations shall be
provided with an anti condensation heater. filled with sand, pebbles or similar non-
flammable materials or covered with
8.0 Plant Cabling incombustible slabs. If a significant number
of cables are taken on racks/supports
i) Cables below ground may be laid in provided on the side wall of trench.
concrete trench/tunnel or directly buried.
Cables above ground shall be laid in cable iv) RCC covers of trenches shall be effectively
trays/cable racks. sealed to avoid ingress of chemicals and
oils.
However cabling for fire water system
shall as far as possible be taken in v) In unpaved areas, cables may be directly
exclusive route through underground buried in ground. Where underground
trench. cables cross roadways or pipe sleepers at
grade etc., they shall be protected by being
ii) While designing layout with single core drawn through sleeves/ducts to provide a
cable installations following factors shall permanent crossing. Sleeves/ducts ends
be considered : shall be effectively sealed thereafter.
a) Cables are laid as a general practice in vi) Concrete lined trenches shall have suitable
trefoil formation touching each other. drainage arrangement to avoid water
collection. Concrete lined cable trenches
or shall be sealed against ingress of liquid and
gases wherever the trenches leave a RCC slabs to prevent accumulation of
hazardous area or enter control room or flammable gas/vapour inside the trench.
substation. Pipes laid for mechanical
protection shall be sealed at both ends. xv)Cables shall be identified close to their
termination point by cable tag numbers as
vii) Above ground cables shall be well per cable schedule. Cable tag numbers
supported suitably at every 2 to 2.5 metres shall be punched on aluminium strap 2mm
interval and protected against mechanical thick flat or circular, securely fastened to
damage. Routing shall be decided to avoid the cable.
proximity to hot sources, place subject to
undue fire risk, gas, water, steam oil drains, xvi) Besides each underground cable shall
piping, air conditioning duct etc. Cable be provided with identify tags of lead
trays, racks and trenches shall sized to securely fastened at every 30 metres of
allow for 10 to 20% future cables reserve. underground length with at least one tag at
Each cable tray tier shall accommodate the each end before the cable enters the
cables preferably in single layer. ground.
Instrument and communication cables shall For further details, on installation practices
not be laid in the same trench/tray along and requirements refer OISD Standard 147
with electrical cables. The overall cable on ‘Inspection and Safe Practices during
layouts shall be designed for minimum Electrical Installations’.
interference between signal and power
cables. 9.0 Plant Lighting
viii) Cable cellars and important cable This can be broadly classified as under :
tunnels shall be provided with fire detection
and monitoring devices. i. Normal lighting
v) The recommended areas for A.C. ix) HPMV/MLL lamps shall generally be used
emergency lighting includes : for outdoor plant lighting. Keeping in view
the restrike time lag and to avoid complete
- Control rooms (Process & utility) darkness in case of a voltage dip/brown out
conditions, necessary incandescent lamps
- Fire water pump house, Fire stations may be judiciously distributed throughout
the plant area. Incandescent lamps may be
- Main sub stations considered for emergency lighting to
achieve this objective, Fluorescent lamps
- Foot of stairs and ladder may be used for indoor lighting in non-
process buildings and control rooms. Safe
- Platforms with ladders changing area street lighting and yard lighting may
direction employ sodium vapour lamps. Low
pressure sodium vapour lamps shall not be
- Other changes of floor level, that installed in hazardous areas.
may constitute a hazard.
x) The illumination levels in different areas
- Strategic locations in Process, utility shall be as per good engineering practice.
areas where specific safety Depending on the nature of job activities to
operations are to be carried out be carried out the suggested minimum
such as : illumination levels for various areas are as
under :
* Areas near heat exchangers, --------------------------------------------------------
condensers Areas Illumination
in Lux
* Barring gears of steam turbine --------------------------------------------------------
- Main roads (along process 7 - 10
* Some portions of roads units, power houses,
interconnecting substations and workshops, etc.)
process plants.
- Secondary roads (along 3 - 5
vi) As a good engineering practice the A.C. storage tanks settling
emergency load is generally considered as basins etc.)
20-25% of Normal Lighting load. However
for small plants, where A.C. emergency - Tank farm 10
load is not substantial/where there is no
separate standby D.G. set, D.C. critical - Pump houses, sheds 100
lighting system may take care of entire
emergency lighting. - Main operation platforms 60
& access stairs
vii) The following operational philosophy is
recommended. Under normal operation, - Ordinary platforms 20
- Process areas, pipe 60 ii) Escape Lighting
racks, heat exchanger,
heater, separators, cooling a. Escape way (interior) - 5 Lux
tower, columns, pig
launching/receiving loading b. Areas at exit door and
area, flare etc. at points where it is nec-
essary to emphasise
- Switchgear bldg. 150-200 the position of potential
hazard if any. - 30 Lux
- Transformer bay 100
iii) Other notified general
- Battery room 150 outdoor areas - 1 Lux
- Control room bldg./laboratory 400 xii) The lighting fixtures on various circuits shall
be suitably interlaced so that failure of any
- Boiler house 150 one circuit do not result in complete
darkness.
