4/10/11

Analyze the cultural and economic responses of two of the following groups to the
indians of NA before 1750
− the British
− big demographic footprint
− farming
− clearing land
− conflicts w/ NA notions of property
− tribal, communal
− encroaching on NA hunting land
− NA dont understand private property
− British would create treaties to exploit this
− made no real effort to convert Indians
− Puritans DID try but then withdrew
− generally not high on priority list
− warfare more common
− Virginia
− Powhatan wars
− NE
− Pequot war w/ puritans
− King Philips war
− slowed down indian resistance in Mass.
− Necessary in understanding Salem Witch trials
− many girls indian war orphans
− might have been caused from fear generated from Indian violence
− how indian war affected culture
− did try to convert indians to slavery
− Early Carolina and Virginia
− failed
− turned to indentured servitude
− interesting trade dynamic
− indians fearful of british
− concerned about encroaching
− NA were very interested in trade
− offered them things that they wanted
− metal pots, knives, etc.
− understood that English were bad for them, but wanted British tech
− debates abt whether to seperate from british
− Tecumseh's brother (the prophet)
− dont trade w/ British
− all they want is more
− the ghost dance
− same argument
 − no way to get away from british
− The French
− mostly in North East
− practiced reciprocity
− not interested in warfare
− needed them for furs
− fur trade required local knowledge
− lightly populated
− pop in 1750 was 50k
− french were catholic
− did try to convert indians w/ more energy than british
− all part of notion of reciprocity
− didnt force them to convert
− retained good relationship w/ Huron
− help throw up safety net from british expansion into their colonies
− British did same w/ Iroquois
− both indians saw this as beneficial
− there were enemy tribes
− no serious effort to teach indians to farm
− unlike spanish
− tried to exploit relationship for fur
− spanish
− in the very early years they virtually exterminated indians
− enslaved indians in Caribbean and Mexico to work in mines
− Serious effort to convert them via missionaries
− de Casas- influential in getting pope and church in having NA being treated as
children of God
− San Antonio started as a mission, Santa Fe, all cities in California started as
missions
− lived together, a community, typically had a fort with spanish soldiers
− became a town
− settlers from Mexico (Mestizos) would go settle in mission communities
− agricultural and ranching outposts
− Popé's rebellion
− result of overreaching priests
− wanted them to be too similar to Europeans
− Economic problems
− indians didnt live as nicely
− only successful NA rebellion against Europeans
− kept spanish out of NM for 10 yrs
− no incentive to heavily colonize NA
− REVIEW Native American CULTURE
Analyze the diff between spanish settlements in SW and English colonies in NE in 17th
century in terms of 2 of the following:
− politics
− Spanish
− Viceroys (territorial governors)
− didnt have legislature
− missions under authority of monarchy
− English
− corporate colony
− owned by joint-stock company
− experience risk, shared risk
− colonial governor
− appointed by board of directors of company
− later by King
− only white men who were members of Puritan Church could vote in New
England
− pretty democratic in relative terms
− religion
− Spanish
− were Cholicat
− English
− Puritans
− economic development
− Spanish
− Encomienda
− a plantation
− grant of land to spanish colonist
− basis of agricultural output around missions
− English
− agriculture was most important
− diverse
− NE not suited for farming
− subsistence farming
− lumber, shipbuilding, commerce, mining, etc. in NE
− became biggest shipbuilding center in british empire
− better standard of living
− Colonies
− Early Dissenter
− Roger Williams
− kicked out of Mass. Bay company and formed Rhode Island over
religious differences
− 1st colony to grant total freedom of religion
− Connecticut founded after ppl wanted more liberal land regulations
− Mass. Bay colony too strict
 − Pennsylvania Formed by William Penn
− haven for Quakers
− radical religious ideas
− all human beings have an inner light
− everyone gathers in meeting houses
− meditate
− women and men speak equally
− like no other form of christian worship, very egalitarian
− very diverse population from all over Europe
− Chesapeake colonies
− Maryland and Virginia
− Jamestown
− 1st settlement in early Virginia (1607)
− founded as corporate colony
− Maryland
− founded as proprietary colony (1630's)
− intended to be Catholic haven
− didnt end up that way
− Georgia
− colony for debtors
− no alcohol, slavery, strict land regulations
− had to change laws to attract
Although NE and the Chesapeake region were both settled by ppl of English origin, by
1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. Why did this happen?
