c

PATIENT TEACHING PLAN

In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements in Health Education

Submitted by: Aldrian Kevin G. Berondo

BSN II-E

Submitted to: Mrs. Alicia Caluscusan

Health Education Professor
 |

| 
c

Preventing your child from having accidents and injuries is a huge task.
Children between the ages of 2 and 5 reason with self-centered (egocentric)
perceptions and magical thinking. These thought patterns lead children to
overestimate what is in their control, which contributes to their vulnerability.
They are often unaware of the consequences of their actions. These thought
patterns lead children to overestimate what is in their control, which
contributes to their vulnerability. They are often unaware of the consequences
of their actions. You can help protect your child from accidents and injuries by
taking general safety measures around your home. Also, think ahead about
what potentially dangerous situations will attract your child. Some parents
think that strict safety measures are not needed because their child is closely
supervised or has not yet shown an interest in dangerous areas or items.
Although responsible supervision is important, it is not realistic to think that
you can watch your child's every move or that he or she will never become
curious about something off-limits. Also, constant hovering over children can
limit their experiences and confidence. Balancing supervision with safety
precautions will help prevents accidents and injuries, as well as allow children to
explore. Each year, about 200,000 children are treated in. hospital emergency
rooms for playground equipment-related injuries - an estimated 148,000 of
these injuries involve public playground equipment and an estimated 51,000
involve home playground equipment. Also, about 15 children die each year as a
result of playground equipment-related incidents. Most of the injuries are the
result of falls. These are primarily falls to the ground below the equipment, but
falls from one piece of equipment to another are also reported. Most of the
deaths are due to strangulations, though some are due to falls. You cannot
protect your child from every danger he or she can possibly encounter outside
the home. But you can equip your child with some basic safety rules and
precautions. Let your child's natural surroundings give you ideas for general
training to help prepare your child for a variety of situations he or she may
face.
 Ê





 ohn Rick A. Francisco is my chosen client. He is currently residing at Aurora

Village, Guiwan, Zamboanga City. His father·s name is  ovian Francisco. His
mother·s name is Marla Mae Francisco.  ohn Rick Francisco is 3 years old. He has
two siblings,  eric A. Francisco, 6 years old and  oshua Rey A. Francisco, 8 years old.
He is the youngest among his brothers.

 ohn Rick Francisco, often called  R by the people around him, is a very
active, vocal young boy. He is very playful but not very friendly according to his
mother.  R often plays outside as early as 9:00 in the morning up to 5:00 in the
afternoon. After playing outside, the family would eat their dinner. Afterwards, the
children would take a bath, watch TV for an hour and then gets ready to sleep. The
children would sleep early around 9:00 in the evening, due to tiredness from playing.
 R plays outside of their house. His mother verbalized that  R often plays outside
unsupervised. This would lead  R to vulnerability to accidents and injuries.  R has
multiple scars on the lower extremities, due to falls, scratches acquired due to playing.
His scars although small, would be a concern among people. Due to the fact that he
has an active and young body, this would eventually lead to potential injuries his
mother explained. His parents have no time supervising their children because of
work.  R·s mother is a store owner, while  R·s father is a government employee.

His mother said that they sometimes don·t mind the wounds of  R; sometimes
they apply betadine to the wounded area. Because of  R·s hyperactivity, he is very
prone to injuries and accidents. The boy verbalized that he really wants to play
outside with his neighbors.

My client·s family lives in a comfortable house with enough space for them.
Their house has 4 bedrooms, 2 comfort rooms, and 2 kitchens. Their house, as I
observed seems to be accident prone. Electric wires of appliances lay on the floor. This
would cause the children risk of being trampled. Their table edges are very sharp,
without protective coverings. There are many other things that would really harm
children. His mother knows that  R is an obedient boy, he just responds to whatever
things attract him. His parents too, as I observed lacks good child management.
 
|

Ê

|

Ê



An accident is a specific, unidentifiable, unexpected, unusual and

unintended external action which occurs in a particular time and place, with no
apparent and deliberate cause but with marked effects. It implies a generally
negative probabilistic outcome which may have been avoided or prevented had
circumstances leading up to the accident been recognized, and acted upon, prior
to its occurrence.

