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Welcome back !

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《高级英语 1 》
 《高级英语》课程是《基础英语》课程的延
续,对学生的听、说、读、写、译等技能提
出更高的培养要求。
 本课程着重于加强和提高学生的综合技能训

 教师启发式教学模式,引导学生独立工作、
独立思考,并在有限的篇幅中,给学生以较
大的语言输入量,以保证学生有充分的语言
摄入量。
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A few words about this course
 Purpose of this course:
 Develop an overall proficiency in 4 skills
 Develop critical ability in reading texts
 Reinforce grammatical competence

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A few words about this course
 Focus of training:
 Listening and speaking reading and writing

 Focus of teaching:
 Grammar-pre-dominated  text-slanted

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A few words about this course
 Pre-class work :
 1. Pre-reading questions 通过这个活动使
学生熟悉文章涉及的话题、内容,为更好地
学习文章做好准备。
 2. Dictionary work 安排学生自己先做好词
汇工作,为教师课堂讲解做准备。
 3. Library work 让学生从相关的文献资料中
寻找相关的知识,以便进一步拓展他们的知
识面,并培养他们自我学习的能力。
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A few words about this course
 就“ 2. language work” 等推荐辞典
 朗文 当代 英语辞 典 ( 英语版 )
 朗文 多功 能分类 词典 ( 英英英汉 双解 )( 精 )

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A few words about this course
 就“ 3. Library work” 一些推荐的 资源和
图书
 www.about.com
 http://en.wikipedia.org (维基百科 英文

 《大英 百科全书》
 http://tw.britannica.com/ (中文 繁体)
 http://www.britannica.com/ (英文 版)
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A Few Words about the Student book

 进度:每单元花费 6-8 课时,每周 4 课时


 要求:做好预习,按时完成作业
 单元设计和任务描述 ( 见 handout)

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A Few Words about the Workbook

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WWW support
 教师教学博客 (teacher’s blog)
 http://bond.idoubt.net

 课件和课程资料 (courseware)
 http://forum.idoubt.net

 手机浏览 (WAP)
 http://wap.idoubt.net

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Unit One
TEXT I Hit the Nail on the Head

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I. Pre-reading Questions
 1. Suggested Answer (SA):
 It means exactly right in words or action.
 2. SA:
 The author advises that the English
students should try to get the words,
phrases and sentences completely right
for their purposes in their writing.

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 III. Library Work
 1. 1) Gustave Flaubert
(1821 – 1880), French
novelist, was associated
with, though not
representative of, the
movement of naturalism
and known as one of the
greatest realists of 19th-
century France.

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III. Library Work
 He devoted his life to long hours spent in
heavy toil over his work. His writing is
marked by exactness and accuracy of
observation, extreme impersonality and
objectivity of treatment, and precision and
expressiveness in style, or the principle of
the mot juste.
 “ 僧敲 月下 门,有 禅意 ,还是 僧推 月下 门 有
禅意? ”

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 1. 2) Mrs. Malaprop
 is a famous character in Sheridan’s
( 谢里丹 )comedy The Rivals
(1775). She is noted for her
blunders in the use of words.
 “As headstrong (不受 管束的
) as an allegory (比方 ;寓
言) (alligator) on the banks
of the Nile” is one of her
grotesque (荒唐的)
misapplications.

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1. 2) Mrs. Malaprop

 She also requests that no delusions (欺


骗 ; 迷惑) (allusions) to the past be
made. She has given us the word
malapropism (用词 错误,尤指 误用发音
相似而 意义全非的 词) as a name for
such mistakes.
 E.g. “He is the very pineapple (pinnacle)
of politeness”
 “ 说白字”
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Hindi & Swahili

 2. Hindi (印地语) is a literary and official


language of northern India. Swahili (斯瓦
希里语) is a Bantu (班图 ) language that is
a trade and governmental language over
much of East Africa and in the Congo
region. Bantus are people belonging to a
group of tribes found in equatorial and
southern Africa.

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Study of TEXT 1
Let’s GO!

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Organization of the text

 Directions:
 Read through the whole text very quickly,
find out the main idea of each paragraph,
decide whether some paragraphs can be
grouped together to form a section and
how each section is related to the other.