− Chesapeake
− founded by ppl looking for profit
− almost entirely male in Virginia
− huge labor shortage
− why indentured servitude and slavery popular
− mostly farmed bc climate was more temperate
− lots of rivers to transport goods
− incentivizes ppl to grow cash crops
− tobacco
− once prices fell, only landowners on rivers could stay in business
− led to disparity
− helps explain Bacons Rebellion 1676
− unsuccessful
− speaks to extreme inequality developing in Virginia
− did not diversify
− New England
− founded for religious reasons
− more unified society
− brought families
 − Puritan women had the most children
− creating a labor supply
− slavery not necessary
− better organized and planned colony
In the 17th century NE puritans tried to create a model society, what were their aspirations
and to what extent were those aspirations fulfilled?
− to build a model society around their calvinist religious beliefs
− believed in predestination, god would not leave salvation up to our own free
will
− live your life as god would have you live it
− Puritans very hardworking, brotherly regard, reciprocity
− believed too much of anything isnt right, must be limits
− Puritan work ethic inspired by impulse to show you are member of elect
− everyone gets a little bit of everything
− inefficient
− stop village model
− began to build farms in countryside
− breakdown of puritan mission
− economic capitalism and Indian wars
− king Philip's war was most deadly
− violence eroded puritan mission
− religious dissent
− Puritans not all in one mind on what it means to be Puritan
− Roger Williams (Rhode Island)
− becoming a theocracy
− what they criticized Anglican church for
− Anne Hutchinson
− challenged Puritan ministers of their legitimacy
− Halfway Covenant
− to be one of the elect you had to go through a conversion experience
− had to convince members of church that u have been touched by grace of
God
− embarrassing
− 2nd generation refused to go through process
− their kids werent baptized since they werent elect
− stated 3rd generation could be baptized even if parents arent elect
− puritan mission eroding
− Salem Witch Trials
− clearest indication of breakdown of mission
− accusers came from high members of society
− belived these accusations were true bc of Indian wars
How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an
important part of the economies of the southern colonies between 1607 and 1775
 − Geographically
− suitable land for cash crop economy
− rivers to bring goods to coast
− Rice big in Carolinas and Georgia
− created thru the work of Africans imported from Africa who knew how to
grow rice
− Virginia
− Tobacco well suited
− in demand
− labor intensive crop
− Social
− indentured servants met much of the need in early years
− supply of servants dried up
− Economy got better in England
− stopped coming
− Bacon's rebellion
− black ppl and poor whites came together
− laws passed preventing whites and blacks from marrying
− Racism
− Portuguese an Spanish had been enslaving them for so long
− Africans would sell Africans to whites
− culpability among Africans for creation of slavery
− Economic
− reliance on cash crops is most powerful rationale on growth of slavery
− labor shortage
To what extent and why did religious toleration increase in the colonies during the 17th
and 18th century? Answer with reference with 3 individuals, events or movements
− creation of Rhode Island 1640s by Roger Williams
− 1st colony w/ total religious liberty
− The Quakers
− own sense of egalitarianism
− Pennsylvania guaranteed religious liberty
− the removal of French in NA
− they didnt practice religious liberty
− had to be catholic
− Maryland
− Catholics and Protestants fighting
− Religious Act of Toleration
− rescinded in 1690s
− Catholics had to go underground
− 1st Great Awakening
− a return to Puritanism (Jonathan Edwards)
− anyone can be a pastor
 − democratization of American religion
− challenged religious order
− there were established churches in most of the colonies
− The Enlightenment
− with reason we can solve problems
− Deism
− religious spin derived from enlightenment
− clockmaker
− popular amongst educated elites
For the period before 1750 analyze the ways in which Britain's policy of benign neglect
influenced the development of American society
− Commerce
− Established international trade agreements with other nations
− Mercantilism
− export more than import
− colony can help achieve goal
− import from colonies instead from competitors
− Navigation Acts weren’t enforced
− could not buy or sell to Britain's competitors
− widespread smuggling (Writs of Assistance to reduce smuggling)
− ppl stunned when British cracked down after F&I War
− not helpful to colonies
− helped them early on
− lucky to have England as market to sell goods
− all shipping and Commerce has to take place on British boats
− colonies built them, sparked industry
− colonies could take advantage of Britain's advanced banking system
− Growth of the Shipping and other NE Industry

- Created habits of self’ gov’t within the colonies

− Legislative assemblies
− governors
− by 1730s all appointed by King
− the legislatures paid governor's salaries
