Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DEDICATION
This piece of work is dedicated
to the Holy Prophet Muhammad
(S.A.W.W)
The real source of encouragement for me
And
The light of knowledge spread by him
beneficial for whole the creation.
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for me still.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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ABSTRACT
On 15th April 2010 university of Azad Jammu and Kashmir institute
of geology arranged a study tour for geology fourth semester
evening-B for studying practical work regarding earth science.
Galiyat section.
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LIST OF CONTENTS
Accessibility or
Approach
Human setting
Climate
Rain fall
Temperature
Drainage
Weathering
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Nammal Gorge
Salgun section
Galiyat section
Geology of Chichali
Gorge
Geology of Nammal
Gorge
Geology Of Sulgran
Section
organic structures
Tectonic structures
7 Refrences 58
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CHAPTER- NO-01
INTRODUCTION
SITUATION &EXTENT OF THE AREA:
HUMAN SETTING:
The land of this area is very fertile. Wheat, maize, sugarcane, cotton
etc are the main crops of the area. Generally the people are
hardworking and cooperative.
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IMPORTANCE OF SALT RANGE:
Following points show the importance of the salt range area.
ACCESSIBITY OR APPROCH:
The area selected for this trip was the salt range because of the fact
here we find complete geological sequence of rock i.e. Precambrian
to recent. However Galiyat area had also studied.
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CHAPTER-NO-02
PHYSIOGRAPHY
RELIEF:
General relief of the area is very low ranging from 850to 2084 feet
above sea level. The maximum height of salt range is sakesar peak,
which is 4292 above sea level
Salt range is given to this area because of fact that its lowest
exposed rocks contain large quantity of pure common rock salt.
CLIMATE:
Rain fall.
Temperature.
RAIN FALL:
Rainfall is very low in the field areas. The average rain fall recorded
in august is 2.75 inch but some in winters receives no rain fall at all.
Due to the rainfall water is in less quantity in the field area.
TEMPARETURE:
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DRAINAGE:
The high cliffs are intersected by number of deep gullies and river.
Extrusive heaps pebbles and screw deposit are seen along the foot of
area due to lithology, drainage is well developed with generally
dendrite pattern.
WEATHERING:
PHYSICAL WEATHERING:
Thermal expansion.
Frost action.
THERMAL EXPANSION:
FROST ACTION:
In the rainy season the rain water gets entered into the joints and
fracture of the rocks. at night this water freezes into ice and the
rocks expand, while during the day , this water melt down and the
rocks contract .due to this contraction and expansion the rock break
down.
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CHEMICAL WEATHERING:
SOLUTIONING:
This process washes many minerals out of the rocks so that their
chemical composition changes and rock start decomposing. It is
occurred in the salt range formation.
HYDRATION:
CARBONATION:
When the rain water mixed with co enters into the pores of the
rocks and reacts with the mineral and causes decomposition.
OXIDATION:
Oxygen mixed with the rainwater reacts with the iron present in the
rocks and causes rusting, so the rocks decompose. This type of
weathering is also found in the field areas
Shrub, berks, kerkar and Philae trees are found in the areas .maize,
barley, bajra and wheat are cultivated in the area.
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Chapter-No-03
Geological Successions
Geological succession of Khewra Gorge
S Name Age
No
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Geological Sequence Of Nammal Gorge
S. Name Age
No
15
Geological Succession Of Galiyat Section
S. Name Age
No
16
Chapter-No-04
Stratigraphy
b).Type Locality:
Eastern Salt Range district, Jehlum Punjab province.
c).Geological Sequence:
5.Baghnwala Formation.
4.Jutana Formation.
3.Kussak Formation.
d)Description:
1. Salt Range formation:
Type Locality:
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Lithology:
Members:
Environment of deposition:
Fossils:
Unfossiliferous
Age:
Pre-Cambrian
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Sedimentary structures:
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Ripple marks, cross bedding, graded bedding, rain pits,
flaggy behavior etc.
Fossils:
Fossiliferous
Age:
Cambrian.
3.kussak formation:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
Cambrian.
