19/01/2011
Routers
NETWORK LAYER & STATIC ROUTES
Static VS Dynamic Routes

Static knowledge is administered manually.

A network administrator enters into the router’s
configuration.

Must update it manually whenever a topology changes.

Dynamic knowledge

Router strat dynamic routing
 Is updated automatically by a routing process.
 Changes between routers are automatic.
Static Routes

Running a routing protocol between R1 and R2 is a waste of
resources because R1 has only one way out for sending non-
local traffic. Therefore, static routes are configured for
connectivity to remote networks that are not directly
connected to a router.

Devices that implements the network service.

Supporting tasks:

Connectivity

Reliable performance

Management Control

Flexibility

Sequencing traffic based on priorities.

Traffic Filtering
A static route example

Static routing are used for

Security

Administrator know the network topology.

Specify what is advertised about restricted partitions.

Avoids overhead of routing tables

Usually it is called a stub network.

A stub network is a network accessed by a single route
Configure Static Routes

Router(config)#ip route network-address subnet-mask {ip-
address | exit-interface }

The following parameters are used:

network-address - Destination network address of the remote
network to be added to the routing table

subnet-mask - Subnet mask of the remote network to be added to
the routing table. The subnet mask can be modified to summarize a
group of networks.

One or both of the following parameters must also be used:

ip-address - Commonly referred to as the next-hop router's IP address

exit-interface - Outgoing interface that would be used in forwarding
packets to the destination network
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Static Route Three routing Principles

Router (config)# ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 s0
Principle 1:

"Every router makes its decision alone, based on the
information it has in its own routing table.“

Command destination net subnet mask outgoing int

Principle 2:

"The fact that one router has certain information in its
routing table does not mean that other routers have the
same information.“
s0
172.16.1.0
Principle 3:

"Routing information about a path from one network to
another does not provide routing information about the

Router (config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s1 reverse, or return path."

Example Summarizing Routes

Summarizing Routes to Reduce the Size of the

Routing Table

Creating smaller routing tables makes the routing

table lookup process more efficient, because there
are fewer routes to search.

If one static route can be used instead of multiple static
routes, the size of the routing table will be reduced.

In many cases, a single static route can be used to
represent dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of routes.

Summarizing routes Default Static Routes

The syntax for a default static route is similar to

any other static route, except that the network
address is 0.0.0.0 and the subnet mask is 0.0.0.0:

Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [exit-

interface | ip-address ]

The 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 network address and mask is

called a "quad-zero" route.

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Verify Static Route

Verify the change to the routing table with
the show ip route command

S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

* Candidate default route

A /0 mask indicates that zero or no bits are
needed to match. As long as a more specific
match doesn't exist, the default static route
will match all packets.
Ethernet exit interfaces
Dynamic Versus Static
19/01/2011
Ethernet Exit Interfaces

An Ethernet network and a point-to-point serial
network is that a point-to-point network has only one
other device on that network - the router at the other
end of the link.

With Ethernet networks, there may be many different
devices sharing the same multi-access network, including
hosts and even multiple routers.

By only designating the Ethernet exit interface in the
static route, the router will not have sufficient
information to determine which device is the next-
hop device.
Ethernet Exit Interfaces

One might ask:

Is there any way to configure a static route over an
Ethernet network so that it does not have to use the
recursive lookup of the next-hop IP address?
 Yes - this can be done by configuring the static route to include
both the exit interface and the next-hop IP address.

The exit interface would be FastEthernet 0/1 and the
next-hop IP address would be 172.16.2.2.

R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0
fastethernet 0/1 172.16.2.2
Dynamic Routing

Can redirect traffic between different paths in a
network.

Operations

Maintenance of a routing table

Timely distribution of knowledge (routing updates)

Relies on routing protocols.

Routing Protocol

Describe how updates are send

What knowledges is contained in these updates.

When to send
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Autonomous Systems Representing distance with metrics

An AS is a collection of networks under a common

Primary objective is determine the best path
administration that share a common routing strategy.
Algorithm generates a number called metric.

The American Registry of Internet Numbers (ARIN), a
The smaller the metric, the better the path
service provider, or an administrator assigns a 16-bit
Metrics can be calculated based on:
identification number to each AS.  Hop Count

This autonomous system number is a 16 bit number.  Bandwithh
 Delay
Routing protocols, such as Cisco IGRP, require the
 Load
assignment of a unique, AS number.
 Reliability
 Ticks
 Cost

Metrics Metrics

Hop Count: The number of routers a packet must go to
reach a destination.

Bandwidth: Data capacity of a link Internetwork
Bandwidth Reliability Load

Delay: Length of time to move a packet from source to Delay
destination.

Load: Amount of activity on a netowrk source

Reliability: Error rate of each link

Ticks: Delay of data link using IBM PC Clock ticks

Cost: Arbitrary value, usually based on bandwith, dollar
expense, asignated by network administrator Routing Metric