− had leverage over governors
− difficult to veto
− Parliament didnt try to solve problem until after F&I War when benign
neglect ended
− legislatures
− council
− assembly
− elected by voters of colony
− had to meet property req
 − had great power over taxation
− minimal taxes
− religion
− able to create religious freedom
− incentivized ppl to come to colonies
− British policy to allow colonies to grant their own amts of religious liberty
− not allowed in Britain though
− HS: Never engage in colonial religion even after F&I War (1756-1763)
− reversal of benign neglect after F&I War is one of most important reason for War
for Independence
− wanted money from colonies to manage their larger empire and to pay off war
Evaluate the relative importance of the following as factors prompting Americans to rebel
in 1776
− Parliamentary taxation- very important
− No taxation w/o representation (Virginia Resolves)
− direct taxes for 1st time
− Stamp Act of 1765 (first Direct Tax)
− Sales tax
− Stamp Act congress
− 1st example of transcolonial meetings
− Sons of liberty
− Boycotts worked
− political activism helped build sense of colonial identity
− formed Committees of Correspondence
− circulate pamphlets of pro-independence
− 1766- stamp act repealed
− no direct tax levied again
− colonists suspected indirect taxes were revenue taxes as well
− Declaratory Act
− Parliament had full right to tax colonies
− Prime minister, William Pitt, told them to fight in F&I war, in return you wont
be asked to pay for war
− diff govt in power after war
− Only legitimate tax in eyes of colonists was on trade
− every other tax was just a revenue tax
− Colonists were against all Revenue Taxes
− Restriction of civil liberties
− Writs of Assistance
− Search warrants on ships (to prevent smuggling)
− didnt have to go to a judge
− Admiralty courts
− military courts where you would be tried by Naval officer
− had incentive to find you guilty, got part of smuggled goods
 − British military measures
− increased soldiers in colonies
− colonists hated british
− they treated the militia men worse
− appointed generals as governors
− Mass had a general as governor
− Boston port closed
− living under tyranny
− Coercive Act
− -In response to Boston Tea party, closed port of boston and
revoked the power of their self gov’t (governor)
− Proclamation of 1763
− forbid colonial expansion west of Appalachian mtns
− Boston Massacre
− the legacy of colonial religious and political ideas
− a leading cause of War for Independence (British not there to help them)
− Therapy of distance
− develop different ideas
− John Locke’s Natural Rights theory
− life, liberty, and property
− purpose of govt is to protect natural rights
− revolution is morally justifiable when govt fails to protect rights
− colonists felt their rights were being denied

Other Important build ups of Anti-British Sentiment:

-Boston Massacre
-Stamp Act (first direct tax)
- Suffolk Resolves
-Townshend Act (taxed colonials to pay british officials, led to boycott of brit luxuries)
-Boston Tea Party and Coercive Acts (British respond severely to colonial protest)
-French and Indian War

DAY 2
- American Revolution represented radical alteration of American political ideas and
institutions? 1775-1800 (end of Adams presidency)
a) Radical values underlying economic and political changes
1) Breaking away from monarchy (created a Republic nation [representative
democracy])
2) First big national Republic on the face of the Earth (Dutch republic was small)
- Many thought you needed clergymen who had little human desires in
order to have a successful gov’t, many thought this type of gov’t wouldn’t work on
such a large scale
3) First Successful colonial revolt against an Imperial Power
a) inspired other colonial revolts throughout history
4) The Declaration of Independence
 a) All men are created equal (Life Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness)
- Natural Rights Theory john locke, not a new idea (long standing English
political notions)
- Bold in a global context, Proclaiming Moral right/obligation to
revolution
a)all other rev’s were based on this moral justification of revolution
5) Slavery was abolished in the North
a) understood that slavery wasn’t consistent with declaration
- Constitution (3/5th clause; Fugitive Slave clause; Clause that said after
1808 there could be no more importation of people into involuntary servitude) supported
slavery in 3 ways
- After 1808, Slavery was fully domestic
a) These 3 passages were removed from Const. when 13th
amend passed
b) The infant republic was too vulnerable to deal with slavery at the moment
- Became the elephant in the room
- Not Radical
1) Fundamentally, American colonials were fighting for issues, protecting an
established norm in their culture (Benign Neglect had created habits of self gov’t writs of
assistance, admiralty courts, et. And then Proc of 1763 and close port of Boston)
2) Colonies had an assembly an upper house, and colonial governor (3 branches
of gov;t were already modeled in their culture), every white man had right to vote,
already pretty democratic (like state governments!)
