Master Thesis in Geoinformatics

Ambulance management system

using GIS

By
 Imtiyaz Pasha

Supervisor & Examiner: ProF. Dr. Åke

Sivertun

Department of Computer and

Information Science Linköping
University SE-581 83 Linköping,
Sweden

LINKÖPING 2006
Abstract
For emergency service providers, giving their service in least time shows their
best performance. Emergency hospitals will be at their best if the ambulance
reaches the site in Golden hour where life of injured persons can be saved.
Ambulance uses the road network to reach the accident site. Today there are
many GIS based systems being developed for routing of ambulance using GPS
and other real-time technologies. These systems are useful and play a major
role in solving the routing problem. But now roads are so congested that it
difficult for the Ambulance drivers to travel and reach the accident.

In this thesis present study area is studied and problems faced by emergency
service providers on road network are identified. In this thesis GIS/GPS/GSM
based prototype system has been developed for routing of ambulance on road
network of Hyderabad city (AMS). This prototype is designed such that it finds
the accident location on the road network and locates the nearest ambulance
to incident site using the real-time technologies (GPS/GSM). AMS creates the
fastest route from nearest ambulance to accident site, and from there to
nearest hospital. Congestion on roads during peak hours is considered, and the
fastest route on both major and minor roads is created.
In this thesis AMS user interface has been developed using VBA, ArcGIS
(network analyst). This Ambulance management system has been developed
using software engineering model rapid prototyping model and has been
evaluated by GIS users.

Keywords: GIS, GPS, GSM, Ambulance management system (AMS),

Network analyst
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction ..............................................................................................
......................................8
1.1
Motivation.....................................................................................................................
1.2 Problem
.....................................
First of all I would like to 8 thank my supervisor Dr. Sivertun, Department of
Statement.....................................................................................................................
computer science (IDA), for all his help with 1. 3this thesis. I have learnt a lot from
.......................8
Purpose/Goal.................................................................................................................
Dr.1.4
Sivertun, how to work hard....................................
and getting right results. 9
Dr. Sivertun always
Limitations
has time for ...................................................................................................................
my questions and his comments on my thesis have been valuable.
1.5 Thesis
...................................... 9
I am also thankful to my course coordinator Jalal Maleki. I would also like to
Outline .........................................................................................................................
thank my colleagues for providingTheoretical
......................... 10 me good suggestions. I am thankful to
Andhra Pradesh authorities for providing Hyderabad data.
Frame........................................................................................................
I am thankful to Dhanunjaya Reddy 2.1 providing
for Study
................11 the Hyderabad city digital
Area
2.1.1 .............................................................................................................................
data, which I have used in my thesis. I wish to thank my friends for supporting
2.1.2 Cause for huge traffic .......................... 11
Population..........................................................................................................................................
me inflowmany
........
2.1.3 11 ways. Last but not least, I am deeply grateful to my family12
........................................................................................................................
Historical and my
uncles
factM.A
2.1.4 Quyyum and M.A Huyyum who supported me in many ways.
............................................................................................................................................
Increasein 12
Vehicles...................................................................................................................................14
2.1.5 Number of accidents in Andhra
pradesh....................................................................................................
Linkoping, May 2006 16
2.2
GIS................................................................................................................................
2.2.1 GIS role in
Imtiyaz Pasha
.................................... 16
Transport.................................................................................................................................
2.2.2 Database role in GIS- 16
2.2.3
T ..............................................................................................................................
GIS and transport related fields of applications (GIS- 17
T)...........................................................................17
2.3
ArcGIS
2.3.1 ..........................................................................................................................
................................... 19
ArcMap...............................................................................................................................................
2.3.2 Network
....... 19
Analyst........................................................................................................................................20
2.4 Global Positioning
System
2.4.1 Fleet.........................................................................................................................
2.4.2 Data collection and ..... 22
management......................................................................................................................................
23
mapping
2.4.3 ..................................................................................................................... 24
Incident
management.................................................................................................................................25
2.4.4 Vehicle
navigation.....................................................................................................................................26
2.4.5 Transport of hazardous
Materials ..............................................................................................................
2.4.6 Limitations of 27
GPS .................................................................................................................................... 27
2.5 Global System for Mobile Communication
(GSM) ...................................................................................... 27
Methodology .............................................................................................
....................................31
3.1 Ambulance Management System prototype using
3.1.1 Data GIS/GPS/GSM........................................................... 31
Collection..........................................................................................................................................3
3.1.2 GIS
3
database.............................................................................................................................................
3.1.3 Analysis
.33 AMS information for decision
(GIS/GPS/GSM).........................................................................................................................
3.1.4 37
making......................................................................................................39
3.2 AMS User interface
Development.................................................................................................................
3.2.1
Mechanism
3.2.3 Nearest closest . 43
........................................................................................................................................
........ 43
facility...............................................................................................................................44
3.2.4 Rapid prototyping model for
AMS............................................................................................................
3.2.5 Software development for AMS of Hyderabad 44
City .................................................................................
3.2.6 AMS user interface flow 45
Chart..................................................................................................................
3.2.7 AMS Input 46
Sources ................................................................................................................................... 48
 3.2.8 Themes for
Analysis..................................................................................................................................48
3.2.9 Designed Interface of
AMS .......................................................................................................................
3.2.10 Database Design of AMS48 user
interface.................................................................................................. 52
Usability Test
(Evaluation)...............................................................................................
4.1
...........54 User
Test...............................................................................................................................
4.2 Followed
............................ 54
Paradigm.......................................................................................................................
4.2.1
...................
Observations54
5.2.2 .....................................................................................................................................
......... 54 ..........................................................................................................................................
Interviews
5.2.3
........ 55
Questionnaires ..................................................................................................................................
......... 55
Results .....................................................................................................
......................................57
Discussion.................................................................................................
.....................................70
6.1
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................
................................... 70
6.2 Future

Work ......................................................................................................................
Appendix ..................................................................................................
.............................. 71
.....................................78
Bibliography ....................................................................................

.............................................72
List of Figures

2.1 Road network of Hyderabad city……………………………………………………………..13

2.2 Hyderabad police and fire station…………………………………………………………….13
2.3 Traffic jams are a familiar sight in the
city…………………………………………...............14
2.4 Functionalities of ArcGIS9.1 network analyst
2.5 Global
extension…………………………………….21
Positioning System for Vehicle tracking
2.6 Road map of GPS tracking…………………………………………………………………...24
System…………………………………….23
2.7 Basic modules (building blocks) for a location and navigation
2.8 Hazmat telegeomonitoring……………………………………………………………………28
system……………………...26
2.9 GSM/GPS/GIS based System
Architecture…………………………………………………..28
2.10 Modular Mobile Dispatching System (MMDS)
…………………………………………….29
2.11Information
3.1 AMBULANCE flow
system
after accident occurred on road
3.2 Methodology for AMS using GIS……………………………………………………………32
architecture………………………………………………………...30
network…………………………………..31
3.3 GIS database for analysis in
3.4 Database useArcMap9.1……………………………………………………..34
in AMS………………………………………………………………………...36
3.5 GIS/GPS/GSM technology…………………………………………………………………..37
3.6 AMS Architecture……………………………………………………………………………38
3.7 If accident site didn’t find than………………………………………………………………40
3.8 Telematics Applications……………………………………………………………………...42
3.9 Critical Time/ Space Elements………………………………………………………………43
3.10 Rapid prototyping model of AMS………………………………………………………….45
3.11 AMS flow chart…………………………………………………………………………….47
3.12 AMS Interface model……………………………………………………………………....51
3.13 OOGIS architecture of AMS user
interface………………………………………………..52
4.1 Result from
Evaluation……………………………………………………………………..55
5.1 To identify the
accident…………………………………………………………………….58
List of Tables

2.1 Population of Hyderabad every decade………………………………………………………

11 2.2 Composition of traffic flow in Major
Corridors……………………………………………...15
2.3 Bus Fleet and No. of passengers carried per
2.4 Number of Accidents
day……………………………………………..15
in Hyderabad………………………………………………………….16

3.1 AMS
2.5 ArcGIS
extensions……………………………………………………………………………20
database…………………………………………………………………………….33-34

5.2 To identify the ambulance locations……………………………………………………......59

5.3 To identify fastest route from all ambulances to accident
5.4 To identify
site……………………………….60
fastest routing ambulance to the
accident………………………………………..61
5.5 To identify fastest route to the
5.6 Multiple accidents
hospital……………………………………………………..62
Scenario I……………………………………………………………….63
5.7 Multiple accidents Scenario II……………………………………………………………….64
5.8 During peak hours situation I……………………………………………………………......65
5.9 During peak hours situation II……………………………………………………………….66
5.10 During peak hours situation III……………………………………………………………..67
5.11 During peak hours situation IV……………………………………………………………..68
5.12 During peak hours situation V………………………………………………………………69
Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Motivation

