v

c ' ! b d b i A REPORT SAND82-0863 Unlimited Release UC-66c

Printed February 1983

Euler Buckling of Geothermal Well Casing

SAND--82-0863
DE83 010292

Robert P. Rechard, Karl W. Schuler

Prepared by
Sandia National Laboratories
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87 185 and Llvermore, California 94550
for the United States Department of Energy
under Contract DE-AC04-76DP00789
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SAND82-0863

EULER BUCKLING OF GEOTHERMAL WELL C A S I N G

R. P. Rechard
K. W. S c h u l e r

A p p l i e d Mechanics D i v i s i o n
Sandia N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r i e s
A l b u q u e r q u e , New M e x i c o 87185

HOTICE
PORTIONS OF THIS REPQRT ARE ILLEGIELE.
tt has been rcprosfuced from the best
available copy to permit the broadest
possible avatfability, - . -. _ . . - - .
ABSTRACT

Geothermal w e l l o p e r a t o r s have expressed concern over t h e

v u l n e r a b i l i t y of u n s u p p o r t e d c a s i n g t o b u c k l i n g f r o m t h e r m a l
elongation. I n t h i s r e p o r t , we p r e s e n t p r e l i m i n a r y n u m e r i c a l
and t h e o r e t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s , which i n d i c a t e t h e b u c k l i n g
phenomenon s h o u l d n o t b e s e r i o u s i n N-80 c a s i n g i f t h e s t r i n g
i s t e n s i o n preloaded. B u c k l i n g w o u l d b e d e t r i m e n t a l f o r ' K-55
casing. The e f f e c t o f w a l l c o n t a c t was f o u n d t o b e b e n e f i c i a l
f o r c l o s e l y c o n f i n e d p i p e s t r i n g s and o f n o d e t r i m e n t when h o l e
gaps a r e l a r g e . The weakness o f A P I s c r e w j o i n t s i n b e n d i n g
appears t o be t h e s t r u c t u r a l l i m i t a t i o n . The a n a l y s i s assumed
s t r e s s e s above y i e l d c o n s t i t u t e d f a i l u r e , t h a t t h e r m a l
e x p a n s i o n was s t r a i n c o n t r o l l e d , and t h a t t h e c a s i n g was
continuous. E x c e s s i v e i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e i n s t a b i l i t y was
ignored. The t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n c o n s i d e r e d was b e t w e e n
c e m e n t i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f 100-200°F (40-95°C) and s h u t - i n
c o n d i t i o n s o f 425-450°F ( 2 2 0 - 2 3 0 ° C ) .
"
 CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION. ................. . 1

Geothermal Well C o n s t r u c t i o n . . . ...... 1

Well Casing Design. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature Environment . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
6
Casing I n s t a b i l i t y . . . . . . . . .... 11

ANALYSIS. . . 17
T h e o r e t i c a l Model . . . .
N u m e r i c a l Model . . . . . .
.. .. .. . .. . . .. . 17

Addition o f Constant Stress . . . ..

A n a l y t i c Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
33
33
RESULT IMPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
T h e r m a l l y Induced E u l e r Buckling. . . . . . . . 35
Joint Behavior.,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
APPENDIX A - Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

APPENDIX B - Derivation o f Equations. . .. 45

iii
 I L L U STR AT IO NS

Figure Page

1. T y p i c a l G e o t h e r m a l W e l l C o n s t r u c t i o n and
Casing Temperature P r o f i l e . ........... 3

2. I d e a l i z e d C o n d i t i o n s Causing Casing B u c k l i n g
w i t h Temperature Excursion. . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3. P r e l i m i n a r y GEOTEMP C a l c u l a t i o n s o f
Temperature C o n d i t i o n s D u r i n g Cementing . . . . . 9

4. P o s t u l a t e d B u c k l i n g F a i l u r e Modes: a) Local,
P l a s t i c Deformation, b) E u l e r b u c k l i n g ,
c ) E u l e r B u c k l i n g w i t h Subsequent Wall Contact,
and d ) H e l i c a l B u c k l i n g ............. 12

5. Q u a l i t a t i v e P l o t o f T e m p e r a t u r e Change V e r s u s
Unsupported Length D e p i c t i n g B u c k l i n g Regions . 14

6. D e f i n i t i o n o f Terms: a ) L i n e S k e t c h and
b ) F r e e Body Diagram. .............. 19
7. Locus D e l i n e a t i n g E u l e r B u c k l i n g R e g i o n : ?lot
o f T e m p e r a t u r e Change ( A T ) V e r s u s N o r m a l i z e d
Unsupported Length (L/D). ............ 21

8. Maximum S t r e s s ( u ) V e r s u s T e m p e r a t u r e Change
( A T ) f o r 1 3 - 3 / 8 i n c h 54.5 p p f C a s i n g Assuming
U n s u p p o r t e d L e n g t h s ( L / D ) o f 50, 100, and 200 . 25

9. Maximum D e f l e c t i o n V e r s u s T e m p e r a t u r e Change
( A T ) for 1 3 - 3 / 8 i n c h 54.5 p p f C a s i n g Assuming
U n s u p p o r t e d L e n g t h s ( L / D ) o f 50, 100, and 200 26

10. D e f o r m e d C a s i n g Shapes w i t h W a l l C o n s t r a i n t
P r e d i c t e d b y MARC and T h e o r e t i c a l M o d e l s ,at
a ) A T = 80'F, b ) MARC R e s u l t s a t A T = 300 F,
a n d c ) A n a l y t i c R e s u l t s a t AT = 300°F ...... 27

11. Maximum S t r e s s ( u ) V e r s u s A T f o r 1 3 - 3 / 8 i n c h
54.5 p p f C a s i n g f o r U n s u p p o r t e d L e n g t h ( L / D )
o f 100 w i t h Wall Contact: a ) A n a l y t i c Model,
b ) MARC Computer Code, and c ) C o n s t a n t S t r e s s
Addition. .................... 29

i v
 .
c

INTRODUCTION

D r S l l i n g f o r g e o t h e r m a l e n e r g y b e g a n as e a r l y as t h e 1 9 2 0 ' s
i n t h e Geysers f i e l d i n n o r t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , b u t a s e r i o u s
e f f o r t t o h a r n e s s g e o t h e r m a l e n e r g y f o r power g e n e r a t i o n was
n o t begun i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s u n t i l t h e 1 9 7 0 ' s . On a n a t i o n a l
scale, t h e r e i s t h e g e o l o g i c p o t e n t i a l t o d e v e l o p 20,000 MW o f
e l e c t r i c a l energy. The g e o t h e r m a l e n e r g y i n d u s t r y p e r f o r m a n c e
i n t h e l a s t 1 0 y e a r s and t h e g e o l o g i c p r o s p e c t s i n d i c a t e t h e
i n d u s t r y has t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r g r o w t h and can make a
c o n t r i b u t i o n i n s u p p l y i n g t h e e n e r g y needs o f t h e n a t i o n .
T h e r e a r e numerous s i m i l a r i t i e s b e t w e e n c o n v e n t i o n a l o i l
and gas w e l l s and g e o t h e r m a l w e l l s i n c o n s t r u c t i o n and
operation. However, i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e s do e x i s t ( w h e t h e r
f r o m d r y steam, d r y h o t r o c k , h o t w a t e r , o r g e o p r e s s u r i t e d
f l u i d reservoirs). F l u i d f l o w r a t e s a r e an o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e
l a r g e r than i n the petroleum industry. The h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s
e n c o u n t e r e d a f f e c t t h e d r i l l b i t , d r i l l i n g mud and t h e cement
performance. R e s e r v o i r c a l c u l a t i o n s m u s t i n c l u d e an e n e r g y
b a l a n c e as w e l l as a mass b a l a n c e . F i n a l l y , d i f f i c u l t geology,
c o r r o s i v e e n v i r o n m e n t s , and t h e r m a l s t r e s s e s i n d u c e d i n t h e
w e l l c a s i n g p r e s e n t t h e c a s i n g d e s i g n e r w i t h a new s e t o f
f a i l u r e modes t o c o n s i d e r .

Geothermal W e l l C o n s t r u c t i o n

This introduction i s intended t o provide the reader

u n f a m i l i a r w i t h g e o t h e r m a l w e l l c a s i n g d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n
necessary background i n f o r m a t i o n . However, i t a l s o s e r v e s t o
r e m i n d t h e r e a d e r t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e c a s i n g s e l e c t i o n i s based
on t h e w o r s t case d e s i g n c r i t e r i a f r o m b u r s t , c o l l a p s e ,
tension, etc., s t r e s s e s f r o m many d i f f e r e n t l o a d s c a n b e
p r e s e n t s i m u l t a n e o u s l y -and c o n t r i b u t e t o c a s i n g f a i l u r e . More
comprehensive d i s c u s s i o n s o f t h e v a r i o u s f a c t s o f Geothermal
w e l l s a r e a v a i l a b l e (e.g. Edwards e t a l . , 1982).
F i g u r e 1 shows a s c h e m a t i c o f a g e o t h e r m a l w e l l w h i c h w i l l
be used f o r d i s c u s s i o n . T e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s o f t h e c a s i n g and
u n d i s t u r b e d f o r m a t i o n a r e a l s o shown. Figure 1 contains well
f e a t u r e s f r o m s e v e r a l t y p e s o f g e o t h e r m a l f i e l d s and t h u s
c a n n o t t r u l y b e c l a s s i f i e d as l l t y p i c a l . l l
The w e l l i s shown v e r t i c a l , b u t f r e q u e n t l y geothermal w e l l s
are d i r e c t i o n a l l y d r i l l e d . Appropriate d r i l l s i t e s are
difficult t o l o c a t e i n t h e r o u g h t e r r a i n o f t e n f o u n d above
geothermal f i e l d s . I t i s a l s o d e s i r a b l e t o d r i l l a t an a n g l e
t o i n t e r s e c t more f r a c t u r e s . Geothermal r e s e r v o i r s f r e q u e n t l y
o c c u r i n f r a c t u r e d r e s e r v o i r s b e l o w 3000 f t ( 9 0 0 m ) ; hence
fractures are primarily vertical.
Most g e o t h e r m a l r e s e r v o i r s a r e b e l o w t h e d r i l l mud
h y d r o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e which causes l o s t c i r c u l a t i o n problems
d u r i n g d r i l l i n g and c e m e n t i n g . Also, low geothermal r e s e r v o i r
p r e s s u r e s make d e t e c t i o n o f s t e a m or h o t w a t e r b e a r i n g
fractures d i f f i c u l t . The u s e o f a i r r e d u c e s t h e d r P l l f l u i d
d e n s i t y and g r e a t l y s p e e d s u p d r i l l i n g . However, t h e d r i l l b i t
l i f e i s g r e a t l y reduced because o f t h e h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s
encountered. The n e a r s o n i c v e l o c i t i e s p r o d u c e d w h i l e c a r r y i n g
t h e c u t t i n g s up t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e d r i l l p i p e a l s o causes
excessive erosion o f t h e d r i l l pipe.
The s t a n d a r d c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e w e l l c a s i n g p r o g r a m a r e
conductor pipe, s u r f a c e casing, i n t e r m e d i a t e c a s i n g and
production casing. The p r o d u c t i o n c a s i n g i s o f t e n s e t as a
production l i n e r with a tieback. P r o d u c t i o n c a s i n g and
p r o d u c t i o n l i n e r s a r e d e s i g n e d w i t h t h e same c r i t e r i o n as
i n t e r m e d i a t e c a s i n g and d r i l l i n g l i n e r s e x c e p t t h a t
c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f d r i l l i n g wear i s n o t r e q u i r e d . The w e l l
construction d i f f e r s s l i g h t l y from conventional o i l wells i n
t h a t each c a s i n g i s cemented t o t h e s u r f a c e .
Conductor p i p e i s t h e f i r s t s t r i n g o f p i p e t o be
installed. I t a i d s i n p r e v e n t i n g washouts around t h e d r i l l

2
 GEOTHERMAL WELL SCHEMATIC
AND CASING TEMPERATURE

Q526'F 50°F
- 350°F-
100
I
I

200c
THE SURFACE

TEMPERATURE
INTERMEDIATE PROFILES
0 -UNDISTURBED
13-3/8 INCH FORMATION

BUTTRESS JOINTS
-CEMENT-SET
TEMPERATURE
I'
0 -0PERATINa CASING
TEMPERATURE
-SHUT-IN CASING
TEMPERATURE
5001

J
8001 L 100 200

TEMPERATUREOF
300 400 Ll
500

F i g u r e 1. T y p i c a l G e o t h e r m a l We1 1 C o n s t r u c t on and C a s i n g
Temperature P r o f i l e .

3
 . z

r i g s , provides a conduit f o r d r i l l i n g f l u i d s t o surface p i t s ,

and h e l p s s u p p o r t w e l l h e a d e q u i p m e n t . Conductor p i p e i s s e t
s h a l l o w and i s n o t u s u a l l y c o n s i d e r e d a p r e s s u r e s t r i n g .
The s u r f a c e c a s i n g i s t h e f i r s t t r u e c a s i n g s t r i n g . As a
p r i m a r y s t r u c t u r a l member i t p r o v i d e s s u p p o r t f o r s u b s e q u e n t
casing strings. To a v o i d b u c k l i n g p r o b l e m s f r o m t h e
compressive loads applied, i t i s o f t e n cemented t o t h e s u r f a c e
even i n c o n v e n t i o n a l w e l l s . S u r f a c e c a s i n g must a l s o p r o v i d e
sufficient hole stability, protection to aquifers, solid
support f o r t h e r e s e r v o i r pressure, and p r e s s u r e i n t e g r i t y i n
t h e e v e n t o f a b r u p t p r e s s u r e i n c r e a s e s ( b l o w o u t s and k i c k s ) .
S u r f a c e c a s i n g i s s u b j e c t e d t o d r i l l i n g wear w h i c h r e q u i r e s
heavy casing. Common s e t t i n g d e p t h s a r e b e t w e e n 1000 a n d 2500
f t ( 3 0 0 t o 760 m).
I n a c o n v e n t i o n a l w e l l , i n t e r m e d i a t e c a s i n g can be exposed
t o h i g h bottom h o l e pressures which r e q u i r e s s u b s t a n t i a l b u r s t
resistance. High c o l l a p s e r e s i s t a n c e i s a l s o r e q u i r e d f o r t h e
deeper casing. Heavy muds and cement s l u r r i e s r e q u i r e d f o r
deep d r i l l i n g can c r e a t e h i g h c o l l a p s e l o a d s s h o u l d l o s t
c i r c u l a t i o n zones empty t h e p i p e . These c o n d i t i o n s d i c t a t e
heavy casing. As w i t h s u r f a c e s t r i n g s , i n t e r m e d i a t e c a s i n g and
d r illi n g 1 i n e r s a r e s u b j e c t e d t o m e c h a n i c a l damage f r o m
d r i l l i n g wear.
T h e c a s i n g s i z e s shown i n F i g u r e 1 a r e commonly s e l e c t e d
v a l u e s i n many g e o t h e r m a l f i e l d s . However, a standard casing
program i n t h e p r o m i n e n t Geysers geothermal f i e l d c o n s i s t s o f
26 a n d / o r 20 i n c h ( 6 6 0 o r 508 mm) d i a m e t e r c o n d u c t o r p i p e ,
13-3/8 i n c h ( 3 4 0 mm) s u r f a c e c a s i n g , and 9 - 5 / 8 i n c h ( 2 4 4 mm)
i n t e r m e d i a t e c a s i n g or l i n e r ( w i t h o r w i t h o u t a t i e b a c k s t r i n g
of e i t h e r 9-5/8 o r 10-3/4 i n c h ( 2 4 4 o r 273 mm) c a s i n g )
(Capuano, 1979). Because s u p e r h e a t e d s t e a m i s p r o d u c e d , a
p r o d u c t i o n c a s i n g i s n o t needed. An open h o l e i n t h e r e s e r v o i r
i s usually stable.