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Organization of the text
 Section I (paragraph 1-3): Raising the subject:
Importance of choosing the right word
 Section 2 (paragraph 4–10):
 Explaining the various aspects in the profile of a
word
 Section 3 (paragraph 11): Conclusion:
 Quality is more important than quantity in learning
vocabulary (with an analogy to echo the
beginning)

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V. Key Points of the Text
 Paragraph 1
 knock over: hit … to fall 捶翻
 drive something home: force (the nail) into
the right place; make something
unmistakably clear 把(钉 子等) 打入 ;使
明确无 误
 E.g. (1). He slammed the door and drove
the bolt home. 他砰地关上门,把门闩插好

 (2). drive one’s point home 讲清楚自己的
观点
 (3). a voice that drives home each word 字
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说话声
 (4). To drive home his policy, the president
wrote his second letter. 为了阐明他的政策
,总统又写了第二封信。
 (5). You must drive it home to John that we
don’t have enough money. 你必须使约翰
明白我们钱确实不够。
 deft: effortlessly skillful 熟练的
 hit it squarely on the head: hitting it directly
on the head. Also hit the (right) nail on the
head: (informal) be exactly right in words
or action 正中要害;猜中;说得好,做得

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 E.g. : (1). Your criticism really hit the
nail on the head. 你的批评确是一针
见血。
 (2). In so saying, you hit the right nail
on the head. 你这样说确是击中要害。

 squarely: meaning “directly”, may be


used both literally and figuratively.
 E.g. : (1). The boxer hit his opponent
squarely on the jaw.
 (2). We must face the difficulty
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Paragraph 1

 clean English: English that is exact (precise)


and clear
 a word that is more or less right: a word that is
almost right, but not completely right 差 不 多
恰当的词语
 Question 1: Which phrase in this paragraph
marks a contrast between a clumsy man and a
skillful carpenter?
 SA: On the other hand.

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Paragraph 1

 Question 2: Which sentence in


Paragraph 1 establishes the link between
the driving of a nail and the choice of a
word?
 SA: So with language; the good
craftsman will choose words that drive
home his point firmly and exactly.

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Part 1
 Para 1: Introducing the topic by drawing
an analogy between the carpenter
hammering a nail and the writer using
words.
 Para 2-3: Elaborating on the importance
of choosing the right word –It is a
process of realizing, defining and
clarifying your thought.

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 Paragraph 2
 Question 1: What does the word
“this” in Sentence 1 refer to?
 SA: Getting the word that is
completely right for the writer’s
purpose.
 scrupulous writers: writers who
are thorough, exact, and who pay
careful attention to details 一丝
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 scrupulous: correct even in the
smallest detail; exact; painstaking;
meticulous 严格认 真的 , 审慎的
 unscrupulous: 不择手段 的 , 肆无忌
惮的 , the opposite of scrupulous,
seems to be more often used to
describe people who do not care
about honesty and fairness in getting
what they want, or who are
completely without principles. Also
by hook or (by) crook: to win by hook
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Complicated Sentences
1.Stories are told of scrupulous writers, who…
exactly right: 句中的 介词短语 of scrupulous
writers…exactly right 是修饰 stories 的定语 。
由于该 定语比谓语 部分 are told 要长许 多
,故将 它与中心词 stories 分隔开 。句中由
who 引导的定语 从句修饰的 是 writers, 而不
是 Flaubert (福楼 拜)。 Flaubert 是
scrupulous writers (作风严谨 的作家)中 的
一员 。

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Paragraph 2

 Question 2: Do you agree with the


author that there is a great deal of
truth in the seemingly stupid
question “How can I know what I
think till I see what I say”? Why or
why not?