- Charger/UPS rooms 150-200
xiii)Taller structures shall have aviation
- Cooling tower 60 obstruction lighting as per statutory
regulations (D.G.C.A.).
- Switchyard (i) operating area 100
xiv)Battery room shall have fixtures mounted
(ii) other areas 50 on wall in order to facilitate easy
replacement of fused lamps. Switches
- Warehouse 100 controlling the lighting fixtures and exhaust
fan shall be installed outside the battery
- Office 300 room.
xi) The illumination level requirements (during - Equipment earthing for personnel
normal lighting source failure) depends on safety,
the nature of activities to be carried out.
The suggested minimum illumination levels - System neutral earthing, and
are as below :
- Static and lighting protection.
I) Near to areas where Spot
specific safety operations lighting ii) The earthing system envisages an earthing
(visual tasks are to be to be network with designed number of earth
carried out (e.g. control provided electrodes attached to it. The following
room) shall be earthed :
sized PVC insulated aluminium conductor
- System neutral, cables, may be used for earthing
grid/connections.
- Current and potential transformer
secondary neutral vii) All utility, process pipelines and flanges
shall be earthed on entering or leaving the
- Metallic non-current carrying parts of all hazardous areas, except where conflicting
electrical apparatus such as with the requirements of cathodic
transformers, switchgears, motors, protection. In addition, steel pipe racks in
lighting/power panels, terminal boxes, the process units and offsite area shall be
control stations, lighting fixtures, earthed at every 25 meters.
receptacles etc.
viii) Equipment located remote from main
- Steel structures, Loading platform etc. earth network may be earthed by means of
individual earth conductors and earth
- Cable trays and racks, lighting mast and electrodes.
poles.
ix) Lighting protection shall be provided for the
- Storage tanks, spheres, vessels, columns equipment, structures and buildings which
and all other process equipments. are higher than 20 metres or as per the risk
index analysis worked out as per IS 2309.
- Electrical equipment fencing (e.g. Self-conducting structures do not require
transformer, yard etc.) lightning protection with aerial rod and
down conductors. They shall be connected
- Cable shields and armour to the earthing system at two points of the
base. An independent earthing network
- Flexible earth provision for Wagon, shall be provided for lighting protection and
Truck this shall be bonded with the main earthing
network below ground, minimum at two
iii) Plant earthing design shall generally be points.
carried out in accordance with the
requirements of Indian Electricity Rules and x) The resistance value of an earthing system
code of practice for earthing IS 3043. to the general mass of earth shall be as
follows :
- As far as possible, all earth
connections shall be visible for inspection. - For the electrical system and equipment,
a value that ensures the operation of
iv) All connections shall be carefully made and the protective device in the electrical
adequately locked against loosening. circuit but not in excess of 5 ohms.
Normally earthing system shall comprise of However, for generating stations
GI strip as main earth grid alongwith and large sub-stations this value
suitably located GI disconnecting plates to shall not be more than 1 ohm.
provide multiple earth connections between
earth grid and equipment and for - For lightning protection, the value of
connections between main earth grid and 5 ohms as earth resistance shall be
electrodes. Alternatively, mild steel strip desirable, but in no case it shall be
can also be used for earth grid after more than 10 ohms.
providing corrosion allowance.
xi) The main earthing network shall be used
v) Connections between GI earth electrode for earthing of equipment to protect against
and the disconnecting plates shall be done static electricity.
by GI strip. For highly corrosive areas, PVC
insulated A1 cond. cable (unarmoured) For further details on earthing installation
may be used. Connections between the practices refer OISD standard 147.
disconnecting plate and various equipment
shall be done by GI strip, GI wire or GI wire TABLE - III
rope, size as recommended in Table III. -----------------------------------------------------------
Type of Equipment Bare G.I. Strip/G.I.
vi) In corrosive areas, aluminium Bare Rope or
disconnecting plates alongwith suitably G.I. Wire
----------------------------------------------------------- 11.0 Plant Safety and Security systems
Motors upto 3.7 KW No. 8 SWG solid
wire This shall include the following systems:
Motors 5.5 KW to 10 mm (3/8") Wire 30 11.1 Plant Fire Detection and Alarm System
KW & welding
receptacles i) The purpose of a fire detection and alarm
system is to detect fire at the earliest and
Motors 37 KW and 16 mm (5/8") above to give an alarm so that appropriate
including HT Wire Rope action can be taken (e.g. evacuation of
Motors personnel summoning the fire fighting
organisation, triggering of extinguishing
Building Columns 40 X 5 Strip process etc.). An alarm system may be
activated by automatic detection devices
Storage Tank (Vertical 40 X 5 Strip viz. smoke detectors, heat detectors etc.