4
 -
--a s i n g Des&
Well C

The p r o p e r s e l e c t i o n o f t h e t y p e , size, and s e t t i n g d e p t h

o f t h e w e l l c a s i n g i s b a s e d on t h e e x p e c t e d w e l l o p e r a t i o n
c o n d i t i o n s and t h e d r i l l i n g s i t e g e o l o g y . The u s u a l p r a c t i c e
i s t o c o n s i d e r t h e w o r s t c a s e o r maximum l o a d i n d e t e r m i n i n g
the required casing configuration. C o m p l i c a t i o n s due t o c a s i n g
nesting are usually ignored. A l i s t o f c a s i n g f a i l u r e modes
i n c l u d e s (Snyder, 1979):

*Metal failure: burst, collapse, tension, or corrosion,

* M e c h a n i c a l damage: d r i l l p i p e wear, w e l d i n g p r o b l e m s ,
t h r e a t damage, o r l e a k a g e and p e r f o r a t i o n ,

.Casing i n s t a b i l i t y : l a t e r a l deflection (buckling) from

e x c e s s i v e c o m p r e s s i v e l o a d s (e.g t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n ) o r
i n t e r n a l pressure,

*Cement f a i l u r e s : v o i d s f r o m l o s t c i r c u l a t i o n zones' o r
cement t o o l p r o b l e m s , cement d i s s o l u t i o n and c o r r o s i o n
p e r m i t t i n g f l u i d movement b e t w e e n c a s i n g and f o r m a t i o n , or
poor high-temperature s l u r r y behavior,

*Thermal s t r e s s f a i l u r e s : compression and/or t e n s i o n

f a i l u r e s ( t e l e s c o p i n g ) , leakage i n couplings from c y c l i c
l o a d i n g , e x c e s s i v e b e n d i n g l o a d s i n dog l e g s , s t r a i n b e y o n d
ultimate.

T h i s t a b u l a t i o n p r e s e n t s p o s s i b l e f a i l u r e modes.
U n f o r t u n a t e l y l i t t l e d e t a i l e d p u b l i c i n f o r m a t i o n e x i s t s on
geothermal w e l l c a s i n g f a i l u r e s . The a n a l y s t can o n l y
p o s t u l a t e t y p e s and f a i l u r e mechanisms and t h u s t h e d a n g e r
e x i s t s t h a t an i m p o r t a n t o r more l i k e l y f a i l u r e mechanism has
been o v e r l o o k e d .
I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e f a i l u r e modes l i s t e d a r e n o t
independent. For--example, a cement f a i l u r e c o u l d c a u s e
i n s u f f i c i e n t l a t e r a l s u p p o r t and r e s u l t i n c a s i n g i n s t a b i l i t y
when h i g h i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e s o c c u r r e d . The r e s u l t i n g l a t e r a l
d e f l e c t i o n c o u l d i n t u r n r e s u l t i n e x c e s s i v e d r i l l p i p e wear
d u r i n g t h e d r i l l i n g o p e r a t i o n and s u b s e q u e n t b u r s t o f t h e
casing during the production operation.

5
 I n o i l o r gas w e l l c a s i n g d e s i g n , t h e major concern
addressed i s metal f a i l u r e from b u r s t , collapse, or tension.
However, t h e presence o f thermal loads i n geothermal w e l l
casing g r e a t l y increases the opportunity f o r casing
instability. C a s i n g s t a b i l i t y can b e i m p r o v e d by:
1) cementing t h e e n t i r e s t r i n g t o p r o v i d e l a t e r a l support o r
2 ) a p p l y i n g a t e n s i o n l o a d i n t h e uncemented s e c t i o n s . Fully
cementing t h e casing s t r i n g i s t h e usual choice.
Unfortunately, poor formation c o n d i t i o n s f r e q u e n t l y e x i s t i n
geothermal areas. The r e s e r v o i r i s u s u a l l y b e l o w h y d r o s t a t i c
p r e s s u r e a n d can b e h i g h l y f r a c t u r e d . Consequently, lost
c i r c u l a t i o n w h i l e d r i l l i n g w i t h mud o r c e m e n t i n g c a s i n g i s
common. I t i s t h u s i m p o s s i b l e t o e n s u r e a c o m p l e t e cement j o b
i n many i n s t a n c e s . F a i l u r e o f stage cementing t o o l s i n
g e o t h e r m a l w e l l s i s f r e q u e n t and a l s o c r e a t e s u n s u p p o r t e d
t u b u l a r s e c t i o n s ( S n y d e r , 1979). Buckling failures o f the
c a s i n g f r o m t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n w h e r e cement f a i l u r e s h a v e
occurred i s the subject o f t h i s r e p o r t (Figure 2 ) .

TemDerature Environment

The t e m p e r a t u r e e n v i r o n m e n t i s i m p o r t a n t i n f o r m a t i o n f o r
the thermal analysis. f i g u r e 1 presents a hypothetical
temperature environment. The s u r f a c e and b o t t o m h o l e
t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e as s u r m i s e d b y t h e w e l l o p e r a t o r s i n The
G e y s e r s f i e l d (Pye, 1980; J e n k i n s and S n y d e r , 1979), but the
a c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t r a t i g r a p h y and
c a s i n g a r e unknown. I n F i g u r e 1 casing temperatures are
assumed t o v a r y l i n e a r l y . The u n d i s t u r b e d f o r m a t i o n p r o f i l e i s
shown w i t h one e l b o w . A f e w p r o f i l e s a v a i l a b l e f r o m The
Geysers f i e l d c o n t a i n two k i n k s : t h e second elbow o c c u r s
w i t h i n t h e f i r s t 500 f t ( 1 5 0 m ) .
For w e l l s completed i n low-pressure hot-water o r steam
r e s e r v o i r s , t h e c a s i n g s a r e t h o u g h t t o b e cemented a t a
t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n 100-2OO'F (40-95°C). T h i s assumes t h e

6
i .

HOT WATER, STEAM

CEMENT SHEATH

ENLARGED HOL

PIPE DIAMETER

Fig ure 2 . I d e a l i z e d Conditions Causing Casing Buck, l i n g with

Temperature Excursion.

7
c a s i n g i s n o t p u r p o s e l y a l l o w e d t o h e a t up b e f o r e cementing.
Upon c o m p l e t i o n , t h e w e l l i s t e m p e r a t u r e c y c l e d between
p r o d u c i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 325-400°F (160-205°C) and
s h u t i n c o n d i t i o n s o f 425-450°F (220-235°C). The c y c l i n g i s
due t o a i r p o l l u t i o n s t a n d a r d s w h i c h l i m i t t h e v e n t i n g o f
geothermal w e l l s . C y c l i n g c a n o c c u r 2 t o 3 t i m e s p e r week i f
t h e s t e a m c o n t a i n s a p o l l u t a n t s u c h as h y d r o g e n s u l f i d e ( H 2 S ) .
When t h e w e l l r e q u i r e s r e m e d i a l w o r k , t h e casing temperature i s
r e d u c e d t o a r o u n d 100°F ( 4 0 ° C ) w i t h c o o l w a t e r . These a r e
approximate values only.
A temperature p r o f i l e i s very useful i n v i s u a l i z i n g t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e change t o w h i c h each t y p e o f c a s i n g i s s u b j e c t e d .
Accurate i n f o r m a t i o n o f t h i s t y p e would g r e a t l y a i d t h e design
and a n a l y s i s o f t h e c a s i n g i n t e g r i t y . As seen i n F i g u r e 1, t h e
c a s i n g can b e s u b j e c t e d t o l a r g e t e m p e r a t u r e changes.
C o n s e q u e n t l y l a r g e t h e r m a l s t r e s s e s must be a n t i c i p a t e d . It i s
seen t h a t t h e more s e v e r e t e m p e r a t u r e changes o c c u r n e a r t h e
s u r f a c e d u r i n g t h e c y c l i n g b e t w e e n p r o d u c t i o n and s h u t - i n .
However, t h e w h o l e c a s i n g s t r i n g can b e s u b j e c t e d t o l a r g e
t e m p e r a t u r e changes a f t e r c e m e n t i n g and whenever t h e w e l l m u s t
b e quenched.
An a c c u r a t e c e m e n t - s e t temperature i s essential t o t h e
t h e r m a l s t r e s s a n a l y s i s because t h i s i s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e t h e
c a s i n g becomes c o n s t r a i n e d . The GEOTEMP c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m
(Wooley, 1980; M i t c h e l l , 1982) b e i n g developed under c o n t r a c t
t o S a n d i a w i l l be h e l p f u l i n more c a r e f u l l y d e f i n i n g t h e
temperature regime o f t h e w e l l casing. P r e l i m i n a r y GEOTEMP
t e m p e r a t u r e c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e shown i n F i g u r e 3. Radial
t e m p e r a t u r e s a t 200 f t ( 6 0 m) depth under t h r e e geothermal
f l u i d flow c o n d i t i o n s are depicted f o r a Geysers w e l l . The
c e m e n t i n g c o n d i t i o n s a r e l o w e r t h a n g e n e r a l l y assumed b y
operators. V e r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e GEOTEMP p r o g r a m i s n o t
c o m p l e t e , b u t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e shown c o u l d b e
s i g n i f i c a n t and needs t o b e more c a r e f u l l y e x a m i n e d .
c

PROFILES TAKEN FROM GEOTEMP ANALYSIS

100 1 I t I I

20 INCH
13 3/8 INCH
n
B 5/8 INCH
5 u

-
Y

90 t

A
06 h INJECTION COOLING 250 gal/rnin
-
0 3 h SHUT IN AFTER INJECTION
A 5 h CONDITIONING 400 gal/rnin
2 h CEMENTING

n 10' I I I I

r (FEET)
RADIAL TEMPERATURES AT 200 FOOT DEPTH

Figure 3 . Preliminary GEOTEMP C a l c u l a t i o n s o f Temperature

Conditions During Cementing.

9
 .
c a s i n g i s n o t p u r p o s e l y a l l o w e d t o h e a t up b e f o r e cementing.
Upon c o m p l e t i o n , t h e w e l l i s t e m p e r a t u r e c y c l e d between
p r o d u c i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 325-400°F (160-205°C) and
s h u t i n c o n d i t i o n s o f 425-450°F (220-235°C). The c y c l i n g i s
due t o a i r p o l l u t i o n s t a n d a r d s w h i c h l i m i t t h e v e n t i n g o f
geothermal wells. C y c l i n g c a n o c c u r 2 t o 3 t i m e s p e r week i f
t h e s t e a m c o n t a i n s a p o l l u t a n t s u c h as h y d r o g e n s u l f i d e (H2S).
When t h e w e l l r e q u i r e s r e m e d i a l w o r k , the casing temperature i s
r e d u c e d t o a r o u n d 100°F (40'C) with cool water. These a r e
approximate values only.
A temperature p r o f i l e i s very useful i n v i s u a l i z i n g the
t e m p e r a t u r e change t o w h i c h each t y p e o f c a s i n g i s s u b j e c t e d .
Accurate i n f o r m a t i o n o f t h i s type would g r e a t l y a i d t h e design
and a n a l y s i s o f t h e c a s i n g i n t e g r i t y . As seen i n F i g u r e 1, the
c a s i n g can be s u b j e c t e d t o l a r g e t e m p e r a t u r e changes.
C o n s e q u e n t l y l a r g e t h e r m a l s t r e s s e s must be a n t i c i p a t e d . It i s
seen t h a t t h e m o r e s e v e r e t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e s o c c u r n e a r t h e
s u r f a c e d u r i n g t h e c y c l i n g b e t w e e n p r o d u c t i o n and s h u t - i n .
However, t h e w h o l e c a s i n g s t r i n g c a n b e s u b j e c t e d t o l a r g e
t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e s a f t e r c e m e n t i n g and whenever t h e w e l l m u s t
b e quenched.
An a c c u r a t e c e m e n t - s e t temperature i s essential t o the
t h e r m a l s t r e s s a n a l y s i s because t h i s i s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e t h e
c a s i n g becomes c o n s t r a i n e d . The GEOTEMP c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m
(Wooley, 1980; M i t c h e l l , 1982) b e i n g developed under c o n t r a c t
t o S a n d i a w i l l b e h e l p f u l i n more c a r e f u l l y d e f i n i n g t h e
temperature regime o f t h e w e l l casing. P r e l i m i n a r y GEOTEMP
t e m p e r a t u r e c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e shown i n F i g u r e 3. Radial
t e m p e r a t u r e s a t 200 f t . (60 m ) depth under t h r e e geothermal
f l u i d f l o w c o n d i t i o n s are d e p i c t e d f o r a Geysers w e l l . The
c e m e n t i n g c o n d i t i o n s a r e l o w e r t h a n g e n e r a l l y assumed b y
operators. V e r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e GEOTEMP p r o g r a m i s n o t
c o m p l e t e , b u t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e shown c o u l d b e
s i g n i f i c a n t a n d n e e d s t o b e more c a r e f u l l y e x a m i n e d .