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Paragraph 2

 SA: Yes, I do. It sounds irrational that a


person does not know what he himself
thinks before he sees what he says, but,
as a matter of fact, it is quite true that
unless we have found the exact words to
verbalize our own thoughts we can never
be very sure of what our thoughts are,
without words, our thoughts cannot be
defined or stated in a clear and precise
manner.
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 Paragraph 3
 that constitutes his limitation: that
makes or forms his shortcoming or
inability in certain respects
 concept vs. conception:
 A concept is an idea of a category or
kind that has been generalized from
particular instances. Thus, the
concept of “cat” arises form the many
cats we see. Concept also refers to a
widely held idea of what something is
or should be: The concept of
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 government of many small nations
has been influenced by the legislative
and judicial institutions of Britain.
 The meaning of conception is much
like this second sense of concept, but
differs in that the idea of what a thing
is or should be is here held by an
individual or small group and is often
colored by imagination and feeling: A
child’s conception of the universe is
formed by his limited experience and
his own fancies.
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 your conception of the man is
clearer and sharper: your idea of
the man is clearer and more
distinct
 sharp: a word that has a variety
of meanings
 E.g.: a sharp (thrill) voice 刺耳的
语声
 sharp (harsh) words
 a sharp (severe) pain
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Paragraph 3

 Question 3: What is the significance of


finding the right words?
 SA: Words are many and various; they
are subtle and delicate in their different
shades of meaning. The exact use of
language gives us mastery over the
material we are dealing with.

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Paragraph 4

 human vs. humane:


 human: relating to or characteristic of
humankind or people
 E.g.: human action: action taken by man 人的
行为
 To err is human; to forgive, divine. 犯错人 皆
难免; 宽恕 则属超 凡。
 human killer: a person or a machine that kills
humans 杀人凶 手;杀 人机 器

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 humane: having or showing compassion or
benevolence; characterized by kindness,
mercy, sympathy
 E.g.: humane action: merciful action 人道
的行为
 humane killer: that which kills but causes
little pain; instrument for painless
slaughter of animals 牲口无 痛屠 宰机, 牲
口麻醉 屠宰机
 Paragraph 5
 far afield: far away from home; to or at a
great distance; very far away 向远 处 , 远离
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 Paragraph 6
 cowardice: lack of courage 怯懦 , 胆小
 rife: widespread, common (流 行的, 普遍
的) . Rife is an adjective used with
something negative.
 E.g.: (1). Crime and violence were rife in
this city before liberation.
 (2). Typhoid fever (Poultry flu) is rife. 目前
伤寒(禽流感)流行。
 (3). Corruption (Unemployment) is still rife
in that country. 那个国家依然贪污成风
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 (4). The whole city is rife with rumors. 满城
谣诼纷纷。
 (5). This article is rife with error. 这篇文章
错误百出。
 (6). The country was rife with disease and
violence. 那个国家当时疾病和暴力横行。
 (7). Diseases used to be rife in that country.
 singularity vs. singleness:
 singularity: strangeness, oddity, peculiarity
奇特 , 特性 , 非凡
 E.g.: singularity of mind 思想奇特;标新立
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 singleness: complete devotion to;
holding steadfastly to
 E.g.: singleness of mind 思想专一 ,
专心致志
 Paragraph 7
 malapropism: an often amusing
misuse of a word, such that the word
incorrectly used sounds similar to the
intended word but means something
quite different 词语误用( 尤指误用发
音相似 而意义全非 的词)
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 hold to: (cause to) follow exactly,
keep to (something such as a
promise); adhere to 坚持,遵守,忠

 E.g.: (1). Whatever your argument, I
shall hold to my decision.
 (2). The priest held to his beliefs in
spite of cruel treatment.
 (3). He holds to a simple life. 他坚持
过着简朴的生活。
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 (4). He held to his own counsel. 他按照自
己的意见行事。
 (5). I hold to my promise. 我格守诺言。
 draw aside: (cause to) move to one side
 E.g.: (1). Drawing the curtain aside, he
looked down into the street.
 (2). The crowd drew aside to let the
prisoner pass.
 Paragraph 8
 Question: Explain why the word “imprison”
in the example given in this paragraph,
though not a malapropism, is still not the
right word for the writer’s purpose.
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 SA: “Malapropism” means the
unintentional misuse of a word by
confusing it with one that resembles
it, such as human for humane,
singularity for singleness. But the
misuse of “imprison” is a different
case. It is wrongly chosen because
the user has failed to recognize its
connotation (内涵 ) .
 imprison: put into prison or keep in a
place or state which one is not free to
leave 监禁 , 关押 ; 限制 , 束缚
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 coercion: [    pressure,
compulsion; government by force 强迫,压
制;高压统治
 E.g.: the coercion of public opinion 舆论的压