In today’s traffic world, ambulance plays a major role when accident occurs on
the road network and need arises to save valuable human life. Transportation
of 3.2 AMS Menus………………………………………………………………………………49-50
a patient to emergency hospital seems quite simple but in actual it is quite
3.3 AMS
difficult Tools………………………………………………………………………………..50-51
and gets more difficult during peak hours. Hyderabad is a growing
metropolitan city with rapid increase in the number of vehicles, traffic jams,
lack of footpaths and unsafe roads for people to walk or to cross. Advanced
Traveller Information System (ATIS) by (Kumar .P et al 2003) for Hyderabad city
is really a great work indeed, but there is no Advance travelling system for
ambulance movement. This ATIS is developed using ArcView3.1, Network
Analyst 1.1b and Avenue programming language. It can be re-designed using
more advanced GIS technologies and programming languages. National Center
of Immediate Assistance (EKAB) [Derekenaris .G 2000] has designed
GIS/GPS/GSM (G3) system for the ambulance management. G3 system is used
to track low flying aircrafts and vehicles on a digital map in real-time. This G3
system was a combination of GPS, GIS, and GPRS (which is based on GSM
technology) [Lin et al 2003]. These technologies really motivated to be
implemented in the more densely congested roads of Hyderabad city. In this
thesis GIS-based efficient ambulance routing system is developed using
ArcGIS9.1 (Network Analyst extension), real-time positioning techniques
1.2 Problem
(GPS/GSM) Statement
and VBA. This proposed prototype model will try to solve the routing
problem of Ambulance (ambulance- accident location-emergency hospital).
Metropolitan areas across India are facing the problem of increase in
congestion. Every year due to traffic congestion millions of hours of vehicle
delay increases in fuel consumption and environmental pollution. Recurrent
congestion is due to two major reasons.
High levels of traffic demand during peak travel hours cause reduction in
the available roadway capacity.
Traffic accidents and other incidents cause an unanticipated reduction in
road capacity.
quality of life [Reddy J.S., 2006]. Andhra Pradesh government took loans from
World Bank and roads were widened but didn’t help in a few places, lack (or
disappearance) of footpaths resulted in use of personal vehicles even for short
distances by the commuters. It is difficult for people to cross the roads during
peak hours because more vehicles are moving on the roads. If a vehicle travels
from origin to destination during peak hours it takes longer time compared to
normal time. city there are three Emergency service providers of the state
In Hyderabad
government i.e. police, hospitals and fire bridges. Most of the emergency
hospital ambulances are equipped with paramedics, even though they are
unable to reach the incident site because of huge traffic at junctions. Once the
ambulance gets struck in traffic, it takes more-time to reach the incident and it
is obvious what happens to the patient till the ambulance reaches? Due to lack
of verification sometimes ambulance driver is unable to find the accident site as
reported. Location, identity, time and activity have been identified as primary
context types for characterizing the situation of an accident [Arrington& Cahill
2004]. Andhra Pradesh transport authorities have detailed information on
current features of the road network such as location, type, width, curvature,
altitude, slope etc, and will be stored in databases. This database must be
updated frequently so that it should be practically feasible. Dynamic data
relevant to route performance includes details such as current traffic flow or
speed, weather, road surface conditions and variations in road usage patterns
due to events such as accidents, road maintenance or sports fixtures
[Arrington& Cahill 2004] should be provided to emergency service providers.
1. 3database
This Purpose/Goal
and GIS together can be helpful in finding the accidents on the
road networks and the shortest & fastest route to the accident site.
The main objective of this thesis is to build a GIS based prototype for the
ambulance management when an accident occurs on Hyderabad road networks.
This Ambulance Management System (AMS) is an integration of GIS (ArcGIS9.1
network analyst, GPS/GSM) used for solving the routing and accident location
problems during normal & peak hours such as.
1) To identify the accident on the road
2) To identify the ambulance locations on the road network in real-time using GPS
network.
coordinates.
3) To find the fastest routes through which all the ambulances can reach the
4) To find
accident the ambulance which can immediately reach the accident site as
site.
other ambulances
compared to is analysed.
5) After finding fastest route from the nearest ambulance to the accident location
Traffic
then incidents
fastest
the route are from
main the
cause for the site
accident problem of nearest
to the recurrenthospital
congestion
is
especially
6) If when they occur during peak hours. Incidents
more than one accident occurred on the road network,
calculated. occur randomly
we haveduring
to find the
peak hour
through
fastest which
routes may contribute
which ambulances to can
an increased
travel tooccurrence
reach all ofthecertain types of
traffic incidents
7) accidents.
To find the[Maas et alroutes
fastest 1998].from
Different approaches
all the accidents to tosolve
reachproblem of
the hospital
recurrent
8) During the peak hours roads are congested, how ambulances as
congestion
immediately. have been proposed and are being implemented such
road capacity
should expansion can alleviate congestion problems but may not be a
travel.
solution that is sustainable in the long run [Reddy J.S., 2006]. In Hyderabad city
1.4 Limitations
many flyovers have been built in the last few years, but didn’t help in reducing
traffic congestion. Construction of flyovers at Secretariat, Narayanaguda and
AMS
Masab(Ambulance
Tank were major Management System) to
cause of obstructions will
theprovide
free flowspeedy
of vehicles
transportation
[Reddy J.S., 2006]. ofWith
a patient when
the present an rate the vehicular population of
growth
Hyderabad is expected to cross 20 lakh (2 million) by 2010, having serious
implications on emissions and
accident occurs in Hyderabad city. AMS can be used for city wide, if the whole
city street network and hospitals database is available. This prototype for
ambulance management is studied on a small geographical area of Hyderabad
city due to lack of data. This system can be developed as whole model, but we
need sufficient funding from Andhra Pradesh state government. According to
(Kumar P et al 2003), Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) should be cost
effective, efficient and at the same time it should be compatible with present
level of development in the related fields. Intelligent Transportation System
(ITS) for life saving costs more to government than whom should be
responsible. Private sector companies should come forward to have a part in
1.5 Thesis of
development Outline
the country.

The theory on present study area Hyderabad city uses Geographical

Information System (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global
Communication System (GSM) for vehicle location system is described in
Chapter 2(theoretical frame). In this chapter, research work in ambulance
location system using GIS is discussed in detail. Methodology of Ambulance
Management System (AMS) and its working prototype system design is
described in chapter 3. The detailed working design and working of Ambulance
Management System (AMS) is also described. Usability of the Ambulance
Management System (AMS) user interface is tested by GIS users and their
comments are described in chapter 4. The results obtained from AMS are
described in chapter 5. In chapter 6, description about the future work related
to AMS and what we concluded from the ambulance management system.
Chapter 2

Theoretical Frame

2.1 Study Area

Hyderabad is a capital city of Andhra Pradesh (India) and also India’s fifth
largest city .It has been the capital of the state of Andhra Pradesh since 400
years [Ali Akhter 2004]. It is well known as hub of information technology and
the city of the future. It is growing along the highways which connect the city to
Mumbai, Delhi, and various cities& district headquarters respectively. Thus
urban-industrial-transportation development seems to go hand in hand in these
areas and this is a significant post independence phenomenon [Ali Akhter
2004]. Hyderabad city is located in the centre of the Deccan Plateau at an
average height of 540 meters (1760 feet’s) above mean sea level. Hyderabad
has Nagpur city on the North, Bangalore city on the South, Vishakhapatnam
city on the East, Mumbai city on the West beside many other cities around. The
city is located at 17° 20’ North latitude and 78° 30’ East longitude, covering an
area of 240 SqKms, at present city consists of 35 municipal wards including 12
wards of Secundrabad [Ali Akhter 2004]. Musi River is a tributary of river
2.1.1
Krishna Population
and passing through centre of the city dividing the city into north
Hyderabad and south Hyderabad. Year
Population
Hyderabad city was the fifth largest metropolis of India with a population of
1901
5,434,347 according to 2001 census. The gradual increase in population of
Hyderabad is mentioned below [Ali Akhter 0.448 millions
2004].
1911
0.502 millions
1921
0.406 millions
1931
0.447 millions
1941
0.739 millions
1951
1.28 million
1961
1.429 million
1971
1.796 million
1981
2.759 millions
1991
4.34 millions
2001
5.43 millions
 • Loss of productive agricultural
lands.
• Loss of green open
spaces.
• Loss of surface water
bodies.
• Depletion of groundwater aquifers
zones.
• Causing air
pollution.
• Contamination of
water.
• Health
hazards
• Micro-climatic
changes.
To solve this problem we need accurate data at regular intervals about urban
land use, environment, sprawl, infrastructure and resources.

2.1.2 Cause for huge traffic

flow
Hyderabad city is divided into two parts (old city and new city). A large number
of research and training institutions of national importance are located mostly
outside the old city, and though the Osmania general hospital is located in old
city, there is a gross inadequacy of health facilities [Ali Akhter 2004]. Hospitals
and educational institutions located outside old city results in movement of
people between old and new city to get these facilities, and due to which traffic
flow on roads increase. During
Figure peak
2.1: Roadhours 9AM-11AM
network in morning and 4PM-8PM
of Hyderabad
evening there is a huge traffic movement cityon road networks. Not only traffic
increases but also inhabitants living in old city also facing difficulties.
2.1.3 Historical fact

Old city being unplanned and oldest due to which roads are narrow and most of
the road side rules are violated. Police & Fire stations are not properly located
in the Hyderabad city as shown in figure 2.2. Hyderabad city was founded by
Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah in 1591 AD. Historical aspects and geography of
the urban development Hyderabad city has been such that rapid development
has taken place in a few areas on one hand and on the other hand few areas
have declined since decades, especially the old city area [Ali Akhter 2004]. City
was built to provide shelter for about 5 lakh population but now it is increased
to 50 lakhs. In the present situation emergency service providers were unable
to provide services to current population.

Table 2.1: Population of Hyderabad every

decade
Due to rapid growth of urban sprawl and increase of population resulted in the
following •facts.
Deterioration of infrastructure
facilities.
 ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100da00da0000ffe20c5849434
35f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74
725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d
534654000000004945432073524742000000000000000000000
0000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000001163707274000001500000003
364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626
b707400000204000000147258595a0000021800000014675859
5a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e6400
00025400000070646d6464000002c40000008876756564000003
4c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f800
0000146d6561730000040c000000247465636800000430000000
0c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c62
5452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f7079726967
6874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b6172
6420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000012735247
422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000001
2735247422049454336313936362d322e310000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100da00da0000ffe20c
584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f
021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090
00600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207
35247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100
000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000011637072740000015000
00003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f
000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a000
00218000000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a
0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d
6464000002c400000088767565640000034c000000867
6696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000
146d6561730000040c000000247465636800000430000
0000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c
0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000
000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865
776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e79000
Figure 2.2: Hyderabad police and fire station [Ali
06465736300000000000000127352474220494543363
Akhter 2004]
13936362d322e3100000000000000000000001273524
7422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2.1.4 Increase in Vehicles

Hyderabad is a metropolitan city with vast increase in the number of vehicles,

traffic jams and lack of footpaths. In Hyderabad, roads are unsafe for people
who would like to walk or to cross roads. The transport authorities have given
more importance to flyovers rather than to give more importance to efficient
public transport. Due to unplanned growth of the city and migration of people
from rural areas, districts and inefficient public transport system has resulted in
an unpleasant situation for traffic in the city. In the last two decades the
number of vehicles has grown enormously [Reddy J.S., 2006]. In Hyderabad
most of the people depend on personal vehicles for transport due to these
traffic jams andffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006300530000ffe20c5
choking of streets has become quite common.
84943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f02
1000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006
00310000616373704d534654000000004945432073524
7420000000000000000000000000000f6d600010000000
0d32d4850202000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000001163707274000001500000003364
657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014
626b707400000204000000147258595a0000021800000
0146758595a0000022c000000146258595a00000240000
00014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c4
00000088767565640000034c000000867669657700000
3d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d656173000
0040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452430
000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c6254524
30000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f707972696
76874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061
Figure636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000
2.3: Traffic jams are a familiar sight in the city [Dr. Reddy
00000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000
S. J -2006]
000000000000000000012735247422049454336313936
At present there362d322e3100000000000000000000000000000000000
are about 11 lakhs (1.1 million) vehicles in the city [Reddy J.S.,
2006]. There is 0000000000000000000
a high growth rate in two-wheelers and cars during the last five
years of the last decade with an increase rate of about 10% per year. In
Hyderabad more than 80% of the vehicles are two-wheelers (mostly 2-stroke
engines) producing a bulk amount of unborn hydrocarbons and carbon-
monoxide. About 10% vehicles comprises of trucks, buses, taxis and 3-wheeler,
which are mostly used for daily transportation. The transport vehicles used for
commercial purposes (about 90000) normally runs for more than 100 kms per
day and most of them are using diesel as fuel. More than 50% of these vehicles
are reported to be not eligible or unfit for PUC (Pollution under Control)
certificate, as they are older than 15 years. The average life span of a vehicle is
six years, which travels about 300 km per day and there is no way to use these
kinds of vehicles
Average numberafter they travel
of vehicles for 500,000
travel on roadskms.
contributes a major change to
mode of travel on city roads. Travelling modes of last two decade are shown in
below table.
Mode of Travel
Composition of traffic flows During-1986(%)
Composition of traffic flows during-1998(%)
Buses
2
3
Scooters/ Motor cycles
18
50
Cars
Sl.No 4
Year 14
Auto rickshaws Bus Fleet
Occupancy 6
18
No of passengers carried per day in Millions
Bicycles 1
1995-96 42
Andhra Pradesh State 10
2018Road Transportation (APSRTC) buses are the major
Others
transportation mode74for regular education trips and work. Table below shows
that buses remain 2.981 28 though the bus fleet continuously
static over the years
increases from time2to time. 5
1996-97
Table 2.2: Composition
2122 of traffic flow in major Corridors [HATS – DB I-2002I]
75
3.177
3
1997-98
2217
69
3.054
4
1998-99
2328
70
3.253
5
1999-2000
2425
63
3.050
6
2000-2001
2480
58
2.872
7
2001-2002
2605
59
3.068
2.1.5 Number of accidents in Andhra
pradesh
GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT
Road Accidents Particulars
Name of the Number of Accidents Number of Persons Killed Number of Persons
injured District / City 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2005
2004 2003 2002 2001 Hyderabad 3042 3802 3526 3062 2609 344 448 496 420 404 3448
3958 3361 2785 2307 Rangareddy 569 479 984 2839 2531 181 143 318 810 692 879 767
1289 3595 3044 Cyberabad 3107 3078 2453 0 0 852 875 711 0 0 2734 3208 2728 0 0
Mahaboobnagar 1355 1420 1180 1256 1095 599 592 480 515 504 2103 2230 1830 2007
1915 Nalgonda 1958 1770 1519 1558 1426 717 835 515 572 500 3309 2707 2291 2422
2264 Nizamabad 1367 1346 1564 1520 1216 317 323 290 309 251 2330 2255 2862 2512
1606 Medak 1276 1490 1430 1252 1093 535 497 554 501 398 2317 2710 2426 2208 1780
Warangal 1591 1661 1251 1582 1350 397 421 366 380 317 2423 2606 2301 2432 1992
Khammam 1663 1743 1316 1386 1135 448 419 360 386 252 2456 2909 1889 2180 1785
Karimnagar 1522 1584 1477 1450 1136 416 403 406 427 340 2208 4061 2088 2016 1501
Adilabad 1344 1487 1406 1365 1056 331 307 267 296 198 2203 2492 2202 2399 1746
Kurnool 1400 1438 1145 1167 965 423 373 328 406 362 2299 2429 1649 1770 1331
Cuddapah 1357 1243 973 1100 853 420 387 294 327 235 2166 1869 1425 1652 1085
Anathapur 1127 1126 1001 1066 841 399 417 341 371 317 1878 1942 1773 1743 1442
Chittoor 1909 2018 1809 1830 1485 653 660 545 502 433 2710 2938 2344 2413 1883
Guntur 1727 1668 1438 1301 1078 555 749 476 432 388 2238 1966 1719 1672 1324
Nellore 1033 1284 849 1137 984 394 384 316 303 308 1613 1952 1624 1687 1222
Prakasham 998 845 751 693 605 349 355 296 303 291 1207 966 957 1034 779 West
Godavari 1607 1493 1345 1302 1017 511 517 499 513 427 2149 1915 1594 1566 1200 East
Godavari 2304 2033 1854 1989 1716 634 487 450 517 477 2713 2471 2298 2317 1947
Krishna 1180 1109 868 860 826 343 302 307 284 292 1830 1605 1183 1074 1059
Vijayawada 1172 1306 1239 1081 743 282 214 241 267 174 1136 1346 1261 1191 796
Visakhapatnam 994 912 1079 1106 1054 221 239 203 168 181 1149 1158 1139 1055 1026
Visakhapatnam
1067 981 846 837 774 338 280 202 189 183 1611 1476 1163 1123 1069
Rural Vizayanagaram 908 883 776 810 714 207 207 199 161 160 1329 1421 1079 1179
1057 Srikakulam 762 738 747 584 600 210 212 219 164 164 1228 1082 1002 776 771

