Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ann Periodontol
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Development of a Classification System for Periodontal Diseases and Conditions Volume 4 • Number 1 • December 1999
Figure 1.
Classification of periodontal diseases and conditions.
* Can occur on a periodontium with no attachment loss or on a periodontium with attachment loss that is not progressing.
accurate to adopt a nonspecific term such as “Chronic data from many sources confirm that patients with this
Periodontitis” to characterize this constellation of form of periodontitis usually exhibit slow rates of pro-
destructive periodontal diseases. gression.6,7 However, there are also data indicating
A great deal of discussion centered around what that some patients may experience short periods of
words should be used to replace the Adult Periodontitis rapid progression.8,9 Therefore, workshop participants
term. Substitute terminology such as “Periodontitis— concluded that rates of progression should not be used
Common Form” and “Type II Periodontitis” were con- to exclude people from receiving the diagnosis of
sidered and eventually rejected by the majority of the Chronic Periodontitis.
group. The term “Chronic Periodontitis” was criticized
by some participants, since “chronic” might be inter- Replacement of “Early-Onset Periodontitis”
preted as “noncurable” by some people. Nevertheless, With “Aggressive Periodontitis”
“Chronic Periodontitis” was eventually agreed upon as The term “Early-Onset Periodontitis” (EOP) was used
long as it was understood that it did not imply that this in the 1989 AAP and 1993 European classifications as
disease was nonresponsive to treatment. a collective designation for a group of dissimilar
Traditionally, this form of periodontitis has been destructive periodontal diseases that affected young
characterized as a slowly progressive disease.5 Indeed, patients (i.e., prepubertal, juvenile, and rapidly pro-
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Figure 1. (Continued)
† Can be further classified on the basis of extent and severity. As a general guide, extent can be characterized as Localized = ≤30% of sites involved and
Generalized = >30% of sites involved. Severity can be characterized on the basis of the amount of clinical attachment loss (CAL) as follows: Slight = 1 or 2
mm CAL, Moderate = 3 or 4 mm CAL, and Severe = ≥5 mm CAL.
gressive periodontitis). It was logically assumed that odontal destruction. Does such a patient have “Rapidly
these diseases all had an early onset because they Progressing Periodontitis” (RPP) or “Generalized Juve-
affected young people. Unfortunately, the “early onset” nile Periodontitis” (GJP)? It can be argued that neither
designation implies that one has temporal knowledge designation is acceptable. The diagnosis of RPP may
of when the disease started. However, in clinical prac- not be appropriate since the rate of progression is not
tice and most other situations this is rarely the case. known, and the GJP designation is unacceptable
In addition, there is considerable uncertainty about because the patient is no longer a juvenile.
arbitrarily setting an upper age limit for patients with Because of these problems, workshop participants
so-called early-onset periodontitis. For example, how decided that it was wise to discard classification ter-
does one classify the type of periodontal disease in a minologies that were age-dependent or required knowl-
21-year-old patient with the classical incisor-first molar edge of rates of progression. Accordingly, highly
pattern of Localized Juvenile Periodontitis (LJP)? Since destructive forms of periodontitis formerly considered
the patient is not a juvenile, should the age of the under the umbrella of “Early-Onset Periodontitis” were
patient be ignored and the disease classified as LJP renamed using the term “Aggressive Periodontitis.” In
anyway? This type of problem stems from the age- general, patients who meet the clinical criteria for LJP
dependent nature of the 1989 classification system. A or GJP are now said to have “Localized Aggressive
similar problem arises when the 1989 classification is Periodontitis” or “Generalized Aggressive Periodonti-
applied to a 21-year-old patient with generalized peri- tis,” respectively. In the consensus report for “Aggres-
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Development of a Classification System for Periodontal Diseases and Conditions Volume 4 • Number 1 • December 1999
sive Periodontitis” (page 53), workshop participants Elimination of a Separate Disease Category for
have listed some characteristics that should be help- “Refractory Periodontitis”
ful in distinguishing between localized and generalized In the 1989 classification, a separate disease category
forms of this group of periodontal diseases. Since these was devoted to Refractory Periodontitis. This hetero-
features have not been universally used in the older lit- geneous group of periodontal diseases refers to
erature to place patients in the LJP or GJP categories, instances in which there is a continuing progression of
it would be inappropriate to assume that there will be periodontitis in spite of excellent patient compliance