10
 W h i l e f a i l u r e s i n cemented s t r i n g s s u c h as c o m p r e s s i o n
a n d / o r t e n s i o n f a i l u r e s and c o n n e c t i o n f a i l u r e s a r e o f c o n c e r n ,
o p e r a t o r s have expressed g r e a t e r concern over c a s i n g buck1 i n g
i n p a r t i a l l y cemented s t r i n g s (Pye, 1980; Kumataka, 1981,
Snyder, 1979). As r e g a r d s p a r t i a l l y c e m e n t e d s t r i n g s , w o r k i n
t h e a r c t i c o i l f i e l d s h a s shown t h a t t h e cement a n d l o r
f o r m a t i o n s u p p o r t needed t o a v o i d b u c k l i n g f r o m s u b s i d e n c e i s
q u i t e s m a l l ( W i l s o n e t al., 1980). ( B o t h s u b s ' i d e n c e and
thermal stress loads are s t r a i n c o n t r o l l e d . ) , Because l i t t l e
l a t e r a l s u p p o r t i s necessary, b u c k l i n g i s l i m i t e d t o areas
where f o r m a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s cause e n l a r g e d h o l e s t o f o r m w i t h
s u b s e q u e n t v o i d s i n t h e cement s h e a t h s u c h t h a t a c o m p l e t e l y
unsupported s e c t i o n occurs ( F i g u r e 2).
Casing i n s t a b i l i t y f a i l u r e s from a thermal l o a d i n
p a r t i a l l y c e m e n t e d s t r i n g s can b e d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r
categories. The f a i l u r e t y p e i s d e p e n d e n t on t h e u n s u p p o r t e d
c a s i n g l e n g t h and i n t e r n a l - e x t e r n a l pressure i n t e r a c t i o n
( F i g u r e 4). The c a t e g o r i e s a r e :
%

.Local p l a s t i c deformation,

~ E u l e rb u c k 1 i n g ,
C o n s t r a i n e d E u l e r b u c k l i n g f o l l o w e d by plas.tic deformation
o r c o l l a p s e due t o o v a l a t i o n ,
' .
*He1 i c a l b u c k l i n g .

I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o emphasize t h e d i f f e r e n c e between
s t a n d a r d c o l u m n b u c k l i n g u n d e r an a p p l i e d . l o a d a
b u c k l i n g f r o m t h e r m a l f a r c e s where s u p p o r t o f - a f o l l o w e r a x i a l
load i s not required. Rather than c a t a s t r o p h i c f a i l u v e from a
. 5

c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e change, t h e c a s i n g s l o w l y d e f o r m s
e l a s t i c a l l y i n t o t h e d e f o r m e d shape f o r l a r g e + u n s u p p o r t e d
lengths. Thus c o l u m n " b e n d i n g " i s a more a p p r o p r i a t e
d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e phenomenon. The p i p e s t r i n g i n s t a b i l i t y
m a n i f e s t s i t s e l f as a l a t e r a l d e f l e c t i o n .

11
 7 I
LONG
SHORT UNSUPPORTED
UNSUPPORTED LENGTH

a) LOCAL, PLASTIC DEFORMATION

b) EULER BUCKLING

H
c) EULER BUCKLING WITH
SUBSEQUENT WALL CONTACT d) HELICAL BUCKLING
(PLASTIC DEFORMATION OR
COLLAPSE DUE TO OVALATION
POSSIBLE)

Figure 4 . Postulated Buckling F a i l u r e Modes: a ) Local,

P l a s t i c Deformation, b ) Euler Buckling,
c ) Euler Buckling with Subsequent Wall Contact,
a n d d ) H e l i c a l Buckling.

12
 . c

The r e s u l t i n g d e f o r m a t i o n may n o t impede o p e r a t i o n s i f t h e

deformation i s slight. The l a r g e s t t h e r m a l s t r e s s e s a r e
introduced during shut-in a f t e r t h e w e l l i s completed, thus the
d a n g e r o f e x c e s s i v e p i p e wear d u r i n g d r i l l i n g h a s p a s s e d .
However, e v e n s l i g h t b e n d i n g a t c o n n e c t i o n s can r e s u l t i n j o i n t
f a f l u r e because s t a n d a r d American P e t r o l e u m I n s t i t u t e ( A P I )
j o i n t s a r e n o t designed t o w i t h s t a n d bending stresses.
F i g u r e 5 q u a l i t a t i v e l y i n d i c a t e s where v a r i o u s buck1 i n g
modes o c c u r . It i s important t o note t h a t internal-external
p r e s s u r e i n t e r a c t i o n has been i g n o r e d . Only unsupported l e n g t h
a n d t e m p e r a t u r e was c o n s i d e r e d .
For s h o r t unsupported l e n g t h s o n l y l o c a l i z e d p l a s t i c
d e f o r m a t i o n a n d / o r c o l l a p s e would be expected. A t longer
unsupported lengths, Euler b u c k l i n g would occur. With
c o n t i n u e d t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e , t h e c a s i n g c o u l d d e f l e c t enough
t o contact the d r i l l hole sides. P l a s t i c deformation or pipe
c o l l a p s e f r o m t h e weakening e f f e c t s o f c r o s s - s e c t i o n o v a l a t i o n
could follow.
H e l i c a l b u c k l i n g occurs i n l o n g unsupported lengths. In
the o i l well industry, t h e c o r k s c r e w i n g i s due p r i m a r i l y t o
excessive, destabilizing, i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e s ( L u b i n s k i e t a1 .,
1962). F r e q u e n t l y , t h e d e f o r m a t i o n i s n o t s e v e r e enough t o
c a u s e p e r m a n e n t d e f o r m a t i o n ( T e x t e r , 1955).. Because l o n g
u n s u p p o r t e d l e n g t h s a r e much l e s s l i k e l y and t h e u l t i m a t e
f a i l u r e mechanism i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t e n c o u n t e r e d w i t h s i n g l e
order Euler buckling, t h i s region i s o f less interest.
Two b a s i c s u b j e c t a r e a s need t o b e i n v e s t i g a t e d c o n c e r n i n g
t h e r m a l b u c k l i n g and l o c a l i z e d p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n o f
geothermal casing. First, analysis of the Euler buckling
r e g i m e assuming b u i l t - i n ends and s u b s e q u e n t e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c
b e n d i n g needs t o be examined. Analysis o f nested casing
b e h a v i o r when c o n s t r a i n e d b y cement a n d / o r f o r m a t i o n s c o u l d
a l s o be i n v e s t i g a t e d more t h o r o u g h l y . Second, analysis of
I l o c a l i z e d p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n s s u c h as s y m m e t r i c a l b u c k l i n g and
w r i n k l i n g i n s t a b i l i t i e s needs t o b e e x a m i n e d . Small s c a l e

13
 QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF
VARIOUS BUCKLING MODES
1
I-
<I FAILURE ZONE

FAILURE WITH WALL CONTACT

FAILURE WITHOUT
BUCKLING ZONE WALL CONTACT

HELICAL
I- BUCKLING ZONE

NO ADVERSE DEFORMATION

UNSUPPORTED LENGTH, L

F i g u r e 5. Q u a l i t a t i v e P l o t o f T e m p e r a t u r e Change V e r s u s
U n s u p p o r t e d L e n g t h D e p i c t i n g Buck1 i n g R e g i o n s .

14
laboratory t e s t s of thermally-induced buckling should a l s o be
conducted t o enhance the understanding o f the phenomenon.
This report q u a n t i t a t i v e l y d e f i n e s t h e Euler buckling
regime f o r a c a s i n g with f i x e d ends with a n d without subsequent
h o l e wall c o n t a c t .

15 ::
 ANALY S IS

-4 - -
T h e o r --
e t i c a l Model
6

-----
ASsumptions. The down h o l e e f f e c t s o f i m p r o p e r c e m e n t i n g
may be m a n i f e s t e d i n many ways. However, w i t h o u t d e t a i l e d
f i e l d o r l a b o r a t o r y d a t a on g e o t h e r m a l c a s i n g b e h a v i o r o r
casing failures, t h e r e i s l i t t l e need t o s h a r p l y f o c u s on one
s u b j e c t area. T h e r e f o r e a s i m p l e a n a l y t i c and n u m e r i c a l model
i s p r e s e n t e d i n o r d e r t o g a i n i n s i g h t i n t o t h e problem. The
a n a l y s i s assumed:

, 1) t h e c a s i n g was i n i t i a l l y v e r t i c a l ( b o d y f o r c e s
i g n o r e d ) and c e m e n t i n g above and b e l o w t h e u n s u p p o r t e d
casing provided fixed-end conditions,

2) c o m p l i c a t i o n s f r o m c o u p l i n g s s u c h as c h a n g e s i n moment
o f i n e r t i a ( I ) a n d weakness i n b e n d i n g w e r e
un i m p o r t a n t ,

3) c a s i n g s t r e s s e s r e m a i n e d i n t h e e l a s t i c r e g i o n and t h e
m o d u l u s o f e l a s t i c i t y ( E ) was i n d e p e n d e n t of
t e m p e r a t u r e a n d e q u a l t o 2 9 x l o 6 p s i (200 GPa),

4) t h e l i n e a r t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t ( a ) was
c o n s t a n t a n d e q u a l t o 6.5 x 10-6'F ( 1 . 2 x lO-5'C),

5) c o m p l i c a t i o n s due t o c a s i n g n e s t i n g w e r e n e g l i g i b l e ,

6) t h e i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l t i t b u l a r p r e s s u r e s w e r e e q u a l ,

7) c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l shape c h a n g e s ( o v a l a t i o n ) due t o
l a t e r a l and b e n d i n g f o r c e s w e r e u n i m p o r t a n t .

A s s u m p t i o n s 5, 6, and 7 w e r e j u s t i f i e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g
facts: F i r s t , casing nesting i s r a r e l y considered i n actual
design applications. Second, c a s i n g o v a l a t i o n problems a t t h e
w a l l c o n t a c t were t h o u g h t m i n o r i f s t r e s s e s remained below
yield. The n u c l e a r r e a c t o r i n d u s t r y h a s been a d d r e s s i n g t h i s

17
p r o b l e m t o some e x t e n t . F i n a l l y f o r low pressure, h o t water,
o r steam r e s e r v o i r s , the casing i n t e r n a l pressure i s l i k e l y t o
be l e s s than e x t e r n a l f o r m a t i o n pressures; hence n e g l e c t i n g
internal-external p r e s s u r e i n t e r a c t i o n was f e l t j u s t i f i e d *
( L u b i n s k i e t a1 ., 1962; H a m m e r l i n d l , 1978; J e n k i n s and Snyder,
1979).
These a s s u m p t i o n s p e r m i t t e d t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f E u l e r beam
theory. The o u t l i n e o f t h e e q u a t i o n d e v e l o p m e n t i s p r e s e n t e d
i n the following section. More d e t a i l e d d e r i v a t i o n s a r e
p r e s e n t e d i n A p p e n d i x B.

C r i t i c a l Temperature. A f r e e body d i a g r a m f o r a deformed

beam i s shown i n F i g u r e 6. The d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n t h a t
d e s c r i b e s t h e beam i s as f o l l o w s : (Terms a r e d e f i n e d i n
F i g u r e 6 and i n A p p e n d i x A ) .

M = MR - Py + V X = EIy"

There a r e f o u r boundary c o n d i t i o n s :

x = o , y = o
x = 0, y' = 0
x = R , y = e
x = R, y ' = 0

The f i r s t t w o b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s e s t a b l i s h t h e e q u a t i o n :

where

* As a c h e c k on t h i s a s s u m p t i o n , one can compare t h e m a g n i t u d e

o f the thermal a x i a l load w i t h t h e load calculated from t h e
i n t e r n a l - e x t e r n a l pressure d i f f e r e n c e times t h e pipe
c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l area. The l a t t e r l o a d s h o u l d be much s m a l l e r
i n comparison t o t h e thermal load.

18
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
HOLE WALL
~

4 ENDS

a)

F i g u r e 6. D e f i n i t i o n of Terms: a ) L i n e S k e t c h and b ) F u l l
Body D i a g r a m .

19
The f o u r t h b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n e s t a b l i s h e s a r e l a t i o n s h i p
V, and P ( o r K ) .
b e t w e e n MR, There a r e t h r e e s p e c i a l cases
as seen f r o m t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n :

MR V
y' = p (K s i n KR) - (1 - cos K R ) (3)

The t h r e e c a s e s a r e :

2) 1 - COS KR = 0 and sin KR = 0

3) M = 0 a..d 1 - cos K R = 0
R

Case 1 i s t h e s i t u a t i o n b e f o r e w a l l c o n t a c t ( y < e ) . The

c a s i n g t a k e s t h e shape o f a c o s i n e f u n c t i o n :

MR
y = p (1 - COS K X ) (4)

where

K = 2n/L

The c r i t i c a l l o a d (Per) i s t h e r m a l l y i n d u c e d and t h u s

e q u a l t o AEaAT. The r e s u l t i n g e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e c r i t i c a l
t e m p e r a t u r e change AT^,) which i n i t i a t e s b u c k l i n g i s :

2
AT^^ =
4n 1
-2 (5)
L Aa

F i g u r e 7 p l o t s equation (5). The u n s u p p o r t e d l e n g t h ( L )

i s n o r m a l i z e d b y t h e o u t s i d e c a s i n g d i a m e t e r (D). Alternately
o n e can u s e t h e r a d i u s o f g y r a t i o n ( r ) ( N e l s o n , 1975).
9
 1300 - \ 13 3/8 tNCH 54.5ppf -
\ rn 9 5/8 INCH 40.0PPf
c1200 ACTUAL \
~EFORMATION
A 9 5/8 INCH 36.OPPf -
100 BEHAVIOR \ -
- -
%ooo
g 900-
- OFAPPROXIMATE LIMIT
EULER BUCKING -
FORMULATION
z -
2 800-
700- -
W
2 600- -
2 500-
400-
1580 CASING
E 300-
200 -
100 -
I I I I I I I
0 I I

Figure 7 . Locus Delineating Euler Buckling Region: P l o t o f

Temperature Change ( A T ) Versus Normal i t e d
!
Unsupported Length ( L / D ) .
!

