HIS HIGHNESS MAHARAJA HARI SINGH

A TRIBUTE ON 50TH DEATH ANNIVERSARY

Ashique Hamdani Syed

LINE OF CONTROL: THE LAST BERLIN WALL

UNITED KASHMIR PUBLICATIONS HOUSE

UKPH-2011
Ashique Hamdani Syed is progressive and nationalist activist belong to Muzaffarabad
POK, studied at the Institute of Social Sciences under the Central Committee of
Communist Party of Soviet Union and lived more than 20 years in Soviet Union/Russia
and Lithuania, now residing in Dubai, can be reached at +971507093347,
Email; ashiquehamdani@gmail.com

United Kashmir Publications House is an electronic publishing service that

explores socio -political, socio-economic and international strategic
concerns of State of Jammu Kashmir and to educate new generation about
dynamic history of divided state
The books are free from copyright anybody can reproduce it in any form in
any language by mentioning curtsey of United Kashmir Publications House
and without changing the content
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UKPH-2011
 HIS HIGHNESS MAHARAJA HARI SINGH
A TRIBUTE ON 50TH DEATH ANNIVERSARY

Great reformer, a nationalist and was born on 23 September 1895 at the

patriotic in spirit, the last ruler of palace of Amar Mahal , Jammu . He was
independent State of Jammu Kashmir, son of General Raja Sir Amar Singh,
His Highness Maharaja Hari Singh died, grandson of Maharaja Ranbir Singh and
50 years ago, on 26 April 1961. He nephew of Maharaja Pratap Singh.

21st April 1944: His Highness Hari Singh Bahadur, the Maharajah of Jammu &
Kashmir and one of India's two representatives at the British War Cabinet inspects civil
defence workers in Bermondsey, London. (Photo by Horace Abrahams/Keystone/Getty
Images).

EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION DIVERSITY OF STATE OF JAMMU

He got admission in Mayo College Ajmer
in 1908 and attained higher secondary
education at the age of 13. His father
General Raja Sir Amar Singh died, a
year later in 1909. The British took
special interests in his education and
appointed Major H.K. Brar as his
guardian. After Mayo College the ruler-
in-waiting went to the Imperial Cadet
Corps at Dehra Dun for military
training, and by the age of 20, he had
been appointed commander-in-chief of
the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces.
KASHMIR
Jammu & Kashmir is a multi-ethnic,
multi-religious state with 64% Muslims,
33% Hindus, and 3% Buddhists, Sikhs,
Christians and others. There are three
distinct geographical regions - Ladakh
(with 58% of the area, and 3% of the
population), Jammu (26% area, 45%
population) and Kashmir (16% area,
52% population. The primary languages
of Ladakh are Ladakhi and Balti, of
Jammu : Dogri, and of Kashmir :
Kashmiri. In addition, Gujari, Pahari,
Punjabi, Shina and various dialects and
mixed languages are also spoken by
different ethnic groups within the state.