 coerce v.t.: 强制;胁迫;迫使
 E.g.: coerce somebody into doing something
迫使某人做谋事
 coerce uniformity 强求一致
 coercive adj. = coercionary adj.: serving or
intended to coerce
 E.g.: coercive methods (measures) 强制的方
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 coercible adj.
 epitomize: be typical of; serve as the
typical example of 代表,象征,体现
,写 … 的梗概,作 … 的纲要
 E.g.:(1). He was the man who
epitomized black resistance to the
colonial government. 他代表着黑人
对殖民地政府的反抗。
 (2). His political creed was epitomized
in this report. 他的政治信念就概括在
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 epitome [  ] n.: ① a thing or
person that shows, to a very great
degree, a quality or set of qualities
(especially in the phrase the epitome
of) 典型,象征;缩影
 ② a short account of a book or
speech 梗概;缩写,节录
 E.g.:(1). She is the epitome of
arrogance. 她是傲慢的典型。
 (2). My cat is the epitome of laziness
(= My cat is very lazy.).
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 hit on: strike on: find by lucky chance
or have a good idea about ( 偶 然 或 忽
然 ) 发现 ; 碰 上 ; 找 到 ; 想 到
 E.g.: (1). I hit on this interesting book
in a small bookstore. 我在一家小书
店里偶然发现了这本有趣的书。
 (2). The plan we hit upon was not
logical, perhaps, but it worked. 我们
想出来的那个计划也许不合逻辑,但
它行之有效。
 (3). How did you hit on the right
answer so quickly?
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 distill: take and separate the most
important parts of (a book, a subject,
etc.) 提炼
 E.g.: distill the essence of 提取…的
精华
 alive: sensitive; alert
 Be alive to sth

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Complicated Sentences
2. But words that are very similar in meaning have
fine shades of …to these differences:
句中 由 that 引导 的从句 that are very similar in
meaning 是修 饰 words 的限 制性定 语从 句。该 句
里有两 个常见 但在 此处意 思完 全不同 的词 语:一
个是 fine, 它通 常意为 “美 好的; (天 气)明 朗
的;漂 亮的” ,但 在此它 表示 delicate and
difficult to understand or notice, 意为 “细 微的”
,又如 : a fine distinction( 细微的 差别 ) 。
另一个 是 alive, 它多用 于表示 “活 着的, 在世 的
;有生 气的” ,但 在此它 表示 have full
knowledge of , aware, 意为“注 意到 的,敏 感的 ”
,常与 介词 to 搭配使 用,又 如: He was alive to
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of the work. 他注意 到了这 项工 作的
危险性 。
 Paragraph 9
 disprove vs. disapprove:
 disprove: prove to be contrary; refute 反驳
,证明有误
 E.g.: (1). find a charge hard to disprove 发
现推翻某项罪名有困难
 (2). He could not disprove the major
contention of his opponents. 他驳不倒对
方的主要论点。
 Compare disapprove: have a bad opinion
for moral reasons (of) 不赞成;不同意;
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不准许;否决;不赞同;不喜欢 (of)
 E.g. (1). She disapproved the
arrangements for the wedding.
 (2). The court disapproved the verdict.
法院否定了陪审团的裁决。
 (3). Jim’s father disapproved of his
marriage to Mary. Jim 的父亲不赞成
他与 Mary 的婚事。
 (4). He disapproved of her. 他讨厌她。

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 expire: die; pass away; come to an end
死亡 ;过期
 indigent: poor; lacking money and
goods; poverty-stricken; penniless 贫困
的, 贫穷的

 Democracy [is] when the indigent, and not the


men of property, are the rulers. — Aristotle
(384-322 BC), Greek philosopher.