a consistent one-to-one relationship in transferring and the provision of periodontal therapy that succeeds
information from the old classification system to the in most patients. Because of the diversity of clinical
new. For example, some patients formerly classified as conditions and treatments under which periodontal
having GJP in the older literature might appropriately therapy fails to arrest the progression of periodontitis,
be placed in either the Chronic Periodontitis or Gen- workshop participants were of the opinion that “Refrac-
eralized Aggressive Periodontitis categories in the new tory Periodontitis” is not a single disease entity. Indeed,
classification system, depending on a variety of primary it was considered possible that a small percentage of
and secondary characteristics. cases of all forms of periodontitis might be nonre-
The Rapidly Progressive Periodontitis (RPP) desig- sponsive to treatment. Therefore the group concluded
nation has been discarded. Patients who were formerly that, rather than a single disease category, the “refrac-
classified as having RPP will, depending on a variety tory” designation could be applied to all forms of peri-
of other clinical criteria, be assigned to either the “Gen- odontitis in the new classification system (e.g., refrac-
eralized Aggressive Periodontitis” or “Chronic Peri- tory chronic periodontitis, refractory aggressive
odontitis” categories. It should be emphasized that periodontitis, etc.). It is recommended that future stud-
patients with rapidly progressive forms of periodonti- ies of these patients describe as fully as possible the
tis exist. They do not, however, represent a homoge- population under investigation to minimize hetero-
neous group. geneity of the study sample.
The 1989 classification contained a category termed
“Prepubertal Periodontitis” which had localized and Clarification of the Designation “Periodontitis as a
generalized forms. The category was originally devel- Manifestation of Systemic Diseases”
oped to accomodate those rare situations in which In the 1989 classification, one of the disease categories
children with primary teeth had severe periodontal was “Periodontitis Associated With Systemic Disease.”
destruction. It is now known that most of the patients In general, this category has been retained in the new
who have been given the diagnosis of generalized pre- classification since it is clear that destructive peri-
pubertal periodontitis actually had one of a variety of odontal disease can be a manifestation of certain sys-
systemic conditions that interfere with resistance to temic diseases. The Consensus Report for this portion
bacterial infections. Such conditions include leukocyte of the workshop (page 64) contains of list of systemic
adherence deficiency,10,11 congenital primary immun- diseases in which periodontitis is a frequent manifes-
odeficiency,12 hypophosphatasia,13 chronic neutrophil tation. It should be noted that diabetes mellitus is not
defects,14,15 or cyclic neutropenia.16 Under the new on this list. In the collective view of workshop partic-
classification system, such patients would be placed ipants, diabetes can be a significant modifier of all
under the heading of “Periodontitis as a Manifestation forms of periodontitis but there are insufficient data to
of Systemic Diseases” (page 64). conclude that there is a specific diabetes mellitus-asso-
Workshop participants agreed that prepubescent chil- ciated form of periodontitis. For example, the pres-
dren who have periodontal destruction without any mod- ence of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can alter the
ifying systemic conditions would, depending on a vari- clinical course and expression of chronic and aggres-
ety of secondary features, fit under the categories of sive forms of periodontitis. Similarly, the new classifi-
“Chronic Periodontitis” or “Aggressive Periodontitis” in cation does not contain a separate disease category
the new classification. The idea that periodontitis has its for the effects of cigarette smoking on periodontitis.
beginnings in childhood is supported by retrospective Smoking was considered to be a significant modifier
epidemiologic data suggesting that localized radiographic of multiple forms of periodontitis.
bone loss can be detected around the primary dentition One of the apparent inconsistencies in the new sys-
of some children.17-19 In addition, generalized peri- tem is inclusion in the “Dental Plaque-Induced Gingi-
odontitis has also been reported in young children with- val Diseases” (pages 18-19) portion of the classifica-
out any detectable underlying systemic disease.20 The tion a list of gingival diseases that can be modified
concept that periodontitis develops at an early age is by systemic factors. On this list is “diabetes mellitus-
strengthened by data from many epidemiologic studies associated gingivitis.” How can one justify inclusion of
demonstrating that periodontal attachment loss can be a diabetes mellitus-associated gingivitis category and
found around the permanent teeth of adolescents.21-31 purposely exclude a parallel periodontitis category?