21
T h r e e t y p i c a l c a s i n g s w e r e examined: 9-5/8 i n c h 36 p p f , 9 - 5 / 8
i n c h 40 p p f , and 1 3 - 3 / 8 i n c h 54.5 p p f ( 2 4 4 mm 54 kg/m, 244 mm
6 0 kg/m, and 340 mm 8 0 k g l m ) . L i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e
casings exists. The moment o f i n e r t i a ( I ) d e c r e a s e s s l i g h t l y
f o r t h e 9-5/8 i n c h 40 p p f ( 2 4 4 mm 60 k g / m ) p i p e b e c a u s e t h e
o u t s i d e diameter remains constant. This explains the s l i g h t
decrease i n AT^^ f o r t h i s supposedly s t r o n g e r pipe. It i s
i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e from e q u a t i o n ( 5 ) t h a t l a r g e r diameter p i p e
w i l l increase t h e c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g temperature whether or n o t
the pipe strength increases.
The r a n g e o f a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f e q u a t i o n ( 5 ) c a n be e s t i m a t e d
b y n o t i n g t h a t A I S C ( 1 9 8 0 ) recommends t h e s l e n d e r n e s s r a t i o
( K L / r ) r e m a i n above r ( 2 E / a )ll2. T h i s c r i t e r i o n was
9 Y
e s t a b l i s h e d b e c a u s e c o l u m n f a i l u r e modes s u c h as l o c a l i z e d
p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n o r k i n k i n g became i m p o r t a n t f o r s m a l l e r
values. The above c r i t e r i o n e s t a b l i s h e s a minimum l e n g t h o f
22 f t ( 6 . 8 m ) o r 27.5 D f o r E u l e r b u c k l i n g o f N-80 9 - 5 / 8 i n c h
40 p p f ( 2 4 4 mm 6 0 k g l m ) c a s i n g .
Maximum s t r e s s b e f o r e w a l l c o n t a c t . Figure 7 indicates
when E u l e r b u c k l i n g w i l l i n i t i a t e . Whether t h e b u c k l i n g
r e s u l t s i n p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n s must be examined f r o m t h e
stress standpoint. The t o t a l s t r e s s (at) a f t e r bending a t a
maximum f i b e r i s e q u a l t o t h e a x i a l s t r e s s (a,) plus the
maximum b e n d i n g s t r e s s ( a b ) m a x ( o v a l a t i o n s t r e s s e s
neglected ) :

‘t = lT a + (‘b)max

where

u = Pcr/A = E ~ A T= c~ o n~s t a n t
a

( ‘b )max = M Rr o /I

The end moment r e a c t i o n ( I d R ) i n t h e expression f o r (ab)max

i s f o u n d f r o m t h e c o n d i t i o n e s t a b l i s h e d b y t h e f i x e d ends; the

22
t h e r m a l d i s p l a c e m e n t ( s ( T ) ) m u s t e q u a l t h e sum o f t h e a x i a l
load displacement ( s ( P ) ) and t h e c a s i n g d e f l e c t i o n d i s p l a c e m e n t
( s ( y ) ) ( B o l e y and Weiner, 1960):

The d i s p l a c e m e n t s a r e e x p r e s s e d as:

6 ( P ) = PcrL/AE = constant
(11)

a(y) = (yl)' dx (Timoshenko, 1961) (12)

=($) 2
L

Once b u c k l i n g has o c c u r r e d t h e t h e r m a l l y i n d u c e d l e n g t h change

s ( T ) i s e n t i r e l y absorbed b y t h e column d e f l e c t i o n t e r m s(y);
hence, s ( P ) r e m a i n s c o n s t a n t . Consequently u a remains a t t h e
c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g s t r e s s as n o t e d above. I n s e r t i n g the
d i s p l a c e m e n t e x p r e s s i o n s i n t o e q u a t i o n ( 9 ) a n d s o l v i n g f o r MR
r e s u l t s i n (AT > AT^,):

MR =
lr
[a(AT - AT^^)] 1 / 2 (14)

A s s e m b l i n g t h e e x p r e s s i o n s f o r u a and ( a b ) m a x and
inserting i n t o (6) yields:

at = EaATcr
f
4Lr0
1 + --51--T-' [ a ( AT-AT,,
~ ( r o ri) +
) 3 I2 1 ( 15)

23
 E q u a t i o n ( 1 5 ) i s p l o t t e d f o r 13-3/8 i n c h 54.5 p p f ( 3 4 0 mm
80 k g / m ) c a s i n g w i t h L / D = 50, 100, 200 i n F i g u r e 8. The u p p e r
r a n g e o f a p p l i c a b i l i t y f o r f i g u r e 8 i s when t h e s t e e l r e a c h e s
i t s y i e l d p o i n t ( 8 0 k s i ( 5 5 0 MPa) f o r N-80 c a s i n g ) o r t h e
c a s i n g d e f l e c t s enough t o c o n t a c t t h e h o l e s i d e s . The l a t t e r
c o n d i t i o n i s addressed below. F i g u r e 9 p l o t s maximum
d e f l e c t i o n ( y m a x ) v e r s u s t e m p e r a t u r e change ( A T ) and e n a b l e s
one t o p r e d i c t when w a l l c o n t a c t w o u l d o c c u r .
--- --------------
Maximum stress after w a l l c o n t----
act. Case 2 o f t h e b o u n d a r y
c o n d i t i o n s l e a d s t o t h e r e s u l t t h a t M R = -Mb ( F i g u r e 6).
The d e f o r m e d c a s i n g shape i s n o t c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e s e end
moments. Hence c a s e 3, a concentrated shear l o a d ( V ) acting a t
the p o i n t o f contact, was u s e d t o m a t h e m a t i c a l l y d e s c r i b e t h e
c a s i n g a t w a l l contact.* The shape o f t h e c a s i n g b e t w e e n
points and " b t l i n F i g u r e 6 i s :

V
Y = p ( X - Z i i ; s i n 2Kx)

N o t e t h a t t h e e n d moment ( M R ) i s r e p l a c e d w i t h t h e s h e a r
force (V). U n t i l wall contact, t h e c o l u m n shape i s d e s c r i b e d
b y a cosine f u n c t i o n (equation 2). An i n s t a n t a n e o u s change i n
c a s i n g shape i s r e q u i r e d . An i m p o r t a n t c o n s e q u e n c e i s t h a t
s t r e s s v a l u e s a r e n o t c o m p a t i b l e when w a l l c o n t a c t o c c u r s u s i n g
t h e t w o d i f f e r e n t shapes. E q u a t i o n s ( 4 ) and ( 1 6 ) a l o n g w i t h
computer r e s u l t s t o be d i s c u s s e d l a t e r a r e p l o t t e d i n F i g u r e
loa.
A s o l u t i o n t o the predicament (subject t o confirmation by
n u m e r i c a l a n a l y s i s ) was t o assume t h e c o l u m n shape a f t e r
c o n t a c t was t h e same as b e f o r e . The o n l y d i f f e r e n c e was t h a t
i t was " s p l i t . " T h i s a s s u m p t i o n r e q u i r e d i m a g i n a r y end moments

. i T X m o s h E o ( 1 9 5 9 ) d i s c u s s e s t h e c a s e o f a f i x e d e n d beam
u n i f o r m l y l o a d e d w i t h f o u n d a t i o n c o n t a c t b u t n o r e f e r e n c e was
f o u n d d i s c u s s i n g a x i a l l y - l o a d e d members w i t h w a l l c o n t a c t .

24
F
c

GEOTHERMAL WELL CASING

EULER BUCKLING
MAXIMUM STRESS
I I I I 1
1

TEMPERATURE CHANGE, AT ( O R

Figure 8 . Maximum S t r e s s ( a ) Versus Temperature Change ( A T )

f o r 13-318 inch 5 4 . 5 ppf C a s i n g Assuming
Unsupported Lengths ( L / D ) o f 50, 1 0 0 , a n d 2 0 0 .

25
 GEOTHERMAL WELL CASING
EULER BUCKLING
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION
I I I

13 3/8 INCH S4.Sppf CASING

UNSUPPORTED LENGTH
A uD=60(58ff)
0 V D = l O O (111 ft)
L/D=200 (223 ft)

OO 100 200 300 400

F i g u r e 9. Maximum D e f l e c t i o n V e r s u s T e m p e r a t u r e Change ( A T )
f o r 1 3 - 3 / 8 i n c h 54.5 p p f C a s i n g Assuming
U n s u p p o r t e d L e n g t h s ( L / D ) o f 50, 100, a n d 200.

26
 COMPARISON OF DEFORMED
CASING SHAPES
AT AT EQUAL 80 OF*
10
l a W 6 I C H Mdppf CA6lG
0. UNSUPPORTEO L€NGTn.UD=lOO
HOLE QAP. 010=060 (6.60 NCMS)

6
w 7
6-

-
---
0

___
NARCRESULTS
y,=(lIZ) -
(1 corn Ka), K=Wl
yr=(o/U (a 41121o.ln 2x11) ,

gz 6 - ,g=-
0 6-
- a)
5
g
t:
n
3.
4-
fCP
2-
Af *?aO F WAS AT NECESSARY FOR
WALL CONTACT ~ P R E D I C MBY MARC) -
1- j=,/5°
O- 200 400 600 800
LENGTH (INCHES)

COMPARISON OF DEFORMED
CASING SHAPES
10, I

YARC RESULTS
0 AT=lOOeF
A AT = 200.F
~ ~ = a o o * ~
ANALYTIC RESULTS (AT=SOO*F)

b)

LENGTH (INCHES)

COMPARISON OF DEFORMED
CASING SHAPES
10,
1 15 W 6 INCH 64.5 ppf CASING
UNSUPPORTED LENGTH. U D = 100
HOLE QAP. o/O=O.SO (6.60 INCHES)
1

YARC RESULT
~ ~ = a o o * ~
ANALYTIC RESULT AT AT= S O O T

-.
LENGTH (INCHES)

F i g u r e 10. D e f o r m e d C a s i n g Shapes w i t h W a l l C o n s t r a i n t
P r e d i c t e d by MARC and T h e o r e t i c a l M o d e l s a t
a ) A T = 80°F, b ) M A R C r e s u l t s a t A T o 300°F,
a n d c ) A n a l y t i c R e s u l t s a t A T = 30OoF.

27
(MR) e x i s t e d equal t o Pe/2. The m a t h e m a t i c a l model was
s i m i l a r t o t h a t used p r i o r t o t h e w a l l c o n t a c t w i t h t h e
e x c e p t i o n o f a v a r i a b l e column l e n g t h ( 2 ) .
Figure 6 depicts t h e v a r i a b l e length (2). It i s the length
between t h e f i x e d end and t h e p o i n t o f w a l l c o n t a c t . The
l e n g t h ( 2 ) s h o r t e n s as t h e c a s i n g segment a g a i n s t t h e w a l l
l e n g t h e n s due t o i n c r e a s e d d e f o r m a t i o n . An e x p r e s s i o n f o r
was f o u n d f r o m t h e c o n d i t i o n t h a t t h e - t h e r m a l d i s p l a c e m e n t
(6(T)) e q u a l e d t h e sum o f t h e a x i a l l o a d d i s p l a c e m e n t ( s ( P ) )
and t h e beam d e f l e c t i o n d i s p l a c e m e n t ( a ( y ) ) . . U s i n g t h e same
d i s p l a c e m e n t e x p r e s s i o n s as b e f o r e ( e q u a t i o n s ( l o ) , (ll),
and
(12)) resulted in:

R = {(,e)2 A + A2 + 256 L 2 12 I A a A T I 1 / 2 ) /16LAaAT (17)

The t o t a l s t r e s s ( a b ) a t a maximum f i b e r i n t h e c a s i n g
e q u a l s t h e a x i a l s t r e s s ( u a ) p l u s t h e maximum b e n d i n g s t r e s s
( “b )ma x ( e q u a t i o n 6 ) where:

ua = EaATcr (7)

= M r /I
(“b)max R o

and

MR = P e / 2 = T
2E I e / = 22

The e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e maximum s t r e s s i s t h u s :

2 2
at = EaATcr + 1 Eero/2R (19)

F i g u r e l l a p l o t s equation (19) f o r a 13-3/8 i n c h 54.5 ppf

( 3 4 0 mm 8 0 k g / m ) c a s i n g 1 0 0 d i a m e t e r s l o n g . Wall c o n t a c t

28
 ANALYTIC MODEL OF
EULER BUCKLING WITH SUBSEQUENT
WALL CONTACT
I I

-
loo isa/8INCH s 4 . s p p f CASING
UNSUPPORTED LENGTH, L/D = 100
90 - HOLE GAP, */D
0 0.25 (5.34 INCH)
Q 80- 0 OIO (6.69 INCH)
A 0.71 (10.03 INCH)
m 1.00 0
(13.58 INCH)
0
0
- a)

&'.
i

I
i 400

TEMPERATURE CHANGE, AT (OF)

MARC FE ANALYSIS USING

THIN WALLED BEAM ELEMENT
I I
I I

100 13 518 INCH S4.SPPf CASING

-- 90 -
UNSUPPORTED LENGTH, LID =lo0
HOLE GAP, */D
0 0.26 (3.34 INCH)

- b)
cn 5 0 -

F i g u r e 11.

,-
29
g e n e r a l l y lowers t h e stress i f t h e distance t o the hole wall
(e/D) i s l e s s t h a n 0.50 and t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e s ( A T ) a r e w i t h i n
t h e n o r m a l 200-3OO'F (95-15O'C) range.

--
Numerical Model k
i
c
The a n a l y s i s o f c a s i n g b u c k l i n g i s d i f f i c u l t f o r a s t a t i c I
1
f i n i t e e l e m e n t code t o h a n d l e . I n addition, t h e numerical
model f o r m u l a t i o n r e q u i r e s a s l i d i n g i n t e r f a c e c a p a b i l i t y t o 1
1
simulate wall contact. The n u m e r i c a l model d e v e l o p e d used t h e i
I
t h i n - w a l l e d beam e l emen t ( E u l e r t h e o r y ) w i t h c i r c u l a r
cross-section and t h e f r i c t i o n gap e l e m e n t f r o m t h e MARC f i n i t e
element program (1979). As a c h e c k , a n o t h e r model was a l s o r u n
u s i n g a s t a n d a r d beam-column e l e m e n t w i t h an i d e n t i c a l
moment-of-inertia area r a t i o ( I / A ) . The r e s u l t i n g s t r e s s e s
were p r a c t i c a l l y i d e n t i c a l u n t i l n e a r t h e y i e l d p o i n t .
A s s u m---
ptions. The n u m e r i c a l model l i m i t a t i o n s a r e s i m i l a r
t o t h o s e o f t h e a n a l y t i c model. C o m p l i c a t i o n s due t o c a s i n g
n e s t i n g and c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l shape changes ( o v a l a t i o n ) due t o
l a t e r a l and b e n d i n g f o r c e s w e r e n o t i n c l u d e d . Casing
i n s t a b i l i t y from internal-external p r e s s u r e i n t e r a c t i o n was
neglected, F i n a l l y , o n l y 13-3/8 i n c h 54.5 p p f ( 3 4 0 mm 8 0 k g l m )
c a s i n g 100 d i a m e t e r s l o n g was e x a m i n e d . High temperature
changes were a n t i c i p a t e d n e a r t h e s u r f a c e i f w e l l shutdown
o c c u r r e d and t h u s l a r g e d i a m e t e r p i p e was t h o u g h t a p p r o p r i a t e .
The u n s u p p o r t e d l e n g t h s e l e c t e d was a r b i t r a r y . For t h i s
i n i t i a l investigation, i n e l a s t i c a n a l y s i s above t h e y i e l d p o i n t
was o m i t t e d ( 8 0 k s i ( 5 5 2 MPa) f o r N-80 c a s i n g ) .
D i s c u .-s s i o--
n. The n u m e r i c a l model b u c k l e d (became
numerically unstable) a t A T e~
q u a~l t o 58°F ( 1 4 ° C ) . This
v a l u e compares p o o r l y w i t h t h e a n a l y t i c a l l y c o m p u t e d 72°F (22'C)
c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e change AT^,). However, A T i s a s t r o n g
function o f the eccentricity i n i t i a l l y introduced i n the casing
model.
I t was n o t p o s s i b l e t o p l o t t h e e n t i r e s t r e s s p a t h i n one
run. The c a s i n g w o u l d n e v e r r e g a i n s t a b i l i t y a f t e r b u c k l i n g