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4. Jutana Formation:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
Cambrian.
5. Baghnwala Formation:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Environment Of Deposition:
Fossils:
Unfossiliferous.
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Contact:
Age:
Cambrian.
6. Tobra Formation:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Tillitic facies:
Diamictite facies:
its thickness increases in western Salt Range. It contains
sandstone and boulder beds.
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Environment Of Deposition:
Contact:
Fossils:
Age:
Permian.
Patala Formation?:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Age:
Paleocene.
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8. Sakesar Limestone:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Importance:
Fossils:
Age:
Eocene.
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Geology Of Chichali Gorge:-
a).Type Locality:
b).Geological sequence:
9. Nammal Formation
8. Patala Formation
7. Lockhart Limestone
6. Hangu Formation
5. Lumshiwal formation
4. Chichali Formation
2. Shinawari Formation
1. Datta Formation
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c).Description:
1. Datta Formation:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Importance:
Environment of deposition:
Continental environment
Fossils:
Age:
Jurassic.
2. Shinawari Formation:
Type Locality:
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Lithology:
Fossil:
Age:
Jurassic.
Litholgy:
Age: Jurassic.
4.Chichali Formation:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Fossils:
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At the base of Chichali Formation there is unconformity.
Age:
Cretaceous.
5.Lumshiwal Formation:
Type Locality:
Litholgy:
Age:
Cretaceous.
6.Hangu Formation:
Type Locality:
Litholgy:
There are coal mines present in Hangu level right from Chichali
Gorge to Khisor Marwat Range including Makkerwal, Miranwal and
Lumshiwal coal mines.
Envirement of deposition:
Fossils:
Unfossiliferous.
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Age:
Paleocene.
7. Lockhart Limestone:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
Paleocene.
8.Patala Formation:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Fossils:
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Age:
Paleocene.
9.Nammal Formation:
Type locality:
Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
Eocene.
Lithology:
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Importance:
Fossils:
Age:
Eocene.
11.Siwalik Group:
4.Soan Formation
2.Nagri Formation
1.Chinji Formation
Lithology:
Fossils:
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Fossils are vertebrates includes mammals, reptiles birds and
fishes.
Age:
Pleistocene.
Chingi Formation:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Contact relationship:
Fossil:
Age:
Pliocene.
Nagri Formation:
Type Locality:
Nagri village.
Lithology:
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Contact relationship:
Fossils:
Age:
Pliocene
Contact relationship:
Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
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Soan Formation:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Contact relationship:
Fossils:
Age:
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Geology of Nammal Gorge:
a).Type Locality:
b).Geological Sequence:
13.Sakesar Limestone.
12.Nammal Formation.
11.Patala Formation.
10.Lockhart Limestone.
9.Hangu Formation.
7.Datta Formation.
6.Kingriali Formation.
5.Tredian Formation.
4.Mianwali Formation.
3.chhidru Formation.
2.Wargal Formation.
1.Amb Formation.
C).Description:
Amb Formation:
Type Locality:
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Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
Permian.
Wargal Limestone:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
Permian.
Chhidru Formation:
Type Locality:
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Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
Permian.
Mianwali Formation:
Type Locality:
Not designed
Lithology:
Diagnostic characteristic:
plane.
Fossils:
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Age:
Triassic.
Tredian Formation:
Type Locality:
Not designed.
Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
Triassic.
Kingriali Formation:
Type Locality:
Not designed
Lithology:
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This is composed of dolomite, dolomatic shales and dolomatic
limestone. These are very hard and compacted rocks. This dolomite
is used as a catalyst in steel industries for purpose of smelting.
Fossils:
Age:
Triassic.
Datta Formation:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Importance:
Envirement of deposition:
Continental environment
Fossils:
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Base of Datta Formation marks unconformity.
Age:
Jurassic.
Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
Jurassic.
Hangu Formation:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
There are coal mines present in Hangu level right from Chichali
Gorge to Khisor Marwat Range including Makkarwal, Miranwal and
Lumshiwal coal mines.
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Environment of deposition:
Fossils:
Unfossiliferous.