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The reason for this decision was that plaque-induced Addition of a Category on “Periodontic-Endodontic
gingivitis was considered a single entity by the work- Lesions”
shop participants. This is not the case for periodonti- The 1989 classification did not include a section on the
tis, where there are clearly different clinical forms. It connection between periodontitis and endodontic
would have been possible to include in the new clas- lesions. Therefore a simple classification dealing with
sification additional subcategories such as “diabetes this area has been added (page 90).
mellitus-associated chronic periodontitis” and “dia-
betes mellitus-associated aggressive periodontitis.” Addition of a Category on “Developmental or
However, the group decided that this would be unnec- Acquired Deformities and Conditions”
essarily complicated and not yet justified by support- Although the deformities and conditions listed in this
ing data. section of the classification are not separate diseases,
they are important modifiers of the susceptibility to
Replacement of “Necrotizing Ulcerative periodontal diseases or can dramatically influence out-
Periodontitis” With “Necrotizing Periodontal comes of treatment. In addition, since periodontists
Diseases” are routinely called upon to treat many of these con-
Workshop participants acknowledged that necrotizing ditions they have been given a place in the new clas-
ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) and necrotizing ulcerative sification (page 101).
periodontitis (NUP) are clinically identifiable condi- FUTURE REVISIONS TO THE CLASSIFICATION
tions. However, the group was less certain about the
The classification of periodontal diseases and condi-
relationship between NUG and NUP. Are these clinical
tions in this volume should provide a workable frame-
conditions part of a single disease process or are they
work upon which to study and develop effective treat-
truly separate diseases? Since there are insufficient
ments for this complex group of infections. It is
data to resolve these issues, the group decided to place
anticipated that as we learn more about the etiology
both clinical conditions under the single category of
and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, future revi-
“Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases.” If future studies
sions to the classification will be needed. All classifi-
show that NUG and NUP are fundamentally different
cation systems have inconsistencies or inaccuracies.
diseases, then they can be separated in subsequent
The present effort is no exception. Nevertheless, the
revisions of the classification.
current classification represents the consensus of an
One of the potential problems with inclusion of
international group of experts and it is hoped that the
“Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases” as a separate cat-
system will be useful to the profession and public we
egory is that both NUG and NUP might be manifesta-
serve.
tions of underlying systemic problems such as HIV
infection. If this is true, then it might be more appro- REFERENCES
priate to place these conditions under manifestations 1. The American Academy of Periodontology. Proceedings
of systemic diseases. The reason that this was not of the World Workshop in Clinical Periodontics. Chicago:
done is that there are many factors, other than systemic The American Academy of Periodontology; 1989:I/23-
diseases, that appear to predispose to the development I/24.
of NUG or NUP such as emotional stress and cigarette 2. Attström R, van der Velden U. Consensus report (epi-
demiology). In: Lang NP, Karring T, eds. Proceedings of
smoking. Since our understanding of these clinical the 1st European Workshop on Periodontics, 1993. Lon-
conditions is far from complete, it was concluded that don: Quintessence; 1994;120-126.
for the time being they should be included under a sin- 3. Armitage GC. Periodontal diseases: Diagnosis. Ann Peri-
gle and separate category in the new classification. odontol 1996;1:37-215.
4. Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases: Epidemiology. Ann
Periodontol 1996;1:1-36.
Addition of a Category on “Periodontal Abscess” 5. Brown LJ, Löe H. Prevalence, extent, severity and pro-
The 1989 classification did not include a section on gression of periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 1993;
periodontal abscesses. This has been remedied by the 2:57-71.
addition of a simple classification (page 83) primarily 6. Löe H, Anerud A, Boysen H, Morrison E. Natural history
based on location (i.e., gingival, periodontal, peri- of periodontal disease in man. Rapid, moderate and no
loss of attachment in Sri Lankan laborers 14 to 46 years
coronal) of these commonly encountered lesions. It of age. J Clin Periodontol 1986;13:431-440.
could be argued that periodontal abscesses are part of 7. Papapanou PN, Wennström JL, Gröndahl K. A 10-year
the clinical course of many forms of periodontitis and retrospective study of periodontal disease progression.
formation of a separate disease category is not justi- J Clin Periodontol 1989;16:403-411.
fied. However, in the view of workshop participants, 8. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Goodson JM, Lindhe J. New
concepts of destructive periodontal disease. J Clin Peri-
since periodontal abscesses present special diagnos- odontol 1984;11:21-32.
tic and treatment challenges they deserve to be clas- 9. Jeffcoat MK, Reddy MS. Progression of probing attach-
sified apart from other periodontal diseases. ment loss in adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 1991;
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Development of a Classification System for Periodontal Diseases and Conditions Volume 4 • Number 1 • December 1999