Total 383392.3:
Table 38937 34826
Bus 34133
fleet and28902
No. 11076 11046 9679 9523
of passengers 8248 per
carried 53666 56439
day 47477–46808
[HATS DB II-
37931 2002, APSRTC]
Table 2.4: Number of accident A.P [Misra Ajay
2005]

2.2 GIS

2.2.1 GIS role in Transport

Geographical Information System (GIS) is used for the storage and analysis of
spatial information. GIS gives more emphasis on analysis of geographic
information, in contrast with other graphic or management systems more
directed at the representation of geographic data or its storage [Cowen, D.J
1988]. Today different disciplines use Information Technology(IT) to
process the geographic information (remote sensing, geography, civil
engineering, cartography, topology, geodesy, photogrammetry, ecology,
architecture, computer science etc) [Pons & Perez 2003].Transport networks are
used for movement of people, goods, and energy. The features such as form,
efficiency and capacity of these networks make an impact on our quality of life
and improve our perception of the world. When GIS is applied to transport, this
is more than just a sphere of application of their generic functionality [Thill
2000]. L.Downey, Deputy Secretary for Transportation said “We see the
geographical Information Systems as a real opportunity to unify transportation
planning with the vast data processing capabilities inherent to today’s
technology” and also Xu(2000) said “telematic products and services for
individual means of transport are based on the integration of digital maps,
RDS/TMC ( radio data systems/ traffic message channels) for the transmission of
traffic data, GPS(Global Positioning Systems) and GSM( Global System for
Mobile Communications) for the transmission of travel data, and mobile
telephone communications and other additional sensors are needed to collect
2.2.2 Database
travelling role in
information inreal-time”.
GIS-T

Creating spatial databases for GIS based transportation is one of the most
costly tasks from perspective of economy and time. The steps are followed to
create geographic database [Pons & Perez 2003].

Topographic base maps have to be created for the transport

infrastructure.
Thematic attributes are compiled,
Providing information on the traffic flows and on the transport
infrastructure carried by the latter.
Large scale information is needed for transport and the real-world object
attributes vary continuously over the course of time.
Geographical Information System (GIS) is applied to three major fields of
transport [Pons & Perez 2003]:

1) transport planning :

Geographical Information System (GIS) is used in accessibility studies,

multimodal transport analyses, integral transport planning, assessing the
environmental impact of new infrastructure policies, pollution control, risk
planning and management, construction of new roads

2) fleet and logistical management:

Geographical Information System (GIS) is used in route planning of car

navigation system, metrological hazard control, traffic control, passenger
assistance system, vehicle fleet control, emergency management

3) management of infrastructure:

Geographical Information System (GIS) is used in road and motorway

management, railway network management, airport management.

Geographical Information System (GIS) is used for modelling of road networks

offering algorithms to analyze and find the shortest or minimum route through a
network. GIS can be used to calculate distance between sets of origin and
destination, whereas location-allocation functions determine site locations and
assign demand to sites. Street addresses can be converted to map coordinates
(address geocoding) [G.DereKeneris et al 2000]. These capabilities of
Geographical Information System’s (GIS) to analyze spatial networks enable
them
GIS based to be used as Decision
transportation data isSupport
collectedSystems for directing
from different sources and routing
such as GPS,of
vehicles [M.D Crossland et al 1995 & Keenan, P., 1996,
topography, photos, remote sensors, etc. The three important components are 1997]. Data regarding
Spatial
used forposition of ambulances,
processing of information the[Pons
distribution
& Perezof2003],
incidents
and occurring
any delayinin theits
past and distribution
development results inconcerning road traffic will be very useful for the routing of
complex matter.
ambulances in future. Data
Locational component: the concerned
position ofto the eventsdatasuch
withinas road
a works or
political/public
geographic space demonstration also affects road traffic will be available from the
municipality or the police.
Thematic component: the Furthermore,
type of geographicdata concerning
attributes hospitals,
to be found ambulances,
in a
and
GIS their
is personnel
mostly
certain place employed will be
todaystored
in in DBMS
operational and used
research by
as athe
one GIS whenever
way it is
data feeder
necessary.
for mathematical
Temporal models
component: the[Erkut E 2001]
thematic and successfully
aspect of a locationprovides
at a distance and
time for
given time their emergency services districting and location problems. The
complexity of Arc routing problems can be solved using
With the incorporation of GPS (Global Positioning Systems), video logging, better integration of
the
remotemathematical formulation
sensors, signal and resolution
communication systems,intoand
the cellular
available GIS data model.
telephones (GSM,
The
VHF) into GIS, geo-localization techniques are undergoing a new
increase of GIS usage in transportation(GIS-T) has brought big paradigms
revolution
in transportation
[Farrell & Barth 1999]planning
. such as the desegregation of the spatial locations but
some
2.2.3 challenges remain about
GIS and transport relatedthe fields
storageofofapplications
the temporal data as the within
applications[Goodchild
A graphical
(GIS-T) user interfaceMF 2000].
allows displaying and manipulating graphical objects;
data storage and processing allows an eased interaction with the mathematical
optimizers. Different object-oriented modelling languages provide libraries of
.dll files (tools) for efficient interaction of
different geographical data processing for the vehicle routing. However, the
efficiency of a combined use of GIS, GPS, and a modelling language relies on
the capacity to handle the huge amount of data related to the problem [Marzolf
Fabien et al 2005].
Usually roads are monitored by patrol vehicles of police and Road
Transportation Corporation (RTC). The aim of this road network monitoring is to
detect various incidents occurring on it immediately so this activity could be
planned very carefully. However, due to numerous incidents that call for the
patrol to quit its planned route and move to the incidents location, most of the
monitoring routes are not completed and the following ones have to be re-
planned constantly [Marzolf Fabien et al 2005]. A bridge has been built between
two distinct fields which allowed the use of operational data within robust and
powerful mathematical algorithm to produce solutions and satisfies the
operational
Various constraints
forecasting and the including
methods human requirements.
historical profile approaches, neural
networks, non- time-series models, traffic simulation models, parametric
regression models and dynamic traffic assignment models are being developed
by researchers of intelligent transportation system (ITS). One of the most
critical elements of intelligent transportation system (ITS) is forecasting the
travel time. In fact noble idea is extremely difficult to accomplish due to the
complex nature of traffic networks [Keenan, P., 1998]. Detecting future travel
time depends on features of the traffic networks including, speed, traffic flow,
incident and queue.
2.3 ArcGIS

Organisation uses Geographical Information System (GIS) to obtain better

information for better decision making. GIS presents the real-world objects on
map and easy to use spatial tools for performing the most complicated task. In
our real-world spatial objects are presented in different ways. In Geographical
Information System, spatial objects are represented as point, line and polygon.
ArcGIS is GIS software which belongs to ESRI software solutions. In ArcGIS
desktop, there are three main applications of our interest ArcMap, ArcCatlog
and ArcToolbox.
ArcMap: This application is used to explore, analyze both spatial and non-
spatial data.
ArcCatlog: This application is used to manage spatial
data
ArcToolbox: This application contains tools to perform GIS
tasks.
2.3.1 ArcMap

ArcMap is the ArcGIS application used to perform the following task with
To performdata.
geographical analysis
Explore and edit
Create maps, graphs and reports,
etc
users to expand the functional capabilities of ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo
with specialized GIS tools for raster geoprocessing, three-dimensional
visualization, geostatistical analysis, etc.

Extension
Use
ArcGIS 3D Analyst
3-dimensional visualization and analysis
ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst
Statistical tools and models for data exploration, modelling and probabilistic mapping
ArcGIS Network Analyst
Routing closest facility, and service area analysis
ArcGIS Schematics
Automatic schematics generation for ArcGIS
ArcGIS spatial Analyst
Advanced raster GIS analysis
ArcGIS Survey Analyst
Integrated survey management for ArcGIS
ArcGIS Tracking Analyst
Time-based data visualization and analysis
Table 2.5: ArcGIS extensions

2.3.2 Network Analyst

ArcGIS Network Analyst is a powerful extension for routing purpose and

used for making network-based spatial analysis such as [Elizabeth Shafer
2005].
Point-to-point routing
Drive-time Analysis
Route directions
Shortest path
Optimum route
Origin destination
Closest facility
Service area definition

The ArcMap working model consists of the map display area, table of contents,
number of toolbars and menus for working with map and its attribute data.
ArcGIS extensions allows GIS
ArcGIS 9.1 contain some of the improved functionalities, which are note
available in old versions [Elizabeth Shafer 2005].

