Alkenes

1. General formulae : CnH2n

[ no alkene corresponding to n = 1 as CH2 is not exist]

Alkenes containing at least one carbon-carbon

double bond

2. Alkenes is unsaturated hydrocarbon because the presence of the

double bond.
3. Name of each members end with “ene”.

ethenes

Physical
No. of Molecular Molar mass /
Name state at room
carbon atom formulae g mol-1
condition
1 None
2 Ethene C2H4 28 Gas
3 Propene C3H6 42 Gas
4 Butene C4H8 56 Gas
1
 5 Pentene C5H10 70 Liquid
6 Liquid
7 Liquid
8 Liquid
9 Liquid
10 Liquid

WHEN THE NUMBER OF CARBON IN HYDROCARBON

INCREASES/GREATER/HIGHER, THE SIZE OF HC
MOLECULE IS BIGGER.

THUS, THE INTERMOLECULAR FORCES/Van der Waals

FORCES IS STRONGER.

THUS, MORE ENERGY IS NEEDED TO OVERCOME THE

FORCES.

4. Structure formula for few members of alkenes

Name Number
Structure formula and name
of isomer
Ethene 0
C2H4 H H
│ │
C═C
│ │
H H

2
Propene 0
C3H6
H H
│ │
C═C─C─H
│ │ │
H H H

3
Butene, 3
C4H8
H H H
│ │ │
C═C─C─C─H
│ │ │ │
H H H H
but -1- ene

H H
│ │
H─C─C═C─C─H
│ │ │ │
H H H H

but -2- ene

H H
│ │
C ═══ C ─── C ─ H
│ │ │
H H─C─H H
│
H
2-methyl propene

4
Pentene, 5
C5H10
H H H H
│ │ │ │
C═C─C─C─C─H
│ │ │ │ │
H H H H H
pent -1- ene

H H H
│ │ │
H─C─C─C═C─C─H
│ │ │ │ │
H H H H H
pent -2- ene

H H H
│ │ │
C ═══ C ─── C ─ C ─ H
│ │ │ │
H H─C─H H H
│
H
2-methylbut -1- ene

H H H H
│ │ │ │
C ═ C ─── C ─── C ─ H
│ │ │
H H─C─H H
│
H
3-methyl but -1- ene

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 H H H
│ │ │
H─ C ─── C ═══ C ─C ─ H
│ │ │
H H─C─H H
│
H
2-methyl but -2- ene

Hexene, 12
C6H12 H H H H H
│ │ │ │ │
C═C─C─C─C─C─H
│ │ │ │ │ │
H H H H H H

H H H H
│ │ │ │
H─C─C═C─C─C─C─H
│ │ │ │ │ │
H H H H H H

H H H H
│ │ │ │
H─C─C─C═C─C─C─H
│ │ │ │ │ │
H H H H H H

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H H H H
│ │ │ │
C ═══ C ─── C ─ C ─ C ─ H
│ │ │ │ │
H H─C─H H H H
│
H

H H H H
│ │ │ │
C ═ C ─── C ─── C ─ C ─ H
│ │ │ │ │
H H H─C─H H H
│
H

H H H H
│ │ │ │
C ═ C ─ C ─── C ─── C ─ H
│ │ │ │ │
H H H H─C─H H
│
H

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 H H H H
│ │ │ │
H ─ C ─── C ═══ C ─ C ─ C ─ H
│ │ │ │
H H─C─H H H
│
H

H H H
│ │ │
H ─ C ─ C ═══ C ─── C ─ C ─ H
│ │ │ │ │
H H H─C─H H H
│
H

H H H
│ │ │
H─C ─ C ═ C ─── C ─── C ─ H
│ │ │ │ │
H H H H─C─H H
│
H

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 H H H H H
│ │ │ │ │
C ═══ C ─── C ─ C ─ C ─ H
│ │ │ │ │
H H─C─H H H H
│ H
H │
H H─C─H H
│ │ │
C ═══ C ─── C ─── C ─ H
│ │ │ │
H H─C─H H H
│
H

H
│
H H─C─H H
│ │ │
H─ C ─── C ═══ C ─── C ─ H
│ │ │
H H─C─H H
│
H

H
│
H H─C─H H
│ │ │
C ═══ C ─── C ─── C ─ H
│ │ │ │
H H H─C─H H
│
H

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Can you named the molecules?