30
even though t h e l o a d i n g was t e m p e r a t u r e ( s t r a i n ) c o n t r o l l e d ;
hence i t was n e c e s s a r y t o e s t a b l i s h the c a s i n g d e f o r m a t i o n a t
wall c o n t a c t and then proceed w i t h t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s . Force
e q u i l i b r i u m o c c u r r e d a t A T equal t o 7 8 ° F ( 2 6 ° C ) which i n d i c a t e d
w a l l con t a c t .
Snyder (1979) c l a i m e d thermal b u c k l i n g i n an unsupported
h o l e i s n o t s t r a i n c o n t r o l l e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , he h y p o t h e s i z e d
sudden h o r i z o n t a l movement c o u l d c a u s e c r a c k i n g o f
work-hardened, h i g h g r a d e s t e e l . A t f i r s t g l a n c e , t h e
i n s t a b i l i t y p r o b l e m w i t h MARC (1979) a p p e a r s t o s u p p o r t t h e
sudden horizontal displacement viewpoint.
However, t h e r a t e o f t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e w o u l d have t o b e
v e r y h i g h ( h i g h s t r a i n r a t e ) f o r t h e above h y p o t h e s e s t o be
t r u e . T h e a n a l y t i c s o l u t i o n (Figure 8 ) suggests l a r g e
h o r i z o n t a l movement i s n o t p o s s i b l e unless c a s i n g s t r e s s h a s
i n c r e a s e d well beyond AT^^ b e f o r e b u c k l i n g . T h e d i f f i c u l t i e s
w i t h t h e MARC model may have been d u e t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l
t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e r a t e , b u t t h e l a r g e computer time r e q u i r e d
t o r u n t h e model p r e c l u d e d t h e use o f s m a l l e r r a t e s .
I t i s worth m e n t j o n i n g t h a t i n t h e C e r r o P r i e t o geothermal
f i e l d , Baja, C a l i f o r n i a , t h e i n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e t o
p r o d u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e s is c a r e f u l l y monitored t o ensure s t r a i n
c o n t r o l . T h e p r o c e d u r e r e q u i r e s 30-60 days ( S n y d e r , 1979).
T h i s r a t e w o u l d b e impractical if many temperature c y c l e s were
required.
As i p d i c a t e d e a r l i e r , t h e s p l i t - c o s i n e b e l l approximation
( 4 ) , t h e t h e o r e t i c a l curve ( 1 6 ) , and t h e MARC d i s p l a c e m e n t
v a l u e s f p r t h e deformed c a s i n g s h a p e a t t h e time of wall
c o n t a c t w i t h a h o l e gap ( e / D ) equal t o 0.50 a r e compared i n
F i g u r e 10. F i g u r e 10b p l o t s t h e MARC deformed s h a p e s f o r
t e m p e r a t u r e changes ( A T ) o f 100, 200, and 300°F ( 3 8 , 93, and
149°C) and a l s o e q u a t i o n ( 1 6 ) a t A T = 30OoF. A t AT e q u a l t o
300"F, t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n s h a p e between e q u a t i o n ( 1 6 ) a n d MARC
i s g r e a t and w o u l d presumably get worse a t h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e
changes .
31
 For the numerical calculations, the casing contact length
w i t h t h e w a l l was q u i t e s m a l l . A t A T = 300°F and e / D = 0.75,
MARC p r e d i c t e d a c o n t a c t l e n g t h o f 1 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l
l e n g t h u s i n g a t o l e r a n c e o f 0.05 i n c h e s (1.27 mm). This
compares w i t h 47 p e r c e n t f r o m a n a l y t i c c a l c u l a t i o n s .
-. .
F i g u r e 1Oc shows t w o shape p r e d i c t i o n s a t A T e q u a l t o 300°F
(149°C) developed f r o m e q u a t i o n ( 4 ) and ( 1 6 ) u s i n g t h e f r e e ,
u n s u p p o r t e d l e n g t h ( R ) d e t e r m i n e d f r o m MARC r a t h e r t h a n
analytically. The r a i s e d - c o s i n e e q u a t i o n ( 4 ) c o i n c i d e d w i t h
t h e MARC d a t a when t h e n u m e r i c a l v a l u e o f R was used. Equation
( 1 6 ) p r e d i c t e d s l i g h t l y more c u r v a t u r e .
I f t h e n u m e r i c a l l y d e t e r m i n e d R i s used i n t h e e x p r e s s i o n
f o r s t r e s s ( a b ) ( e q u a t i o n 19), a v a l u e o f 64 k s i ( 4 4 1 MPa) i s
p r e d i c t e d when e/D = 0.50 and A T = 300°F ( 1 4 9 ° C ) . The maximum
s t r e s s c a l c u l a t e d n u m e r i c a l l y was 72.5 k s i ( 5 0 0 MPa)
(Figure l l b ) . Thus, t h e t h e o r e t i c a l e q u a t i o n s p r o v i d e a good
shape a n d s t r e s s v a l u e p r e d i c t i o n i f t h e l e n g t h ( R ) i s known.
I n m a k i n g c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n e q u a t i o n ( 4 ) and ( 1 6 ) , r e c a l l
t h a t equation (4) d i c t a t e s ut occurs a t t h e w a l l contact w h i l e
equation (16) d i c t a t e s ut occurs a t the quarter p o i n t o f t h e
free length. The MARC model showed a t g r a d u a l l y s h i f t i n g f r o m
t h e w a l l c o n t a c t p o i n t a t A T e q u a l t o 78°F ( 2 6 ° C ) t o t h e
q u a r t e r p o i n t a t 300°F ( 1 4 9 ° C ) when e/D e q u a l s t o 0.50. The
s h i f t o f ut t o the quarter p o i n t occurred w i t h smaller
c h a n g e s i n A T as e d e c r e a s e d i n m a g n i t u d e .
Figure l l b plots at v e r s u s AT f o r MARC v a l u e s . The
analytic calculations from Figure l l a are p l o t t e d f o r
comparison. The a n a l y t i c a n d n u m e r i c a l s o l u t i o n s compare
f a v o r a b l y when t h e w a l l d i s t a n c e ( e / D ) i s 0.50. A t a h o l e gap
s i z e o f 0.25, t h e a n a l y t i c s o l u t i o n shows a d i p b e l o w t h e EaAT
stress line. T h i s i s u n r e a l i s t i c and i n d e e d t h e n u m e r i c a l
s o l u t i o n does n o t c r o s s t h e EaAT l o w e r l i m i t . The n u m e r i c a l
r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t e m p e r a t u r e changes u p t o 310°F (154°C) c o u l d
b e t o l e r a t e d f o r e/D = 0.75.

32
Addition o f &onstant Stress

It i s important t o note t h e numerical r e s u l t s p a r a l l e l t h e

EaAT l i n e i n d i c a t i n g t h e a d d i t i o n o f a c o n s t a n t s t r e s s t o t h e
E a A T s t r e s s w o u l d model t h e maximum c a s i n g s t r e s s r e a s o n a b l y
well. A s s u m i n g t h e s t r e s s change (AU) i s a l i n e a r function of
t h e h o l e gap ( e ) , a l e a s t s q u a r e s f i t r e s u l t s i n ( r 2 = 0.78)
( i n c h e s and p s i ) :

AU = ae + b

a = 1960; b = 2060 (20)

u = EaAT + Au

T h e M A R C a n a l y s i s and c o n s t a n t s t r e s s change a s s u m p t i o n a r e
compared i n F i g u r e l l c . Note t h a t t h e s i m p l i f i c a t i o n i s v a l i d
as l o n g as t h e c a s i n g c o n t a c t l e n g t h r e m a i n s s m a l l and t h e h o l e
gap ( e ) i s s m a l l .

----
Analysis Summary-

I n summary, t h r e e p r e d i c t i v e s t r e s s methods were examined:

numerical, empirical, and t h e o r e t i c a l . The n u m e r i c a l
f o r m u l a t i o n f o r m o d e l i n g t h e c a s i n g a f t e r w a l l c o n t a c t was
c o n s t r u c t e d u s i n g M A R C beam e l e m e n t s . The e m p i r i c a l m e t h o d
c o n s i s t e d of a d d i n g a s t r e s s w h i c h was a f u n c t i o n o f t h e h o l e
gap d i s t a n c e ( e ) t o t h e t h e r m a l l y i n d u c e d E a A T s t r e s s . The
equation f i t the numerical r e s u l t s reasonably well f o r small e
values. The t h e o r e t i c a l model made u s e o f s i m p l e beam t h e o r y .
B u c k l i n g w i t h o u t w a l l c o n t a c t was e a s i l y e x a m i n e d
theoretically. However, t h e c a s i n g shape a f t e r w a l l c o n t a c t as
d e r i v e d s t r i c t l y 3 r o m E u l e r beam t h e o r y was n o t c o m p a t i b l e w i t h
t h e i n i t i a l b u c k l i n g phase; h e n c e t h e shape and s t r e s s
p r e d i c t i o n s were o n l y i n f a i r agreement w i t h t h e n u m e r i c a l
results. The t h e o r e t i c a l f o r m u l a t i o n ( 1 6 and 1 9 ) p r o v i d e d a
good shape a n d s t r e s s v a l u e p r e d i c t i o n i f t h e n u m e r i c a l l y
d e t e r m i n e d w a l l c o n t a c t l e n g t h ( R ) was used.

33
 A d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e d e f o r m e d c a s i n g as a s p l i t c o s i n e b e l l
( e q u a t i o n 4 w i t h MR = P e / 2 ) was c o n t r a s t e d w i t h t h e n u m e r i c a l
results. T h e s p l i t - c o s i n e f o r m u l a p r o v i d e d a good
a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f t h e d e f o r m e d shape. The s h a p e d e s c r i p t i o n was
e x c e l l e n t if t h e n u m e r i c a l l y d e t e r m i n e d w a l l c o n t a c t l e n g t h was
used. The e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e maximum c a s i n g s t r e s s was
i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t derived i n the theoretical formulation. Only
the expression f o r the length differed.

34
 RESULT IMPLICATIONS

T h e r m a l l y-
---- I n d u c e d E u l e r Buck1 i n g
---1-_1_

L o o k i n g a t F i g u r e 8, N-80 1 3 - 3 / 8 i n c h 54.5 p p f ( 3 4 0 mm 80
kglm) casing w i t h a y i e l d stress (U ) o f a b o u t 75 k s i
Y
( 5 1 7 MPa) a t 500°F ( 2 6 0 ° C ) * and 1 0 0 d i a m e t e r u n s u p p o r t e d l e n g t h
w o u l d s l i g h t l y e x c e e d y i e l d c o n d i t i o n s i f a 300°F ( 1 5 0 ° C )
t e m p e r a t u r e e x c u r s i o n f r o m cement c o n s t r a i n e d c o n d i t i o n s o f
100-200°F (40-95°C) occurred. These c o n d i t i o n s r o u g h l y
correspond t o t y p i c a l i n t e r m e d i a t e c a s i n g i n geothermal w e l l s
(Figure 1). The i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a s m a l l t e n s i l e s t r e s s w o u l d
e a s i l y reduce t h e s t r e s s t o below y i e l d . Consequently, simple I

E u l e r b u c k l i n g s h o u l d n o t c a u s e a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m i f AT i s l e s s
t h a n 275°F ( 1 3 5 ° C ) f o r u n s u p p o r t e d l e n g t h s ( L / D ) above 100.
Note, however, t h a t t h e r e was n o a l l o w a n c e f o r a d e s i g n
factor. Application o f either direct tension or internal
p r e s s u r e d u r i n g t h e c e m e n t i n g p r o c e s s w o u l d e s t a b l i s h an a x i a l
t e n s i l e l o a d a l t h o u g h t h e m i c r o a n n u l u s b e t w e e n t h e c a s i n g and
cement w o u l d b e e n l a r g e d u s i n g i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e . Operators
have a v o i d e d t h e r m a l w e l l c a s i n g f a i l u r e s i n p a r t i a l l y cemented
s t e a m i n j e c t i o n w e l l s b y u s i n g N-80 o r P-110 g r a d e c a s i n g
( H o l l i d a y , 1969). T h i s tends t o c o n f i r m t h e low p r o b a b i l i t y o f
p r o b l e m s w i t h N-80 c a s i n g .
The u s e o f l a r g e r d i a m e t e r p i p e w o u l d i n c r e a s e t h e c r i t i c a l
buckling temperature b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y . This i s

* One i s s a f e i n a s s u m i n g n o s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n u l i i m a t e
c a s i n g s t r e n g t h o c c u r s f o r t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e s b e l o w 660 F
( 3 5 0 ° C ) , b u t t h e y i e l d s t r e n g t h d e f i n i t e l y d e c r e a s e s w i t h an
increase i n temperature. M a n u f a c t u r e r s g e n e r - a l l y do n o t make
t e n s i l e t e s t s a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s and t h u s s t a t i s t i c a l l y
r e l i a b l e information i s lacking. K a r l s s o n (1978) suggests
t h e u s e o f D I N St. 45.8. The maximum p o s s i b l e r e d u c t i o n i n
y i e l d s t r e n g t h f r o m t h i s f o r m u l a f o r t h e above c o n d i t i o n s i s
19 p e r c e n t . The a b o v e r e d u c t i o n o f 6 p e r c e n t c o r r e s p o n d s t o
t h e minimum o b t a i n e d f r o m s e v e r a l p r i v a t e t e s t s .