To create multipart turns and global turn impedances

To create dynamic barrier (where vehicle can’t pass)
To create Complex (multimodal) network.
Time windows to show stop duration on stops within routes
To create u-turn restrictions and curb approaches for stops
To create large network
Network data sets can be geodatabase, shape file or SDC (smart data
compressed)
Provide OD (Origin-destination) matrix functionality
To solve Custom problem (customer solver)
More advanced attribute data model for network impedances
Capability of geoprocessing tools, scripting and models
User specified directions setup wizards and their own customization
Network analysis for optimal path routing and finding the best route between
two or more points is based on distance, effort, time, or another measure.
Optimal path routing is often used for routing emergency response vehicles
[Allan & Gifford 1997]. Network Analysis extension of GIS is used to build an
immediate, rapid and efficient emergency medical transport system for Middle
East Technical University (METU) Emergency Service, Ankara, Turkey. It is
called as AML (Ambulance Management Logistic) [Gülden et al 2004]. This
study shows that Emergency transport system with a GIS extension Network
Analysis shortens the delivering time and reduces the harm to patient to the
lowest level. To avoid terrorist attack at Ericsson Stadium, ArcView’s extension
Network Analyst is used to examine, plan and response of emergency
resources
Closest in
Facility
the California
function to
city.
locate
Sometheofemergency
the resultshospital
from ArcView’s
and fire station
extension
Network
closest
Analyst
to the are
stadium
as fallows [Elizabeth Shafer 2005].
Best Route function to model the best route from each trauma hospital to
the stadium
Best Route function to model the best route from Charlotte Fire Station
#13 located at 4337 Glenwood Drive to Ericsson Stadium and an alternate
route that avoids Thrift Road

The main key features are routing (Multipoint routing, time windows supported
on stops and travelling salesperson), service areas (Complex polygon
generation, allocation across networks), closest facility (fixed and mobile asset
routing, emergency response) and driving directions (expandable inset maps,
Auto generation capability). Network Analyst will benefit the organisations like
transport, public safety, local government, business and health care.
 ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100df00df0000ffe20
c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c69
6e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000
20009000600310000616373704d534654000000004
945432073524742000000000000000000000000000
0f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000116
370727400000150000000336465736300000184000
0006c77747074000001f000000014626b707400000
204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595
a0000022c000000146258595a00000240000000146
46d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c4000
00088767565640000034c000000867669657700000
3d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d65617
30000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c7
Figure 2.4 Functionalities of ArcGIS9.1 Network Analyst Extension [Elizabeth
Shafer 2005] 25452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c000
2.4 Global Positioning
0080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000
System 000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204
865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a developing technology used to locate an
accurate positione79000064657363000000000000001273524742204
on earth using satellite signals. Today GPS is used in different
9454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000
industries as a decision making tool. The development of GPS technology was
00012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000
started with TRANSIT system, the first satellite-based system was called transit,
which came into000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
existence in 1964. TRANSIT system had no timing devices on
000000000
the satellites and the time took by the receiver to calculate its position was
about 15 minutes. In the early 70's, the United States military began a program
that would later be known as the NAVSTAR (Navigation Satellite Timing and
Ranging System) GPS program [Mintsis. G et al, 2004]. NAVSTAR was actually
used in military positioning, navigation and weapons aiming system. The
information regarding the speed (dx/dt, dy/dt, and dz/dt) of vehicle, ship etc. is
also obtained all over the world at any time, and in any climatic conditions
[Mintsis. G et al, 2004]. The life span of each GPS satellite is 7.5 years. GPS
receiver can be hand carried or installed on airplane, ship, buses, submarines,
car and trucks. Global positioning system (GPS) receivers detect, decode, and
process satellite signals to know the real-time position. The typical hand-held
receiver is about the size of a cellular telephone, and the newer models are
even smaller weighed only 28 ounces [Jason Dykes] Global Positioning System
(GPS) applications are nowadays widely used in different scientific fields such
as India
In topography,
use of geodesy, hydrography,
GPS/GIS technology photogrammetry,
in road etc
and railway transportation can
[Mintsis. G
improve theet efficiency
al, 2004]. Transportation of people
of operations while and same
at the goods time
from it
one place
can to
make
another playsto
contribution a vital rolenatural
safety in everydisasters
aspect of and
the country’s
man-made economy.
disasters. GPS/GIS
applications in the land transportation system are divided into four main
categories that are as follows [Mintsis. G et al, 2004].
1. Vehicle fleet
2. How GPS use in Data collection and
management
3.
mapping. Incident
management
 4. Vehicle navigation
systems
2.4.1 Fleet management

GPS is used to provide information such

as
1. Locating the nearest ambulance to the
accident
2. area.
Locating the nearest Police jeep to the crime
3. How area.
accord much time a bus or train take to reach the station and how far it is
from the station
 ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45
00010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0002000900
0600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000
00000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000
000014626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a00000
22c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464
000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c7
56d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465636800000430000000
0c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c00
These kinds of systems are known as AVL (Automatic Vehicle Location) systems
00080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c
[Mintsis. G et al, 2004]. The real time data collected from GPS was spatially
6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000000000127
analysed using GIS. The accurate position of each vehicle is known by using
35247422049454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000127352474220
spatial information. There are some problems with GPS based AVL, such as in
49454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
urban areas big buildings obstruct the satellite signals. The GPS receivers
00000000000
receive poor quality of signals. Adding additional sensors with GPS devices can
solve this problem. The three taxi companies in Singapore implemented the
GPS-based Automatic Vehicle Location and Dispatching Systems (AVLDS) [Liao
Ziqi 2003]. Each taxi is installed with a GPS receiver, antennae and a
transmitter. The AVLD identifies the nearest taxi to a customer and also
determine its route and location with coordinates of longitude and latitude. All
taxis which were near to a customer offered a job via mobile data
communications. When one of the drivers accepts the job, he gives response
by pressing a button on a display unit installed in his taxi. Strategic Analytics
estimates
A GIS/GPS that
basedbyffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe2
the year 2007,
Intelligent up to
Transport 55% ofwas
System new cars produced
developed by theinBangalore
the U.S.,
Europe, and Japan will
Metropolitan Transport have built-in telematics function [SAN JOSE, Calif
Corporation (BMTC) for monitoring the movement
0c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c6 2002].of
their vehicles at96e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0
an affordable cost [Kharola1 S.P et al]. This system was
designed to convert the latitude and the longitude given by the GPS device into
0020009000600310000616373704d5346540000000
the nearest location and then the system will generate a log-sheet giving the
049454320735247420000000000000000000000000
location of the bus on the road network at certain periodic intervals in the form
000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000
of location on a map. A sample output is shown below
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
163707274000001500000003364657363000001840
000006c77747074000001f000000014626b7074000
00204000000147258595a000002180000001467585
95a0000022c000000146258595a000002400000001
4646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c40
Figure 2.6: Road map of GPS tracking [Kharola1 S.P
0000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000
et al]
003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d656
2.4.2 Data 1730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000
collection and
mapping c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0
000080c625452430000043c0000080c74657874000
The data collection and mapping are the important tasks done using GPS
00000436f707972696768742028632920313939382
technology. GPS technology is spatially used in mapping of transportation
04865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d706
network to complete the work quickly and reduces the cost. Each and every
16e790000646573630000000000000012735247422
GPS data file contains data such as time trample, speed, longitude, latitude and
049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000
satellite navigational data at regular time intervals. In Greece, Faculty of Civil
0000012735247422049454336313936362d322e310
Engineering of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki carried out a project named
pilot project 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000
for mapping the road network with GPS [Tokmakidis & Tziavos 2000]. The
mapping was carried out on National Highway road, which connects two cities
Thessaloniki and Athens. The important method used in this road mapping is
pseudo-kinematics. The result of this project shows that GPS/GIS are
appropriate for both small scale and large scale road network mapping, and
also cost effective. In June 1990, a special Differential GPS (DGPS) project was
carried out [Byman & Koskelo 1991]. In this project a vehicle equipped with a
GPS receiver and Dead Reckoning devices (DR) was used to collect numerical
road location information and the attribute data while driving along the roads of
Finland. The result of this project shows that the information obtained was 1-3
m of accuracy and at the vehicle speed of 60 km/hr. Faculty of Rural &
Surveying Engineering of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki for Hellenic
Railway Organisation carried out a project [G. Mintsis et al 2000]. Aim of this
2.4.3 Incident
project to develop a tool for mapping and monitoring the railway network
management
In today’s busy life everyone wants to live in urban areas due to which
population as well as traffic congestions increased also resulted in increased
accidents. GPS technology can be used for incident management and for
monitoring the road networks. GPS technology is used in incident management
(monitoring of the emergency vehicles and minimisation of their journey time in
urban areas) has been proposed in the framework of research in Greece
[Lakakis .K, 2000]. GPS technology is very much useful in determining the
accurate position of an accident on the road network. GPS/GIS technology has
the ability to produce accurate thematic maps with “black spots” (spots where
a statistically significant number of road incidents occurred during certain time
period) [Mintsis. G et al, 2004]. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) provides
three major elements of incident management system: Traffic Inspection
(incident detection and verification), Clearance and Motorist Information. The
GPS/GIS technology is implemented in the case of dangerous good
transportation (e.g., fuels, chemicals etc.) where the positioning of vehicle
provides
The GPS useful
will beinformation to therailways
used in Indian user (e.g.,
for company, organisation) system;
incident management for the
safe routing
because andaccidents
of rail scheduling of the
many fleet [Tzinieris
people were losing.G their
& Delikaraoglou
lives. Indian.D, 1992].is
railway
the one network that connects the billion people living in the broad country.
Nearly 13 million people travel by train every day. India’s vast rail network is
set to get hi-tech solutions to prevent the recurring major crashes that blight its
reputation [Monica .C 2003]. The main purpose of this hi-tech solution is
If any problem by way of derailment or any other danger on the tracks will
be picked up by the GPS and a warning will be conveyed via this device to
the driver inside the engine cabin.
Driver will be kept alert by a vigilance control device that will make sure
they do not fall asleep while operating a train.
If the driver performs no action for 20 seconds at a stretch, then the device
gives out an audio-visual signal for the driver to move controls.
If the driver fails to do anything, then the brakes come on automatically
within the next 30 seconds.
2.4.4 Vehicle navigation

Vehicle navigation system was used to guide the drivers on roads to reach
their destination where as vehicle location systems (VLS) are used for
managing a fleet of vehicle. The vehicles of a fleet are fitted with GPS, which
usually transmit the positional data of the vehicle to a central station.
Public transportation have been improved by implementing a GPS-based
vehicle location system, as in Paris (Ampelas & Daguerregaray, 1999)
passengers are better informed about the intervals between buses and display
information on Light Emitting Diode display and increasing the security of the
service [Zarazaga-Soria et al,2000]. An over-the-head study of visual-manual
destination entry using an originally equipment GPS-based navigation system
was used in traffic on urban streets and motorways [Chiang .P, 2004]. In 1993,
TravTek test [V. Inman et al 1996] was conducted in Orlando, Florida. The aim
of this test is to provide in-vehicle navigation and dynamic route guidance
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c
system with real time traffic information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A digital map database contains digitised map information with a predefined

