Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AAMH 1
AAMH
Outline
9 Objectives
9 Introduction
- Plant Classifications (Aerobic, Anaerobic, Fixed Media,
Suspended Culture etc)
9 Type of Treatments
- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary (Management Aspect,
Biological oxidation, Kinetics of BOD etc)
- Design Aspects- Physical & Chemical Plant (Screen, Grit
Removal, Comminutor, Skimming & Equalization Tanks,
Sedimentation Tank, Coagulation & flocculations)
- Design of biological Plant (Activated Sludge, RBC, Anaerobic
Digester etc)
AAMH 3
AAMH
COMPLETE
AAMH
Wastewater
Biological Processes
Treatment Processes
Applications
Research Activities
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
pH N/A 6–9
AAMH
AAMH
Classification:
Heterotrophic- obtain energy from oxidation
of organic matter (Organic Carbon)
AAMH
AAMH
EMP Pathway
Pyruvic Acid
ADP ATP
Energy
Lactic Acid TCA Cycle H+ Respiration H2 O
CO2 O2
http://dwb4.unl.edu/Chem/CHEM869P/CHEM869PLinks/www.bact.wisc.edu/mi
crotextbook/metabolism/Fermentation.html Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas Pathway (EMP)
AAMH
AAMH
Biological growth
Concept of Microbiology
- BOD exertion
- Monod kinetics
- Haldane kinetics
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
Biological Characteristics
BOD Test
9 Provide microbes with initial DO and measured DO consumption
after 5 days in a close environment
9 Also provide nutrients for microbes growth (Except domestic
wastewater)
9 BOD = [(DO)i – (DO)f], Saturation level of normal (DO)i = 9
mg/L @ 20oC
• is conducted in air tight bottles to prevent reaeration of samples.
• Due to limited solubility of oxygen in water (about 9 mg/L at
20oC) concentrated waste must be diluted to ensure DO viability
throughout the test period.
• The samples should have adequate amount of microorganism; if
not then seeding is required
• Presence of nutrients and absence of toxic substance is ensured.
• Samples are incubated for 5 days at 20oC.
• DO of the samples is measured befor and after incubation to
calculate the BOD.
AAMH
Biological Characteristics
Calculation: BOD Test
For domestic Wastewater ----ÆDo, Microorganism, Nutrient present
For Industrial Wastewater ---Æ Add Seed Microorganism (Domestic
Settle Sewage content 106 – 107 MO/mL)
Case 1
(DO)f = 5 mg/L; BOD = (DO)saturation - (DO)f = (9 – 5)*1 = 4 mg/L
Case 2
(DO)f = 0 mg/L; BOD = (DO)saturation - (DO)f = (9 – 0)*1 = 9 mg/L;
Invalid Result, BOD cannot be determined, therefore need the
dilution of the waste sample ---Æ Test to be valid upto (DO)f should
not < 1 mg/L
Case 3
(DO)f = 8.8 mg/L; BOD = (DO)saturation - (DO)f = (9 – 8.8)*1 = 0.2
mg/L; Invalid Result, Test to be valid (DO) consumption ≥ 2.0
mg/L
AAMH
Where :
D1 = DO of diluted sample immediately after
Standard BOD preparation, mg/L
bottles in the lab
D2 = DO of dilute sample after 5 day incubation, mg/L
AAMH
Solution
D1 = 7.6 mg/L P = 20 /100
Fraction of water sample
D2= 3.7mg/L = 0.02
AAMH
Solution
D1 =8.5mg/L B1= 8.8mg/L
D2 = 2.2 mg/L B2= 7.6 mg/L
P = 1 / 200 = 5 x 10‐3
f = ( 200‐ 1)/ 200 = 0.995
1021 mg/L
AAMH
AAMH
Sewage 55 -
Cow 498 222
Pig 137 23
Solution :
A person produces 55 gram BOD/person.day, therefore
for 1000 persons, the total BOD produced is
= (1000 persons) (55 gram/person.day)
= 55 000 gram/day
Flow rate, Q = 225 m3/day, therefore by dividing 55 000
g/day with flow rate Q, we can get BOD value as;
BOD = 55 000 gram/day
225 m3/day
= 244.44 mg/L
= 244 mg/L (BOD is written in round number)
AAMH
Solution :
BOD5 load = BOD5 × unit usage
= 0.3 g/L × 200 L/unit
= 60 g/unit
AAMH
Calculation of BOD
Determine the 1-day BOD and Ultimate first-stage BOD for a
wastewater whose 5-day 20oC BOD is 200 mg/L. The reaction
constant k(base e) = 0.23/day. What would have been the 5
day BOD if the test had been conducted at 25oC.
Solve?????
AAMH
Lo dL to
∫ L L
= − ∫ dt k
t
k – BOD Rate Constant which explained the property of
MO present in the system
Lo Ultimate O2 demand , O2 for the oxidation of the initial OM
⎛ L ⎞
ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = − k t
⎝ L o ⎠
− k t
L = L o e BOD EXERTED
Y = Lo − L
Lo – is ultimate O2 demand
(UBOD), constant value for a Y = Lo − Loe −k t
given OM & Heterogeneous
microbial Seed Y = L o (1 − e − k t )
k – Speed of Reaction
Biological Characteristics
Ultimate BOD
Lo
Lo- Yt
BOD exerted
from time 0 to t
Yt, Lt Yt
BOD
remaining at
Lt time, t
0
Time, t
BOD curve
K = 0.1-0.5 d-1 ; depends on temperature.