35
d e m o n s t r a t e d b y F i g u r e 7 w h e r e commonly u s e d c a s i n g d i a m e t e r s
p l o t on t o p o f each o t h e r . I n addition, the behavior after
b u c k l i n g m i g h t b e i m p a i r e d b e c a u s e t h e minimum u n s u p p o r t e d
l e n g t h f o r Euler b u c k l i n g t o occur would increase.
I t has been t a c i t l y assumed t h a t s t r e s s e s a b o v e y i e l d
constituted failure. This i s a reasonable f a i l u r e c r i t e r i o n
b e c a u s e p e r m a n e n t d e f o r m a t i o n c o u l d h i n d e r r e m e d i a l w o r k on t h e
well. P l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n was p e r m i t t e d a t P r u d h o e Bay
(Goodman, 1 9 7 8 ) w h e r e p e r m a f r o s t thaw p r o d u c e d s t r a i n
c o n t r o l l e d compressive f o r c e s , but the usually successful
c e m e n t j o b p r e c l u d e d t h e b u c k l i n g f a i l u r e mode.
The c a s i n g l o a d s a l o n g t h e w a l l c o n t a c t a r e i m p o r t a n t as
concerns c a s i n g c o l l a p s e . The t h e o r e t i c a l a r g u m e n t ( e q u a t i o n
1 6 ) d i c t a t e s an end r e a c t i o n ( V ) a t t h e w a l l s e p a r a t i o n p o i n t .
The e n d r e a c t i o n i n c r e a s e s w i t h h o l e gap s i z e . A t AT = 300°F
and e / D = 0.75, an end r e a c t i o n o f 1 1 9 0 0 l b ( 5 2 . 9 k N ) was
calculated numerically. U s i n g t h i s v a l u e as a p o i n t l o a d on a
cylinder, one c a l c u l a t e s v a l u e s b e t w e e n 51.9 and 77.2 ksi
(358-532 MPa). The mean i s s l i g h t l y b e l o w t h e 7 5 k s i ( 5 1 7 MPa)
y i e l d point. But t h e c a s i n g has d e f i n i t e l y r e a c h e d y i e l d a t
t h e quarter p o i n t ( x / R = 1/4). T h e r e f o r e , y i e l d i s more l i k e l y
t o occur a t the free-length quarter p o i n t f i r s t r a t h e r than a t
the wall contact.
A g a i n r e f e r r i n g t o F i g u r e 8, t h e importance o f b u c k l i n g
changes d r a m a t i c a l l y f o r weaker K-55 casing. The c a s i n g w o u l d
n o r m a l l y y i e l d a t A T = 295°F ( 1 4 5 ° C ) w i t h f u l l l a t e r a l s u p p o r t
assuming u = 55 k s i ( 3 8 0 MPa), b u t s i m p l e E u l e r b u c k l i n g
Y
w o u l d p r o d u c e s t r e s s e s above y i e l d w i t h o n l y a 155°F ( 7 0 ° C )
t e m p e r a t u r e change. I f a n o r m a l 230-3OO'F (95-15O'C)
temperature excursion occurred, t h e K-55 c a s i n g would y i e l d
when b u c k l i n g o c c u r r e d . L a t e r a l s u p p o r t would be a n e c e s s i t y .
( T h e c a s i n g m i g h t , y i e l d even w i t h f u l l l a t e r a l s u p p o r t . ) The
a n a l y s i s has i g n o r e d t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f c a s i n g n e s t i n g w i t h
c o m p l e t e cement j o b s . This s i t u a t i o n might warrant examination.
From F i g u r e l l b i t can b e g e n e r a l l y s t a t e d t h a t w a l l c o n t a c t
a f t e r b u c k l i n g lowered c a s i n g s t r e s s e s i n comparison t o s i m p l e

36
 buckling. The n u m e r i c a l r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d 13-318 i n c h 54.5 ppf
( 3 4 0 mm 8 0 k g l m ) N-80 c a s i n g w i t h u n s u p p o r t e d l e n g t h s ( L / D )
a b o v e 100 w i t h gaps ( e / D ) b e l o w 0.75 should n o t experience
d i f f i c u l t i e s i f temperature excursions are w i t h i n t h e normal
200-300°F (95-150°C) range. These r e s u l t s a r e s u k p o r t e d b y t h e
f i e l d evidence t h a t production tubing, which i s c l o s e l y
confined, s e l d o m p e r m a n e n t l y d e f o r m s when b u c k l e d ( T e x t e r ,
1955) .
L o s t c i r c u l a t i o n zones c o u l d p o t e n t i a l l y i n v o l v e e n l a r g e d
i h o l e s e x c e e d i n g e / D > 0.75. The t r e n d o f t h e maximum s t r e s s
(ut) i n F i g u r e l l b suggest t h a t l i t t l e d e t r i m e n t would occur
I a t w a l l contact with g r e a t l y enlarged holes. The c a s i n g w o u l d
a l r e a d y b e n e a r y i e l d f o r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e change ( A T ) n e c e s s a r y
f o r t h e l a r g e h o r i z o n t a l displacements.

----
J o i n t Behavior

F o r N-80 c a s i n g , a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h a l l o w a b l e AT was p o s s i b l e
before the casing steel yielded. The w o r s t c a s e o c c u r r e d d u r i n g
w e l l s h u t - i n r e q u i r e d because o f a i r p o l l u t i o n standards. If
no e q u i p m e n t m u s t p a s s t h r o u g h t h e c a s i n g d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d ,
the tubular material should perform s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . However,
I
A P I j o i n t s a r e n o t d e s i g n e d t o w i t h s t a n d b e n d i n g s t r e s s e s and
w i l l f r a c t u r e n e a r t h e l a s t engaged t h r e a d (Greenip, 1978).
B u t t r e s s t h r e a d c o n n e c t i o n s match t h e p i p e body t e n s i l e
s t r e n g t h and a r e c a p a b l e o f w i t h s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n 2.3 and 3.4
p e r c e n t s t r a i n ( d e p e n d i n g on w h e t h e r i n c o m p r e s s i o n o r t e n s i o n )
( W o o l e y e t al., 1977), b u t t h e y a r e s t i l l weak i n b e n d i n g .
Consequently, j o i n t b e h a v i o r under l o a d i n g c o u l d p o s s i b l y be
t h e l a r g e s t f a c t o r i n c a s i n g f a i l u r e s from b u c k l i n g . Behavior
o f shoulder-type j o i n t s under b e n d i n g s h o u l d be examined t o see
i f adequate improvements a r e o b t a i n e d . A 100 p e r c e n t j o i n t
s u c h as t h e e a s i l y a n a l y z e d , f a b r i c a t e d , and a s s e m b l e d t a p e
j o i n t d e v e l o p e d a t S a n d i a may b e u s e f u l . ( H u e r t a and B l a c k ,
1976; R e c h a r d e t a l . , 1982)

.-----

3 7,'
38
 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

L i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e on g e o t h e r m a l w e l l c a s i n g
behavior or failures; t h u s e f f o r t s s h o u l d b e made t o o b t a i n
d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f f i e l d b e h a v i o r and t h e c r i t e r i a on
w h i c h f a i l u r e i s based. Operators have expressed concern over
c a s i n g i n s t a b i l i t y as a p o s s i b l e f a i l u r e mechanism. If a
c a s i n g s t r i n g i s p l a c e d i n a x i a l compression f r o m t h e r m a l
e l o n g a t i o n and i f t h e r e a r e s i z a b l e s e c t i o n s w h e r e n o l a t e r a l
s u p p o r t i s p r o v i d e d due t o i n a d e q u a t e cement o r w a s h o u t zones,
t h e s t r i n g can l a t e r a l l y d e f l e c t ( b u c k l e ) .
T h i s r e p o r t p r o v i d e s p r e l i m i n a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s on t h e
b u c k l i n g phenomenon. I t can g e n e r a l l y b e s t a t e d t h a t t h e r m a l l y
i n d u c e d b u c k l i n g i n N-80 c a s i n g w o u l d n o t b e s e r i o u s i f m i n o r
a d j u s t m e n t s t o i n c r e a s e c a s i n g s t a b i l i t y w e r e made s u c h as
applying a tension preload o r additional i n t e r n a l pressure
w h i l e cementing. However, t h e s i t u a t i o n i s f a r w o r s e f o r t h e
w e a k e r K-55 c a s i n g . F u l l l a t e r a l support would be a necessity.
The e f f e c t o f w a l l c o n t a c t was f o u n d t o b e b e n e f i c i a l f o r
c l o s e l y c o n f i n e d p i p e s t r i n g s and o f n o g r e a t d e t r i m e n t when
h o l e gaps w e r e l a r g e p r o v i d e d p i p e o v a l a t i o n was u n i m p o r t a n t .
T h e weakness o f a l l A m e r i c a n P e t r o l e u m I n s t i t u t e ( A P I ) screw
j o i n t s i n b e n d i n g appears t o be t h e s t r u c t u r a l l i m i t a t i o n .
The a b o v e c o n c l u s i o n s a r e b a s e d on t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t
s t r e s s e s above y i e l d c o n s t i t u t e d f a i l u r e . I t was a l s o assumed
t h e t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n was s l o w enough t o p r o d u c e s t r a i n
c o n t r o l l e d l o a d s and t h a t t h e c a s i n g s t r i n g c o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d
continuous. I n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e i n s t a b i l i t y was i g n o r e d . The
t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n c o n s i d e r e d was b e t w e e n c e m e n t i n g
c o n d i t i o n s o f 100-2OO'F (40-95°C) and s h u t - i n conditions o f
425-450°F (220-230°C)
Another regime o f thermal b u c k l i n g w h i c h needs t o b e
i n v e s t i g a t e d i s s y m m e t r i c a l b u c k l i n g and w r i n k l i n g i n s t a b i l i t i e s

39
i n short, unsupported c a s i n g lengths. Furthermore, i t would be
b e n e f i c i a l i f l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s were conducted t o : 1)
o b s e r v e t h e a b r u p t n e s s and e x t e n t o f h o r i z o n t a l d i s p l a c e m e n t a t
buckling, 2) evaluate stress reduction i n the casing f o l l o w i n g
w a l l c o n t a c t , 3 ) e v a l u a t e weakening e f f e c t s o f p i p e ovalness,
and 4 ) d e t e r m i n e t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f o t h e r f a i l u r e modes.

40
 REFERENCES

1. Manual o f S t e e l C o n s t r u c t i o n , 8 t h E d i t i o n , 1980, American

E t i t u t e o f T e e l C o n s t r u c t i o n , New Y o r k .

2. Boley, B. A. and J. H. W e i n e r , 1960, ---

Theory o f Thermal
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S t r e s-
ses, J o h n W i l e y and Sons, Inc., N e w Y o r k . 7

3. Capuano, L. E., 1978, "How G e y s e r s Steam W e l l s A r e D r i l l e d

and E q u i p p e d , " W o r l d O i l , F e b r u a r y 1, pp. 69-72.

4. Crandall, S. H., and N. C. D a h l , 1959, An I n t r o d u c t i o n t o

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Mechanics o f ---
S o l i d s , McGraw-Hill Book Co.,Kr-%%Yol-k.

5. Edwards, L. M., C h i l i n g a r , G. V., R i e k e 111, H. H., and

F e r t l , W. H., e d s . 1982, Handbook o f G e o t h e r m a l E n e r g y , -
G u l f Pub1 i s h i n g Company,

6. Goodman, M. A., 1978, ' ' W o r l d O i l ' s Handbook o f A r c t i c W e l l

C o m p l e t i o n s , " W o r l d O i l , H o u s t o n , Texas.

7. G r e e n i p , J. T., 1978, "Optimum C a s i n g P r o g r a m D e s i g n

S t r e s s e s Economy," The O i l and Gas J o u r n a l , O c t o b e r 16,
pp. 76-86.

8. H a m m e r l i n d l , D. J., 1978, " B a s i c F l u i d and P r e s s u r e F o r c e s

on O i l W e l l T u b u l a r s , " 5 3 r d A n n u a l T e c h n i c a l C o n f e r e n c e
and E x h i b i t i o n o f S o c i e t y o f P e t r o l e u m E n g i n e e r s o f AIME,
SPE 7594, O c t o b e r 1-3.

9. H o l l i d a y , G. H., 1969, " C a l c u l a t i o n o f A l l o w a b l e Maximum

Casing Temperatures t o P r e v e n t Tension F a i l u r e s i n Thermal
W e l l s , " P a p e r 69-Pet-10, ASME P e t r o l e u m M e c h a n i c a l
E n g i n e e r i n g C o n f e r e n c e , T u l s a , OK, S e p t e m b e r 21-25.

10. H u e r t a , M. and J. T. B l a c k , 1976, " E x p e r i m e n t a l and

A n a l y t i c a l I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f an I n t e r l o c k i n g Tape J o i n t , "
SAND76-0166, S a n d i a N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r i e s , A l b u q u e r q u e ,
New M e x i c o , O c t o b e r .

11. J e n k i n s , C. J., a n d R. E. S n y d e r , 1979, " G e o t h e r m a l W e l l

Casing Design: Basic Design Considerations," Report t o
Sandia N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r i e s b y Completion Technology
Company, A u g u s t .

12. K a r l s s o n , T h o r b j o r n , 1978, " C a s i n g D e s i g n f o r H i g h

Temperature Geothermal Wells," Geothermal Resources
C o u n c i l , T r a n s a c t i o n s , V o l . 2, pp. 355-358.

41
13. Kumataka, M. K., 1981, l e t t e r t o James R. K e l s e y , Sandia
N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r i e s , f r o m A m i n o i l USA, J u l y 28.

14. L u b i n s k i , A., W. J. A l t h o u s e , J. L. Logan, 1962, " H e l i c a l

B u c k l i n g o f T u b i n g S e a l i n g i n P a c k e r s , " J. o f P e t r o l e u m
T e c h n o l o g y , pp. 655-670.

15. M A R C G e n e r a l P u r p o s e F i n i t e E l e m e n t Program, 1979, MARC

A n a l y s i s R e s e a r c h Corp., P a l o A l t o , C a l i f o r n i a 94306.

16. N e l s o n , C. G:, 1975, " P r o g r a m i s D e s i g n e d t o A n a l y z e

C a s i n g B u c k l i n g i n T h e r m a l R e c o v e r y , " The O i l and Gas
J o u r n a l , December 8, pp. 79-82.

17. M i t c h e l l , R. F., 1982, "Advanced W e l l B o r e T e m p e r a t u r e

S i m u l a t o r , GEOTEMPE, I'SAND82-7003, S a n d i a N a t i o n a l
L a b o r a t o r i e s , A l b u q u e r q u e , New M e x i c o .

18. Pye, S., 1980, l e t t e r t o S. G. Varnado, S a n d i a N a t i o n a l

L a b o r a t o r i e s , f r o m U n i o n O i l , March 15.

19. Rechard, R. P., 3 . T. B l a c k and S. D. Meyer, 1982,

" G u i d e l i n e s f o r D e s i g n i n g Tape J o i n t s , " SAND82-2416,
S a n d i a N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r i e s , A l b u q u e r q u e , New M e x i c o

20. Snyder, R. E., 1979, " G e o t h e r m a l W e l l C a s i n g D e s i g n : A

S t u d y o f F a i l u r e Modes and C e m e n t i n g L i m i t a t i o n s , " R e p o r t
t o Sandia N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r i e s by Completion Technology
Company, May.

21. T e x t e r , H. G., 1955, "Why O i l - W e l l T u b i n g and C a s i n g

Fail... b y Wear, E r o s i o n , B u c k l i n g , T o r s i o n and
C o r r o s i o n , " The O i l and Gas J o u r n a l , A u g u s t 29, pp. 85-99.

22. Timoshenko, S., 1959, S t r e n g t h o f M a t e r i a l s , D. Van

N o s t r a n d Co., I n c . , P r i n c e t o n , New J e r s e y .

23. Timoshenko, S., J. M. Gere, 1961, T ------

heory o f E l a s t i c
S t a b i l i t y , M c G r a w - H i l l Book Co. I n c . , New Y o r k .

24. W i l s o n , W. H., T. K. P e r k i n s , and J. H. S t r i e g l e r , 1980,

" C a s i n g B u c k l i n g S t u d i e s Lower Cementing Costs," W o r l d
O i l , September, pp. 63-67.

25. Wooley,.G. R., S. A. C h r i s t m a n , J. G. C r o s e , 1977, "Strain

L i m i t D e s i g n o f 1 3 - 3 / 8 i n c h N-80 B u t t r e s s C a s i n g , " 3. o f
P e t r o l e u m T e c h n o l o g y , pp. 355-359.