format, which can be processed by a computer for map-related functions
such as identifying and giving locations, road classifications, traffic
regulations, and travel information. A positioning module focuses on
different sensor outputs or a mobile device to identify the road travelled and
each intersection approached. A typical stand-alone technique is dead
reckoning, and a typical radio-signal based technique uses a GPS receivers.
Map matching is a method of matching the position measured (or) received
by a positioning module to a position associated with a location (or route) on
a map provided by the map database module. Route Planning is the process
of helping vehicle driver to plan a route prior to (or) during their journey,
based on a given map provided by the map database module, if available,
along with real-time traffic information received via a wireless
communications network. Route guidance is the process of guiding the
driver along the route
generated by the route planning module and it requires the help of an
accurate positioning and map databases in order to determine current
vehicle position and generate proper real-time guidance instructions, often
turn by turn. A human-machine interface allows users to interact with the
location and navigation computer and devices. A wireless communication
module further improves the performance and increases the functionality of
2.4.5
the systemTransport of hazardous
Materials
Global Positioning System satellites are used to locate position of a vehicle
accurately. After September 11 2001, terrorist attacks on America. The project
named Hazardous Material Safety and Security Technology Operation Test
carried out by the Department of Transportation’s, Intelligent Transportation
Systems Joint Program Office and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration [Joseph P. DeLorenzo et al 2004]. In this project U.S. DOT was
asked to find out the different areas in transportation that were susceptible of
terrorist attack. In U.S.A ships transport daily 800,000 of hazardous materials,
which may be explosive, toxic and other less flammable materials. The
petroleum products are about 300,000 of the daily transported in U.S.A, which
was transported by truck, ships etc. In this project GPS is used to locate
load/cargo accurately and also provide a display unit, which is installed within a
vehicle. Through this display unit drivers can have two-text communications
system. The positions of a truck, ship etc are automatically transmitted to
dispatcher center. The Chemical manufacturer BASF Corp. planned to start
testing a GPS system with real-time computer interface on 200 of its tank cars
[Marybeth Luczak 2004]. These tank cars carry poisons products. This GPS
system provides security and fleet efficiency to tank car drivers. Lat-Lon Inc.
and Star Track LLC offer tracking and tracing devices for tank cars, which in
known as Lat-Lon’s RailRider. In this system GPS is combined with the chlorine
detection sensor. The different information about tank cars is transmitted from
GPS to appropriate authority. Then the GIS operator uses this information to
2.4.6
locate Limitations
address on aof GPS
city digital map. If any emergency occurs the GIS operator
tries to find out the schools, colleges nearest to that location for evacuating
area. May
After During thisSelective
2000 data transmission data
Availability (SA)ishas
encrypted for security
been removed, thispurpose.
was the main
cause for errors during positioning. There are some problems with GPS based
AVL such as in urban areas, there are big building that abstract the satellite
signals. The GPS device receives poor quality of signals. Adding additional
sensors with GPS devices can solve this problem. A GPS receiver takes several
minutes to start (cold start) to achieve the MS location fix. In emergency
services, it is considered to be major delay for many applications. Also the
question of size, cost and power consumption are main cause of limitation
2.5 Global System for Mobile Communication
(GSM)
In present commercial society cellular communication system has
become a new trend for many different applications. GSM (Global
System for Mobile Communications) is developed by European
Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI). GSM (Global System
for mobile telecommunication) comprises the CEFT-defined
standardization of the services,
functional/subsystem interfaces, and protocol architecture based on the use of
worldwide standards produced by CCITT and CCIR for a pan European digital
land mobile system primarily intended to serve users in motor vehicles
[Rahnema Moe 1993]. GSM provides powerful messaging service that enhances
and facilitate roaming through automatic network location detection and
registration. Most popular technology for real-time communication in transport
industry is ‘telegeomonitoring’. Telegeomonitoring system is a combination of
geographical information system and telecommunication. Telegeomonitoring
system is used for monitoring the transportation of hazardous materials
[Boulmakoul Azedine 2005]. In the field of transportation, for environmental
monitoring (e.g., population monitoring, Hazmat monitoring) main focus is on
GIS. For environmental monitoring use of telecommunications and positioning
system is highly important. Telegeomonitoring is also widely used in dynamic
guidance and fleet ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100ee00ee0000f
management of vehicles as shown in below figure 2.8.
fe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c
Figure 2.9: GSM/GPS/GIS based System Architecture [Qimin
484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a
et al, 2003]
2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346
540000000049454320735247420000000000000
000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d48502
020000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000011637072740000015000
00003364657363000001840000006c777470740
00001f000000014626b707400000204000000147
258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0
00000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e64
0000025400000070646d6464000002c40000008
8767565640000034c0000008676696577000003
d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561
730000040c00000024746563680000043000000
Figure 2.8: Hazmat telegeomonitoring [Boulmakoul
00c725452430000043c0000080c6754524300000
Azedine 2005]
The integration of43c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c74657
GIS, GPS, and GSM technologies are applied in different fields
such as logistic 87400000000436f7079726967687420286329203
management, intelligent transportation, defence security,
1393938204865776c6574742d5061636b6172642
electric power distribution and urban planning etc to provide location based
0436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000
information on digital map. A Web GIS-based GPS Vehicle Monitoring System
[Qimin et al, 2003]012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100
with three-tier architecture has been developed to monitor
real-time location000000000000000000001273524742204945433
information of certain moving vehicles on electrical map
6313936362d322e310000000000000000000000
online. In this system GSM is used as a communication platform in GPS-based
vehicle monitoring00000000000000000000000000000000
systems because of its high frequency, capability, reliability,
wide coverage, open interface and so on. How Web-based GPS vehicle
2.9.
monitoring is developed based on GSM is shown in below figure
 ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100b900b90000ffe20c58494343
5f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e7472
5247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d53
4654000000004945432073524742000000000000000000000000
0000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000116370727400000150000000336465
7363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b7074
00000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000
022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e6400000254
00000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c0000
008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f800000014
6d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c7254
52430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c62545243
0000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874202
863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436
f6d70616e7900006465736300000000000000127352474220494
Another example of GIS/GPS/GSM is Modular Mobile Dispatching System
54336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000127352474
(MMDS), which consist of a GIS database, a GPS receiver, a GSM as
22049454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000000
communication module and other I/O devices for dispatching of vehicles. A
00000000000000000000000000000
vehicle driver in emergency uses MMDS [Hsiung et al 2003] and get help within
4 minutes from the time a call made from the vehicles to the call center
through GSM communication, then the call centre operator plot the driver’s
location on a map using GIS, locating and dispatching the ambulance towards
the location by informing the target help through GSM, and route navigation is
provided using GIS database. This example is shown in below figure 2.10.
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100b900b90000f
fe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c
484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a
2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346
5400000000494543207352474200000000000000
00000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020
2000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000116370727400000150000000
3364657363000001840000006c77747074000001
f000000014626b70740000020400000014725859
5a00000218000000146758595a0000022c000000
146258595a0000024000000014646d6e64000002
5400000070646d6464000002c400000088767565
640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000
246c756d69000003f8000000146d656173000004
0c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452
430000043c0000080c675452430000043c000008
Figure 2.10: Modular Mobile Dispatching System (MMDS) [Hsiung
0c625452430000043c0000080c74657874000000
et al 2003]
00436f7079726967687420286329203139393820
An AMBULANCE project (R & D project) was developed in corporation with
4865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70
European Commission within the framework of the Health telematics program
616e790000646573630000000000000012735247
[Pavlopoulos et al 1998].
422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000
000000000012735247422049454336313936362d
322e310000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000
This system uses the GSM to have over 95% of the coverage. This system
consists of two modules such as.

• The mobile unit(ambulance site)

• The consultation unit(hospital site) The working of

mobile and consultation unit are shown in figure 2.11.
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Figure 2.11: AMBULANCE system architecture [Pavlopoulos

et al 1998]
Chapter
Fastest3 path from nearest ambulance location to accident site & from accident
site to nearest Hospital
Methodology
3.1 Ambulance Management System prototype using
GIS/GPS/GSM
The proposed Ambulance Management System (AMS) follows a step by step
process. If an accident occurs on the road network, information will be sent to
nearest traffic control room which is then forwarded to nearest emergency
hospital, fire station and police station [Kowtanapanich et al 2003] from
telephone booth or mobile phone.
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201007b007b0000ffe20c584943435
f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725
247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346
54000000004945432073524742000000000000000000000000000
0f6d6000100000000d32d48502020000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000116370727400000150000000336465736300
0001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b70740000020
4000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0000
00146258595a0000024000000014646d6e6400000254000000706
46d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000086766965
77000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d656173000
0040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452430000043c
0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c00000
80c7465787400000000436f707972696768742028632920313939
38204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e79000
0646573630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d
322e3100000000000000000000001273524742204945433631393
6362d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000
Figure 3.1: Information flow after accident occurred on
road network

When a call comes from accident site to traffic control room, the controller
informs this information to nearest emergency hospital, police station and fire
station (if any fire occurs on the spot). Emergency hospitals will use Ambulance
management system (AMS) to find the accident site on the road network
(nearest road segment and landmark) and find nearest ambulance to accident
site and allocate that ambulance to accident site. AMS tools are used to find the
fastest path from nearest ambulance location to accident site; from accident
site to nearest hospital; route map and directions are sent to ambulance driver.
Also some other information is also provided to ambulance driver such as.

• If accident occurs during peak hours different alternative fastest

paths are provided other than the normal fastest paths on major roads but
this time ambulance driver should follow
fastest path on both major & minor roads to avoid congestion and time
delay to save the life. If once ambulance is struck in congestion it takes
more time to reach the accident area
 3.1.1 Data Collection

The main aim

Ambulance is to help the
management ambulance
system (AMS) in reaching
data the accident
is collected area
from three as fast
sources
as possible without getting delay due to the congestion on
of map data, real-time data and police/transport authorities road network.

ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006a006a0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c450
Map data: Map data is collected from GIS professionals of Hyderabad city.
0010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006
Map data consist of major roads, minor roads, hospitals, fire stations,
00310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000000
landmarks and police stations.
00000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000000000000000
Spatial data: In AMS real-time location of an ambulance can be tracked using
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000116370
GPS/GSM (Global Positioning System).
7274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014
626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0000
Police/Transport Authority reports: When an incident occurs on road network
00146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c4
information about incident is recorded by police authority in the form of
00000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d690000
reports. Transport authority’s record the information about the major/minor
03f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c72545243
road networks
0000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465
3.1.2 GIS database
787400000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d50
61636b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000012735247422049
GIS database is developed combing these three map, spatial and police/
454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000127352474220494543363139
transport data.
36362d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

rive time Category

of one-way road Speed limits on that road segment Length of the road Drive time calculated based on

pital Category key number for private and govt hospitals

rive time Category

of one-way road Speed limits on that road segment Length of the road Drive time calculated based on

es for telemedicine , including driver(locating using GPS)

Figure 3.2: Methodology for AMS using GIS

Theme
Fields
Description
Accident
Amb_ID Nearest_La A_cause Date Time Hospital_T
Identity number Nearest landmark Accident cause Accident date Accident time Hospital where patient i
Police Station
ID Name Label
Identity number Name of the police station Label of the police station
Fire station
ID Name Label
Identity number Name of the police station Label of the police station

Table 3.2: AMS database

Map Data:

Major roads are connected together to form road network of Hyderabad city.
This road network is used by vehicles for transport where the traffic flow is
steady and cause for traffic congestion. These major roads are represented
as chain of lines in Ambulance Management System (AMS) user interface.
Minor road networks are small streets in-between buildings. These are used
for walking, cycling and even ambulance can use if there is a congestion on
major roads. Minor road is represented as line feature in Ambulance
Management System (AMS) user interface.
Emergency hospitals in the city are responsible for allocating ambulances to
accident area and take it back for providing medical care. Emergency
Hospital is represented as point feature in Ambulance management system
(AMS) user interface.
Police & fire stations in the city are responsible for recording incidents on
the road networks and providing the safety to public. Police & fire station is
represented
Spatial Data: as point feature in Ambulance Management System (AMS) user
interface.
In AMS real-time location of an ambulance will be tracked using GPS (Global
Positioning System).GPS technology is spatially used in mapping of
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100d500e20000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c
transportation network to complete the work quickly and reduces the cost. A
4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200
GPS device will be installed on each and every ambulance, and signals of this
09000600310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000
GPS will be sent to control room (Emergency hospital). The data collected from
00000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000
GPS will be stored in database as x, y co-ordinates of the ambulance location
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
on0000000001163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c777470
the earth surface. The location of the ambulance is represented as point (x,
y co-ordinates) feature on the road map.
74000001f000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a000002180000001
46758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e6400000254
Police/ Transport Authority reports:
00000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000086766965770
00003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474
When an incident occurs on road network, following information about
656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c000
incident will be recorded by police authority such as.
0080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874202
Patient details.
863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900
Incident type.
00646573630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000
Location information.
0000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000
Hospital to which patient has been
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
transported.
Using these records we can find out where and on which road network
accidents occur frequently and cause of the accident. Transport authorities
record the information about the major/minor road networks such as,