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Of the state's 49% who reside in the
Kashmir province, about 13% are Shia
Muslims. Shias of Kargil who know of
the poverty and degradation
experienced by their ethnic siblings in
Baltistan, 14% of the people in Kashmir
province are the pastoral nomadic Gujar
and Bakarwal people
REIGN OF HIS HIG HNESS
MAHARAJA HARI SINGH
Sir Hari Singh succeeded to become
Maharaja of State of Jammu and
Kashmir upon the death of Maharaja Sir
Pratap Singh, in 1925. He initiated
comprehensive economic, social, legal,
administrative and political reforms. In
a very short span of time, he introduced
several new laws which modernize
almost every branch of pubic affairs. He
led state government in taking social
welfare initiatives with prioritizing
health and education sector. He made
primary education compulsory in the
State, introduced laws prohibiting child
marriage.
AGRICULTURE REFORM
Maharaja Hari Singh set extraordinary
attention to modernize the agriculture
sector with decree of the Agriculturist's
Relief Act that allowed a debtor to bring
his creditors in a Court of Law for the
settlement. Agriculturist's Relief Act
freed the peasants and rural workers
from the egocentricity of money lenders
and creditors.
Next in a line “The Land Alienation Act”
has forbidden the transfer of
agricultural land to the non-
agriculturists." The agriculturists also
were granted with proprietary
ownership rights and immunity from the
taxes or levies of Nazrana and
Malikana. State Government
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encouraged providing loans for the
improvements agricultural lands,
livestock and rural economy with easy
procedures and installments. The rural
population and peasantry without land
encouraged and allowed to dwell the
Khalsa land with ownership rights.
“The Kahcharai Act” was also landmark
step that removed the inequalities in
circumstances applying of Kahcharai
tax. It also granted exemption to the
owners of livestock in respect of
particular animals of a given number
and age. For the improvement of
livestock, a large number of bulls of
Sindhi and Dhani breeds were
distributed among certain peasants in
some selected places. The period of the
land settlement was extended to forty
years. Begar or forced labour was
completely abolished. The activities of
the Agriculture Department, which were
initially restrained to the Kashmir
Province only, were progressively
extended to the Jammu and other
northern provinces.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT REFORM
Maharaja Hari Singh empowered village
panchayats, which then were used to
resolve community conflicts in village
life. Department of Rural Development
was established in 1937, the
panchayats were also associated with
the implementation of plans for rural
development.
ECONOMIC REFORMS
Development in trade and industry
sectors got new focuses and numerous
taxes were abolished. State Government
encouraged purchasing local products
from the local enterprises. Maharaja
Hari Sing himself was keen for
industrializations in Sate of Jammu
Kashmir. Manufacturing units of
matchboxes, tents, carpets, woodworks,
crafts, tannery goods, silk yarn, food
etc. were set upped during this period.
Maharaja Hari Sing took a revolutionary
by establishing “The Jammu and
Kashmir Bank” in 1938 that took
control over the government treasury.
Branches The Jammu and Kashmir
Bank were established in Srinagar,
Jammu and other cities and towns in
the state. These achievements brought
an enormous incentive to industry,
trade and local business, which further
encouraged employment and social
indexes of betterment. Industrial
production was also increased
significantly.
The State Government established a
small silk factory in Jammu, with
production unit in Srinagar, which
expanded to four times of its original
size. Besides providing employment to a
large number of workers in the factory,
it brought additional revenue to
thousands of rural families who raisin
cocoons. The opening of industrial
centers and emporium in Srinagar in
1941 and later at Jammu further
promoted the trade of the Kashmiri
products.
Maharaja Hari Singh also paid much
attention to tourism sector. The Jammu
and Kashmir knows for its natural
beauty all over the world that always is
fascinating the tourists. The number of
tourists who visited Kashmir during
1931-32 was 8,604. It rose to 24,659
during 1936-37. Realising the benefits
accruing to the people as well as the
state from tourism, the Government of
Kashmir tried to develop it in a planned
manner. Various schemes were
launched to further the beauty of
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Srinagar and to develop Pahalgam and
Gulmarg as ideal hill stations.
During the “Second World War” he paid
significant attention to supply grain,
wheat and rice at controlled price in
state. Basic necessities, such as sugar
and fuel, were also rationed. A special
Price Control Department was created
in order to fix the prices and regulate
the distribution of the essential goods.
The Maharaja also created a fund for
the alleviation of distress of the poorest
population.
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
REFORM
Maharaja Hari Singh initiated modern
communication services of telegraph,
telephone, and wireless to all the
important cities and towns in the state.
He was keen to build road, bridges,
tunnel, hydro power station to facilitate
his citizen with the best available
technological solution and living
standards. Upon his advice “Flood
Control Department” was also
constituted.
CO-
CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES REFORM
The co-operative movement recorded a
large growth and the number of
cooperative credit societies in the state
increase, to four thousand. Moreover, a
large number of societies for the
expansion of holdings, better living,
education and marketing of agricultural
products were also established across
the state. A significant effort made by
introducing “The Right of Prior
Purchase Act” which furnish the rights
of rural population in context of
agricultural land sales and purchase.
EDUCATIONAL REFORM
Maharaja Hari Singh has to be honored
one among the great educationist in
South Asia . He set primary and
secondary education free for all in the
state. Primary education was made also
compulsory for boys in all the municipal
towns in 1930.
The Scholarship Selection Board was
established and scholarships were
granted to the deserving students for
higher and technical education in India
and abroad. Educational loans schemas
were also introduced.
New schools, colleges and institutes
were established to accommodate
increasing number of students. A
campaign against adult illiteracy was
also launched with considerable
success. Urdu language was made the
medium of instruction in schools but
students had the option of choosing
either the Devnagri or the Persian
scripts.
SOCIAL REFORM
Maharaja Hari Singh, was one among
the great humanist of his
age, addressed the issues of social evil
such as torturing and trafficking of
women, child marriage, low cost
untouchables and others among the
people of the state. To prevent female
infanticide, the Maharaja constituted
two committees in 1926 and 1929,
which recommended including
educating the people and severe action
against the guilty of the crime. The
Maharaja accepted both the
recommendations. He also established
the Dhandevi Memorial Fund for the
marriage of girls. He might always be
admirable for prevention of child-
smoking.
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Maharaja Hari Singh, alongside taken
the issue of child marriage up and
promulgated an ordinance in which the
marriage of boys and girls under 18
and 14 years respectively was
prohibited, and its breach was
punishable by one year's imprisonment
or fine up to rupees one thousand or
both. The Maharaja was the first ruler
and reformer in Indian sub-continent
who introduced the legislation against
such category of social evils. He took
strong initiative to curb women and
children trafficking and established
legislation against organizing
prostitution business, which were
declared a punishable crime.
Encouraging or assisting in seduction
or prostitution of minor girls was also
declared crime and subject of
punishment.
Maharaja Hari Singh took bold step
against the evil of untouchably
traditions common against the low cost
communities. He opened all public
schools, colleges, and wells to the
untouchables in 1931. The next year,
all the state temples were also opened
for them, lastly in 1940 he proclaimed
untouchability a crime. His removal of
legal disabilities on the marriages of
Hindu widows, was regarded a doctrine
in Sub-continent.
HEALTH REFORM
The numbers of hospitals and medical
dispensaries were also increased during
the reign of Maharaja Hari Sing. Mother
health was a unique initiative and first
ever a maternity block was opened in
Srinagar . The number of hospitals and
medical dispensaries together with
qualified doctors and nurses were
significantly increased. The Maharaja
Hari Singh Hospital, one of the largest
hospitals in Sub- continent, with 320
beds, was inaugurated in Srinagar in
1945. The State Of Jammu and Kashmir
was distinguished to become the first
one by establishing “Tuberculoses
Department” in Indian Sub-continent.
Maharaja Gulab Singh Hospital had also
been opened at Jammu , earlier in
1943.
Special group of medical professional
were established to handle the epidemic
diseases and plague in various regions
of State. An anti-plague plan was
initiated with large achievements. In
1935, cholera broke out in Kashmir
and 1.5 million injections were carried
out, which the highest number that
done anywhere at one time.
Maharaja Hari Sing was aware that
clean water is highly important in good
health and water is contributing in
spreading most diseases. He made great
efforts to boost the supply of unpolluted
and clean drinking water. A special
branch was created in the PWD, to
resolve this particular concern. A tube-
well was bored in Jammu. Tanks and
wells were also constructed. Large
grants were provided for the
improvement of water-supply in
Srinagar and other cities of state. There
were significant expansion in the water-
supply, fire-protection and electric
safety works.
ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM
Maharaja Hari Singh initiated to replace
a totalitarian administration into more
secular and non communal practices.
Srinagar silk factory’s worker strike in
1924 was turning point of political and
economic dissatisfaction in
state. Indian National Congress and the
All India Muslim League inflated in
state. Political awareness embarked to
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rise on among the people of Jammu and
Kashmir.Maharaja Hari Singh put his
early focus upon the administrative
reforms in state. The lack of local
professionals and trained officers and
administrator became seriously
disadvantaged against the growth of
various reforms since the time of
Ranbir Singh. This crisis sharpened
more during Pratap Singh's reign when
Urdu and English languages was
declared the court and official
languages respectively. English
language was declared necessary in the
civil services of state that caused a
large number of employments from
outsiders of the State. There was certain
number of schools and colleges offering
western education in the state,
producing good number of locally
educated young students every year,
which was not sufficient to appropriate
employment that gradually under the
dominance of the alien from the Sub-
continent. These generate a mass wave
of local anger against the outsiders. The
crisis was resolved by the government
which decided that only inborn state-
subject holders could be employed in
the state civil services. Inborn state-
subject holders were defined as “one
who had been either born and residing
in the state before 1846 or settled
therein before 1885”.
Muslims of Kashmir were traditionally
educated in Persian and opted western
education not as earlier, which caused
them obstruction and living behind in
comparison with other communities to
their representation in the state
services.
Nobility of the Kashmiri Muslim
community moved toward the
government in 1929 with demand of
reserving quota in the state services for
the Muslims. The government refused
this justified demand of Kashmiri
Muslim that led a wave of antagonism
among the Muslim youth and communal
riots broken out in Srinagar in July
1931. Subsequently, anti-Government
disturbance also took place in different
regions of State.
Maharaja Hari Singh took a serious
notice against the agitations and
appointed a Commission to enquire the
grievances of the Kashmiri Muslims and
other communities. The Commission
recommendations concluded for a "fair
and adequate representation in services
to all the communities, grant of freedom
of press and platform, return of the
confiscated religious sites and
establishment of a representative
Assembly".
Maharaja Hari Singh voluntarily
accepted these recommendations by his
proclamation, which declared on July 9,
1931 that "while in the matter of
services prior consideration is and
always shall be given to public interest,
and the obligation of maintaining the
efficiency of the administration at the
highest possible level can never be
overlooked, the police of his
government would be to give adequate
representation to all communities in the
services without giving any
preponderance to any community". New
rules of state services were framed
accordingly. He appointed Molvi Abdul
Rahim, one of the leaders of the 1931
agitation, as a judge in 1934.
Continuing expansion in the
representation of the Kashmiri Muslims
in the Civil Services became significant
as in April, 1932 there were 3,052
Muslim officials, including 55 gazetted
ranks, out of a total strength of 8,683.
Their number rose to 5070, including
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150 gazetted officials, out of 13,790 in
April 1945, giving them about 40%
representation in the total strength of
the State Civil Services.
POLITICAL REFORM
Although Muslim elite, gradually became
satisfactory with the Administrative
reforms of the Maharaja, but yet it was
showing its discontentment with
political system in state. Since the early
days of 1846 to 1889 the state
government was run by Maharaja's
personal assignees and advisors headed
by a Prime Minister. It was the
Maharajah Pratap Singh who shared his
powers to State Council In 1889, which
an effort to regulate the conduct of the
administration. Each member of State
Council held charge of a number of
departments. With a short break from
1905 to 1922, this arrangement
continued till 1934. Muslim nobility
established All Jammu and Kashmir
Muslim Conference in October 1932
under the leadership of Sheikh
Mohammad Abdullah.
Maharaja Hari Singh endorsed the
formation of a Legislative Assembly
called the Jammu and Kashmir Praja
Sabha in 1934. The Praja Sabha which
earlier declared as recommendatory
body was consisted upon 75 members-
12 government officials, 16 state
councilors, and 14 nominated and 33
elected members. The last were named
categorically including with 21 Muslims,
10 Hindus and 2 Sikhs.
The Muslim Conference won 14 seats
out of 21 reserved for the Muslim In the
first elections to the Praja Sabha, in
1934 covering 3 to 6 per cent of the
population. In the next election of 1936,
it was able to raise its strength to 19.
This established the claim of the
Conference to be called the major
political party in the State. In June,
1939, however Sheikh Mohammad
Abdullah dissociated himself from the
Muslim Conference and established a
new party, the National Conference,
which succeeded in securing a large
following. It demanded that the Praja
Sabha be given more powers, and that it
be composed entirely of members
elected by adult pollution based on a
joint electorate, with some seats
reserved for the minorities.
Respecting popular demand, the
number of elected seats of the Praja
Sabha was increased from 33 to 40 in
1939. Its powers were also enhanced
and non-official members were more
closely associated with the state
administration to work as under-
secretaries. Praja Sabha was
empowered to make laws for the state
subjects, pass all legislation pertaining
to the taxes as distinguished from fees
and penalties, and to vote on the
demands made by the government for
budgetary allocations with the
exceptions of a few non-voted bills. A
noteworthy step towards the
establishment of a popular government
was, however, taken in 1944. On
October 2, that year, Maharaja Hari
Singh sent the following message to the
Praja Sabha:
"I have after careful consideration
decided to call upon the Praia Sabha to
nominate a panel of six (three to be
Muslims) of its members, three from
Jammu and three from Kashmir
(including the Frontier District). The
Assembly will determine its own
procedure for nominating the panel,
official members taken no part in the
proceedings. Out of the panel so
nominated I shall appoint two (one of
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whom will be a Muslim) as my Ministers.
These Ministers will hold charge of
portfolios to be determined by me. They
will draw the usual salary of Ministers
unless the Praja Sabha desires to vary
it, in which case the Sabha may submit
its recommendations to me through the
usual channels. The Ministers so
appointed by me, while if they still
continue to be members of the Sabha,
they will be eligible for re-appointment".
This message was welcomed with great
enthusiasms by all of political groups in
the Assembly and led to the appointment
of Mirza Afzel Beg from National
Conference and Ganga Ram, a Dogra
politician as the Ministers. Changes
were introduced in the constitution of
the municipal committees as well by
establishing same criteria of the voter
eligibility as set it for the Praja Sabha
elections.
FOREIGN POLICY
Maharaja Hari Singh assisted the British
and its allied United Sates and Soviet
Union against the Nazi German during
the Second World War with armed
forces and funds. He also personally
visited the Middle East in 1941 to
enhance the spirits of his solders
combating on the war front. In 1944 he
again visited abroad, and met a section
of his troops in Europe.
DILEMMA OF INDIAN POLITICS AND
BRITISH EMPIRE
Indian National Congress under the
leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and
Jawahar Lal Nehru was struggling for
free, secular and democratic India,
whereas the Muslim League under
Mohammad Ali Jinah stood for the
partition and creation of Pakistan on
the basis of religion. The state of
Jammu Kashmir became an unfortunate
subject of this conflicting struggle. The
National Conference of Kashmir
positioned for secularism and
progressively moved toward having a
political alliance with the Indian
National Congress. Jawahar Lal Nehru
visited Kashmir in 1940 that followed
by Mohammad Ali Jinah, who also
visited Kashmir in 1944.
National Conference launched "Quit
Kashmir" movement against Maharaja
Hari Singh in May 1946. The State
Government arrested Sheikh Mohammad
Abdullah. Jawahar Lal Nehru came to
Kashmir in support of the movement.
PARTITION OF INDIA; PRICE OF
COLONIALISM
In 1947 India was divided in two
Dominion states run by Governor
Generals as representative of British
Crown. Jammu and Kashmir had the
option to join either India or Pakistan
or remain independent. Maharajah Hari
Singh was committed to maintain
independence of State of Jammu
Kashmir . Lord Mountbatten, the last
British Viceroy of India, flew to Srinagar
on June 19, 1947 .
Maharaja Hari Singh tried to enter into
a "standstill agreement" with both India
and Pakistan on August 12. Pakistan
agreed to "standstill agreement", but the
state came under an economic blockade
as Pakistan suspended supplies of all
its essential commodities to the state on
September 18, 1947.
PAKISTAN INVASION IN KASHMIR
Pakistan further violated the Standstill
Agreement on October 22, 1947 by
invading its armed tribesman who
entered in Kashmir. A huge number of
tribesmen, equipped with modern
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weapons, invaded in Kashmir from the
side of Abbottabad. The situation
compelled the Maharaja to seek the help
of India with joining the Indian Union on
October, 26 with a request of temporary
accession to provide urgent military
assistances.
The first group of the Indian forces was
flown to Srinagar on 27th October by
then tribal invaders had already
reached Baramulla. On November 7, the
Indian forces fought a successful battle
with the tribesmen. And by the end of
March 1948, the latter were pushed
back from a major portion of the ' state
territory. Finding the tribesmen in a
hopeless condition, Pakistan 's regular
army also entered into Kashmir to help
his tribesmen in May 1948.
Meanwhile, Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah
was released from prison, appointed as
the Prime Minister, and an Interim
Government was set on March 5, 1948.
The battle against the invaders
continued till January 1, 1949, when a
ceasefire was declared at the
intervention of the Security Council of
the United Nations. This left
Muzaffarabad, Gilgit, Mirpur and part of
Poonch under the total control of
Pakistan. Maharaja Hari Singh went into
exile as the Kashmir question placed in
the United Nations. Dr. Karan Singh, his
son, took over as President of the State
on June 20, 1949.
Maharaja Hari Singh was great
reformer, a nationalist and patriotic in
spirit, betrayed by both Pakistan and
India in their respective commitments.
Maharaja Hari Singh breathed his last
at Bombay on April 26, 1961.
50th Anniversary of His Highness
Maharaja Hari Singh invites the people
of state of Jammu Kashmir to review the
history and future of our nation.
 APPENDIXS