Experts in the field of injury prevention avoid use of the term 'accident'
to describe events that cause injury in an attempt to highlight the predictable
and preventable nature of most injuries. Such incidents are viewed from the
perspective of epidemiology - predictable and preventable. Preferred words are
more descriptive of the event itself, rather than of its unintended nature (e.g.,
collision, drowning, fall, etc.)

Accidents of particularly common types (auto, fire, etc.) are investigated

to identify how to avoid them in the future. This is sometimes called root cause
analysis, but does not generally apply to accidents that cannot be
deterministically predicted. A root cause of an uncommon and purely random
accident may never be identified, and thus future similar accidents remain
"accidental."

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidents)

This topic suggests ways to help prevent illness and accidental injuries in
young children. It does not cover every risk that a child faces, but it does cover
many of the most common hazards and situations that can be dangerous to
children ages 2 to 5 years.

o
 
 

  

     


Children in this age range are gaining many new skills and feel more and
more independent. They may be curious, want to explore the world around
them, and act without thinking. This can lead to dangerous situations.
ohat can you do to help keep your child safe?

Your child is gaining in confidence and probably wants to explore. But your
child still needs your close supervision and guidance. You can:

˜c Set up and consistently enforce rules and limits to help your child learn
about dangers.
˜c Supervise your child and teach your child some basic safety rules and
precautions for inside and outside the home. For example, teach your
child to always use the car seat and that ovens and toasters can cause
burns.
˜c Practice healthy habits to protect your child against illness and infection.
For example, wash your hands often and keep toys clean, make sure your
child is immunized, and go to all well-child visits.
˜c Take safety measures around the home. For example, store poisonous
products out of your child·s reach, and use safety covers on all electrical
outlets.

Understand that your child will go through active and curious phases.
Recognize these periods, and think about what you can do to avoid safety
hazards. If your child is discovering the joys of riding a tricycle, for example, be
sure to make riding in the street off limits.

No one can watch a child·s every move or make a home 100% safe all the
time. Try to find a balance among supervising your child, taking safety
precautions, and allowing your child to explore.

How can your stress level affect your child's safety?

Taking care of yourself is a vital part of keeping your child safe. Most
injuries to children happen when parents or caregivers are tired, hungry, or
emotionally drained or are having relationship problems. Other common causes
of family stress include changes in daily routines, moving to a new house, or
expecting another child.
 Learn all you can about child growth and development. Doing so can help
you learn what to expect and how to handle certain situations.

If you feel stressed, get help. Talk to your doctor or your child·s doctor,
or see a counselor. Get together regularly with family and friends, or join a
parenting group.

(http://children.webmd.com/tc/health-and-safety-ages-2-to-5-years-overview)

Injury, bodily injury or bodily harm is damage or harm caused to the

structure or function of the body caused by an outside agent or force, which
may be physical or chemical, and either by accident or intentional. Personal
Injury also refers to damage caused to the reputation of another rather than
physical harm to the body. A severe and life-threatening injury is referred to as
a physical trauma.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuries)

Negligence (Lat. negligentia, from neglegere, to neglect, literally "not to

pick up") is a legal concept in the common law legal systems mostly applied in
tort cases to achieve monetary compensation (damages) for physical and mental
injuries (not accidents).

Negligence is a type of tort or delict (also known as a civil wrong).