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Complicated Sentences
 3. In one sense expired is a synonym for died and in
indigent circumstances for poor: 词组 in one sense
与 in a sense 同义 ,表示 when considered from
only one point of view, partly, 意为“ 在某种 意义
上说” ,又 如: You are right in a sense, but you
don’t know all the facts. 从某种意义上说你是对
的,但你不清楚事情的全部情况。文章句 子里
的 in indigent circumstances for poor 是省略 形式
,其完 整形 式为 in indigent circumstances is a
synonym for poor, 由于与 前面 句子有 重复 内容,
故省去 了与 前句相 同的 is a synonym 。

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 Paragraph 10
 march: walk with firm regular
steps like a soldier 齐步前进 , 行

 pace: walk with slow, steady
steps, especially backwards and
forwards 踱方步

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 patrol: go at regular times round
(an area, building, etc.) to see that
there is no trouble, that no one is
trying to get in or out illegally,
etc. 巡逻,巡查
 stride: walk with long steps or
cross with one long step 大踏步
地走,跨

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 stalk: walk stiffly, proudly, or with
long steps 高视 阔步 地走
 strut: walk proudly or stiffly,
especially with the chest pushed
forward and trying to look
important 趾高气扬地走,大摇大
摆地走

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Paragraph 10

 tread: step on 踩 , 践踏
 tramp: walk (through or over) with
firm heavy steps 用沉重的 脚步行走
 step out: (AmE) go outside or go
somewhere ( 美口 ) 暂时走开
 prance: move quickly, happily or
proudly with a springing or dancing
step 欢跃地走
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 prowl: (of an animal looking for
food, or of a thief) move about (an
area) quietly, trying not to be
seen or heard 潜行,暗中徘徊
 E.g.: beasts prowling after their
prey 四处觅 食的野兽

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Paragraph 10

 sidle: (up) walk as if ready to turn and go


the other way, especially secretively or
nervously (尤指鬼鬼祟祟 地或胆怯地 )
悄悄地 走
 E.g.: He sidled up to the stranger in the
street and tried to sell him the stolen
ring. 在街上 ,他鬼鬼 祟祟地走到 陌生人
面前企 图向他兜售 偷来的戒指 。

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Paragraph 10

 creep: move slowly and quietly with the


body close to the ground 匍匐前 进,爬
行; 蹑手 蹑脚地走
 E.g.: The cat crept silently towards the
mouse. 猫悄悄地 向老鼠爬 过去。
 The policeman crept up on the
criminal and seized him from behind. 警
察偷偷 逼近罪犯, 从后面将他 一把抓住 。

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Paragraph 10

 plod: (especially along, on) walk


slowly, especially with difficulty and
great effort; trudge 沉重缓慢 地走 ,
步履艰难
 E.g.: The old man plods along,
hardly able to lift each foot. 那老人
步履艰难地走着,双脚几乎都提不起
来。

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Paragraph 10

 trudge: walk with heavy steps, slowly


and with effort (plod) 步履艰难地走 , 跋

 E.g.: He had to trudge (for) 20 miles to
get home. 他要跋涉 20 英里才回到家。
 shuffle: walk by dragging one’s feet
slowly along 曳足而行, 拖着步子 走

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 stagger: walk or move unsteadily
and with great difficulty, almost
falling 蹒跚,摇晃,踉跄
 E.g.: He was staggering along as
if drunk. 他摇摇晃晃地向前走,
好像喝醉了酒一样。
 toddle: walk with short unsteady
steps, as a small child does 蹒跚
行步,东倒西歪地走
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Paragraph 10

 stroll: walk a short distance slowly


or lazily, especially for pleasure 散
步;闲逛;溜达
 ramble: (about, through, among) go
on a long walk with no particular
plan 漫游;漫步

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Paragraph 10

 E.g.: They rambled through the woods. 他们 漫


步穿过 树林 。
 We rambled about for hours in the old city.
我们在 古城 漫游了 几个 小时。
 roam: (through, around, about) wander
without a very clear purpose 漫步;闲荡
;漫游
 E.g.: At this height hyenas roamed
about. 在这高度, 有鬣狗四处 游荡。

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 saunter: walk in an unhurried way,
and especially in a confident manner
(lounge) 闲逛 ;漫步
 E.g.: I sauntered along the street with
nothing to do. 我在街上闲逛, 无所事
事。
 meander: (of people) wander in a
slow easy way 漫步 , 散步 (of
rivers and streams) flow slowly,
turning here and there (指河川)蜿
蜒而流 ;迂回曲折 地前进
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 lounge: (especially about, around)
move in a lazy, relaxed way, move in
leisurely, indolent manner (saunter)
闲逛
 E.g.: He lounged about the house,
doing nothing but getting in our way
while we were working. 我们工作时 ,
他什么 也不干,在 屋子里乱 转,碍手
碍脚的 。
 loiter: move on or move about,
stopping often 走走停 停;徘徊; 闲