JAMMU AND KASHMIR PRAJA SABHA ELECTION RULES

(Extract)
QUALIFICATIONS OF ELECTORATES
I. No person shall be entitled to be registered as an elector on the Electoral Roll
of a general or special constituency who:
1. is not a State-subject to any class as defined in Noti-fication I-L/1984, dated
Jammu the 18th April 1927 ; or
2. has not attained the age of 21 years on the first day of Baisakh of the year in
which the general elections are held; or
3. has been adjudged by a competent court to be of unsound mind; or
4. if a female, has not passed the Third Middle Examination or any other
examination mentioned in Rule 11 t7).
II. Every person who is not subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in
rule 1 shall be entitled to be registered as an elector in the Electoral Roll of a
general or special constituency if he resides or carries on business within that
constituency:
(i) In the case of a general constituency:
1. is a Zaildar, or Safed-Posh, or Lambardar, and is not under suspension, or
2. is an Imam of a Mosque or Mufti or Qazi or an Adhishthata of a temple, or a Bhai
or Granthi of a Gurdwara, or an ordained Minister of the Christian Church who
has been acting as such for a period of not less than six months prior to first
Baisakh of the year in which the general elections are held, or
3. is a recognised title-holder, or
4. is a retired or pensioned Officer, non-commissioned Officer or soldier or His
Majesty's or His Highness' regular forces provided that he has not been
discharged therefrom with ignominy.
Explanations
The term "regular forces" used in clause 4 of the foregoing Rule shall
include the subjects of Jammu and Kashmir State serving as
commissioned officers and Indians of other ranks of the Royal Indian
Army Service Corps and also the commissioned officers and Indian other
ranks of the Animal and Mechanical Transport Sections of the Jammu and
Kashmir Army, or