"Negligence" is not the same as "carelessness", because someone might be
exercising as much care as they are capable of, yet still fall below the level of
competence expected of them. It is the opposite of "diligence". It can be
generally defined as conduct that is culpable because it falls short of what a
reasonable person would do to protect another individual from foreseeable risks
of harm. In the words of Blackburn, ´those who go personally or bring property
where they know that they or it may come into collision with the persons or
property of others have by law a duty cast upon them to use reasonable care
and skill to avoid such a collision."
 Through civil litigation, if an injured person proves that another person
acted negligently to cause his injury, he can recover damages to compensate for
his harm. Proving a case for negligence can potentially entitle the injured
plaintiff to compensation for harm to their body, property, mental well-being,
financial status, or intimate relationships. However, because negligence cases
are very fact-specific, this general definition does not fully explain the concept
of when the law will require one person to compensate another for losses caused
by accidental injury. Further, the law of negligence at common law is only one
aspect of the law of liability. Although resulting damages must be proven in
order to recover compensation in a negligence action, the nature and extent of
those damages are not the primary focus of negligence cases.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence)
 




  

There are many safety measures, tips and community programs that will keep
children safe. Community-orientated programs such as the Speed oatch Program
promote safer communities for children. Additionally, tips on preventing bullying
and safety measures for children at school, play and home, along with answers to
frequently asked questions, will help to reduce risks and prevent harm to children.
Many parents and caregivers want to share their favorite activities with their young
children. This can help build common interests and appreciation for exercise and
other pursuits. Be sure, however, to recognize the safety issues related to these
activities. Remember that your child's comfort and safety are most important.

ohile most kids pass through childhood without ever experiencing physical
harm, some are frightened or hurt by crime. As parents you should teach your
children how to protect themselves and respond to threatening situations. You
should especially, take the time to listen carefully to your children's fears and feelings
about people or places that scare them or make them feel uncomfortable.

  
 

˜c Their full name, address and area code and phone number
˜c How to make emergency phone calls from home and public phones
˜c To never accept gifts or rides from someone they don't know well
˜c To find a store clerk or security guard and ask for help if you become separated
in a store or shopping mall. Tell them never to go into the parking lot alone.
˜c That no one, not even someone they know, has the right to touch them in a
way that makes them feel uncomfortable. Tell them they have the right to say
"no" to an adult in this situation.
˜c And show them safe places they can go to during an emergency, like a
neighbors house, Block Parent House or open store
˜c To stay away from areas such as brush in wooded areas, overgrown shrubbery,
abandoned buildings, poorly lit areas, vacant lots littered with debris, busy
streets without sidewalks or bike paths.
˜c Never run of to public restrooms by themselves. Parents should always
accompany children to public restrooms.


   

Ê

Playing is a regular part of any child's life. Often, children play in areas that
are out sight or away from the supervision of parents and families. The best way to
keep trouble away from hampering your children is to learn to avoid areas and
situations where trouble might lurk.

     

  
 :

˜c The safest routes to schools and friends houses. Avoid danger spots such as
alleys, new construction and wooded areas.
˜c To walk and play with friends in well-lighted, open areas where others can see
them
˜c To walk confidently and stay alert to what is on around them
˜c To look out for the safety of other children. This means reporting anything
they see that doesn't seem right.
˜c To stay away from strangers who hang around playgrounds, public restrooms,
and empty buildings
˜c To write down and report to you the license numbers of people who offer rides,
loiter around playgrounds or appear to follow them.

ÊÊ
If your children will be home alone after school, it is important to teach them
some basic safety guidelines for their security. ohen at home, children should:

˜c Be able to reach you by telephone at work. Post your work number, along
with numbers for a neighbor, the police and fire departments and the poison
control center near all of your home phones.
˜c Check in with you at work or with a neighbor when they get home. Agree on
rules for having friends over and going to someone else's house when no adult is
present.
˜c Be taught to never open the door to a stranger when they are alone in the
house or apartment. Caution them about answering the phone and
accidentally letting a stranger know they are alone. They should always say
their parents are busy and take a message.