Demographic data
Road network
Speed limits
Length of road segments
Junctions Figure 3.3: GIS database for analysis in
ArcMap9.1
3.1.2.1 Database Design and Analysis

Below figure shows how data is stored in a database and accessed by the
emergency service providers. Database regarding the roads, incidents and
facilities are available at police stations, hospitals and fire stations. In our AMS
user interface database is collected from these emergency service providers
(police, fire and hospitals) and from the real-time (GPS/GSM) movement of
ambulances on the road network. When there is a call for service (ambulance)
GIS operator at dispatch centre uses AMS user interface to inform the
ambulance regarding the work it has to perform. This same prototype can be
used by the police and fire authorities to perform the following functionalities.
Find fastest route from nearest police vehicle to crime area and finding the
crime occurred area on the city digital map and also back to nearest police
station
Find the fire spot on digital map and allocating the fire vehicles on fastest
route to reach the fire spot.
3.1.3 Analysis (GIS/GPS/GSM)

The effective management of ambulance in order to achieve immediate

transportation of patients from incident site to the nearest & appropriate
emergency hospital plays a vital role in health services offered to citizens. An
effective routing and districting of ambulances will minimize their response time
and thus improve the way emergency incidents are being handled
[Derekenaris .G 2000]. AMS architecture is an integration of ArcGIS9.1, GPS and
GSM technologies. In Each ambulance a GPS receiver is installed to determine
its real-time position (x, y co-ordinates) based on the signal transmitted by
satellite and information will be forwarded to emergency hospital via GSM
modem, this can be achieved by GSM network. Through GSM network useful
data such as route map, directs and voice messages can be transmitted. Each
ambulance is also equipped with a computer or a mobile data terminal (PDA) to
display the route computed by the AMS (Ambulance Management System)
operating in the emergency hospital.
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201008f00900000ffe20c58494
3435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006
d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006003100006
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c450
16373704d534654000000004945432073524742000000000
0010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006
0000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000
00310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000f6d6000100000000d32d48502020000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001163
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001163707
707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77
274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f00000001462
747074000001f000000014626b70740000020400000014725
6b707400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c000000
8595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c00000014625
146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c400
8595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646
000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f
d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c000000867669
8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c72545243000
6577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d656
0043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c74657874
1730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452
00000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636
430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c6254524
b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630000000000000012735247422049454336
30000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f707972696768
313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d
74202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61
322e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000000000127
35247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000
Figure 3.5: GIS/GPS/GSM
000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000
technology
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Emergency 0hospital (base station) will exchange data with the ambulance
through the GSM network [Derekenaris .G 2000]. In the emergency hospital
(base station) there will be a computer dedicated to communicate with the
ambulance and other one for the operation of the AMS user interface.

The primary functions performed by the GIS (AMS) operating in emergency

hospital are as follows [Derekenaris .G 2000].

• Finding the site of the incident & ambulance

location
• Depiction of accident & ambulance on city
road
• map
Choosing the nearest ambulance to handle an
emergency incident
 • Routing an ambulance to the incident site and from there to
the closest emergency hospital.
• If accident occurs during peak hours ambulance will be directed to
fallow the minor & major road fastest path other than regular fastest
path on major roads
One of the most important responsibilities of public safety is efficient and
effective emergency transport and care system. Middle East Technical
University (METU) Emergency services, Ankara Turkey build an immediate,
rapid and efficient medical transport system prototype called AML [Gülden et al
2004]. Emergency Hospitals are important as police and fire stations.
Emergency hospitals provide immediate care for victims of sudden and serious
injuries. When an incident occur patient transportation to Emergency hospital
seems quite simple. Ambulance Management System (AMS) preferably
combines technology, strategic planning and clinical proficiency to ensure an
immediate efficient response to each and every call for help [Altıntaş & Nakil
1997].
In AMS InforAMS time ambulance
routing, plays most location
importantis role to save point
the starting human lives.
and nearest hospital
is the final destination respectively. The accident site address, ambulance
location, major & minor roads and hospital location information is co-ordinated
to obtain results using the AMS.
ffd8ffe000104a464946000102010075007e0000ffe20c58494343
5f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e7472
5247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d53
4654000000004945432073524742000000000000000000000000
0000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000116370727400000150000000336465
7363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b70740
0000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a00000
22c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e64000002540
0000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000
08676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d
6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452
430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c6254524300
00043c0000080c7465787400000000436f7079726967687420286
3292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d
70616e7900006465736300000000000000127352474220494543
36313936362d322e310000000000000000000000127352474220
49454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
3.1.4 AMS information for decision
making
AMS performs chain of events which leads to the intervention of an ambulance
to the scene of an accident. The following four steps are performed by AMS.

(1) Incident location

(2) Call
finding
screening
(3) Ambulance
(4) During peak hours, routing of
dispatching
Ambulance
 When call is received

ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80
000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010
100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247 Call back
Finding 422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000
Emergency
the Number to
616373704d53465400000000494543207352 informer
ambulanc 47420000000000000000000000000000f6d60
When e you witness an accident at Charminar road and victim is bleeding first
00100000000d32d485020200000000000000
you want to help him and save his life. The first question arises ‘what do you
do?’ first you want 000000000000000000000000000000000000
to call the emergency number. Although there are various
numbers for different 000000000000000000000000000000000000
emergency services, but the number 108 is a centralised
000000000116370727400000150000000336
one. Let the emergency may be of any kind police, fire and medical just dial
Some examples of call screening methods such as HNIT Limited., one of the
108. In Hyderabad4657363000001840000006c7774707400000
city emergency service providing company EMRI developed
leading GIS consulting in Iceland, joined hands for the development of an
1f000000014626b7074000002040000001472
sensereach-care paradigm for emergency management [Changavalli Venkat,
emergency response computing system, which includes computer telephony,
58595a00000218000000146758595a000002
2005] on August 15, 2005. The call centre of 108 at Byrraju foundation on
RDMS, GIS and different protocols for SMS and pagers. When anyone needs
2c000000146258595a000002400000001464
Medchal road receives on an average 2,200 calls per day from twin cities.
emergency service just need to dial 112 in Iceland, then the telephone
6d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002
3.1.4.1 Incident location finding
operators dispatch service from more than 200 different response agencies
c400000088767565640000034c00000086766
(fire, police, and96577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8
ambulance) across country (GIS for Telecommunication
Most important
Professionals in details
Europe about
2000). the accident
Each agency
000000146d6561730000040c000000247465 should be confirmed
also has i.e., location
its emergency numberand for
type of crash.
service. GIS system Locationis usedis noted
to find relative
the to
places
6368000004300000000c725452430000043c0 street
like intersections
municipalities, in urban
streets, areas
postal
and crash
codes refers quick
to provide to head-on,
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000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452 or other common
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2006]. One who
430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436 witnessed the accidents tells is
suitable landmarks
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65776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d7 colony name,toetc.
then georeferenced These
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0616e7900006465736300000000000000127
3.1.4.2
operatorCall hasscreening
all the necessary information to dispatch a police, fire, medical, or
35247422049454336313936362d322e31000
ambulance unit [GIS for Telecommunication Professionals in Europe 2000]. In
000000000000000000012735247422049454
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3.1.4.3 Ambulance
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336313936362d322e3100000000000000000 where Ambulance
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is000000000000000000000000000000000000
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USA) the accident
location
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integrates site ondatabase
common city map
than AMS operator will call back the informer for
operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization confirming accident site
location. If the analysis
and geographic AMS operator benefits finds the incident
offered by maps site, then.C,
[Franklin he&will locate
1992, the
Keenan
ambulance location on the city map using the GPS/GSM.
P. 1998]. AMS has capability to analyze spatial networks; it is a decision making
tool for districting and routing of vehicles. Ambulance management system
(AMS) prototype is the motivated from [Derekenaris .G 2000, Tsai et al.
2002].The AMS prototype architecture is an integration of GIS, GPS and GSM
technologies but the way it deals with the ambulance routing problem is
completely different. In AMS more routing solution network analysis tools are
used to solve the targeted problem. In each ambulance a GPS receiver is
installed to determine its exact position based on the signal transmitted by
satellite and a GSM modem in order to transmit its position to a base station,
this can be achieved by GSM network. The primary functions performed by the
AMS [Derekenaris .G 2000].
 Tracing the ambulance positions and hospital location on the city map
Finding the accident site using the road and nearest landmark
information
Allocating the nearest ambulance on the fastest route
Fastest routing of a nearest ambulance to the incident site and from
there to the closest emergency hospital.
Incidents data is stored for generation of statistics regarding incidents
Ambulance Management System(AMS) considers these facts and provides
fastest routes for the ambulance (considering congestions)

TRAUMA CARE CONSORTIUM (TCC) is a unique non profit public charitable

service and the first of its kind in India which provides fully equipped
ambulances for emergency movement towards road accident victims to
hospitals (Chennai city) [Thirumalaivasan.D & Prof. Guruswamy .V]. TCC used
GIS for finding optimal route of their ambulances based on shortest travel time.
This study concluded that during the emergency situation finding the shortest
route need not be the best route because shortest time is preferred over
shortest distance. Shortest time preferred also when the road width is narrow or
more number of signals & turns exist, or higher volume of traffic and so on.
National Center of Immediate Assistance (EKAB) has [Derekenaris.G 2000]
designed GIS subsystem for the ambulance management. The same type of
system like [Derekenaris et al 2000] was proposed by [Tsai et al. 2002] for
Atlanta Police Department in Georgia in order to reduce emergency response
time.
Reliable
The research
locationidea
of vehicles,
of this system
incidents,
to decrease
hospitalsresponse
and fire time is
stations.
Integration and collaboration of related agencies.
Fast and related distance and route calculation.
 ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c58494343
5f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e747
25247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5
3465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000000000
00000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000011637072740000015000000033646
57363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b707
400000204000000147258595a00000218000000146758595a000
0022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025
400000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c000
0008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f80000001
46d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725
452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c6254524
30000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f707972696768742
02863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b617264204
36f6d70616e79000064657363000000000000001273524742204
9454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000001273524
7422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000
Figure 3.8: Telematics Applications [Bãdut
Mircea 2004]
[Lin et al 2003] proposed G3 system to track low flying aircrafts and vehicles
on a digital map in real-time. This G3 system was a combination of GPS, GIS,
and GPRS (which is based on GSM technology).