UKPH-2011
1. is a pensioner who receives a pension of not less than Rs. 10 a month from a
Treasury in the State, or any other treasury, or
2. is a Doctor or Hakim or Vaid, or Lawyer, or School master actually practicing his
profession within the State, or
3. has passed the Third Middle Examination, or passed the Budhiman, Rattan, Adib,
Munshi, Moulvi, or Prajna examination, or some higher examination, or
4. pays a sum of not less than Rs. 20 per annum under one or more of the
following heads:
1. land revenue on account of land owned by him;
2. rent on account on land held- by him as a tenant with a right of occupancy;
3. grazing fees payable to the Government, or is a Jagirdar, Muafidar or
Guzarakhar holding an assignment of not less than Rs. 20 per annum, or
1. is the owner of immovable property, other than agricultural land, within the
State, or of a boat or boats of the value of not less than Rs. 600, or
2. pays income-tax, or has throughout the twelve months preceding the date of the
notification occupied as tenant in the constituency immovable property, not
being land assessed to land revenue, of an annual rental value of not less than
Rs. 60.
Explanations
If any land or immovable property has been in possession of a mortgage for the
whole of the year before the preparation of the Electoral Roll, such mortgagee
and not the real owner shall be deemed to be the owner for the purpose of sub-
rules 8(a) and (10).
Provided that no person shall be qualified as an elector:
1. in a Muslim constituency if he is not a Muslim;
2. in a Sikh constituency if he is not a Sikh
3. in a Hindu constituency if he is either a Muslim or a Sikh.
(ii) in the case of a special constituency:
1. In case of the Jammu and Kashmir Tazimi Sardars constituencies, is a Tazimi
Sardas.
2. In case of the Jammu and Kashmir Jagirdar, Muafidar or Mukarridar
constituencies, is a Jagirdar, Muafidar or Mukarridar holding a Jagir, Muafi or
Mukarri from the State of not less than Rs. 500 per annum.
3. In case of the Jammu and Kashmir Land-holders constituencies, is a holder of
any land assessed to. land revenue of not less than Rs.250 per annum.
4. In case of the Jammu and Kashmir pensioners Constituency is a pensioner
receiving Rs. 100 or more as pension.
Provided that no person shall be entitled to have his name entered on the roll of
more than one special constituency of the same class but he can choose the
constituency on whose roll his name may be entered.
Explanations
Where a Jagir, Mukarrari, Muafi or land is held Jointly by members of a joint
family, the family shall be adopted as the unit or deciding whether any
qualification exists and if it exists, the person qualified shall be, in the case of a

UKPH-2011
 joint Hindu: family, the Manager thereof, and in the case of any other joint family
the member thereof authorised in that behalf by the family.
For the purpose of this rule, a person may be presumed to reside in a
constituency if he owns. a family dwelling-house in the constituency and that
house has not, during the twelve months preceding the date of the notification
been let on rent.
III. 1. Where two or more persons are co-sharers in land assessed to land
revenue, or in an assignment of land revenue, or in other immovable property,
or in a tenancy, or in a Jagir, Mukarrari or Muafi every person shall be qualified
as an elector who would be so qualified if his share in such land,. property,
assignment or tenancy were held separately. The share of any such person who
is under 21 years of age shall be deemed to be the share of his father, or if his
father is dead, of his eldest brother, provided that his father or eldest brother,
as the case may be, is a co-sharer with him in the property:
1. of times, the total revenue, assignment of land revenue or rent of tenancy is
divisible by 20 or in the case of immovable property other than agricultural land
as the number of time, the value of such property is divisible by 600;
2. in the case of special constituencies, the number of times the total of the
amount of Jagir revenue or assignment of revenue, as the case may be is
divisible by 500 in the case of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir
Jagirdars, Muafidars and Mukarraridars or by 250 in the case of constituencies
of Jammu and Kashmir land-holders. The co-sharers shall appoint by name the
persons so entitled to vote as electors.
IV. For the purposes of these rules a person shall be deemed to have owned
property or to have paid fees for any period during which the property was
owned or the fees paid by any person trough whom he derives title by
inheritance.
V. No person shall be entitled to vote at any election if on the date on which the
poll is taken he is undergoing a sentence of imprisonment, or if he has been
bound over to be of good behaviour and the period of the bond has not yet
expired, or if he is disqualified for membership of the Praja Sabha.
QUALIFICATIONS OF CANDIDATES
VI. A person shall be eligible for election as member of the Praja Sabha for a
general or special constituency if he is not subject to any of the disqualifications
contained in section 28 of the Act, and
1. can read and write the Urdu language in any script, and is registered as an
elector for that constituency, or, in, the case of a general constituency, for any
other constituency in the Province, and in the case of a Muslim or Sikh
constituency, he is himself a Muslim or Sikh, as the case may be, and in the case
of a Hindu constituency, he is not a Muslim or Sikh.
Explanations
For the purposes of this rule a Province shall mean either the Kashmir Province
or the Jammu Province (inclusive of the Jagirs or Poonch and Chenani) as the
case may be

UKPH-2011
 KASHMIR-
KASHMIR-PAK STANDSTILL AGREEMENT.
TELEGRAM FROM PRIME MINISTER, KASHMIR STATE ,
TO SARDAR ABDUR RAB NISHTAR,
STATES
STATES RELATIONS DEPARTMENT, KARACHI
12TH AUGUST, 1947

Jammu and Kashmir Government would welcome Standstill Agreements with

Pakistan on all matters on which these exist at present moment with outgoing
British Indian Government. It is suggested that existing arrangements should
continue pending settlement of details and formal execution of fresh agreement

TELEGRAM FROM FOREIGN SECRETARY,

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN , KARACHI ,
TO PRIME MINI STER OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
15TH AUGUST, 1947

Your telegram of the 12th. The Government of Pakistan agree to have a

Standstill Agreement of Jammu and Kashmir for the continuance of the existing
arrangements pending settlement of details and formal execution of fresh
agreements.

UKPH-2011
 TELEGRAM FROM FOREIGN SECRETARY,
GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN , KARACHI ,
TO PRIME MINI STER OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
15TH AUGUST, 1947

Your telegram of the 12th. The Government of Pakistan agree to have a

Standstill Agreement of Jammu and Kashmir for the continuance of the existing
arrangements pending settlement of details and formal execution of fresh
agreements.
Jammu & Kashmir in the year 1947 was an independent country for all practical
purposes. The Maharaja who ruled the State had signed agreements with both
Pakistan and India to remain neutral and not be part of either country. India
honoured that agreement but Pakistan did not. Pakistani raiders and soldiers
attacked the state in 1947 forcing the Maharaja to flee to India . The Maharaja
asked India to help his people who were being killed and looted by the Pakistani
raiders. He also agreed to make Jammu &; Kashmir part of India . The Indian
ruler at that time was Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. He accepted Jammu &;
Kashmir 's accession to India and agreed to rescue his people from the
Pakistani attackers. Indian troops were flown into the Kashmir Valley and they
managed to drive away most of the Pakistani raiders from the state. But a large
area of the state remained under the control of Pakistani soldiers. These areas
were difficult to reach because they were surrounded by tall mountain ranges.
Also, India wanted to stop the fighting. The fighting ended with Pakistan
retaining control of a large area of the state but India keeping a larger part.