& Horizontal) or by manual operation of manual call
points i.e. break glass units.
Loading Racks 40 X 5 Strip
ii) Manned locations prone to fire hazard
Pipe racks, Vessels 10 mm (3/8") & shall have manual call points which on
Heat Exchanvers Wire Rope operation shall give audio-visual
indication at the control rooms and
Small Equipment & No. 8 SWG Solid actuate the sirens. If there are many
Instruments manual call point, these may be
conveniently grouped together to form
Lighting, Power & 10 mm (3/8") various zones and zone panels may be
Instrument Panels Wire Rope installed in convenient places other than
unit control rooms. Operation of each
Main Earth Bus/LT & As zone panel may be indicated by audio-
HT SW. Gear Intercon- Calculated visual indication in the main control panel
nections/Power Trans- in the unit control room as well as in the
former other zone panels with distinct colour
indicating the zone number.
EHV & HV Sub-Stations As Calculated
iii) A fire detection and alarm system shall:
Push Button Stations No. 8 SWG Solid
Wire a) operate quickly enough to fulfil its
intended functions;
Street Light Poles 10 mm (3/8")
Wire Rope b) reliably transmit the detection signal;
ii) Selective telephone service control shall be ii) Paging speakers provided in areas having
arranged for all the extensions of the PABX high ambient noise levels shall produce a 6
to have one or more of the following service dB paging noise level above anticipated
functions: ambient level for effective recognition of
speaker’s voice signals.
- All phones shall have direct inter-
communication between all the extensions Also the field stations shall be capable of
of this exchange and all the extensions operating in areas of high noise levels
shall be able to accept any external calls without any interference.
handled by the exchange operators.
11.2.3 Emergency Communication System
- Non executive phones shall operate with
operator assistance for connection to i) The ‘Hot line system’ shall be designed to
external lines for both local and long provide a dependable communication link
distance telephone service. between predesignated points of operation.
This system shall be completely isolated
from the telephone system.
plant and pre-designated points outside the
ii) The emergency communication system plant. The system shall include necessary
shall include a ‘Direct phone to phone hot transmitter/receivers and associated
line (H.L.) system’ and a ‘Dedicated hot line antenna. The frequency of operation shall
(D.H.L.) system’. be decided in consultation with statutory
authorities (P&T).
iii) H. L. System
11.2.5 Telex System
By removing phone from cradle switch, the
corresponding phone at opposite end will One telex machine shall be installed in the
ring till answered or until the phone is administration building of the plant.
returned back to cradle disengaging the
circuit switch.
b) Any other electrical equipment associated l) An engine having a crank case volume of
with the engine shall be flameproof. over 0.5 m3 shall be provided with relief
Electrical equipment shall be effectively devices. Relief valves or breathers on
earthed and bonded. engines shall be fitted with flame traps or
discharge into the induction system
c) Cooling fan blades shall be made from non- downstream of the flame trap, if fitted and
metallic materials which do not accumulate upstream of the shut-off valve, if fitted.
electro-static charge. Dipsticks and/or filler caps should be
screwed or effectively secured by other
d) All belts shall be of anti-static, fire-resistant means.
type.
m) Intake and exhaust system design shall
e) In order to contain discharge of sparks or meet the following minimum requirements:
flames from the exhaust system, a gas
conditioner box and a flame trap shall be i) The length of the flame path through or
installed. Alternatively, the exhaust should across any joint shall be not less than 13
be designed to discharge to a location mm.
within a safe area.
ii) Suitable metal-clad or other acceptable
f) To prevent flashback through induction jointing material shall be interposed
system, wherever possible, air intakes for between all joint faces to ensure that
engines shall be located in safe area. leakage does not occur.