˜c Be taught an escape plan, in case of fire or other emergencies

˜c Be taught how to work the door and window locks. Make sure that they use
them when they are inside alone.
=
  


˜c Help your child become "street smart." Teach your child basic rules about the
dangers of cars and streets.
˜c Help your child understand "stranger danger." Many parents fear child
abduction. Most children who are abducted are not taken by strangers, but
rather by a parent, relative, family friend, or acquaintance. But it is still
important to teach your child to be cautious of strangers and how to react
when they feel they are threatened.
˜c Teach proper behavior around animals. Your child should learn how to respond
to unfamiliar animals. Teach your child how to interact with family pets and
other animals that he or she is likely to come across.
˜c oear sunscreen to prevent sunburns (radiation burns). Radiation burns are
caused by the sun, tanning booths, sunlamps, X-rays, or radiation therapy for
cancer treatment. Radiation burns in children usually are caused by sun
exposure and can cause permanent skin damage. Keep children out of the sun
or use sun-protection measures when your child is outdoors.
˜c Use insect repellents to prevent bites and stings. Also, take action to prevent
exposure to stinging insects, such as having your child wear closed shoes, socks,
and clothes that fully cover his or her body when outdoors.
˜c Teach your child swimming safety. You can help prevent a drowning accident
by making sure your child knows how to behave while in and around water. If
you have a swimming pool at home, make sure to take safety measures. If you
live near irrigation canals, teach your child not to play in or near them.c

For young children, physical activity is natural. K

 is based on the
premise that children love to move. Little ones are delighted to have your company
and your undivided attention. Playing actively with them will give pleasure to both
of you. You do not need to be an expert on movement to promote a child's daily
physical activity, and no special equipment is necessary to make meaningful activity
part of children's lives.
Being active from an early age will help children become physically fit later in life.
Health-related fitness involves cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength and
endurance, flexibility, and body composition. This booklet incorporates these
elements into activities for children in three age groups: infants (birth to 18 months),
toddlers (18 to 36 months), and preschoolers (3 to 5 years).
Small children need several hours of unstructured movement every day. They should
never be inactive for more than 60 minutes. Toddlers need at least 30 minutes of
structured activities, such as those presented in this booklet, and preschoolers need at
least 60 minutes of structured activities. You can break all activity periods into
smaller units of ten or fifteen minutes.
 | 
 

   
 

|

 | 

 

Preschoolers are able to do many things for themselves.

However, they may require assistance with bedtime, eating, and toileting. Some ideas
for entertaining preschoolers during quiet and active play are listed below.c

V


˜c Easy board games such as Candyland, Chutes and Ladders.

˜c Imaginative games such as playing school, store or spaceships.
˜c Listen to stories that you make up or read.

Ê


˜c Take a walk to find "treasures" such as pine cones, pretty rocks or other things
˜c Tag or Hide-and-Seek
˜c Riding toys - be careful to supervise

Handprint Turkey



 

˜c Drawing paper - 8 x 11 standard size works well

˜c Crayons, washable paint, or washable markers
˜c Paint brush if using washable paint
˜c oet washcloth to clean mess
˜c Newspaper - to cover work surface

  

1.c This project can be messy. Protect the child's clothing and cover your work
area with newspaper or work outside.
2.c If using crayons or washable markers, trace the child's hand (make sure the
child's fingers are spread apart). Using the crayons or markers, decorate the
turkey. Make sure to give the turkey a beak, wattle, eyes, and legs.
ü c If using washable paint, use paint brush to paint the child's palm. Then paint
each finger a different color. oith the child's fingers spread apart make a
handprint on the paper. Use paint or makers to give the turkey a beak, wattle,
eyes and legs.c


!Ê



The first step in treating a cut is to stop the bleeding. Visible bleeding can
almost always be stopped by firmly compressing the bleeding area with a finger or
hand for at least 5 minutes. ohenever possible, the bleeding part is elevated above
the level of the heart-for example, by raising a limb. Because tourniquets shut off all
blood flow to a body part and deprive it of oxygen, they are used only for very severe
injuries (such as combat casualties).