3.1.4.4 During peak hours, routing of

Ambulance
Tsai etofal.the
Most (2002)
Indianincludes GIS/GSM/GPS
cities are and using
facing crucial trafficMicrosoft’s
congestion. Access and Visual
Growing traffic
Basic
and limited road space have reduced peak-hour speeds to 5-10 kms per hourfor
6.0 ESRI’s MapObjects and NetEngine as back-end and front-end tools in
interface.
the central When
areas an emergency
of many call[Singh
major cities is received this 2005].
K. Sanjay systemAccording
locates the to
incidentfor
Centre site, findingand
Science theEnvironment
moving vehicles,(CSE) calculating
there is major shortest distance
reduction from
in motor
vehicle site
speeds.–incident
Trafficsite. Tsai found
congestion occursthat during
this system is helpful
peak hours in reducing
in Indian cities
response time
increases timefor police
delay, dispatching
accidents and tracking
problem systemlevel. According to the
and pollution
There are
Ministry ofsome
Road other research
Transport works from
& Highway in 2001whereaboutAMS got motivated,
80000 people were in China
killed
QTIMP
in project was
road accidents and designed, which isincrease
5 percent annually mainly inbased on G3 technique
road accidents [Singh K.
integration.
Sanjay 2005].This G3 safety
In road technique integration
research was used
rapid response to provide
and treatment safe
of road
transportation
accident victimsandismaintenance of Qinghai-Tibet
of major concern. From the Railway
road [Wang
safety 2004].
studies G3itwas is
a combination
recognised thatoftime
threeis technologies
a crucial factorsuch in as geographical
dealing informationresulting
with emergencies system
(GIS),
from global
Immediate
road trafficpositioning
deathaccidents system
occurs within
[Moore (GPS)after
seconds
David], itand globalonsystem
is based conceptfor mobile
of Golden
communication
Hour.
accident.
Time during (GSM).
victimsG3mayis used to provide
face death such as.an extremely accurate location
tracking system.
Late death occurThe telematic
within days orsystem
weeksof of automobile
the is the TCU (Telematics
Communications
accident Unit) which is placed on the vehicle is online connected with
one of the central service station through radio waves [Bãdut Mircea 2004]. This
telematic system provides services such as ambulance dispatching in incident
situations, real-time navigation, and traffic information and providing technical
support for troubled onboard cars.
 ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c700c70000ffe20c584943435f5
0524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e747252474
22058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346540000
000049454320735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000
100000000d32d485020200000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000001163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c
77747074000001f000000014626b707400000204000000147258595
a00000218000000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a000002
4000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c400000
088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c75
6d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000
004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c00
00080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f707972
69676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b617
26420436f6d70616e79000064657363000000000000001273524742
2049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000001273524
Figure 3.9: Critical Time/ Space Elements [Moore
7422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000 David]
Apollo hospital has launched its two-wheeler ambulances aimed at reaching
accidents victims in the golden time (first one hour) or the platinum time (first
10 minutes), which is the most crucial time that makes the decision of their life
or death. This is the only two-wheeler ambulance [Apollo Hospitals Enterprise
Limited]. These two-wheeler ambulances can travel easily through congested
roads to reach accident sites and play a key role in reducing the number of
victims who die at the accident site because of delay in arrival of ambulances
and congested Indian roads. These two-wheeler ambulances come with in-built
splints to immobilize broken bones and stabilize the cervical spine (the area
most susceptible part to injury in a road accident) [Apollo Hospitals Enterprise
Limited].
Apollo hospital can use our Ambulance management system for faster routing
of two-wheeler when roads are congested during peak hours. Because our AMS
is designed to find the fastest route both on major & minor roads, which is
more useful for two-wheeler ambulance of Apollo hospital.

3.2 AMS User interface

Development
3.2.1 Mechanism

GIS based Ambulance Management System was developed for routing of

ambulances during accident on road. In this system the main issues were the
fastest path, nearest ambulance, hospitals, identifying the accident location
and
AMS storing
is basedthe
on accident information
the concept of Goldeninhour,
the database.
during theMechanism involved
peak hour most in
of the
the development of AMS is described below.
time roads are congested. AMS consider the congested roads and calculate the
fastest route using both major and minor roads. In the normal situation fastest
route is calculated on minor roads. The critical time elements in emergency are
listed in the following [David Moore].
 3.2.2 Fastest Path

Using the AMS, GIS operator at the hospital can create the route, which is
quickest, shortest or scenic depending on the constraints. Because the
travelling of ambulance to reach the incident in short duration is important and
not the distance, so the constraint is time when the route is the quickest route.
Any speed limit or driving time attribute serves as the impedance when
determining the best route.
Increase in attributes plays no role when computing the solution. For example ,
if you choose time as impedance attribute and also want to accumulate
distance also an impedance attribute, but only time attribute is used to
optimize the solution
The route analysis layer consists of different components
such as.
Stop feature layer(ambulance, accident, hospital)
Barrier feature layer(congested areas where ambulance can’t
travel)
Route feature layer(generated route from ambulance-accident-
hospital)
3.2.3 Nearest closest
facility
Using the AMS UI, we can find the closest facilities such as hospitals &
ambulances and the directions of travel towards or away from the city. After
finding the best route to or from ambulance to accident and accident to
hospital, it will display directions to travel in direction window.

Using AMS, when finding facilities (ambulance, hospital), we can give the cut-
off value beyond which AMS should not search for a facility (ambulance,
hospital). For example, any hospital that takes not longer than 15 minutes to
reach from incident spot will not be included in the results.
AMS UI allows you to perform multiple closest analyses simultaneously, that
means we can have multiple incidents and find the closest facilities (hospitals,
ambulances) to each incident.
The Closest facility analysis layer consist of different components
such as
Facilities feature layer(ambulances or hospitals)
Incidents feature(accident spots)
Barrier feature layer(congested areas where ambulance can’t
travel)
Route feature layer(generated route from ambulance-accident-
hospital
equivalent of a product. The rapid prototyping model of AMS is target to let the
clients (Hospital authorities) to interact with the system and experiment with it.
Many of the software developers use the rapid prototyping model because the
rapid prototyping model has been validated by the client (GIS user) himself. In
the AMS prototyping system preliminary working model has been created that
lessen the need to repair the design during or after the implementation of the
system. The main thing is that AMS prototype builds rapidly and, modified
rapidly to reflect the GIS user’s needed. Thus, speed is the essence of AMS
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c
prototype development.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In rapid prototyping model most of the time, the developer reuse the modules
of the previously successful system. Using the coding and design of previous
system, we can save the design and coding time. In our Ambulance
Management System (AMS), we used the modules from the ArcGIS 9.1, to
create our model. Once the AMS prototype is created and tested, then it is
forwarded to operation mode. In operation mode client experiment with the
prototype and if the client is not satisfied than again developer tries to design &
code. After refining & testing the prototype, again client is asked to use it. This
rapid prototyping process continues until the client is satisfied.
3.2.5 Software development for AMS of
3.2.4 Rapid prototyping model for
Hyderabad City
AMS
In the development of Ambulance Management System (AMS) following
The desire not to ‘waste’ of software developers laid to rapid prototyping. The
ArcGIS is
software version
used. 9.1
management of the company decides before the rapid prototype is built that
ArcGIS extension Network Analyst
portions may be utilized in the final GIS interface, provided that thus portions
Visual Basic 6.0 programming language
pass the same quality assurance test as the other software components. AMS
rapid prototype model is a working model that is functionally
3.2.5.1 ArcMap 9.1

In ArcGIS Desktop, ArcMap is the central application for all map-based

tasks. ArcMap application is used to perform the following task with
To performdata.
geographical analysis
Explore and edit
Create maps, graphs and reports,
etc
The ArcMap working model consists of the map display area, table of contents,
number of toolbars and menus for working with map and its attribute data.
There are two ways to view map data in ArcMap.

Geographic data view: Where geographical data is analyzed, symbolized and

compiled.
Layout View: Where Geographic data view, data frames are composed onto
pages for printing and publishing.

3.2.5.2 ArcGIS extension Network

Analyst
ArcGIS Network Analyst is a powerful extension for routing purpose, and
used for making network-based spatial analysis such as

Point-to-point routing
Drive-time Analysis
Route directions
Shortest path
Optimum route
Origin destination
Closest facility
Service area definition
 ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006c006c0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45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3.2.5.3 Visual Basic Programming

language
Visual basic programming language is an Object-oriented & Event-driven
programming language. Visual basic provides rapid application development
(RAD) environment for windows-based graphical user interface (GUI). In Visual
basic programming every event is a method and controls placed on form are
classes. Using Visual basic we can customize ArcGIS9.1 to create entire custom
applications for different GIS analysis. In Visual basic customization of ArcGIS9.1
.dll files are used as ActiveX controls.
3.2.6 AMS user interface flow
Chart Figure 3.11 AMS flow chart
The flow of information using the AMS interface in finding the accident location,
and fastest route from nearest ambulance to accident , and fastest route from
accident to nearest Hospital. The condition applies when the accident occurs
during peak hours such as fastest routing on both the major and minor roads.
3.2.7 AMS Input Sources

1. Network
dataset
2. Roads with one-
3. Driving speed limit on
way
roads
4. Names of all available
5. Emergency
roads
Hospitals
6. Real-time Ambulance
7. Accident on
position
road
8. Topographical map at scale 1:25000 numbered
56-K/
9. Topographical
7 / NE map at scale 1:25000 numbered
10.
56-K/Topographical
7 / SE map at scale 1:25000 numbered
56-K/
11. Topographical
7 / NW map at scale 1:25000 numbered
56-K/ 7 / SW

3.2.8 Themes for Analysis

The different spatial features of Hyderabad city in the form of different themes
are added to the project according to there use. Themes which are used for
Ambulance management System (AMS) are added to the current project. The
available themes are as follows.
Road Network with system generated
junctions
Emergency hospitals
Ambulances (real-time technology)
Lakes
Rivers
Minor Road Network
Study Area
view Print Map Properties Exit
analysis Save the analysis with any other name To add new themes Print layout of the data Printing the

y the selected data Cut the selected data Paste the data which is copied or cut Delete the data Find a s

r map view for exploring, displaying, and querying the data on your map To zoom in or out on Layout vie

y Graphics Statistics Clear Selected Feature

ing an location query Selection using an graphical feature query Statistical analysis on attribute data To
Theme’s attribute table is updated using necessary information to be analyzed
lear Display in
properties
the AMS.Auto
ThePan Log(columns)
fields Setup Display properties
are added to the theme attribute table and
GPS position entering
window Closing the GPS
the required display properties
information for spatialPan on theincurrent
analysis, position(rows).
their records Closing the log setu

Reports ArcCatolog
3.2.9 ArcToolBox
Designed Interface of
a small areaAMS
To see contents of layers To create graph from the current layer To create report from the
3.2.9.1 Menus

To make the Ambulance Management System (AMS) more user-friendly,

navigation should be considered as the most important aspect of the GUI. So
menu-bars are added to UI. Menu bar contains different menus (with common
commands) to perform different functionalities on spatial data. AMS interface
menus and their functionalities are described in the table 3.2.
New Facility New Service Area New OD Cost Matrix Options
cilities To find the fastest route To find the nearest facility To find the new service areas To find route be

Table 3.2: AMS Menus

3.2.9.2 Toolbar Tool Name
Functionality
The toolbar consist Zoom in
of number of buttons with icons, clicking on one of these
Zoom
buttons executes a command in by clicking a pointToolbar
or function. or dragging a box
is graphically related to
Zoom Out
menu bar. Buttons on toolbar are used to perform frequently accessed
Zoombuttons
functions. AMS toolbar’s out by and
clicking
theira functionalities
point or dragging
are adescribed
box in below
table. Fixed Zoom in
Zoom in center of your map
Fixed Zoom out
Zoom out center of your map
Pan
Pans the map
Full extent
Zoom to full extent of the map
Go back to previous extent
Go back to previous extent
Go to next extent
Go to next extent
Select feature
Select the feature by clicking or dragging a box
Select elements
Select elements by clicking
Identity
Identifying the feature by clicking
Measure
Measure distance on map
Zoom to GPS position
Zoom to current GPS position
Pan to GPS position
Pan to current GPS position
Hide/Show network analysis window
Hide/Show network analysis window
Create Network location
To create Network location on Map
Select/Move Network location
To Select/Move Network location on Map
Solve
To solve network , to form routing
Direction window
Window with directions of route
Network identify
To identify a network location on road network
Build network dataset
To build the network dataset
Open GPS connection
Open GPS connection for update from GPS
Tool Name
Functionality
Close GPS connection
To close the current GPS connection
New fastest route
Find the fastest route between locations
New closest facility
Find the nearest facility for accident & route
New Service Area
Find the service area
New OD cost matrix
Find the route between Origin & destination using cost attribute
Emergency Locations
Loading the emergency & facility sites
Find accident
Finding the Incident site
Send Route direction
Sending the route & turn window to the driver
Rotate
Rotate the Map
Refresh view
Refresh the view to have current view