Alternatively a flame trap should be
installed. iii) Where valve spindles pass through the
walls of any component of the induction
g) The surface temperature of the engine and system, the diametrical clearance shall not
exhaust system shall not exceed 250°C exceed 0.13 mm, unless end caps are
when tested under full load conditions. In fitted.
some situations cooling of the exhaust
manifold and piping may be necessary, iv)No screw, stud or bolt-hole shall pass
using water jacketing or finned coolers through the wall of any component of the
and/or high temperature cut/outs or alarms system.
should be provided.
n) Decompression systems should not
h) However when either the free movement of normally be provided. However, if they are
air is restricted by thermal or acoustic essential, then the decompression parts
shielding or the ignition temperature of the should be provided with flame traps and
surrounding flammable atmosphere is ducted away to safe area.
below 200°C, no engine exposed surface
temperature shall exceed the minimum o) The fuel injection pump and governor
ignition temperature of the gases involved. where fitted should be so designed that
reverse running of the engine is not
i) To prevent overspeeding of the engine due possible.
to induction of flammable gases or vapours,
means shall be provided to stop the engine. 12.3 STORAGE BATTERIES
It can be either :
i) Storage batteries shall not be installed in
i) a valve to close the air intake, or Zone 1 locations, except those used in
ii) a system to inject carbon dioxide into portable lamps where the enclosure
the air intake. housing bulb, switch and battery shall be
flameproof type.
j) The cover of the battery case shall have
ii) As far as practicable use of storage special fastenings.
batteries in Zone 2 areas shall be avoided.
However where unavoidable, storage k) Exposed live parts of battery contained in a
batteries for use in Zone 2 areas shall be case shall be protected with rubber or
“Increased Safety” type. These shall meet equivalent insulated materials. However,
the following requirements : the openings for checking voltage may be
provided.
a) Celluloid and similar combustibles shall not
be used as constructional materials. Note : Charging of storage batteries shall be
conducted in non-hazardous
b) Battery containers as well as fittings and locations, while the cover of the
insulating parts outside the enclosed cells battery enclosure is kept open.
shall not consist of porous materials e.g.
wood or other flammable materials and 12.4 TESTING EQUIPMENT
shall be resistant to flame and the action of
electrolytes. a) All testing equipment such as meggers,
continuity tester etc. shall be intrinsically
c) Openings of cells necessary for the escape safe.
of the gases given off shall be so
constructed as to prevent splashing of the b) Terminal connections shall be made by
electrolyte. crimp type lugs.
d) The exterior of the cells shall be so c) Terminals shall be provided with rubber
constructed as to resist impact, and the cell covers.
cases shall be firmly fixed.
d) Enclosure and other constructional features
e) The cells shall be so built into the shall be suitable as per the area
containers that connection of the cells requirement.
getting loose in operation is improbable and
normally, the discharge voltage exceeding 12.5 MISCELLANEOUS
24 volts should not appear between
REQUIREMENTS
adjacent rows of cells.
a) The electrical equipment and the system as
f) The creepage distance between two poles
a part of mobile equipment shall be of
of adjacent cells shall not be less than 35
intrinsically safe/flame proof design, if
mm. Where the discharge voltage exceeds
required to be taken in classified hazardous
24 volts, the creepage distance shall be
areas.
correspondingly increased by 1mm per 2
volts.
b) The mobile apparatus shall be used for
temporary purpose only under competent
g) Where voltage of batteries is not less than
supervision.
50 volts, either the battery case shall be
subdivided by partitions or the batteries
c) No uninsulated current carrying part shall
shall be grouped into containers such that
be exposed.
in no grouping does a voltage exceeding 50
volts occur. In these cases, the partitions or
d) All components shall be accessible for
the containers shall have heights of at least
maintenance/repairs.
half that of the battery case.
e) All remote control or interlock circuits
h) The battery case shall be so constructed as
associated with restrained plug and socket
to ensure sufficient ventilation in order to
coupling should be intrinsically safe.
prevent accumulation of gases given off
from the battery, and the free space within
f) All electrical circuits shall be cut off
the case shall be as small as possible.
automatically in the event of :
i) The metallic cover of the battery case shall
i) The current in any circuit exceeding
be lined with materials resistant to
more than the rated value in any circuit.
electrolyte.
ii) A leakage current to earth/earth fault.
installations. Areas having flammable
12.6 VEHICLES gases and vapour
iv) The Petroleum Rules 1976 (Ministry of * IS 1646 Code of practice for fire safety
Industry, Government of India) of buildings (General) Electrical
Installations.
v) Oil Mines Regulations
* IS 10028 (Part 1, 2 & 3) code of
vi) C.B.I.P. (Central Board of Irrigation & practice for selection, installation and
Power) Technical Report No. 3 ‘Manual on maintenance of transformers.
Layout of Substations’.
* IS 2165 Part (1 & 2) Insulation
vii) BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) Coordination.
Publications
* IS 2834 Specifications of shunt
* IS 5572 Classification of hazardous capacitor for power system.
areas (other than mines) for electrical
* IS 13408 Code of Practice for the
selection, installation and maintenance of
Electrical Apparatus for use in potentially
explosive atmospheres (other than mining
applications or explosives processing and
manufacture)