To prevent infection, dirt and particles are removed and the wound is washed.
Large, visible particles are picked off. Smaller dirt and particles that cannot be seen
are removed by washing with mild soap and tap water. Dirt and particles that remain
after washing often can be removed with a more highly pressured stream of warm tap
water. Harsher agents, such as alcohol, iodine, and peroxide, are not recommended.
These solutions can damage tissue, impairing the capacity to heal. Scrubbing is
required to clean deep scrapes. If a wound is very small, it can be kept closed with
certain commercially available tapes. Stitches may be needed for deep or large cuts.
After cleaning and, if necessary, closing the wound, antibiotic ointment and a
bandage are applied.
Medical assistance is needed under the following circumstances:

˜c If a cut is longer than about 1/3 inch (¾ centimeter), is on the face, appears
deep, or has edges that separate
˜c If bleeding does not stop on its own or within several minutes after pressure is
applied
˜c If there are symptoms of a nerve or tendon injury, such as loss of sensation, loss
of movement, or numbness
˜c If a scrape is deep or has dirt and particles that are difficult to remove
˜c If there is a puncture wound, particularly if foreign material in the wound is
likely
˜c If the person has not had a tetanus vaccination within the past 5 years.

All wounds, whether treated at home or by health care practitioners, should be

observed for symptoms of infection during the first several days after treatment. If
any symptoms of infection develop, medical assistance should be sought within
several hours. Most small wounds heal within a few days.



   



 



Adequate protein intake is essential for proper wound healing. Protein

depletion appears to delay wound healing by prolonging the inflammatory phase; by
inhibiting fibroplasia, collagen and proteoglycan synthesis, and neoangiogenesis
(proliferation phase); and by inhibiting wound remodeling. Experimental protein
depletion in animals caused a decrease in the tensile strength of wounds. Rats fed a
diet deficient in protein exhibited decreased wound integrity and strength versus
control animals. In a study of 108 human patients with experimental wounds,
individuals with either low serum protein or serum albumin had significantly weaker
wounds than those with normal protein values.

Protein calorie malnutrition increases morbidity and mortality in the

surgical/trauma patient. Many studies have found hospitalized patients in a state of
malnutrition at admission. Thus, it is important to increase protein intake to optimize
healing and immune function, and to prevent post-surgical complications in these
individuals. Protein supplementation of elderly patients with liquid protein formulas
significantly enhanced healing of pressure ulcers. The change in ulcer area was
significantly correlated with the amount of protein in the diet. The surgical or trauma
patient exists in a state of metabolic stress, with the severity of the stress depending
on the severity of the wounded state. An injured patient requires more protein than a
non-injured patient because of the increased metabolic activity of wound healing,
acute-phase protein production in response to stress, and amino acid mobilization
from muscle used for hepatic gluconeogenesis. In a non-injured state, adults require
approximately 0.8 g dietary protein/kg body wt/day. Elderly patients have a higher
protein requirement (1-1.2 g/kg body wt/ day) due to a decreased ability to synthesize
proteins. The surgical/trauma patient can require significantly more protein. Minor
surgery may not significantly increase the protein requirement; however, if the
patient is already protein malnourished, wound healing will be adversely affected
unless dietary protein intake is increased. Major surgery can increase protein
requirements 10 percent, while a patient with multiple traumas may need 75-percent
more protein.





 
 

ÊÊ
"



Ê

 
  
 


 
   
#
$
%| 
  

#
#  %| 
  
%

  
 Ê

|


 

 #
    =

|
 
 
 #
   

 

%|


| 
 
  ##



# 
 
 =
Ê|
 
 

%


c
Ê
 
c
 c

c c

 c
 c
 c
c
c c 
cc c c
 c


c
cc
c c 
c c
c  c

 c

 c 
c
 

c
c

c
 c


cc


 

c



cc  cc c


 c
c

cc
c
cc




 c
 c c cc 
 c c
c
cc


c


c c
 c

cc

 c 

ccc







c
 c



c cc c

c c


 c c


c
c cccc



 c c
c c
c c 
cc

 c

 c

ccc


 =|=|&Ê'


(http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec24/ch299/ch299f.html)


(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidents)

(http://children.webmd.com/guide/childrens-health-special-interest-preschooler)

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence)

(http://www.doh.gov.ph/sitemenu.html)

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preschooler)

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuries)

(http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art44160.asp)

(http://pediatrics.about.com/od/nutrition/a/06_protein_food.htm)

(http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4627)