Energy Management
…“Doing more with less”
Abstract
Though “energy can neither be created nor destroyed
“seems to be simple we are all aware that source of
energy are limited .So the need to conserve energy has
now been universally acknowledged in order to save the
scarce and fast depleting non-renewable energy source
such as coal, gas, oil, etc .The demand for energy is
increasing very fastly in comparison to generation as it
involves huge investment and long time to start a new
generating station. So the need of hour is energy
management at both the supply side as well demand
side.
This paper describes the supply side and demand side
management. It starts with supply side management
which includes renewable source of energy, co
generation etc followed by demand side management
for lighting, electric utilities, home appliances. Finally
it describes DSM alternatives & energy audit.
Keywords: supply side management, demand side
management, utilities, lighting, Home appliances, DSM
alternatives, Indian context. Energy Audit
1. Introduction
Power is the engine of growth of any developing
economy. No major economic activity can be sustained
without adequate and reliable supply of power. The
country's power sector is infamous for its distribution
sector inefficiencies, shares the top slot when it comes
to overall transmission and distribution (T&D) loss
levels as per Power Ministry data. Over half the energy
used by man is wasted and Power theft is a major threat
to Electricity supply companies. There is ample cope for
improvement, though there are often practical
difficulties and the move for drastic energy saving
measures might require unacceptable changes to our
present life style. The need to conserve our declining
fuel resources, especially of electrical energy is now
widely accepted. By moderating our demand for energy,
we can usefully extend the declining period energy
sources. This can be achieved by applying well
established principles and techniques through proper
Energy Management. Average annual per capita
consumption for our country is 350 units compared to
5000units for European country and 12000 units in USA
This pints low level of industrialization. From last 50
years, India has managed to increase its power
production 50 times, yet it faces energy crunch [1]. The
reasons for energy crunch are due to:
• Population explosion
• Elevation in standard of living of an average
Indian.
• Adoption of energy intensive processes in our
industries
• Unplanned strategies for industrialization and
power generation
One of the biggest challenges facing the engineer,
government and almost every person is challenge of
providing sustainable energy source to over 6 billion
people. The challenge is getting tougher by day in
context of exploding population and shrinking
resources. Present scenario of energy sector of India:
• Demand increasing at a rate of 9-10% per
annum,
• Generating capacity increases at rate of 5-6%
per annum.
• Gap between demand and supply is increasing
at rate of 3-4% per annum.
• Peak demand shortage is 14%
Expected Hydro Thermal units ratio for our country was
40:60, while in reality only 26:74 unit ratios is achieved.
This results in unwanted increase in import of fossil fuel
and results in higher cost of energy. Add to this it is
creating fly ash handling problems, etc. Formation of
silt in the existing Hydel projects is threatening the
operation of Hydel plants. Over and above the domestic
demand in our country is growing beyond 18%, unlike
the domestic demand in developed countries (well with
in 4%). This is quite alarming. Every effort to increase
generation both from the Government and private sector
is facing lots of opposition for various reasons. Hence
the only way is to use the available energy in a much
planned and productive way than ever before. This calls
for proper Energy Management. So what does indicate?
Should we still wait for government effort? Can’t we
shoulder part of responsibility when it is proved fact that
∑small efforts = A Big achievement
So the time has come when each and every power user
has to think for efficient use of power and its
management. The need of hour is therefore,’ demand
side and supply (resource) side management. This really
means to reduce the load demand by efficient utilization
of existing generating capacity [4].
2. Energy Management
It can be classified as:
• Supply side management
• Demand side management
2.1 Supply side Management
Elements of supply side management
• Renewable energy source
• Efficient boiler & Generator
• Cogeneration energy system
• Captive generation
Energy saving by improved efficiency of operation can
be achieved on the supply side by technological
improvement in electricity generation, refining
operations, and so on.
2.1.1. Renewable Energy Sources
Most of the energy sources on Earth originate from the
Sun. The Sun's radiation is equivalent to 1.4-kW/sq mi
in space before any attenuation due to traveling through
the Earth’s atmosphere. This solar radiation is converted
naturally into various energy streams. Wave energy
results from the interaction between the convection-
driven winds and the surface of the sea; hydro-energy is
produced by the hydrological cycle; and biological
energy (biomass energy) is that which is stored in living
organisms by the process of photosynthesis. All these
forms of energy are available as renewable resources
because of the continual replacement of the energy on a
daily, or even hourly, basis. By way of contrast, fossil
fuels such as coal, oil, and gas, although originally laid
down effectively as biomass, take millions of years to
form and need to be regarded as finite, non-renewable
resources. Estimates suggest that approximately half of
the world’s oil reserves, and a smaller fraction of coal
reserves, have been used in little over 200 years. Oil will
never completely run out but, as demand outpaces
supply, renewables can play a major role in bridging the
gap. The environmental impact of sources of energy
based on fossil fuel is rapidly generating great concern
as the impact of increasing levels of “greenhouse gases”
like carbon dioxide (CO2) on the global weather patterns
is becoming more apparent. In addition, unburnt
hydrocarbons (fuel) and the products of combustion,
such as oxides of nitrogen and sulphur, cause far-
reaching damage to health and the environment.