Table 3.3 AMS Tools

 3.2.10 Database Design of AMS user
interface
The Object-oriented design model is good for GIS database but relational
database management system also contains good features. The combination of
Object-relational database model makes things easier to GIS database model
[Shekar & Chawla 2003]. Ambulance Management System (AMS) describes
design and implementation of geographic data in an Object/relational database.
This user interface was developed using VB.net programming language. AMS
user interface was developed to show the geographic data and their analysis
(finding incident, facilities and fastest routes). The data stored in the database
was accessed by GIS operator at Hospital, who runs AMS user interface. The
ArcGIS uses relational database engine to manage text or numeric data in a
multithreaded environment with a great deal of stability and good performance
and supports object-oriented keywords. The objects were made persistent by
using the Object-relational database management system. Data in database
was modelled by points, lines, polylines and polygons. The aim of our
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500
experiment is to show how geographic data is represented, that is used in a
010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600
geographic database of our AMS.
310000616373704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000000000000
3.2.9.3 Applications of AMS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00043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787
400000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d506163
6b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000000000127352474220494543
36313936362d322e3100000000000000000000001273524742204945433631393636
2d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Figure 3.12 AMS Interface

model
Object: Object is an instance of a class and a self-describing data structure,
which is safe and protected. The Object can be private, public, protected. A real
world object is also referred as entity. The objects interact with each other
through messages. In object-oriented system objects are independent of each
other and a change in one object cannot affect another object.
Classes: The class describes the objects (data structures), methods (algorithm)
and message protocols (external interfaces). The class provides the
encapsulation mechanism to encapsulate attributes and methods into a single
unit, this provide safe software components and high level of modularity.

Data collected from transport authorities of Hyderabad city. The AMS

prototype was tested using VB.net Object-oriented language program and
Object-relational DBMS on Windows XP. The VB.net application contains the
following modules.
The operational manager
The database server
The interface Manager
The modelling manager
Chapter 4

Usability Test
(Evaluation)
A team of five GIS users was formed; these GIS users have good knowledge of
analysing the data and getting results. They were asked to use the Ambulance
Management System user Interface (AMS). The AMS evaluation test was
conducted at Linköpings University on Thursday 11th of May 2006 at 4:00 PM.
Before starting the testing, AMS is briefly described and it’s uses in emergency
situations. During the testing each and every GIS user is constantly observed
and how well they were operating the system. The testing of AMS continued till
5:00 pm. After testing the user interface, questionnaires were distributed for
feedback. From the GIS users feedback it was found that
They were satisfied with the present user interface
Minor changes needed to be done regarding design
This UI will need some changes , when it is implemented in the real-
world
Funding will be the difficult task for the whole, considering the
Thestudy
data area.
types created in the database are similar to the classes implemented
in As
VB.net or Java.
a whole, The types,
methodology thegood
is quite classes and the tables have a similar
description.
Lessen the The data
time types the
to reach created in the
accident site database
to hospitalare same that the data
types described
Model by solution
is a really the OMTfordesign. With this AMS prototype interoperability
peak hours.
and the data exchange can be improved by this representation of OOGIS.
4.1 User Test

GIS user is asked to use the Ambulance management system (AMS) user
interface to perform the following task.

Finding the Accident Location

Finding the ambulance locations in real-time (using GPS)
To solve the fastest route from nearest Ambulance to accident site(during
normal and congested roads)
To solve the fastest route from accident to nearest Hospital (during normal
and congested roads)
Also asked to handle more than one accident situation
 Using menus of AMS user was able to select functionalities in solving
ambulance routing problems
Using the tools on toolbar AMS was user able to select frequently used
functionalities just by click on it.
User felt comfortable with advanced networking tools on toolbar for solving
routing problems
After solving routing problem user able see a magnified view of a small area
more clearly
Results obtained finally by clicking route solve function than send forward
by clicking send route direction button on toolbar
The observations made during the testing were noted down to make
changes in the UI.

5.2.2 Interviews

During the testing each GIS user is interviewed regarding the AMS UI
performance. After completion of the testing all the GIS users were
interviewed together regarding the usage and design.

How is the design?

Whether the Interface is performing all the functions which it is meant
to perform?
Is there any error during the Testing?
Any future advances required?

4.2 Followed Paradigm

4.2.1 Observations

How well GIS users uses the Ambulance Management System (AMS) user
interface to perform the following needs were observed.
The figure 4.1 shows the feedback from the GIS-users. The feedback was taken
in terms of six parameters i.e. performance, interactivity, GIS role, GPS/GSM,
Output and Future Usage. The graph describes that most of the GIS-users had
positive response for Ambulance Management System (AMS) user interface.
Three users appreciated the performance of the application, while the
interactive interface design appealed to 4 users; 3 users supported and
appreciated the use of GIS, GPS and GSM technologies used in the model. All
of the users were satisfied by the results obtained by the system. 4 users gave
a positive reply on implementing the model in future for a real time scenario.
There were some suggestions to eliminate few errors identified by the users
and improve the interface.

5.2.3 Questionnaires

Questionnaires were distributed to GIS users after completing the test;

questionnaires consist of ten questions, primarily regarding the usage and
performance of the AMS UI.
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20
c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696
e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020
009000600310000616373704d534654000000004945
4320735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d
6000100000000d32d48502020000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000001163707274
000001500000003364657363000001840000006c777
47074000001f000000014626b707400000204000000
147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c0
00000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000
025400000070646d6464000002c4000000887675656
40000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c
756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c00000
02474656368000004300000000c725452430000043c
0000080c675452430000043c0000080c62545243000
0043c0000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676
874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061
636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000
00000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e
3100000000000000000000001273524742204945433
6313936362d322e3100000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
Chapter 5

Results
Creating a network dataset in ArcGIS 9.1 Network analyst tool enables us to
perform network analysis. Network dataset is a type of network data which
is specially needed for network analysis.

Using the AMS UI Create Network dataset tool we create network dataset
using road Network shape file (polyline). The network dataset which has
Road
been segments
created as of
consist polyline feature (edges)
three layers
Junctions as point feature(system generated
junctions)
Road Network itself
1) After creation of network dataset following spatial features are added to
theNetwork
ArcMap.dataset (junctions, edges)
Accident location (which is known from a informer located using the
nearest landmark)
Ambulance location is located on the road network using the GPS
(ArcGIS9.1 extension Tracking Analyst)
All emergency hospital which are available are added
 1) Using the AMS UI to identify the accident on the road
network.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Figure 5.1: To identify the

accident
2) Using the AMS UI to identify the ambulance locations on the
road network in real-time using GPS/GSM coordinates.
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Figure 5.2: To identify the ambulance

locations
 3) Using the AMS UI (Route analysis), we have analysed the
fastest routes through which all the ambulances can reach the
accident occurred site.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Figure 5.3: To identify fastest route from all ambulances to

accident site
 4) Using the AMS UI (Closest facility analysis), we have found
the ambulance which can fastly reach the accident site as
compared other ambulances is analysed.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Figure 5.4: To identify fastest routing ambulance to the

accident
 5) Using the AMS UI (closest facility analysis), we have found all
hospital (facilities) and analysed the fastest route from the
accident occurred site to hospital.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Figure 5.5: To identify fastest route to the

hospital
 6) Where more than one accident occurrs on the road network,
using the AMS UI (closest facility analysis), we have analysed the
fastest routes through which ambulances can travel to reach all the
accidents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Figure 5.6: Multiple accidents

Scenario I
 7) Using the AMS UI (closest facility analysis), we have analysed
the fastest routes from all the accidents; travel to reach the
hospital immediately.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Figure 5.7: Multiple accidents

Scenario II
8) During the peak hours since the routes are congested,
ambulances are allowed travel through both the major and minor
roads.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Figure 5.9: During peak hours

situation II

Figure 5.8: During peak hours

situation I
 ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100cd00cd0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45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Figure 5.10: During peak hours

situation III
 ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100cd00cc0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45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Figure 5.11: During peak hours

situation IV
 ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100ce00ce0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45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Figure 5.12: During peak hours

situation V
 ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100ce00cd0000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c45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Chapter 6

Discussion
6.1 Conclusion

Indian population and thereby the vehicles are increasing at the same time
causing congestion on road networks. AMS is designed by analyzing the ground
situation of Hyderabad city, for example the problems faced by the inhabitants
while travelling on the road network. Especially the problems faced by the
emergency service providers like hospitals during transport of a patient.
Ambulance management system (AMS) plays a significant role in solving
routing problem of an ambulance on the Hyderabad road network when need
arises to transport a patient to the nearest hospital. Our AMS significantly solve
ambulance problem like fastest routing of an ambulance using GPS/GSM. AMS
also analyzes roads interrupted by the congestion and other activities during
peak hours and calculates the fastest route. AMS is capable of handling multi-
accident
It is foundsituation.
how well the interagation of GPS/GSM will be used to find the real-
time position of an ambulance on Hyderabad road network. This position
information will be spatially analysed using GIS. Andhra Pradesh state
government policy towards adopting positioning technologies is at the
beginning stage but soon it will adopt fully. Now a days GSM is used by
everyone in India for mobile communication system and used to show the
current area location of a user on the display screen. At the same time GPS
needs some more time to get established in the Indian market. For
implementation of our Ambulance Management system it should get approved
by the higher authorities. This integration of GIS/GPS/GSM of ambulance
management
In this thesis needs
every to be funded
corner of thebyAMS
Andhra Pradesh
system state
shows government.
without GIS, we cannot
analyze the problems faced by the ambulance on the road network. GIS-
network analyst tools are used in our AMS to solve problems faced by
ambulance and at the same time using the real-time location information from
GPS/GSM. This thesis shows that how well GIS-based AMS will be used to send
the routing information to the ambulance driver in real-time. This GIS/GPS/GSM
integrated system can be used by other emergency service providers such as
police and fire stations to locate their vehicles in densely congested roads.
From result we have concluded that this prototype is working well but need
further changes after getting into implementation stage in real world. This
prototype is evaluated by the GIS-users and concluded that it is very useful for
faster transportation of a vehicle considering the real ground situation but also
there were some comments on making it further effective by implementing it.
Last but not the least, this AMS is useful in faster transport of an accident
patient to nearest hospital.
6.2 Future Work

For faster identification of accident site, we need more detailed database of the
landmarks and also more detailed Major & minor roads. To have more detailed
database & digital map, we need funding from the Andhra Pradesh
government. Andhra Pradesh government is planning make more detailed
geodatabase of the Hyderabad city; it will come be prepared in the middle of
2007.
AMS is very useful in solving ambulance routing problems, in future it can also
be used by emergency service providers. This same prototype can be used by
the police and fire authorities to perform the following functionalities.

Find nearest and fastest route from police vehicle to the crime occurred
area and also helpful in finding the crime occurred area on the city digital
map. Also back to nearest Police station
Find the fire spot on digital map and allocating the fire vehicles on fastest
route to reach the fire spot.

This AMS system can be implemented in all other cities of Andhra Pradesh, if
the detailed geodatabase of every city is available. Hyderabad is a hub of IT
Industry and will be the GIS-based city in upcoming year. In future this same
type of technology can be implemented in the railways for safe transportation.
G3 (Geographical information system, Global positioning system and GSM)
integrated technology can be used by Indian railway network to meet the
following demands.
A system for displaying the information
A system for locating the position of a vehicle
A system for transmitting the information to a
control
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