The fighting ended in the beginning of 1949 because India did not want the war
to drag on. India felt that other influential countries like the US and Britain
would ask Pakistan to stop fighting and withdraw its soldiers from a State that
had legally become part of India . India therefore went to the world body called
the United Nations, or UN for short. India said that Pakistan had attacked a
neutral State and that State had now become part of India . Therefore, Pakistan
should withdraw its soldiers from the State. The United Nations agreed with the
Indian demand and asked Pakistan to withdraw its forces from Jammu &
Kashmir. It also told India to ask the people of Jammu & Kashmir whether they
wanted to be part of India or part of Pakistan . This was because some people in
the State wanted to join Pakistan while others wanted to stay with India . The
Prime Minister of India agreed to ask the people what they wanted through a
process known as a referendum or plebiscite. Pakistan did not agree and

UKPH-2011
refused to vacate the areas of Jammu & Kashmir it had forcibly grabbed.
Because of this a plebiscite could not be held. Powerful countries like the US and
Britain did not force Pakistan to withdraw its troops from Kashmir . They simply
termed the entire State as a ‘Disputed Territory.’.

The fighting ended in the beginning of 1949 because India did not want the war
to drag on. India felt that other influential countries like the US and Britain
would ask Pakistan to stop fighting and withdraw its soldiers from a State that
had legally become part of India . India therefore went to the world body called
the United Nations, or UN for short. India said that Pakistan had attacked a
neutral State and that State had now become part of India . Therefore, Pakistan
should withdraw its soldiers from the State. The United Nations agreed with the
Indian demand and asked Pakistan to withdraw its forces from Jammu &
Kashmir. It also told India to ask the people of Jammu & Kashmir whether they
wanted to be part of India or part of Pakistan . This was because some people in
the State wanted to join Pakistan while others wanted to stay with India . The
Prime Minister of India agreed to ask the people what they wanted through a
process known as a referendum or plebiscite. Pakistan did not agree and
refused to vacate the areas of Jammu & Kashmir it had forcibly grabbed.
Because of this a plebiscite could not be held. Powerful countries like the US and
Britain did not force Pakistan to withdraw its troops from Kashmir . They simply
termed the entire State as a ‘Disputed Territory.’.

Legally, Jammu & Kashmir is an integral and inseparable part of India . The
British had ruled India as one undivided country made up of many provinces and
princely states. When they left, India was partitioned into two separate countries.
The new country, as mentioned earlier, was called Pakistan . The British as well
as the leaders of both India and Pakistan had agreed to one basic principle -
every inch of land must go either to India or to Pakistan . In other words, people
living in India before the partition of 1947, had only two options: they could
either join Pakistan or they could join India . They could not remain
independent.
Jammu & Kashmir was actually an exception. The Maharaja of the State had
wanted time to decide whether he should join Pakistan or join India . But the
rulers of Pakistan did not want to give him the opportunity to decide and instead
attacked his state, killing hundreds of people and causing extensive damage to
property. The Pakistani action forced the Maharaja to join India .

UKPH-2011
It was absolutely legal. According to the agreement on which the partition of
India was based, the rulers of princely states, like Jammu & Kashmir, had the
absolute right to decide whether they wanted to join Pakistan or India . There
was never any question of holding a referendum or a plebiscite. All the same, the
then Prime Minister of India, Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru, agreed to hold a
plebiscite because he was a democrat and wanted to find out what the people of
the state of Jammu & Kashmir wanted.

The plebiscite was not held because Pakistan refused to vacate the large parts of
Jammu & Kashmir that had been occupied by its soldiers. The plebiscite was
meant for all the people of the state of Jammu & Kashmir and not just for those
who lived in the Kashmir Valley . But the Pakistanis felt that the parts of the
state they had captured was theirs and would not part with it. Pakistan defied
the agreement reached by the world body called the United Nations and refused
to vacate its troops. The powerful countries of the world did nothing to ensure
that Pakistan honoured the UN Resolutions on Jammu & Kashmir. India could
not therefore hold a plebiscite.

MAHARAJA HARI SINGH'S LETTER TO MOUNTBATTEN

TEXT OF L ETT ER DATED OCTOBER 26, 1947 FROM HARI SINGH, THE MAHARAJA
OF JAMMU & KASHMIR TO LORD MOUNTBATTEN, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA .

Dated: 26 October 1947

My dear Lord Mountbatten,
I have to inform your Excellency that a grave emergency has arisen in my State
and request immediate assistance of your Government.
As your Excellency is aware the State of Jammu and Kashmir has not acceded to
the Dominion of India or to Pakistan . Geographically my State is contiguous to
both the Dominions. It has jvital economical and cultural llinks with both of
them. Besides my State has a common boundary with the Soviet Republic and
China . In their external relations the Dominions of India and Pakistan cannot
ignore this fact.
I wanted to take time to decide to which Dominion I should accede, or whether it
is not in the best interests of both the Dominions and my State to stand
independent, of course with friendly and cordial relations with both.
I accordingly approached the Dominions of India and Pakistan to enter into
Standstill Agreement with my State. The Pakistan Government accepted this
Agreement. The Dominion of India desired further discussions with
representatives of my Government. I could not arrange this in view of the

UKPH-2011
developments indicated below. In fact the Pakistan Government is operating Post
and Telegraph system inside the State.
Though we have got a Standstill Agreement with the Pakistan Government that
Government permitted steady and increasing strangulation of supplies like food,
salt and petrol to my State.
Afridis, solidiers in plain clothes, and desperadoes with modern weapons have
been allowed to infilter into the State at first in Poonch and then in Sialkot and
finally in mass area adjoining Hazara District on the Ramkot side. The result has
been that the limited number of troops at the disposal of the State had to be
dispersed and thus had to face the enemy at the several points simultaneously,
that it has become difficult to stop the wanton destruction of life and property
and looting. The Mahora powerhouse which supplies the electric current to the
whole of Srinagar has been burnt. The numer of women who have been
kidnapped and raped makes my heart bleed. The wild forces thus let loose on the
State are marching on with the aim of capturing Srinagar , the summer Capital
of my Government, as first step to over-running the whole State.
The mass infiltration of tribesmen drawn from distant areas of the North-West
Frontier coming regularly in motor trucks using Mansehra-Muzaffarabad Road
and fully armed with up-to-date weapons cannot possibly be done without the
knowledge of the Provisional Government of the North-West Frontier Province
and the Government of Pakistan. In spite of repeated requests made by my
Government no attempt has been made to check these raiders or stop them from
coming into my State. The Pakistan Radio even put out a story that a
Provinsional Government had been set up in Kashmir. The people of my State
both the Muslims and non-Muslims generally have taken no part at all.
With the conditions obtaining at present in my State and the grreat emergency of
the situation as it exists, I have no option but to ask for help from the Indian
Dominion. Naturally they cannot send the help asked for by me without my State
acceding to the Dominion of India. I have accordingly decided to do so and I
attach the Instrument of Accession for acceptance by your Government. The
other alternative is to leave my State and my people to free-booters. On this
basis no civilized Government can exist or be maintained. This alternative I will
never allow to happen as long as I am Ruler of the State and I have life to defend
my country.
I am also to inform your Excellency's Government that it is my intention at once
to set up an interim Government and ask Sheikh Abdullah to carry the
responsibilities in this emergency with my Prime Minister.
If my State has to be saved immediate assistance must be available at Srinagar .
Mr. Menon is fully aware of the situation and he will explain to you, if further
explanation is needed.
In haste and with kind regards,

The Palace, Jammu Your sincerely,

26th October, 1947 Hari Singh

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TEXT OF INDIA'S COMPLAINT TO THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL,

1ST JANUARY 1948.