 E.g.: The policemen saw someone
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near the shop. 警察看见有人
Part 2
 Section 2 (paragraph 4–10):
 Explaining the various aspects in the
profile of a word
 4-7 (Semantic aspect)
 8 (Connotational aspect)
 9 (Stylistic/situational aspect)
 10 (Variations in expression )

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 Paragraph 11
 Question 1: What conclusion is
drawn by the author in this
paragraph?
 SA: A good writer is not measured by
the extent of his vocabulary, but by
his skill in finding the “mot juste”, the
word that will hit the nail cleanly on
the head.

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 Question 2: The writer begins his
article with an analogy between the
unskilled use of the hammer and the
improper choice of words. Identify the
places where the analogy is referred
to in the rest of the article.
 SA: “We don’t have to look far afield
to find evidence of bad carpentry in
language.” (Paragraph 5)

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 “It is perhaps easier to be a good
craftsman with wood and nails than a
good craftsman with words.” (Paragraph
9)
 “A good carpenter is not distinguished
by the number of his tools, but by the
craftsmanship with which he uses them.
So a good writer is not measured by the
extent of his vocabulary, but by his skill
in finding the ‘mot juste’, the word that
will hit the nail cleanly on the head.”
(Paragraph 11)
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 take courage: feel hopeful and
confident about something
 E.g.: It is a challenging job; but
take courage and work hard at it,
and you’ll be rewarded.

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Part 3
 Part 3 (paragraph 11):
 quality is more important than quantity in
learning vocabulary (with an analogy to
echo the beginning)

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Comprehension
P.6
EXE I, II

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Classroom discussion
 What aspects do we need to consider
when we are confronted with several
words but not certain about which to
choose?

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Organization and
Development
 What is analogy?
 Try to identify “cases of analogy
in text 1” and explain how it
works.
 Discussion:
 Could you give us other cases of
Analogy?

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Funny Plug-in
 在家里,女人会把最能干的丈夫骂得像冒牌
产品;在外面,女人会把最窝囊的丈夫夸得
像名牌产品。这和商品的命运一样,名牌产
品被顾客挑剔得像冒牌产品,冒牌产品被顾
客炫耀得像名牌产品。

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VI. SA to Ex. I, P. 1, Workbook

 1. So with language; the good


craftsman will choose words that
drive home his point firmly and
exactly.
 2. Getting the word that is
completely right for the writer’s
purpose.

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VI. SA to Ex. I, P. 1, Workbook
 3. Yes, I do. It sounds irrational that a
person does not know what he himself
thinks before he sees what he says, but,
as a matter of fact, it is quite true that
unless we have found the exact words to
verbalize our own thoughts we can never
be very sure of what our thoughts are,
without words, our thoughts cannot be
defined or stated in a clear and precise
manner.
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VI. SA to Ex. I, P. 1, Workbook

 4. “Malapropism” means the


unintentional misuse of a word by
confusing it with one that resembles it,
such as human for humane, singularity
for singleness. But the misuse of
“imprison” is a different case. It is
wrongly chosen because the user has
failed to recognize its connotation.

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VI. SA to Ex. I, P. 1, Workbook

 5. human = characterizing of, or relating to man


 humane = characterized by kindness, mercy,
sympathy; thus:
 human action = action taken by man
 humane action = merciful action
 human killer = person that kills humans
 humane killer = that which kills but causes
little pain

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VI. SA to Ex. I, P. 1, Workbook

 6. Sensitive; alert
 7. “We don’t have to look far afield
to find evidence of bad carpentry in
language.” (Paragraph 5)
 “It is perhaps easier to be a good
craftsman with wood and nails than
a good craftsman with words.”
(Paragraph 9)

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VI. SA to Ex. I, P. 1, Workbook

 “A good carpenter is not distinguished


by the number of his tools, but by the
craftsmanship with which he uses them.
So a good writer is not measured by the
extent of his vocabulary, but by his skill
in finding the ‘mot juste’, the word that
will hit the nail cleanly on the head.”
(Paragraph 11)

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VII. SA to Ex. II, P. 2, Workbook

 1. A writer who is particular about


the exactness of an expression in
English will never feel happy with a
word which fails to express an idea
accurately.