Age:
Paleocene.
Lockhart Limestone:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
Paleocene
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Patala Formation:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
Paleocene.
Nammal Formation:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
Eocene.
Sakesar Limestone:
Type Locality:
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Lithology:
Importance:
Fossils:
Age:
Eocene.
14.Siwalik Group:
4.Soan Formation
2.Nagri Formation
1.Chinji Formation
Lithology:
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Formation and in Soan Formation sand stone is thick,greyish colour
and conglomeratic beds.
Fossils:
Age:
Pleistocene.
Chingi Formation:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Contact relationship:
Fossils:
Age:
Pliocene.
Nagri Formation:
Type Locality:
Nagri village.
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Lithology:
Contact relationship:
Fossils:
Age:
Pliocene
Lithology:
Contact relationship:
Fossils:
Age:
Lithology:
Contact relationship:
Fossils:
Age:
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Geology Of Sulgran section:
a).Geological sequence:
4.Coquina bed
3.Kuldana Formation
2.Chorgali Formation
b).Description:
Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
Eocene.
2. Chorgali Formation:
Type Locality:
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Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
Eocene.
3. Kuldana Formation:
Type Locality:
Lithology:
Fossils:
Age:
Eocene.
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Fossils:
Age:
Eocene.
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Chapter-No-05
STRUCTURE
Cross bedding:
Ripple marks:
Ripple marks constitute low ridges and roughs and be the results of
wind currents, water currents or wave action. Wind currents ripple
marks can be easily distinguished by their gentle strata. Side slopes.
Water current and wave action ripple marks can be recognized
because of their symmetry current ripple’s marks are symmetrical.
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Mud craks:
Mud and clay when dried by the sun rays for a sufficiently long
time, the mud or clay shrink and crack in a network of fissures
which enclose polygonal areas.
Rain spots:
ORGANIC STRUCTURES
Worm tracks:
TECTONIC STRUCTURE
The structure that are formed due to the forces in the earth crust,
are known as tectonic structures.
Fold
Fault
Joints
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Folds:
Faults:
Joints:-
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Chapter-No-06
Visit to memorable places
Introduction:
Chashma barrage
Introduction:
Khewra salt mine is a salt mine located in Khewra, Jhelum
District, Punjab, about 160 kilometres (99 mi) from Islamabad. It
attracts up to 40,000 visitors per year and is the second largest salt
mine in the world. Situated in the foothills of the Salt Range, the
Khewra Salt Mines are the oldest in the South Asia. Khewra salt
mine has estimated total of 220 million tones of rock salt deposits.
The current production from the mine is 325,000 tons salt per
annum.
Salt has been mined at Khewra since 320 BC. It is said that when
Alexander visited South Asia, coming across the Jhelum and
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Mianwali region, Khewra Salt Mines were discovered. The discovery
of the mines, however, was not made by Alexander nor his "allies",
but by his horse. It is stated that when Alexander's army stopped
here for rest, the horses started licking the stones. One of his
soldiers took notice of it and when he tasted the rock stone, it was
salty thus leading to the discovery of the mines.
Afterwards this mine was wholly purchased by a local Raja and from
that era to Independence of Pakistan this mine remained property
of locally living Janjua Rajas who were sons of Raja Mal.
They are linked to the nearest place called Malot Fort constructed
by Raja Mal Janjua.
The original design and layout of the tunnels inside the mines
was prepared by Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan, a professional civil
engineer then serving as Sub-Divisional Officer in the Mines
Department, in the first quarter of the 20th century, from 1896 to
1900.
So, when we entered into the mine the cool air of the mine made
Us very happy because the outside environment was very hot. In the
mine we observed the Nature and human development. And we also
toke some images which will always remind us this field work.
Chashma Barrage:
Introduction:
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The site comprises a large barrage, a water storage reservoir and a
series of embankments (serving as flood bounds) which divide the
reservoir into five shallow lakes at low water levels.
Our visit:
It’s all about our visit to memorable places concerned with our
field work.
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Chapter No-7
References:
Internet,www.google.com/Khewra gorge
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