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Q. Define the earth and its physical characteristics, what is in its solar system, what planets, stars, and other components are
there. Describe early conditions on earth.

A.Earth started as a molten rock that crusted. A lot of volcanoes. As earth cooled the steam emitted by volcanoes formed
clouds and it rained creating water. (1/2) Comets also brought water from outer space. (1/2 other half) Photosynthesis created
oxygen atmosphere. Plate tectonics are constantly changing the surface of the earth.

Q.Define Life, how did life start on earth? What is the difference between life and a rock? What are the conditions needed to
sustain life in the universe and the process of evolution of life that resulted in the biped, homo sapien.

A.Life has metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli or adaption to the enviroment orignating from within the
organism. A rock does not. Rock can grow I did it for the class what it cant do is respond to stimuli from within and metabolize.

Q.Why is earth so special for life to exist? Give 4 reasons and support the reasons with an explanation.

A.Earth started as a molten rock that crusted. A lot of volcanoes. As earth cooled the steam emitted by volcanoes formed
clouds and it rained creating water. (1/2) Comets also brought water from outer space. (1/2 other half) Photosynthesis created
oxygen atmosphere. Plate tectonics are constantly changing the surface of the earth.

Q.End your essay with four examples of man͛s positive and negative effects on earth from the student essay topics , group
projects and Bryson.

A.Gulf oil spill; exxon valdex oil spill; / Designer genetics; moon trips; Artificial intel. / Bryson ʹ leaded gasoline; CFC for
refrigerator and ozone / Radiotelescopes; microscopes; elements;




-the process of inferring a general law or principle from observation of particular instances.͟


-͞to draw as a conclusion from something known or assumed, to infer͟





-Both terms define systems of logic the purpose of which is to solve problems, in the one case by
looking for a general characteristic (generalization, conclusion, conjecture, supposition, inference, etc.) in a set or group of
observations, in the other to identify a particular instance through its resemblance to a set or group of known instances or
observations

 -It is a system of checking for mistakes and errors by questioning its own conclusions and never accepting them as fact.

Scientific Method-

1.Make an observation- room light doesn͛t work

2.Ask a question-Why doesn͛t it work-Question based on observation if not then they are based on assumption, difficult to find
the correct answer

3.Form a 
 - An educated guess to the answer. Based on prior knowledge ʹ is the bulb broken? The hypothesis must
be testable. Design a way to test your hypothesis.Design an Experiment

4. Make a Prediction:Good experiments allow the prediction of the outcome to be correct.So your hypothesis is correct

5. Test your Hypothesis: Conduct the experiment (new bulb still doesn͛t work then hypothesis isn't sufficient to explain your
observation.The results of your experiment doesn͛t support you hypothesis (So form a new hypothesis repeat the whole
process until the experiment supports the hypothesis



-Technology is generally a consequence of science and engineering

Examples: Energy and transport,simple machines (lever, screw, pulley),complex machine (computer etc)
 -The way things exist and change on their own (weather and geology)

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 - A system of moral principles

ͻMonitor and weigh interactions between the environment and human activities

ͻPossible corrections of human behavior, political, economic development and their implementation

ͻPromoting and teaching environmental awareness and human responsibility

ͻCultural implication for Scientific Method and discourse in environmental and science priorities

ͻConsequences for political decision-making

ͻTechnology in society- Does it improve or worsen the human condition


  - a sense of behavioral conduct that differentiates intentions, decisions, and actions between those that are good (or
right) and bad (or wrong).

 - an enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the
world.

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Extinctions-

1. r 
 
 

 About 17% of all families, 50% of all genera[5] and 75% of species became extinct.In
the seas it reduced the percentage of sessile animals to about 33%. The boundary event was severe with a significant
amount of variability in the rate of extinction between and among different clades. Mammals and birds emerged as
domininant land vertebrates in the age of new life.
2.     
 

  -About 23% of all families and 48% of all genera (20% of marine families and 55% of
marine genera) went extinct.[5] Most non-dinosaurian archosaurs, most therapsids, and most of the large amphibians
were eliminated, leaving dinosaurs with little terrestrial competition. Non-dinosaurian archosaurs continued to
dominate aquatic environments, while non-archosaurian diapsids continued to dominate marine environments.
3.    
 

 -Earth's largest extinction killed 57% of all families and 83% of all genera[5] (53% of
marine families, 84% of marine genera, about 96% of all marine species and an estimated 70% of land species)
including insects.[7] The evidence of plants is less clear, but new taxa became dominant after the extinction.[8] The
"Great Dying" had enormous evolutionary significance: on land, it ended the primacy of mammal-like reptiles. The
recovery of vertebrates took 30 million years,[9] but the vacant niches created the opportunity for archosaurs to
become ascendant. In the seas, the percentage of animals that were sessile dropped from 67% to 50%. The whole late
Permian was a difficult time for at least marine life, even before the "Great Dying".
4. ° 

 
 
 ʹ the end of the Frasnian Age in the later part(s) of the Devonian Period, a prolonged series of
extinctions eliminated about 19% of all families, 50% of all genera[5] and 70% of all species.[
   ] This
extinction event lasted perhaps as long as 20 MY, and there is evidence for a series of extinction pulses within this
period.
5. '
   
 

  -Two events occurred that killed off 27% of all families and 57% of all genera.[5]
Together they are ranked by many scientists as the second largest of the five major extinctions in Earth's history in
terms of percentage of genera that went extinct.






  



Darwin͛s process of natural selection has four components.

Variation. Organisms (within populations) exhibit individual variation in appearance and behavior. These variations
may involve body size, hair color, facial markings, voice properties, or number of offspring. On the other hand, some
traits show little to no variation among individualsͶfor example, number of eyes in vertebrates.

Inheritance. Some traits are consistently passed on from parent to offspring. Such traits are heritable, whereas other
traits are strongly influenced by environmental conditions and show weak heritability.

High rate of population growth. Most populations have more offspring each year than local resources can support
leading to a struggle for resources. Each generation experiences substantial mortality.

Differential survival and reproduction. Individuals possessing traits well suited for the struggle for local resources will
contribute more offspring to the next generation.