This complaint made by India placed the Jammu & Kashmir problem before the
world body. The intention was to ask the world community to acknowledge
Pakistani aggression on the people of J&K and to force Pakistan to vacate its
troops from that state so that a final solution to the question of the state's
accession to India could be found.

Letter Dated 1 January, 1948 , from the Representative of India to the President
of the Security Council (S/628).
The Government of India have instructed me to transmit to you the following
telegraphic communication :
1. "1. Under Article 35 of the Charter of the United Nations, any Member may
bring any situation whose continuance is likely to endanger the
maintenance of international peace and security to the attention of the
Security Council. Such a situation now exists between India and Pakistan
owing to the aid which invaders, consisting of nationals of Pakistan and
of tribesmen from the territory immediately adjoining Pakistan on the
north-west, are drawing from Pakistan for operations against Jammu and
Kashmir , a State which has acceded to the Dominion of India and is part
of India . The circumstances of accession, the activities of the invaders
which led the Government of India to take military action against them,
and the assistance which the attackers have received and are still
receiving from Pakistan are explained later in this memorandum. The
Government of India requests the Security Council to call upon Pakistan
to put an end immediately to the giving of such assistance, which is an
act of aggression against India . If Pakistan does not do so, the
Government of India may be compelled, in self-defence, to enter Pakistan
territory, in order to take military action against the invaders. The matter
is, therefore, one of extreme urgency and calls for immediate action by
the Security Council for avoiding a breach of international peace.

2. From the middle of September 1947, the Government of India had

received reports of the infiltration of armed raiders into the western parts
of Jammu Province of the Jammu and Kashmir State ; Jammu adjoins
West Punjab which is a part of the Dominion of Pakistan. These raiders
had done a great deal of damage in that area and taken possession of
part of the territory of the State. On 24 October, the Government of India
heard of a major raid from the Frontier Province of the Dominion of
Pakistan into the Valley of Kashmir . Some two thousand or more fully
armed and equipped men came in motor transport, crossed over to the
territory of the State of Jammu and Kashmir , sacked the town of
Muzaffarabad , killing many people, and proceeded along the Jhelum

UKPH-2011
 Valley road towards Srinagar , the summer capital of the Jammu and
Kashmir State . Intermediate towns and villages were sacked and burnt,
and many people killed. These raiders were stopped by Kashmir State
troops near Uri, a town some fifty miles from Srinagar , for some time,
but the invaders got around them and burnt the power house at Mahora,
which supplied electricity to the whole of Kashmir .

3. The position, on the morning of 26 October, was that these raiders had
been held by Kashmir State troops and part of the civil population, who
had been armed, at a town called Baramulla. Beyond Baramulla there was
no major obstruction up to Srinagar . There was immediate danger of
these raiders reaching Srinagar , destroying and massacring large
numbers of people, both Hindu and Muslims. The State troops were
spread out all over the State and most of them were deployed along the
western border of Jammu Province . They had been split up into small
isolated groups and were incapable of offering effective resistance to the
raiders. Most of the State officials had left the threatened area and the
civil administration had ceased to function. All that stood between
Srinagar and the fate which had overtaken the places en route followed by
the raiders was the determination of the inhabitants of Srinagar , of all
communities, and practically without arms, to defend themselves. At this
time Srinagar had also a large population of Hindu and Sikh refugees who
had fled there from West Punjab owing to communal disturbances in that
area. There was little doubt that these refugees would be massacred if the
raiders reached Srinagar.

4. Immediately after the raids into the Jammu and Kashmir State
commenced, approaches were informally made to the Government of India
for the acceptance of the accession of the State to the Indian Dominion.
(It might be explained in parenthesis that Jammu and Kashmir form a
State whose ruler, prior to the transfer of power by the United Kingdom to
the Dominions of India and Pakistan , had been in treaty relations with
the British Crown, which controlled its foreign relations and was
responsible for its defence. The treaty relations ceased with the transfer
of power on 15 August last, and Jammu and Kashmir like other States
acquired the right to accede to either Dominion.)

5. Events moved with great rapidity, and the threat to the Valley of Kashmir
became grave. On 26 October, the ruler of the State, His Highness
Maharaja Sir Hari Singh, appealed urgently to the Government of India for
military help. He also requested that the Jammu and Kashmir State
should be allowed to accede to the Indian Dominion. An appeal for help
was also simultaneously received by the Government of India from the

UKPH-2011
 largest popular organisation in Kashmir , the National Conference,
headed by Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah. The Conference further strongly
supported the request for the State's accession to the Indian Dominion.
The Government of India were thus approached not only officially by the
State authorities, but also on behalf of the people of Kashmir , both for
military aid and for the accession of the State to India .

6. The grave threat to the life and property of innocent people in the
Kashmir Valley and to the security of the State of Jammu and Kashmir
that had developed as a result of the invasion of the Valley demanded
immediate decision by the Government of India on both the requests. It
was imperative on account of the emergency that the responsibility for the
defence of the Jammu and Kashmir State should be taken over by a
government capable of discharging it. But, in order to avoid any possible
suggestion that India had utilised the State's immediate peril for her own
political advantage, the Government of India made it clear that once the
soil of the State had been cleared of the invader and normal conditions
restored, its people would be free to decide their future by the recognised
democratic method of a plebiscite or referendum which, in order to
ensure complete impartiality, might be held under international auspices.

7. The Government of India felt it their duty to respond to the appeal for
armed assistance because :
(1). They could not allow a neighbouring and friendly State to be
compelled by force to determine either its internal affairs or its external
relations;

(2) The accession of the Jammu and Kashmir State to the Dominion of
India made India really responsible for the defence of the State.

