ACCIDENTS 7.

Back muscles, spine and spinal cord injury

- The leading cause of death in adolescents NEAR DROWNING

- An undesirable or unfortunate happening
- Used to describe the child with a
that occur as unintentional and usual
submersion injury who requires emergency
results in harm, injury, damage or loss treatment due to inhaled water that fills the
lungs and therefore blocks the exchange of
CAUSES
oxygen in the alveoli
1. Vehicular accidents
RISK FACTORS
2. Drowning
3. poisoning 1. Taking dares to swim further than their
4. Other causes such as fire, injury, homicide ability allows
and suicide 2. Alcohol consumption – which impairs their
decision-making ability
VEHICULAR ACCIDENTS 3. Trauma (unintentional or intentional)
4. Seizures
- An unforeseen and unplanned event or 5. Fatigue or exhaustion
circumstance frequently causing loss or 6. Inability to swim
injury in a vehicle 7. Having no life preserver
8. Failure to observe water safety
RISK FACTORS
9. Suicide attempt
1. Driving under the influence of alcohol or DIAGNOSTIC TEST AND LABS
drug
2. Carelessness (use of cell phone while 1. History and physical examination
driving) 2. Laboratory tests (blood gas analysis, blood
chemistry, toxicology- determine alcohol or
3. Bad weather
drug use)
4. Over speeding
3. Imaging ( chest X-ray, CT scan)
5. Improper seatbelt use
4. ECG- for activity of the heart
DIAGNOSTIC TEST AND LABS CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
1. X-ray 1. Cough with clear to frothy pink sputum
2. MRI 2. Decreased consciousness or loss of
3. Ct scan consciousness
3. Labored r no breathing
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 4. Weak or no heartbeat
1. Fracture EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
2. Bleeding
3. Abdominal, Head or chest injury 1. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation – it should
be started at once when the child has been
NURSING MANAGEMENT pulled out f the water
2. If cardiac arrest has occurred from hypoxia,
1. Administration of medications and blood simultaneous measures to initiate cardiac
transfusion action must be taken (CPR)
2. Monitor VS
NURSING MANAGEMENT
COMPLICATIONS
1. Monitor signs and symptoms of increased
1. Hemorrhage ICP
2. Bone fracture 2. Neurological changes
3. Internal bleeding 3. Immediate life saving technique like CPR
4. Loss of consciousness and memory and rescue breathing
5. Head and brain injury
6. Infection
OBESITY 3. Fatigue
4.
-a medical condition in which excess body fats has
accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse TREATMENT
effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy
and/ or increased health problems 1. Help client identify workable method of weight
control by diet changes and exercise
CAUSES 2. Promote improved self-concept, including body
image, self-esteem
1. Lack of energy balance 3. Encourage health practices to provide for
2. An inactive lifestyle- inactive people don’t burn weight control throughout life
up calories 4. Appetite-suppressant medications as orderd
3. Environment- lack of safe place for recreation, 5. Medications (orlistat –prevents absorption of
lack of access to healthy foods, oversized food dietary fats)
portions, work schedules
4. Food advertising genes and family history – it COMPLICATIONS
tend to run in the family
5. Health conditions – some hormones causes 1. Hypertension
2. DM type 2
overweight such as underactive thyroid gland
(hypothyroidism), Cushing syndrome (body’s 3. Elevated cholesterol
4. Coronary artery disease
adrenal glands make too much of the hormone
cortisol), polycystic ovarian syndrome ( a 5. Stroke or paralysis
6. Osteoarthritis
reproductive problem due to high levels of
androgens) 7. Gout
8. Sleep apnea
6. Medicines – some medications causes gain
weight such as corticosteroids, antidepressants, AMENORRHEA
seizure medications.
7. Emotional factor – some people that are under - Absence of menstrual period
stress tend to eat more. Accumulation would
TYPES OF AMENORRHEA
lead o gain weight and eventually obesity
8. Smoking – nicotine raises your ability to burn 1. Primary amenorrhea
calories, so if you quit smoking tendency is that - The failure to start having period by the age
you will get fat of 16
9. Age – as you grow old your ability to burn 2. Secondary amenorrhea
calories decreased exposing them to weight - Temporary or permanent ending of periods
gain in a woman who has menstruated normally
10. Pregnancy in the past
11. Lack of sleep
RISK FACTORS
RISK FACTORS
1. Insufficient caloric intake (improper nutrition)
1. Poor diet 2. Excessive exercise (strenuous exercise)
2. Lack of sleep 3. excessive physical conditioning (athletes)
3. Lack of physical activity 4. Psychological distress (depression, anorexia
4. Varied working shift nervosa, stress, psychiatric disorder)
5. Smoking 5. Women born with chromosomal or hormonal
6. Age abnormalities (turner’s syndrome)
7. Genetic factors
DIAGNOSTIC TEST AND LABS
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
1. Pregnancy test – it should be ruled out before
1. Weight-for-height charts intervention is initiated
2. Skinfold thickness measurement 2. Androgen excess, estrogen deficiency or any
3. Body mass index other endocrine system need to be checked
3. Prolactin in the blood and the TSH should be
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
checked
1. Loud snoring 4. Blood test to measure hormones
2. Periods of choking during sleep
 5. Scan of the kull – ruled out pituitary gland
tumor
6. Ultrasound of abdomen to rule out tumor of
adrenal glands and ovary

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

- The absence of menses

THERAPEUTIC NURSING MANAGEMENT

1. In some women, nutritional deficiency causes

amenorrhea so discuss the importance of
proper and a well balance
2. In some women, excessive body weight is the
cause so restrict the amount of fat in their diet,
and advice them to exercise to maintain an
ideal body weight
3. For women with vigorous exercise, emphasize
on a moderate exercise program to restore
normal menstruation
4. If it is cause by stress, find way to deal with
stress and conflicts
5. Maintain a healthy lifestyle by avoiding alcohol
consumption and cigarette smoking cause this
can be helpful

COMPLICATIONS

1. Uterine fibroids
2. Hirsutism
3. Polycystic ovary