3) By 1800, Women aren’t voting and property rights haven’t changed still (legal
and education opportunities/laws were not changed)
a) Republican Motherhood was the main change [special role to
educate children]
- Judith Murray, Abigail Adams [letter to rememeber the ladies] were
asking questions, daughters of this generation would launch the first womens rights
movement of 1820’s Stanton Mott Grimke sisters Anthony)
4) Same Free market values, not much redistribution of property
- A loyalist is someone who supported crown during revolution
Random Notes on the Revolutionary War
October Battle of Saratoga
a) Turning point, The battle that convinced French to grant public diplomatic
recognition to US and enter the war with us, created a Franco-American alliance
- Critical to us winning the war (Other countries start recognizing US too)
Battle of Yorktown-1781
a) Last land Battle of War
1783- Treaty of Paris
- Most Native Americans sided with British
- Continental Army was integrated (last war we fought integrating until Korean
War)
- Lord Dunmore’s proclamation promised slaves freedom if they aided the brits
SHEET 2
#1) Were Articles of Confederation effective form of gov’t (1781-89)
 a) Confederation: national gov’t where parts that make up the whole have
more power than the whole itself (a weak national gov’t, a league of friendship)
- Had fear of creating a gov’t as potentially tyrannical as britts
(parliament)
b) Uni-Cameral legislature (each states had delegates, voted on state by
state basis, States are Sovereign)
- All states have essentially the same power
- National gov’t couldn’t tax or regulate interstate commerce
a) monetary systems differ from state to state
b) Committee to conduct Foreign Policy
c) No national court system
c) Western Lands
- Continental Congress got states to surrender competing claims on
western lands (gave them to the C. Congress)
a) Northwest Ordinance 1787 (defined system whereby
we turn land into territories into states [created ohio Illinois Michigan etc.] FORBID
slavery north of the Ohio River, first example of congress passing a law that outlaws
slavery) and Land Ordinance of 1785 (survey and sold thru gov’t land offices, private
property to start farms; Start a finance system [collateral on loans]; divided US into
grids and townships)
d) Foreign Policy
- Trying to get access to port of New Orleans and make a treaty
with Spanish policy (unsuccessful)
- At war with Indians like the Shawnee (Battle of Fallen Timbers)
We didn’t have an army without power to tax! So we are doing poorly against Indians
e) Economic
- Economy was a mess
a) Each state had its own rules on trade, (taxes for interstate
trade)
- Bad for commerce
b) Different currencies (hard to compare values)
c) National Debt incurred during war years (C. C. sold
bonds to help finance war, need to pay people back)
- start to default on bonds
d) No modern credit system
- Shay’s rebellion 1786
a) Farmers in Mass. were disappointed about state of economy and
how the articles still owed money to pay salaries of these soldiers in Cont. Army
-Mass, taxing for local purposes, Some vets going to jail
1) Intimidated judges to stop sending people to jail for debt and
broke out people already in jail
2) Eastern Militia Men were organized and sent to put it down
- Horrified Jefferson, Washington, and Adams
a) Saw veterans killing each other, a clear indication
that the country was in dire trouble
HS: convinces them we need a stronger national government)
 - LEADS TO….