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VII. SA to Ex. II, P. 2, Workbook
 2. To a certain extent, the process of
finding the right words to use is a
process of perfection where you try to
search for words that may most
accurately express your thoughts and
feelings, and words that may most
effectively make your listeners and
readers understand your thoughts and
feelings.
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VII. SA to Ex. II, P. 2, Workbook

 3. Finding the most suitable word to use


is in no sense easy. But there is nothing
like the delight we shall experience when
such a word is located.
 4. Once we are able to use language
accurately, we are in a position to fully
understand our subject matter.

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VIII. SA to Ex. III, P. 3, Workbook

 1. After citing many facts and giving a


number of statistical figures, he finally
drove home his point..
 2. It took us half a year more or less to carry
through the research project.
 3. What he said was so subtle that we could
hardly make out his true intention.
 4. His new book looks squarely at the
contemporary social problems.

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VIII. SA to Ex. III, P. 3, Workbook
 5. The younger generation today are very much
alive to the latest information found on the
Internet.
 6. It is a matter of opinion whether a foreign
language is more easily learned in one’s
childhood or otherwise.
 7. Never loose heart in the face of a setback;
take courage and deal with it squarely.
 8. Rice, meat, vegetables, and fruit constitute a
balanced diet.

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TEXT II The Maker’s Eye:
Reviewing Your Own Manuscripts
( 作者的眼光:修改自己的手稿)

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Organization of the text
 Part I (para 1- 2):Making a start: raising the
topic of revision in writing
 Part II (para 3): Explaining WHY it is
necessary to do revision
 Part III (para 4-9 ) Suggesting proper
approaches to do revision.
 Part IV (para 10 – end ): Illustrating how to
do revision
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 II. Key Points of the Text
 Paragraph 2
 journeyman: an experienced person
whose work is fairly (but not very)
good 熟练工
 craftsman: a person skilled in a job
能工巧匠
 prolific: productive; producing many
works

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 Paragraph 3
 a progression of: a succession of
 decode: discover the meaning of
(something written in a code) 解
码;译解 compare encode: turn
(a message) into code
 Paragraph 4
 detach … from: separate … from

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 Paragraph 5
 supposedly: as is believed; as it
appears 想 象 上 , 据 推 测 , 大 概
 for a year to the day: for exactly a
year
 discipline: control
 euphoric: extremely happy
 euphoria: a feeling of happiness and
cheerful excitement 欣快症;异常欣

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 Paragraph 6
 counsel: advise
 E.g.: a counsel of perfection 要别
人必须做到十全十美的要求; 达
不到的理想
 darken counsel 使更加难以理解
 take counsel of one’s pillow 通夜
思考
 excise: remove by cutting out
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 a schizophrenic process: a
maddening or disorderly process 混
乱的过程;前后矛盾的过程
 schizophrenia: a mental disorder
marked by a separation of a person’s
mind and feelings 精神分裂症
 Paragraph 8
 prune: cut off, remove or shorten
some of the branches in order to
improve the shape, growth,
production of flowers or fruit; reduce
or remove (anything useless
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 or unwanted) from (something) by
making careful choices 修剪;删除
 spontaneous: happening as a result
of natural feelings or cause, without
outside force or influence, or without
being planned 自然产生的,自发的
 spontaneity: naturalness
 Paragraph 9
 positive: sure; having no doubt about
something
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 Paragraph 16
 genre: a class of works of art,
literature, or music marked by a
particular style, form, or subject 类型
,流派,风格
 Paragraph 23
 mutter: speak (usually angry or
complaining words) in a low voice,
not easily heard 咕哝,嘀咕
 in short runs: in short periods of time.
Compare in long runs.
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 at a stretch: without stopping, continuously
 Paragraph 25
 connotation: (any of) the feeling or ideas
that are suggested by a word, rather than
the actual meaning of the word 含义,言外
之意
 denotation: the thing that is actually
named or described by a word, rather
than the feelings or ideas that are
suggested by the word 直接意义,特
定意义
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 rub against: slide something with
pressure against; compare with
 E.g.: Don’t rub your coat against the
wet paint.
 Paragraph 26
 peer into: look with effort into
something
E.g.: She stood on the shore for some
time, peering into the distance, long
after the ship had gone.
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III. SA to Questions for Discussion, P. 14,
Student’s Book
 1. The completion of the first draft is regarded
as the end of the job by an amateur writer but
as the beginning by a professional. Writers
must learn to be fastidious and exacting, i.e.,
severely critical with their own writing.
 2. They are information, meaning, audience,
form, structure, development, dimension and
voice. You can refer to Paragraphs 13 – 20 for
the explanations of them.