Steps to name branched alkenes;

i. determined and named the long chains that has double
covalent bond
ii. numbered the carbon atom from the nearest end to double
covalent bond
iii. determined and named the branch chain
CH3 : methyl
C2H5 or CH2CH3 : ethyl
C3H7 or CH2CH2CH3 : prophyl

iii. give number to branched chain

iv. The number for carbon atom which branched emerged
from, must put before/infront the alkyl
v. The word “ di, tri” is used if the branched chains is more
than one

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Physical Properties
Physical properties of alkenes (similar to alkanes)
i. cannot conduct electrity
ii. less dense than water
iii. obeys “ like dissolve like”;
 dissolve in organic solvents
 insoluble in water
iv. low melting and boiling points, gradually steady increase
as the number of carbon in alkene increases

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Chemical Properties

Reactivity of alkenes
1. Alkenes is more reactive because the presence of double
covalent bond, (unsaturated hydrocarbon)
2. Alkenes decolourized purple solution of acidified potassium
manganate(VII)
3. Alkenes decolourized reddish brown solution of bromin water
4. Neutral.

Combustion of alkenes
.

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Addition Reaction (5.2)

The carbon-carbon double bond is converted into

two single bonds
l;]

H H H H
   
C=C + XY  X CCY
   
H H H H
Alkenes Molecule Alkanes
(Unsaturated) (Saturated)

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1. Addition of hydrogen

Mixture of alkenes gas/vapour and hydrogen gas, is passed

through platinum or nickel at 180 oC. The process is known as
catalytic Hydrogenation.

Catalyst: platinum or nickel

H H H H
  Ni/Pt  
C=C + H2  H C  C H
  180oC  
H H H H
Ethene Hydrogen Ethane

Chemical equation: C2H4 + H2  C 2H 6

Example use of this process:

Manufacture of margarine is through hydrogenation

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 2. Addition of halogens

The process is known as halogenation

H H H H
   
C=C + Br  Br  Br  C  C  Br
   
H H H H
Ethene Bromine 1,2-dibromoethane
(unsaturated) (saturated)

Chemical equation: C2H4 + Br2  C2H4Br2

[HW-notes book]
Q1: Write a chemical equation reaction between but-1-ene with
bromine water. Show the structural formula as well.

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[HW-exercises book]
Q2: Halogenation process is best used to differentiate between
alkanes and alkenes. Explain how it can be done?

[notes: refer to SAB]

3. Addition of hydrogen halides

i. Alkenes reacts with hydrogen halide in room condition.

Hydrogen halide molecules is added to double bond in alkenes,
to produce halogenoalkane.

ii. When hydrogen chloride gas is passed through into ethenes,

monochloroethanes is produced.

H H H H
   
C=C + H─Cl  H C  C Cl
   
H H H H
Ethenes Hydrogen chloride Monochloroethanes
(Unsaturated) (Saturated)

Chemical equation: C2H4 + HCl → C2H5Cl

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4. Addition of acidified potassium manganate(VII)

1. When alkenes is mixed with acidified potassium manganate(VII),

its purple colour is decolourised.

2. This is because addition process occurred, a group of

hydroxyl (--OH) is added to the molecules of alkenes to form a
molecule of –diol (type of alcohol) which is saturated and
colourless.
[from acidified KMnO4]
  [O]


C=C + H2O  CC
   
OH OH

Alkenes alkanes-diol compound

(Unsaturated) (Saturated)

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Example;

H H H H
   
C = C + H2O + [O]  H  C  C H
   
H H OH OH

Ethene Ethane-1,2-diol
(Unsaturated) (Saturated)

Q: Use propene as example.

H H HH H
    │

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H— C —C = C + H2O + [O]  H  C−C  C H
│   │  
H H H H OH OH

Propene, C3H6  Propane-1,2-diol

C3H6 + H2O + [O]  C3H8O2

5. Steam
(Hydration process)

1. Alkenes react with steam to produce equivalent alcohol

at the temperature of 300 oC and in the pressure of 60
atmosphere.

2. Reactions catalyst by concentrated phosphoric acid, H3PO4.

3. This method is one of the industrial preparation to produce

alcohol.

H H H H
  300 oC, 60 atm
 
C=C + H─OH  H C  C  H
H3PO4
   
H H H OH
Ethene Steam Ethanol
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 300 oC, 60 atm
C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH @ C2H6O
H3PO4

Q: Use but-1-ene

C4H8 + H2O  C4H9OH / C4H10O

Polymerization
Polymer :Large molecules made up from many identical
repeating sub-units called monomers, which joined
together by covalent bond.

Polymerization is a process of repeated linking

when a monomers are joined into chains

Reaction to form a polymer from alkene monomers is called an

addition polymerisation

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Homologous Series

Characteristic of Homologous Series

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Kamal Ariffin Bin Saaim
SMKDBL
http://kemhawk.webs.com

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