- The Annapolis Convention (amend the articles of Confed, )
a) 1787: The Philadelphia constitutional Convention
- They scrapped articles altogether and wrote a new
const.
#2) The Bill of Rights
- Protects our natural rights, a check on the power of gov’t
- The first 10 amendments of the Constitution
a) Free speech, press, religion, bear arms, due process of law (4,5,6), 9th
Mentioning of certain rights shall not be construed to mean you don’t have other rights
- The Anti-Federalists originally would not ratify constitution (no bill of rights is
one reason)
- First Congress soon added a bill of rights and got all colonies to ratify it
First 2 Parties (Federalists and Democratic Republicans)
#3) Domestic and Foreign Affairs in shaping American politics
- Concerned about precarious nature of our infant republic and whether or not it
will survive (the British were out to get us and bring us down)
- 1790 George Washington first prez, John Adams second prez
a) Foundation of Federal government is getting established
- Federalists want broad construction
a) Differences lead to the formation of first two political parties
1) Foreign Policy
- Disagreements over French Revolution
-getting radical, Federalists were nervous about too
much crazy unchecked democracy ; Demo-Repubs remained sympathetic to their cause
(they are a Republic!)
- British intervening with our navy (not letting us trade
with france)
a) Wouldnt respect our neutral rights, Demo-repubs
upset, Federalists put up with it in fear of another war and needed brit trade for our
economic growth
- Jay Treaty 1794: negotiate with British of neutral rights
and how they still had troops in America, confiscation of loyalists land; wanted expanded
access to british ports (brits had punished us after the war by shutting down commerce
thru itself and its ports in the carribean and canada)
- Got brit troops out and bigger access to brit ports,
but impressment continued and they would not acknowledge neutral rights
- Every senator who voted against the Treaty would be a Demo-Repub (a
window into the identity of senators from each respective party [one more tolerant of
brits])
Demo-Repubs: Jefferson and Madison were the leaders
Federalists: Alexander Hamilton
a) Washington always sided with Hamilton (insisted he wasn’t partisan)
2) Domestic
a) Broad and Strict Construction
- Hamilton wanted to create a national bank to diversify
the economy
a) Constitution doesn’t say that congress can make a
nat bank
- Fell under elastic clause (all things
necessary and proper to a carry out specifically mentioned powers [pay nat debt etc.]
- Jefferson believed in strict construction, and he is the
agrarian idealist (didn’t like finance/industry)
- Hamilton wanted congress to subsidize high priority
industries, protective tariff, assumption of the national debt [nat bank manage to pay off
all debt including state debt by issuing new bonds] (failed but divided people)

#4) Federalists and the Whigs and how they are similar
1) Whigs formed over issue of national bank and Andrew Jackson’s decision to
terminate it
-John Adams Presidency (alien and sedition Acts 1798: crime to criticizes prez or
congress, passed by federalist majority/prez[worried about citizen Genee and radical
French republicans, true purpose was to weaken demo-repubs; XYZ Affair)
a) Demo-Republicans new A and S acts were a direct attempt at keeping them
from voting, never again was a federalist elected to office
Thomas Jefferson (Declaration of Independence, First Inaugural [extends olive branch
to Federalists] pleaded for unity) no federalist retaliation (true sign of a mature republic)
(refused to initiate impeachment hearings that send demo-repubs to jail because of A&S
acts)
- Hartford Convention 1814: Federalists convened to talk about what to do
about the war
a) Talk about possibly seceding from the country, Newspaper found out
and by 1816 it was seen as an act of treason and party died out completely
One party for 12 years
1828: Jackson’s election sparked the formation of Whig Party in 1832
election against Clay
a) The party of Hamilton’s economic ideals (national bank, high
protective tariff, protect industry, fed funded internal improvements)
#5) Foreign Policy as a reaction to threats from Europe
a) The War in Europe and how we felt (Washington’s Proclamation 1793 of
Neutrality, Farewell Address avoid entangling alliances)
2) War of 1812: Napoleon attempted to conquer Europe, Jefferson issues
Embargo Act (no trade with anyone hurt economy but sparked investment in industry)
- Impressments still going on, Indians (Tecumseh etc.) were getting weapons
from Brits in Canada and often waging war in America (Madison became convinced that
the British were trying to bring us down by violating neutral rights and inciting Indian
warfare in Ohio river valley)
3) 1823: The Monroe Doctrine
- Spanish empire was disintegrating in western hemisphere, they were
trying to reclaim their empire (Made a Holy alliance with Russians and Austrians)
- Brits asked us to make a joint proclamation, John Quincy Adams told
Monroe to do it themselves (not in tandem with brits)
 1) Western hemisphere off limits to Eur. Colonization
2) Any effort to do that will be construed as unfriendly to US
3) We will stay out of Europe’s wars and alliances
#6) Broad and Loose Construction
1790’s: Jefferson and early Democratic-Republicans were all about Strict
construction (party formed around that principal) (wrote Virginia and Kentucky
resolutions passed cuz of A&S acts [a state can nullify a federal law if they think its
unconstitutional][first states rights decision])
1) The Louisiana Purchase and Embargo Act required the use of broad
construction from Jefferson
2) Federalists and issue of Secession is related to Strict construction (?)