26. Wooley, G. R., 1980, " W e l l - B o r e and S o i l T h e r m a l

S i m u l a t i o n f o r G e o t h e r m a l We1 1 : C o m p a r i s o n o f GEOTEMP
P r e d i c t i o n s t o F i e l d D a t a and E v a l u a t i o n o f F l o w
V a r i a b l e s , " SAND79-7116, S a n d i a N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r i e s ,
A l b u q u e r q u e , New M e x i c o , March.

42
 APPENDIX A

Nomencl a t u r e

A - casing cross-sectional area (L*)

D - outside casing diameter (L)

I E - modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y ( M / t L )

e - gap b e t w e e n c a s i n g and d r i l l h o l e ( L )

I - moment o f i n e r t i a ( ~ 4 )

L - t o t a l unsupported l e n g t h ( L )
R - u n s u p p o r t e d l e n g t h between f i x e d end and
point o f contact with wall (L)

Mb, MR - moment a t p o i n t b and r e a c t i o n moment ( M / t )

P, PCrr Pe - a x i a l l o a d , a x i a l l o a d when E u l e r b u c k l i n g
i n i t i a t e d , and r e a c t i o n l o a d ( M / t L )

ri, r o - i n s i d e and o u t s i d e c a s i n g r a d i u s ( L )

- radius of gyration (L)

v, VR - shear f o r c e a p p l i e d a t w a l l c o n t a c t and
r e a c t i o n shear f o r c e ( M l t L ) .
,
Y S Ymax - c a s i n g d e f l e c t i o n and maximum c a s i n g
deflection (L)

Y', Y" - f i r s t and s e c o n d d e r i v a t i v e s , respectively

AT, A T c r - t e m p e r a t u r e change and t e m p e r a t u r e change

when E u l e r b u c k l i n g i n i t i a t e d ( T )

a - l i n e a r c o e f f i c i e n t o f thermal
expansion (T-1

dP), dT) - a x i a l l o a d and t h e r m a l l o a d d i s p l a c e m e n t s

&l(Y), 6 d Y ) - d e f l e c t i o n d i s p l a c e m e n t s b e f o r e and a f t e r
wall contact (L)

43
u a s (Qblmax - a x i a l s t r e s s a n d maximum bending
s t r e s s (MltL)
Q w / s Qw/o - t o t a l casing s t r e s s w i t h a n d without w a l l
contact (MltL)
Qt - t o t a l c a s i n g s t r e s s (MltL)

OY
- yield stress ( M / t L )

44
 APPENDIX B
Derivation o f Equations

Appendix B p r e s e n t s i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l t h e d e r i v a t i o n s o f
pertinent equations i n the text. The c o n c e p t s a r e q u i t e
simple, b u t t h e a l g e b r a can b e t e d i o u s . The c a s i n g shape
d e s c r i p t i o n and t h e e x p r e s s i o n f o r maximum s t r e s s b e f o r e w a l l
contact are derived f i r s t . The c a s i n g s h a p e a n d s t r e s s
equations a f t e r wall contact follow. For c l a r i t y , additional
e q u a t i o n s and f i g u r e s w e r e added t o t h o s e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e
text. T h e y a r e p r e f i x e d w i t h t h e l e t t e r IIB."

-- -
D i f f e r e n t i a1 E q u a t i o n

From t h e f r e e b o d y d i a g r a m i n F i g u r e 6b, the following

e q u i l i b r i u m c r i t e r i a m u s t b e met:

I f a s e c t i o n t h r o u g h t h e beam i s t a k e n b e f o r e p o i n t b
(Figure B-la) then the f o l l o w i n g equation results:

45
FREE BODY DIAGRAMS OF WELL CASING

HOLE WALL

F i g u r e B-1. S u p p l e m e n t a r y F r e e Body D i a g r a m s
By a s s u m i n g ( y ' ) ' i s s m a l l compared t o yi' i n t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l
expression f o r curvature, E u l e r beam t h e o r y e x p r e s s e s t h e
moment M as:

M = EIy"

2
T h i s e q u a t i o n a p p l i e s assuming: 1) (y') 2 ) Hook's
i s small,
l a w a p p l i e s , 3) E i s t h e same f o r t e n s i o n and c o m p r e s s i o n ,
4 ) a p l a n e s e c t i o n r e m a i n s p l a n e a f t e r bending, and 5 )
l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b e r l e n g t h s do n o t change. Substituting f o r M

The s o l u t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n i s

where

K2 = P/EI

From F i g u r e 6 a i t i s e v i d e n t t h e f i x e d - e n d b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s
a t p o i n t a are:

x = o , y = o

x = 0, y ' = 0

Consequently:

- MR V
-
Y = T (1-cos KX) + (x sin KX)

47
 --
Cr5tical temperature.
---a_---- Before w a l l c o n t a c t , t h e shear f o r c e
(V) i s zero. C o n s e q u e n t l y t h e c a s i n g t a k e s t h e shape o f a
raised cosine function:

*R
y = -p ( 1 - COS Kx) (4)

T h e d e f l e c t i o n and s l o p e a t p o i n t c i s a l s o s p e c i f i e d a n d
e s t a b l i s h e s two a d d i t i o n a l boundary c o n d i t i o n s :

x = L = 22, y = 0

x = L = 22,y' = o
B o t h b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s e s t a b l i s h a f u r t h e r r e s t r i c t i o n on K :

K = 2~m/L, m = 0, 1, 2 ,...
E q u a t i n g t h e two e x p r e s s i o n s f o r K and l e t t i n g m = 1 r e s u l t s i n :

2 2
P = 4r E I / L

For a thermally induced load:

Pcr = AEaAT (6-4)

S u b s t i t u t i n g f o r t h e l o a d P and s o l v i n g f o r A T :

2
A T = 4n I
K
-----
Maximum S ---
tress. The t o t a l s t r e s s ( u t ) a f t e r t h e c a s i n g has
buckled equals (neglecting oval a t ion stresses) :

Qt-
- 0
a +

The e x p r e s s i o n o f u a i s :

48
 ua = PcrIA = EabTcr = constant (7)

F o r a l o n g , s l e n d e r c a s i n g i t i s r e a s o n a b l e t o assume a b = Mc/I
w h i l e s t r e s s e s remain below y i e l d . From e q u a t i o n ( 6 - 2 ) where
v = 0:

= MR C O S K X (using 4)

The maximum b e n d i n g s t r e s s o c c u r s a t t h e end p o i n t s

when:

(‘b)max = MRrolI

The r e s t r a i n i n g moment a f t e r b u c k l i n g ( M R ) i s found b y t h e

p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d by Boley and Weiner ( 1 9 6 0 ) . The t h e r m a l l y
induced l e n g t h change ( s ( T ) ) must equal t h e sum of t h e a x i a l
l o a d d e f o r m a t i o n ( s ( P ) ) and t h e c a s i n g d e f l e c t i o n ( s ( y ) )
( F i g u r e B-2a) :

T h e e x p r e s s i o n s f o r t h e thermal and a x i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t s a r e

s(T) = aATL (10)

6(P) = PcrL/AE = constant (11 1

T h e d e f l e c t i o n d i s p l a c e m e n t i s e q u i v a l e n t t o (where ds i s
measured a l o n g t h e c a s i n g ) :

q(y) = /oL(ds-dx)

49
 U s i n g a T a y l o r e x p a n s i o n o f t h e i n t e g r a n d and n e g l e c t i n g h i g h e r
order terms r e s u l t s i n :

but

-MRK
y’ = s i n Kx

hence

Substituting (lo), ( l l ) , and ( 1 3 ) i n t o ( 9 ) and s o l v i n g f o r M:

A s a r g u e d i n t h e r e p o r t , o n c e b u c k l i n g has o c c u r r e d , s(T) i s
e n t i r e l y absorbed by s(y); hence s ( P ) r e m a i n s c o n s t a n t .
Consequently u a remains a t t h e c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g s t r e s s .
S u b s t i t u t i n g (6-4) i n t o (9-5) yields:

I n s e r t i n g e q u a t i o n ( 1 4 ) i n t o ( 8 ) and e v a l u a t i n g I f o r a p i p e
yields:

(Ob)max = AEaATcr[a(~T - AT,^)] 1 ’ 2 4 L r 0 / n ( r o2 + r 7i ) (6-6)

S u b s t i t u t i n g (9-6) and ( 7 ) i n t o ( 6 ) r e s u l t s i n :

50
 DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIPS

a)

6(T) = 6(P) + 262(P) 262(Y)

.-
= 6(P) + 262(Y)

b)
.
F i g u r e 6-2. Thermal, A x i a l , and Beam D e f l e c t i o n D i s p l a c e m e n t
Relationships.

51
~
.

---
After Wall € o n t a c t

-
Casingshape. A f t e r w a l l c o n t a c t o c c u r s t h e f i x e d end
b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s a t p o i n t "an1 s t i l l h o l d and t h u s e q u a t i o n
(2) i s applicable. Two new b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e p o i n t o f
w a l l c o n t a c t are:

x = R , y = e

x = R, y' = 0

The f o u r t h b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n e s t a b l i s h e s :

where

K' = P/ER

The p l a u s i b i l i t y o f a c o n c e n t r a t e d s h e a r l o a d ( V ) as
opposed t o a d i s t r i b u t e d l o a d a t t h e w a l l c o n t a c t i s argued i n
C r a n d a l l and Dah1 ( 1 9 5 9 ) . The a r g u m e n t i s b a s e d on t h e
a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e beam-column i s straight a t the surface
contact. This s i t u a t i o n precludes the p o s s i b i l i t y o f a
moment Mb.
E q u a t i o n ( 3 ) e s t a b l i s h e s a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n MR, V and
P ( o r K ) b u t s e v e r a l cases a r e e v i d e n t . F i r s t whenever s i n K R
and l - c o s K R equal zero the equation holds. However, when t h i s
c a s e i s i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e s t a t i c moment r e l a t i o n i t i s f o u n d
MR = -Mb. T h i s f a c t i s n o t c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e deformed
c a s i n g shape a f t e r w a l l c o n t a c t ( F i g u r e 8 b ) .
A n o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t y i s w h e r e MR and l - c o s KR equal zero.
( A f t e r wall contact, t h e shear f o r c e ( V ) i s nonzero i n
equation ( 3 ) . ) Because Mb i s assumed t o e q u a l z e r o i t i s
p o s s i b l e t o show M R = 0 a l s o .

52
 The p l a u s i b i l i t y o f t h i s f a c t c a n b e seen b y e x a m i n i n g t h e
f r e e body diagram i n F i g u r e B-lc. Figure B-lc i s simply the
m i r r o r image o f F i g u r e B - l b w h i c h was u s e d t o o b t a i n e q u a t i o n
(8-2). O n l y t h e moment MR i s m i s s i n g . Another h e u r i s t i c
argument i s f o u n d b y assuming F i g u r e s B - l b and B - l c are d i v i d e d
a t t h e change i n c u r v a t u r e . A t the point o f counterflexure,
M = 0. A sum o f moments i n F i g u r e B - l c r e s u l t s i n Pe = V R .
A p p l y i n g t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e moment r e l a t i o n s h i p o f
equation (B-1) w h e r e M = 0 r e s u l t s i n M R = 0. Therefore, if
a s t r a i g h t section e x i s t s i n the casing a t the wall contact,
b o t h e n d moments a r e r e p l a c e d w i t h c o n c e n t r a t e d s h e a r f o r c e s
(V).
From t h e c o n d i t i o n MR = 0 a n d 1-cos K ' x = 0 i n equation
( 3 ) , t h e shape o f t h e c a s i n g b e t w e e n p o i n t s ''a" and ''b" i s :

where

K ' = 2n/R

A t t h e moment o f c o n t a c t R = L / 2 o r K ' = 4rlL. Use o f t h e t h i r d

b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n r e s u l t s i n Pe = V R .
I n o r d e r t o make c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n e q u a t i o n ( 4 ) a n d ( 8 - 7 )
i t i s d e s i r a b l e t o d e f i n e K = 2 r l L i n which case equation (6-7)
becomes :

V
Y = p ( X - z s i n 2Kx) (16)
.
i

Up u n t i l - w a l l c o n t a c t , t h e c a s i n g s h a p e was d e s c r i b e d b y
the cosine expression (4). A f t e r contact, equation (16)
r e q u i r e s an i n s t a n t a n e o u s c h a n g e i n c a s i n g shape. The
predicament r e s u l t s f r o m t h e assumption o f a s t r a i g h t s e c t i o n
a t the i n s t a n t o f contact. T h e r e i s a c t u a l l y a t r a n s i t i o n zone
w h e r e b o t h a moment and a s h e a r f o r c e e x i s t , but the

53
 r

s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e c a s i n g moment s h o u l d g r a d u a l l y d e c r e a s e
a f t e r wall contact.*
Because o f t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a t r a n s i t i o n z o n e w h e r e b o t h a
moment and a s h e a r ( o r more r e a l i s t i c a l l y , a distributed force)
e x i s t simultaneously, a more d e t a i l e d a n a l y t i c s o l u t i o n i s
required. However, an a l t e r n a t i v e i s t o d e s c r i b e t h e c a s i n g
shape as a " s p l i t c o s i n e b e l l " i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n zone. The
split-cosine f o r m u l a t i o n i s developed i n a subsequent s e c t i o n .
V a r i a b -l e----
L e n --
g t h f-k--) . The v a r i a b l e l e n g t h ( R ) i s shown i n
Figures B-la and B-2b. I t i s t h e l e n g t h between t h e f i x e d end
and t h e p o i n t o f w a l l c o n t a c t . The l e n g t h ( a ) s h o r t e n s as t h e
c a s i n g segment a g a i n s t t h e w a l l l e n g t h e n s due t o i n c r e a s e d
deformation. An e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e v a r i a b l e l e n g t h ( 2 )
p e r t a i n i n g t o equation (16) i s found from the c o n d i t i o n t h a t
t h e t h e r m a l d i s p l a c e m e n t ( a ( T ) ) e q u a l s t h e sum o f t h e a x i a l
l o a d d i s p l a c e m e n t ( a ( P ) ) and t w i c e t h e c a s i n g d e f l e c t i o n
(6*(y)) ( F i g u r e B-2b):

The e x p r e s s i o n s f o r d i s p l a c e m e n t s a r e e q u a t i o n s ( l o ) , (ll), and

( 1 2 ) as b e f o r e . Substituting equation (16) i n t o equation (12)
r e s u l t s in:

*gimportance o f t h e moment c o u l d i n c r e a s e a g a i n i f enough

t h e r m a l e l o n g a t i o n o c c u r r e d such t h a t t h e c a s i n g began t o
buckle i n the region o f wall contact. (With a t h i n - w a l l e d .
p i p e i t i s more l i k e l y t h a t p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n s u c h as
k i n k i n g o r c o l l a p s e would o c c u r b e f o r e assuming a h i g h e r
b u c k l i n g mode.) T h e b u c k l i n g phenomenon i s e a s i l y v i s u a l i z e d
i f a f l e x i b l e bar or note card i s buckled against a s o l i d
surface.