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III. SA to Questions for Discussion, P. 14,
Student’s Book
 3. Line-by-line editing. Study individually all
the clauses, phrases, words, and even the
punctuation marks.
 4. Our ears are very good judges of language,
being sensitive to the flow of words. He thinks
that what is right should sound right, and what
sounds right should be right.
 5. This question is open to discussion.

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IV. SA to Ex. 1, P. 4, Workbook

 1. Peter F. Drucker
 Instead of calling his first draft the first
draft, Drucker calls it “the zero draft,”
meaning that it is only the starting point
of his writing, and that only after some
revisions have been made can the draft
be called the first, the second … draft.

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IV. SA to Ex. 1, P. 4, Workbook
 2. Ray Bradbury
 He does not revise his writing
immediately after it is done. It is put
away for a whole year on purpose. Then
Bradbury rereads his manuscript as if he
were a stranger. This way he can be
more critical about his own writing.

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IV. SA to Ex. 1, P. 4, Workbook
 3. Nancy Hale
 “What seems delightful in his own writing
should be read by the author with a critical
eye. What is most admirable to him must be
cut out as he is likely to protect it from others’
criticism.”
 4. John Ciardi
 “The last thing to do with one’s own writing is
to become the reader of the writing. It is a
confusing process. The writer begins reading
enthusiastically but becomes fault-finding
when he comes to the end. What is more
important is
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IV. SA to Ex. 1, P. 4, Workbook
 that he must be hot with enthusiasm and cold
with criticism at the same time /
simultaneously.”
 5. Eleanor Estes
 She advises the writer to go over his own
writing with good judgment and calmness as if
he were not the author. He must be ready to
cut out the unnecessary parts skillfully and
mercilessly. When he finishes revising his
writing each time, the manuscripts must seem
to be in a state of disorder --- with some parts
torn out and some added to, and with words
changed time and
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IV. SA to Ex. 1, P. 4, Workbook

 again. In spite of all the changes, the


book must keep its originality and
naturalness at its first appearance.
 6. Anthony Brugess
 He concedes that he might go over one
single page many many times.

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IV. SA to Ex. 1, P. 4, Workbook
 7. Roald Dahl
 “When I am coming to the last part of a story, I
will have read and reread and corrected the
first part no less than 150 times. Good writing
is first and foremost rewriting. I have no doubt
about this / I’m very certain about this.”
 What the authors express in common is this:
Of the first and foremost importance to a writer
is the effort he makes at criticizing, revising,
and correcting his own drafts time and again
until it satisfies the maker’s eye.

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V. SA to Ex. 1, P. 6, Workbook

 1. Traditional dictionaries are said to be


prescriptive because they prescribe correct
patterns of usage only. They also attempt to
preserve the linguistic features of the past.
 2. More recent dictionaries are said to be
descriptive because they have become less
concerned with laying down rules, but more
concerned with describing a language. There
are also a wide range of descriptive labels
such as “informal,” “slang,” or “technical.”

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V. SA to Ex. 1, P. 6, Workbook

 3. Dictionaries reflect the evolution of the


language in that they keep pace with the
changes that occur in language usage
and the frequent introduction of words.

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VI. SA to Ex. 3, P. 7, Workbook

 1. In an ordinary dictionary, a lexicographer is


defined simply as “a writer or compiler of a
dictionary.” But Johnson defines him as a
harmless drudge or a person doing dull work

 2. In an ordinary dictionary, oats is defined as
a grain that provides food for people and
animals. But Johnson seemed to be biased
against the Scottish people, because they eat
oats whereas in England, it is generally given
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