3) Andrew Jackson both (vetoed national bank bill under strict const.
principles, but he wanted high protective tariffs and told states to make their own Indian
policy [required broad construction]
#7) Supreme Court (The Marshall Court)
a) Early history dominated by John Marshall (longest tenure for one chief justice)
- Marbury v. Madison 1803 (first overturn of act of congress by s. court)
- Precedent of Judicial Review established (did not please
members of demo repubs who were ex anti federalists) Jefferson stands up for original
intention of separation of powers and federal judicial supremacy
- McCullough v. Maryland
- The National Bank is constitutional; The People are sovereign
(not the states)
- States or people are sovereign? Involving state national bank tax
in Baltimore
a) States cant tax the federal gov’t!, Maryland says bank is
unconstitutional and that since the bank is 4/5 owned by public, that its mostly a publicly
owned enittiy and the state could tax it

-Gibbons v. Ogden
a) Only the federal gov’t can regulate interstate commerce
- Dartmouth v. Woodward
a) State law that turned Dartmouth (a private university) into a state
university
b) Upheld the sanctity of contracts
HS: fundamental to the success of capitalism in the US (protects
contracts from arbitrary interference from gov’t)
#8) Transportation Revolution (early 1800s)
1) Paved Roads
2) Canals
3) Railroads (start in 1815)
-Expands Markets (incentivize people to be more productive)
- Role in Populating the northwest territories (after 1860)
- Lowering shipping costs and therefore lowers overall costs
- Became dominant industry of US (the engine of economic growth in 19th
century [creates jobs and wealth and makes possible the growths of other industries)
 -Built up the Stock Market (equity finance [raising money thru selling stock])
explosion of other industries
4) Facilitated the growth of the Industrial Revolution
- The creation of goods in factories thru mass production techniques
a) Interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney), Conveyer belts
b) Cheaper and better quality goods (cost of living decreases, creates more
jobs[Lowell and Waltham Mills for young women])
- Internal improvements federal subsidies of paved roads and canals (no subsidization of
railroads until 1862 National Railway Act)
#9) Reform Movements for Abolition and Womens Rights strengths and weaknesses
of Democracy
Womens
1) Temperance and Doctrine of Separate Sphere
a) Culture becoming less patriarchal in middle class families
2) Seneca Falls Convention (created Declaration of Rights and Sentiments)
Stanton. Mott, Susan B Anthony were all there
3) Broader access to education, end of sexual doublestandard (ministry), changes
in property rights, equality under the law, want the right to vote
Abolition
1) Sectional, contributes to separation of South and the North
a) Nat Turners Rebellion (abolition literature now illegal)
-Gag Rule (no discussion of abolition for 10yrs)
2) American Anti-Slavery Society founded by William Lloyd Garrison
- Sojourner Truth
Womens rights movement spun out of abolition (at London World Anti Slavery
Conference, came back outraged and had the Seneca Falls Convention)
- The fact that these two movements had to exist (slavery and inequality of women speaks
to a reality that democracy didn’t apply to everyone in its early years)
a) many abolitionists had problems with the Womens movement
GOES ON WITH PT. 2