KT = Rate constant at ToC
K20= Rate constant at 20oC
Ө = constant, generally taken as 1.047
AAMH
Biological Characteristics
OM -- Æ CO2 + H2O
Now a day BOD on 3 days at 28oC
Oxidation take place faster and
experimentation completed within short time
AAMH
Stationary phase
Log growth phase
Death phase
dx dx
Lag phase
dt dt
Time
AAMH
µ max .S
µ= µm Max. rate
KS + S
Specific growth rate ( µ)
µm/2
ks
AAMH
http://www.graphpad.com/curvefit/introduction63.htm
AAMH
AAMH
- Endogenous respiration
bacteria
C5H7NO2 + 5O2 5CO2 + 2H2O + NH3 + energy
(cells)
AAMH
OM -- Æ CO2 + H2O
Now a day BOD on 3 days at 28oC
Oxidation take place faster and
experimentation completed within short time
AAMH
AAMH
Complex Organics
100%
Hydrolysis 20% 5%
60% 15%
Acetate H2
Methenogenesis
72% 28%
CH4
Nitrobacter
NO2- + 0.5 O2 NO3- + (65-90 kJ) (2)
-Assimilation
Nitrosomonas
15 CO2 + 13 NH4+ 10 NO2- + 3 C5H7NO2 + 23 H+ +4 H2O (3)
Nitrobacter
5 CO2 + NH4+ +10 NO2- +2 H2O 10 NO3- + C5H7NO2 + H+ (4)
- Overall reaction
NH4+ +1.83 O2 + 1.98 H CO3- 0.021 C5H7NO2 + 0.98 NO3- + 1.04 1H2O + 1.88H2CO3
AAMH
* dissolved oxygen * pH
⎡ NH 4 − N ⎤ ⎡ DO ⎤ 0.095 (T −15)
µ = µm ⎢ ⎥⋅⎢ ⎥e ( )
[1 − 0.83(7.2 − pH )]
⎣ K N + NH 4 − N ⎦ ⎣ K O + DO ⎦
* pH
AAMH
* Dissimilatory denitrification
- reduction of nitrate to gaseous nitrogen by microorganism
- nitrate is used instead of oxygen as terminal electron acceptor
- considered an anoxic process occurring in the presence of
nitrate and the absence of molecular oxygen
- the process proceeds through a series of four steps
NO -3 ⎯
⎯→ NO -2 ⎯
⎯→ NO ⎯
⎯→ N 2 O ⎯
⎯→ N 2
AAMH
Denitrification
* Heterotrophic denitrification
NO -3 + 1.08CH 3OH + H + ⎯
⎯→ 0.065C 5 H 7 O 2 N + 0.47N 2 + 0.76CO 2 + 2.44H 2 O
AAMH
anaerobic
SO4 -- HS - S 0 (O deficient)
2
(O2 excess)
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
⎛ a b 3d ⎞ ⎛ n a b 3d ⎞ ⎛ n a b 3d ⎞
C n H a Ob N d + ⎜ n − − + ⎟ H 2 O → ⎜ + − + ⎟CH 4 + ⎜ − − + ⎟CO2 + dNH 3
⎝ 4 2 4 ⎠ ⎝2 8 4 8 ⎠ ⎝2 8 4 8 ⎠
Preliminary Treatment
- Coarse Screening (large pieces of wood, plastics,
can, bottles): to avoid clog pipes/channels
- Grit Chamber/Channel – to prevent accumulation of
grit to pond and reduce the active pond volume and
reduce desludging frequency
AAMH
BODin * Q
Van = A * D =
λv
where
Van = Pond Volume (m3)
A = Surface Area (m2)
D = Aver. Pond Depth (m)
BODin = Influent BOD Concentration (kgBOD/m3)
Q = Flow Rate (m3/day) OR Population Equivalent
λv = Volumetric Organic Loading Rate (kgBOD/m3/day)
AAMH
λv = F (T ) aver .
>20 0.30 30
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
sewage Indicators
AAMH
[
R = 100 * 1 − 0.41* e −0.49*HRT + 0.0085 HRT
2
]
Where, R = % Removal
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
Nt 1
=
θ⎞
n
No ⎛
⎜1 + K d ⎟
⎝ n⎠
AAMH
AAMH
PST AT SST
RAS
SW
AAMH
(ds dt ) = q.X
u [‘q’ is not a constant] >>>> q = F (S )
q max .S
q= [qmax → Maximum substrate utilization rate]
KS + S
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
Q Aeration
Q +QR Secondary Qe
Tank
X Clarifier Xe
QR
XR XR Qw
AAMH
QR =
[XQ − XV / SRT ] SRT =
VX
XR − X (Q − Qw )X e + Qw X R
Recycling Ratio (QR/Q = R) is then
1 − (τ / SRT )
R=
(X R / X ) − 1
The required RAS pumping rate can also be estimated
by performing a mass balance around the aeration
tank.
AAMH
Q Aeration
Q +QR Secondary Qe
Tank
X Clarifier Xe
QR
XR XR Qw
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
Mineralization
The degradation process is carried to the
extreme, in which organic compounds are
biodegraded to inorganic compounds.
AAMH
AAMH
- microbial adhesion
- biofilm formation
AAMH
Sb
SS
Substrate Concentration
Fully Penetrated
Bulk Liquid Biofilm
Liquid Film
Support Material
Y
Y
X
Partially Penetrated
X
AAMH
AAMH
Research: Bio-Film
AAMH
AAMH
133,
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
AAMH
primary
sedimentation clarifier
inflow outlet
sludge return
primary sludge
Gujer
2000
AAMH
primary
sedimentation clarifier
outlet
sludge return
primary sludge
Gujer
2000
AAMH
AAMH