8. The intervention of the Government of India resulted in saving Srinagar .

The raiders were driven back from Baramulla to Uri and are held there by
Indian troops. Nearly 19,000 raiders face the Dominion forces in this
area. Since operation in the Valley of Kashmir started, pressure by the
raiders against the western and south-western border of the Jammu and
Kashmir State has been intensified. Exact figures are not available. It is
understood, however, that nearly 15,000 raiders are operating against
this part of the State. State troops are besieged in certain areas.
Incursions by the raiders into the State territory, involving murder, arson,
loot, and the abduction of women, continue. The booty is collected and
carried over to the tribal areas to serve as an inducement to the further
recruitment of tribesmen to the ranks of the raiders. In addition to those
actively participating in the raid, tribesmen and others, estimated at
100,000, have been collected in different places in the districts of West

UKPH-2011
 Punjab bordering the Jammu and Kashmir State , and many of them are
receiving military training under Pakistani nationals, including officers of
the Pakistan Army. They are looked after in Pakistan territory, fed,
clothed, armed and otherwise equipped, and transported to the territory
of the Jammu and Kashmir State with the help, direct and indirect, of
Pakistani officials, both military and civil.
9. As already stated, the raiders who entered the Kashmir Valley in October
came mainly from the tribal areas to the north-west of Pakistan and, in
order to reach Kashmir , passed through Pakistan territory. The raids
along the south-west border of the State, which had preceded the invasion
of the valley proper, had actually been conducted from Pakistan territory,
and Pakistan nationals had taken part in them. This process of
transmission across Pakistan territory and utilisation of that territory as
a base of operations against the Jammu and Kashmir State continues.
Recently, military operations against the western and south-western
borders of the State have been intensified, and the attackers consist of
nationals of Pakistan as well as tribesmen. These invaders are armed with
modern weapons, including mortars and medium machine-guns, wear the
battle dress of regular soldiers and, in recent engagements, have fought
in regular battle formation and are using the tactics of modern warfare.
Man-pack wireless sets are in regular use and even mark V mines have
been employed. For their transport the invaders have all along used
motor vehicles. They are undoubtedly being trained and to some extent
led by regular officers of the Pakistan Army. Their rations and other
supplies are obtained from Pakistan territory.

10. These facts point indisputably to the conclusion

a. That the invaders are allowed transit across Pakistan territory;
b. That they are allowed to use Pakistan territory as a base of operations;
c. That they include Pakistan nationals;
d. That they draw much of their military equipment, transportation, and
supplies (including petrol) from Pakistan ; and
e. That Pakistan officers are training, guiding, and otherwise actively
helping them.
"There is no source other than Pakistan from which they could obtain such
quantities of modern military equipment, training or guidance. More than once,
the Government of India had asked the Pakistan Government to deny to the
invaders facilities which constitute an act of aggression and hostility against
India , but without any response. The last occasion on which this request was
made was on 22 December, when the Prime Minister of India handed over
personally to the Prime Minister of Pakistan a letter in which the various forms
of aid given by Pakistan to the invaders were briefly recounted and the
Government of Pakistan were asked to put an end to such aid promptly; no reply
to this letter has yet been received in spite of a telegraphic reminder sent on
26 December.

UKPH-2011
 11. It should be clear from the foregoing recital that the Government
of Pakistan are unwilling to stop the assistance in material and men
which the invaders are receiving from Pakistan territory and from
Pakistan nationals, including Pakistan Government personnel, both
military and civil. This attitude is not only un-neutral, but constitutes
active aggression against India , of which the State of Jammu and
Kashmir forms a part.
12. The Government of India have exerted persuasion and exercised
patience to bring about a change in the attitude of Pakistan . But they
have failed, and are in consequence confronted with a situation in which
their defence of the Jammu and Kashmir State is hampered and their
measures to drive the invaders from the territory of the State are greatly
impeded by the support which the raiders derive from Pakistan . The
invaders are still on the soil of Jammu and Kashmir and the inhabitants
of the State are exposed to all the atrocities of which a barbarous foe is
capable. The presence, in large number of invaders in those portions of
Pakistan territory which adjoin parts of Indian territory other than the
Jammu and Kashmir State is a menace to the rest of India . Indefinite
continuance of the present operations prolongs the agony of the people of
Jammu and Kashmir, is a drain on India's resources and a constant
threat to the maintenance of peace between India and Pakistan The
Government of India have no option, therefore, but to take more effective
military action in order to rid the Jammu and Kashmir State of the
invader.

13. In order that the objective of expelling the invader from

Indian territory and preventing him from launching fresh attacks should
be quickly achieved, Indian troops would have to enter Pakistan territory;
only thus could the invader be denied the use of bases and cut off
from his sources of supplies and reinforcements in Pakistan . Since the
aid which the invaders are receiving from Pakistan is an act of aggression
against India , the Government of India are entitled, under international
law, to send their armed forces across Pakistan territory for dealing
effectively with the invaders. However, as such action might involve armed
conflict with Pakistan , the Government of India, ever anxious to proceed
according to the principles and aims of the Charter of the United Nations,
desire to report the situation to the Security Council under Article-35 of
the Charter. They feel justified in requesting the Security Council to ask
the Government of Pakistan :
(1) To prevent Pakistan Government personnel, military and civil,
from participating or assisting in the invasion of the Jammu and Kashmir State ;
(2) To call upon other Pakistani nationals to desist from taking any part in the
fighting

UKPH-2011
in the Jammu and Kashmir State ;
(3) To deny to the invaders : (a) access to any use of its territory for operations
against Kashmir, (b) military and other supplies, (c) all other kinds of aid that
might tend to prolong the present struggle.

14. The Government of India would stress the special urgency of the
Security Council taking immediate action on their request. They desire to
add that military operations in the invaded areas have, in the past few
days, been developing so rapidly that they must, in self-defence, reserve
to themselves the freedom to take, at any time when it may become
necessary, such military action as they may consider the situation
requires.

15. The Government of India deeply regret that a serious crisis should
have been reached in their relations with Pakistan. Not only is Pakistan a
neighbour but, in spite of the recent separation, India and Pakistan have
many ties and many common interests. India desires nothing more
earnestly than to live with her neighbour-State on terms of close and
lasting friendship. Peace is to the interest of both States; indeed to the
interests of the world. The Government of India's approach to the Security
Council is inspired by the sincere hope that, through the prompt action of
the Council, peace may be preserved.

16. The text of this reference to the Security Council is being

telegraphed to the Government of Pakistan."

U.N. Resolution August 13, 1948

This is the most significant resolution passed by the UN on the state of
Jammu & Kashmir. It clearly states that Pakistan was to vacate its
troops from the whole of the state. It also mentions, albeit indirectly,
that Pakistan had consistently lied on the question of whether or not its
troops were involved in the fighting in Jammu & Kashmir. Once the then
Pakistani Prime Minister conceded that Pakistani troops were indeed
involved, the UN had no option but to ask for their withdrawal. That the
withdrawal never took place, is another story.

The United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan.

UKPH-2011
Having given careful consideration to the points of view expressed by
the representatives of India and Pakistan regarding the situation in the
State of Jammu and Kashmir; and

Being of the opinion that the prompt cessation of hostilities and the
correction of conditions the continuance of which is likely to endanger
international peace and security are essential to implementation of its
endeavors to assist the Governments of India and Pakistan in effecting
a final settlement of the situation;

Resolves to submit simultaneously to the Governments of India and

Pakistan the following proposal:

PART I: CEASE-
CEASE-FIRE ORDER

A. The Governments of India and Pakistan agree that their respective

High Commands will issue separately and simultaneously a cease-fire
order to apply to all forces under their control and in the State of
Jammu and Kashmir as of the earliest practicable date or dates to be
mutually agreed upon within four days after these proposals have been
accepted by both Governments.

B.The High Commands of the Indian and Pakistani forces agree to

refrain from taking any measures that might augment the military
potential of the forces under their control in the State of Jammu and
Kashmir. ( For the purpose of these proposals forces under their
control shall be considered to include all forces, organized and
unorganized, fighting or participating in hostilities on their respective
sides.

C.The Commanders-in-Chief of the forces of India and Pakistan shall

promptly confer regarding any necessary local changes in present
dispositions which may facilitate the cease-fire.

D. In its discretion and as the Commission may find practicable, the

Commission will appoint military observers who, under the authority of
the Commission and with the co-operation of both Commands, will
supervise the observance of the cease-fire order.