54
f
c

It i s important t o note the difference i n the casing

d e f l e c t i o n b e t w e e n e q u a t i o n s ( 1 3 ) and (B-9). By c o m b i n i n g
e q u a t i o n s ( 1 3 ) a n d (B-5) i t i s e a s i l y shown:

al(y) = aL(AT - AT^^) (B-10)

The e x p r e s s i o n f o r c a s i n g d e f l e c t i o n a f t e r w a l l c o n t a c t i s
g i v e n b y (B-9) b u t V = eP/R; hence:

3 e2
9(Y) = (B-11)

A t t h e instance o f wall contact, e = ymax = 2MR/P.

E x p r e s s i n g MR b y ( B - 5 ) and s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t o (B-11) yields:

2
6,(y) = aL(AT - AT^^) 6/r (B-12)

E q u a t i o n s (B-10) a n d (B-12)
2
d i f f e r by t h e f a c t o r 6 1 ~ .
A r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r the v a r i a b l e length i s found by
substituting (lo), (ll),
and (B-11) i n t o (B-8) which y i e l d s :

(B-13)

-but

2 2
= 471 E I / L (8-1 5)
'cr

. S u b s t i t u t i n g t h i s e x p r e s s i o n i n t o (8-13), e v a l u a t i n g I and A,
and s o l v i n g f o r R ( A T > AT^^ 1:

R1 = 7 e 2 L / [ aATt
2
- r 2 ( r i +r: )] (B-14)
n
I t can b e shown !tl = ( 1 2 / r L ) L a t t h e i n s t a n t o f c o n t a c t r a t h e r
t h a n 1 / 2 L.

55
 I n t h e above f o r m u l a t i o n , i t was assumed t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t
f r o m t h e a x i a l l o a d remained c o n s t a n t ( P = Pcr). However, a
new c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g l o a d e x i s t s f o r t h e s h o r t c a s i n g o f
l e n g t h ( a ) w h i c h i s 4 t i m e s as g r e a t .

2
4r E 17
P = ''
4
F r i c t i o n a l o n g t h e w a l l c o u l d p r o v i d e a mechanism f o r t h i s new
t h r e s h o l d t o be reached. A l s o i f t h e c a s i n g was t o assume a
h i g h e r b u c k l i n g mode, l a r g e r a x i a l loads than the c r i t i c a l load
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e f i r s t b u c k l i n g mode seemed p o s s i b l e .
Consequently, an e x p r e s s i o n f o r R was d e r i v e d w h i c h p e r m i t t e d
an i n c r e a s e i n t h e a x i a l l o a d ( P ) , A quadratic expression
results:

5 = (3e + [9e4 + ~ A T2Lr 2 ( d o2 + d i2) ] 1 ' 2 } /4aATL (B-16)

T h e l o a d P was e x p r e s s e d as r 2 E I / R 2 . This i s the i n i t i a l

v a l u e o f t h e l o a d P. The t h r e s h o l d f o r t h e l o a d P w o u l d b e
2 2
4r E I I R . The t w o e x p r e s s i o n s f o r R , e q u a t i o n s (B-14) a n d
(B-15) a r e compared i n T a b l e B - I . From t h e d i s c r e p a n c i e s i n
T a b l e B-1, i t i s e v i d e n t t h a t t h e l e n g t h ( 2 ) i s a l i k e l y source
o f e r r o r i n t h e a n a l y t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e maximum s t r e s s
d e r i v e d below. (Good a g r e e m e n t e x i s t s b e t w e e n (B-16) and (17)
and w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n a s u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n . ) The
a p p r o x i m a t i o n f o r beam d e f l e c t i o n d i s p l a c e m e n t ( s ( y ) ) was
e x a m i n e d as a p o s s i b l e s o u r c e o f e r r o r i n t h e t h e o r e t i c a l
d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f R. The s e c o n d t e r m i n t h e T a y l o r e x p a n s i o n o f
s ( y ) was i n c o r p o r a t e d b u t i t s i n f l u e n c e was i n s i g n i f i c a n t as
o r i g i n a l l y assumed.
Maximum
- ---
s t r e s s a f t e r wall c o n t a c t . - I _ The t o t a l s t r e s s ( u t )
a f t e r t h e c a s i n g h a s b u c k l e d and c o n t a c t e d t h e w a l l i s
e x p r e s s e d b y t h e sum o f u a and ( e q u a t i o n 5). The
express i o n f o r (ab)max i s a g a i n M c / I . The v a l u e f o r M i s

56
 Table B-I. Comparison o f A n a l y t i c R e s u l t s
f o r 13-318 i n c h 54.5 D D f N-80 C a s i n q
w i t h an 'Unsupportede L e n g t h o f l O O D -
(ATCr = 71.7 F =: 22'C)

temp hole unsupported l e n g t h

c h an a e d is D 1 a c e me n t qap
- . cons€ant P var. F- S P l l t maximum s t r e s s
AT
n c r
-
Yma x
D D
e -
2a1
L
2R3
-
L
-
awl 0
=Y
pwl
OY

1.5 0.978
...250
500
..03 71 98 .828
-870 .-.825
860
.300
0411
750 .714 0944 920 .486
.978 1.215 1.044 1. 000 .519 0745

2.0 1.370 ..500

250 ..162
040 -718 -716
.743
.344
-709
.750
. ..364 .750
-805 .786
.854
,602
.660
1 000
1.370
649
1.214
.888
1.073 .
1 000 -659 ,659

4.0 2.380 ..750

500 .054
.120
.520
.547
-517
.538 .
-839
1 094
1. 000
1.500
-214
.048
.587
-713
-571
-671
1.268
.
1 362
2.380 1.214 1.131 1.000 1.466 1.021
 f o u n d f r o m e q u a t i o n (B-2) w h e r e MR = 0. Expressing y by
e q u a t i o n ( 1 1 ) and s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t o ( 8 - 2 ) results in:

M = K' s i n K'X

The maximum moment w i l l o c c u r a t t h e q u a r t e r p o i n t s : X/R = 1/4

o r X / R = 3/4. ( T h i s d i f f e r s f r o m t h e c o s i n e e q u a t i o n ( 4 ) where
t h e maximum b e n d i n g s t r e s s o c c u r s a t x = L / 2 . ) Thus:

( 'b) max = V r o / K ' I

but

K' = 2n/R = ( P / E I ) 1 / 2

h en ce

) = n E e r o / 2 R2
'b(max

Therefore

ut = EaATCr + rEero/2R2

where i s d e s c r i b e d b y e q u a t i o n 8-14 o r B-16. The u s e o f t h e

n u m e r i c a l l y determined R i n equation (19) d i d improve t h e
correspondence w i t h t h e numerical r e s u l t s .
I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t an i n c o n s i s t e n c y e x i s t s i n t h e
above d e r i v a t i o n . The a x i a l l o a d ( P ) i n c r e a s e s b e y o n d P c r in
t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f R (B-16) w h i l e t h e a x i a l s t r e s s c a n n o t exceed
Pcr/A i n equation (19). Replacing AT^^
w i t h AT i n (19)
results i n the t o t a l stress (at) i n c r e a s i n g much f a s t e r w i t h
i n c r e a s i n g AT. The r e s u l t i n g v a l u e s do n o t c o r r e s p o n d w i t h t h e
n u m e r i c a l r e s u l t s and t h u s e q u a t i o n ( 1 9 ) was n o t a l t e r e d .

58
.

found from e q u a t i o n (6-2) w h e r e MR = 0. Expressing y by

e q u a t i o n ( 1 1 ) and s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t o ( 6 - 2 ) r e s u l t s in:

M = {,sin K X

The maximum moment w i 1 o c c u r a t t h e q u a r t e r p o i n t s : X/& = 1/4

o r X / R = 3/4. ( T h i s d i f f e r s f r o m t h e c o s i n e e q u a t i o n ( 4 ) where
t h e maximum b e n d i n g s t r e s s o c c u r s a t x = L / 2 . ) Thus:

.. = Vro/KII
(Ob ) ma x

but

V = Pe/R

K' = 2 r / R = (P/EI) 1/2

hence

2
= rEero/2

Therefore

u t = EaAT,, + r E e r 0 / 2 R2
(19)

w h e r e ! t i s d e s c r i b e d b y e q u a t i o n 6-14 o r 6-16. The u s e o f t h e

n u m e r i c a l l y determined R i n equation (19) d i d improve t h e
correspondence w i t h t h e numerical r e s u l t s .
I t , s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t an i n c o n s i s t e n c y e x i s t s i n t h e
above d e r i v a t i o n . The a x i a l l o a d ( P ) i n c r e a s e s b e y o n d Pcr in
the expression o f R ( 6 - 1 6 ) w h i l e t h e a x i a l s t r e s s cannot exceed
Pcr/A i n equation (19). Replacing AT^^
w i t h AT i n (19)
r e s u l t s i n t h e t o t a l s t r e s s ( u t ) i n c r e a s i n g much f a s t e r w i t h
i n c r e a s i n g AT. The r e s u l t i n g v a l u e s do n o t c o r r e s p o n d w i t h t h e
n u m e r i c a l r e s u l t s and t h u s e q u a t i o n ( 1 9 ) was n o t a l t e r e d .

59
1
1

SD 1 it-Cos in e F o r mu 1 a t ion

F i g u r e 10a d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e t w o a n a l y t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n s ( 3 )
and ( 1 6 ) do n o t a g r e e i n shape when c o n t a c t o c c u r s . There i s a
t r a n s i t i o n p e r i o d f r o m e q u a t i o n ( 3 ) and ( 1 6 ) . Rather than
r e s o r t t o a more c o m p l i c a t e d m a t h e m a t i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e
casing during the transition, t h e c a s i n g shape was d e s c r i b e d as
a split-cosine bell. One m u s t assume t h e end moments c o n t i n u e
t o act a f t e r wall contact. Summing moments a b o u t an end o f t h e
f r e e body diagram y i e l d s :

MR = P e / 2 (B-17)

The f o l l o w i n g shape d e s c r i p t i o n r e s u l t s when t h e end moment

expression i s substituted i n t o (3):

y = 7
e (1- COS Kx) (B-18)

An i d e n t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n pops o u t f r o m e q u a t i o n ( 2 ) i f V i s s e t
e q u a l t o z e r o and t h e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s a p p l i c a b l e a f t e r w a l l
con t a c t a r e a p p l i e d .
Lenqth d e s c r i p t i o n R 3 . The d e r i v a t i o n f o r t h e
description of length (a3) follows the steps outlined i n the
previous section. E q u a t i o n (B-8) describes the thermal
displacement ( s ( T ) ) . E q u a t i o n (8-13) d e s c r i b e s t h e beam
d i s p l a c e m e n t ( ~ ( y ) ) . The a x i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t t e r m c o r r e s p o n d s
t o (11) except t h a t t h e a x i a l load i s allowed t o increase
beyond Pcr. I t f o l l o w s t h a t R 3 i s r e p r e s e n t e d by:

2 P
R3 = ( n e ) /(8LoAT - m) (6-19)

2
I f the expression f o r the load P = 7 EI/R2 i s substituted i n
(6-18) and t h e r e s u l t i n g q u a d r a t i c i s s o l v e d f o r R 3 , then:

1/2
= ((ne) A'+ [ ( x ~ ) ~ A +' 256L 2 n 2 I A a A T ] )/16LAtr~T
R3

60
.
i

V a l u e s of k3 f o r v a r i o u s t e m p e r a t u r e changes ( A T ) and h o l e
gaps a r e t a b u l a t e d i n T a b l e B - I . The a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n ( 1 7 )
a n d (B-19) i s v e r y good.
Maximum s t r e s s .
----_II
The t o t a l maximum s t r e s s ( u t ) is
e x p r e s s e d b y e q u a t i o n s (6), ( 7 ) , and ( 8 ) e x c e p t t h a t MR i s
e q u i v a l e n t t o P e / 2 (B-17). An e x p r e s s i o n i d e n t i c a l t o ( 1 9 )
results.

61-62
.
. .
Distribution:
TID-4500-R66-UC-66~ (507) Gene P o l k
NL B a r o i d
Tom A n d e r s o n 6 4 0 0 Uptown B l v d . NE, 365W
Venture Innovations A l b u q u e r q u e , NM 87110
P. 0. Box 35845
H o u s t o n , TX 77035 D e l E. P y l e
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H o u s t o n , TX 77001 John C. R o w l e y
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and D e p t . o f G e o l o g y
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C o l l e g e S t a t i o n , TX 77843 Amoco P r o d u c t i o n Company
Research Center
Tom T u r n e r P. 0. Box 591
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655 E a s t 4500 S o u t h Ed M a r t i n
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Eastern D i v i s i o n
Jim K i n g s o l v e r P. 0. Box 51108 O C S
Geothermal O p e r a t i o n s L a f a y e t t e , LA 70505
Smith Tool
P. 0. B O X C-19511 B. J. L i v e s a y
I r v i n e , CA 92713 129 L i v e r p o o l
C a r d i f f , CA 92007
James W. L a n g f o r d
Security Division U. S. D e p a r t m e n t o f E n e r g y ( 4 )
Dresser I n d u s t r i e s , Inc. Geothermal Hydropower
P. 0. Box 24647 Techno1 o g i e s D i v i s i o n
D a l l a s , TX 75224 F o r r e s t a l B l d g . CE324
1000 I n d e p e n d e n c e Ave. S.W.
H a r v e y E. M a l l o r y W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20585
P. 0. Box 54696 Attn: J. Bresee
T u l s a , OK 74155 D. C l e m e n t s
R. Toms
D. A l l e n

63
 W. P. Grace, DOE/AL
N u c l e a r & Geosciences D i v i s i o n

1500 W. Herrmann
1510 D. B. Hayes
1520 T. 8. Lane
1521 R. D. Krieg
1522 T. G. Priddy
1522 R. P. Rechard
1522 K. W. Schuler
1523 R. C. Reuter
1524 W. N. S u l l i v a n
1530 L. W. D a v i s o n
1540 W. C. L u t h
3141 L. J. E r i c k s o n ( 5 )
3151 W. L. G a r n e r ( 3 )
9000 G. A. F o w l e r
9700 E. H. B e c k n e r
9730 W. D. W e a r t
9740 R. K. T r a e g e r
9741 J. R. K e l s e y ( 1 0 )
9741 6. C. Caskey ( 5 )
9743 H. C. H a r d e e
9746 B. Granoff
9747 P. J. Hommert
9750 V. L. Dugan
9760 R. W. L y n c h
9770 G. E. B r a n d v o l d
8214 M. A. Pound

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0 V . S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1983-0-676-027/525