E. The Government of India and the Government of Pakistan agree to

appeal to their respective peoples to assist in creating and maintaining
an atmosphere favourable to the promotion of further negotiations.

PART II: TRUCE AGREEMENT

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Simultaneously with the acceptance of the proposal for the immediate
cessation of hostilities as outlined in Part I, both the Governments
accept the following principles as a basis for the formulation of a truce
agreement, the details of which shall be worked out in discussion
between their representatives and the Commission.

A.

1. As the presence of troops of Pakistan in the territory of the State of

Jammu and Kashmir constitutes a material change in the situation
since it was represented by the Government of Pakistan before the
Security Council, the Government of Pakistan agrees to withdraw its
troops from that State.

2. The Government of Pakistan will use its best endeavour to secure the
withdrawal from the State of Jammu and Kashmir of tribesmen and
Pakistani nationals not normally resident therein who have entered the
State for the purpose of fighting.

3. Pending a final solution, the territory evacuated by the Pakistani

troops will be administered by the local authorities under the
surveillance of the commission.

B.

1.When the commission shall have notified the Government of India that
the tribesmen and Pakistani nationals referred to in Part II, A, 2, hereof
have withdrawn, thereby terminating the situation which was
represented by the Government of India to the Security Council as
having occasioned the presence of Indian forces in the State of Jammu
and Kashmir, and further, that the Pakistani forces are being
withdrawn from the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the Government of
India agrees to begin to withdraw the bulk of its forces from that State
in stages to be agreed upon with the Commission.

2. Pending the acceptance of the conditions for a final settlement of the

situation in the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the Indian Government
will maintain within the lines existing at the moment of the cease-fire
the minimum strength of its forces which in agreement with the
commission are considered necessary to assist local authorities in the
observance of law and order. The Commission will have observers
stationed where it deems necessary.

UKPH-2011
3. The Government of India will undertake to ensure that the
Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir will take all measures
within its powers to make it publicly known that peace, law and order
will be safeguarded and that all human political rights will be granted.

4. Upon signature, the full text of the truce agreement or a

communique containing the principles thereof as agreed upon between
the two Governments and the Commission will be made public.

PART III

The Government of India and the Government of Pakistan reaffirm their

wish that the future status of the State of Jammu and Kashmir shall be
determined in accordance with the will of the people and to that end,
upon acceptance of the truce agreement, both Governments agree to
enter into consultations with the Commission to determine fair and
equitable conditions whereby such free expression will be assured.

Source: United Nations

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 PERSONAL PROFILE

Ashique Hamdani Syed

Managing Director/
Director/ United Kashmir Publications
Managing Director/
Director/ Petrometal Trading FZC
Hamriyah Free Zone Sharjah, UAE

BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANT

CIS, Eurasia Central & East Europe Baltic States

Mob.: +971 50 7093347

EMAIL; ashiquehamdani@gmail.com
SKYPE: ashique_hamdani
YAHOO: chandkot
HOTMAIL: balahattian

Profession;

• Consultancies/ Documentation in Business with Baltics, Central & East

Europe, Central Asia, Investment, trade, technology transfer, media/ NGO
grant project, international event management
• Managing Director Petrometal Trading FZC UAE (currently)

Education/ Trainings

• Graduation from Punjab University 1981

• Diploma in International Relations Inst (Moscow 1991) Moscow,
• Russian language course (Moscow 1992),
• Geneva Convention on Refugees UNHCR(Vilnius-1996) Post Soviet Baltic
States peace & security Vilnius by Copenhagen School (Vilnius -1999)
• NGO project management Vilnius ( 1998-2000)

Political
Political Activism

• Peoples Students Federation 1975-80,

• Political Prisoner Campaign for saving Life of Zulifkar Ali Bhutto 1978-79
• Membership with underground Communist party of Pakistan 1981
• Movement for establishing Azad Kashmir University 1979-80

UKPH-2011
 • Information Secretary and member CC Pakistan People’s party POK
chapter 1984-85
• Movement for Restoration of Democracy 1981-83, against the military
dictatorship in Pakistan and POK
• Afghan Revolution Solidarity Committee 1985
• Founder and information Secretary Jammu Kashmir peoples national
party 1985-88
• Political prisoner with Hunger striker 0f Baluchistan WAPDA Workers
Union in Rawalpindi Jail 1989
• Pakistan trade Union, Pakistan railway Union, other wings of communist
party of Pakistan 1981-92
• Member central Committee Communist of Pakistan 1988
• Secretary Soviet Committee of Communist of Pakistan (Moscow) 1991

Country Visited

Soviet Union, Poland, Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Latvia,

Lithuania, Estonia, Afghanistan, UAE, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Singapore, Maldives

Languages;

Urdu, Kashmiri ( Pahari) Punjabi, English, Russian, Persian and Lithuanian

Activism

• Pakistan Soviet Union Friendship Society 1981-91 Islamabad

• Peace Council 1981-91 Islamabad
• Fund for Refugees and Asylum Seekers (FRAS) Founder /General Secretary,
together with ex member parliament and chairman refugees' council of
Lithuania (1996)
• Project writer of EU- community program for gypsies in Lithuania 1999-2001
• Kashmir Institute of International Relations Founder General Sectary 2003-
2005
• Kashmir Project Logistic Coordinator; Center for faith based Diplomacy USA
and KIIR 2004
• Founder Kashmir Earthquake Recherché Center 2005 Islamabad
• Kashmir project; Institute of Multi Track Diplomacy Washington DC/KIIR
• European Culture Trade and Investment Institute Founder & Executive
Director 2006
• Coordinator and organizer; Pakistan Poland Partnership for Trade and
Investment Conferences, Islamabad, Lahore, Peshawar 2006
• Coordinator and organizer; Pakistan Kazakhstan and & Investment Seminar;
Karachi, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Lahore, Faisalabad
• Founder/Chairman ECO Federation of Educational Cultural and Trade
organization 2007

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• Eurasia Media Forum Kazakhstan 2007
• Coordinator and organizer; The First Diplomatic Discourse with Government
of Baluchistan, Parliament House Islamabad 2009

Books & Publications

• Kazakhstan Investment Guide

• Kazakhstan energy Resources
• Kazakhstan Catalogue of Investment Project

Numbers of articles on Marxism, international relations, Soviet Union, Cold war,

Afghanistan, Kashmir, India, Pakistan, Kashmir earthquake, militarism in
Pakistan, democratic struggle of Pakistan, communist movements

Media
Weekly Anjam 1981 Muzaffarabad/ Rawalpindi (Deputy Editor)
Daily Pukkar Islamabad 1985-86 (Magazine Editor and Political Commentator;
Afghan war, Soviet Union, Pakistan, South Asia)
Monthly Riasat 1988 Islamabad Editor
Surkh Parcham 1990-91 (Official journal of Communist party of Pakistan)

Daily Respublika Lithuania newspaper Vilnius 1999

Area of Interests:

Possess interests in international, regional politics, interfaith dialogue,

liberation theology, Post Soviet Studies, Kashmir, South Asia India Pakistan,
Afghanistan strategic studies, technology, globalization, trade, investment and
regional contexts, European issues, WTO, and North/South economic issue,
political critiques

Contacts & References

Wide in politics, diplomatic, media, business and NGO areas (POK, Europe,
Russia, Baltic, states, Central Asia and Pakistan, Malaysia, Singapore, Qatar and
UAE)

UKPH-2011