Renewable energy is largely available without chemical
processes and hence production of CO2 and other
gaseous emissions involved in renewable energy is
negligible as they are only generated during the
manufacturing and installation of the necessary devices.
The burning of biomass, such as wood, does, however,
directly produce CO2 as a result of combustion but the
gas is absorbed by new wood as it grows and hence the
net emission is zero, as long as the fuel crop is
completely replenished.
2.1.2 .Co-Generation System
The co-generation combines the process of recovering
steam and power from the same single fuel source.
Cogeneration (or Combined Heat and Power) systems
recycle exhaust energy from the primary power
generation process (in this case a gas turbine) into a
secondary power process, and from there remaining
exhaust energy is rechannelled again (in this case in the
form of steam) to provide energy that is used directly in
the environs of the power plant further increasing the
overall efficiency of the system.
As a result the utilization of energy improves from 30%-
35% to 70%. It also reduces the cost of energy as cost of
power is shared between power generation and process
steam.
2.1.3 Captive Generation
In the context of continuing gap between projected
generation and demand for power captive generation
will ease the burden on distribution system and also
make surplus power available.
2.2 Demand Side Management
FROM TO
Supply DSM/ Integrated
Emphasis Planning
Remote from Close to Customer
Customer Energy Service
Electricity Company
Producer
 peak load under those circumstances decreases the
average cost to consumers.
2.2.1 What Is Demand-Side Management?
Load shifting: involves shifting load from on to off
peak periods. Popular application includes use of
• Incorporation of customer load
storage water heater, storage space heating, and coolness
• Modification as alternatives or addition to storage. The load shift from storage devices involve
traditional recourse planning. displacing what would have been conventional
• Intervention by utility on the “customer side of appliances served by electricity (e.g. installing thermal
the meter” to change magnitude or shape of energy storage water heater in place of regular electric
customer loads water heater).
• Broad range of alternatives for reducing,
adding or changing load
• Use of non renewable energy systems,
combined heat and power systems, independent
power purchase etc
• Partnership between customer and utility with
benefits to both
• Usually involves actions by utility on the
customer side of the meter

Benefits of DSM
Utility Customer
Customer Benefit Societal
Benefits 1.Lower 1. Reduce
1. Satisfy cost of Pollution
Needs/Wants service 2.Conserve
2.Reduced 2. Improve Fig-1 Load Shape Objective
resources
Cost operating 3.Protect
3. Improve Efficiency, Global
Value of Flexibility Strategic conservation: is load shape change that results
Environme from utility-stimulated program directed at end use
Service 3.Reduce nt
4.Maintain/Im Capital consumption. The change reflects a modification of the
4.Maximize load shape involving a reduction in sales often as well a
prove lifestyle Needs customer
& 4. Improve change in pattern of use. Examples include
Welfare weatherization and appliances efficiency improvement.
productivity Customer
Service
Strategic load growth: is the load shape change that
refers to increase in sales, stimulated by the valley,
2.2.2 Three Dimension of DSM
beyond the valley filling Load growth may involve
increased market share of load that can be served by
• Load shape modification objectives
competing fuels as well as economic development in the
• End uses & Technologies service area. e.g. dual fuel heating, heat pump, and
• Implementation strategies promotional rate. In the future load growth may include
electrification.
2.2.3 Demand Side Management for Electrical
Utilities Flexible load shape: is a concept related to reliability, a
It is generally most convenient for utility to look at planning constraint. Once the anticipated load shape,
DSM in terms of broad load shaping objectives. The including demand side activity forecast over the
load shape is daily and seasonal electricity demand planning horizon, the power supply planner studies final
time-of-day, day-of-week, and season optimum supply side option.

Valley filling: encompasses building off peak loads. 2.2.4 Ways to Conserve Electricity at Home
This is particularly desirable for those times of the year Appliances
when the long run incremental cost is less than the Conserving electricity has become increasingly
average price of electricity adding properly priced off important as energy rates and shortages have increased.
Consumers can find a number of ways to cut back on
their electrical use, especially with appliances
commonly found in the home.
Air condition: Check and clean the air conditioner's
filter once a month; make sure the air conditioning unit
is the proper size for the room it is cooling, ventilate the
house's attic to reduce heat build-up; install ceiling fans
to improve air circulation.
Dishwashers: Wash only a full load; turn off drying
cycle, open door to air-dry dishes.
Washing machines and dryers: Use only with a full
load; use warm or cold water, reserving hot water use
only for heavily soiled clothes; use only full loads for
the dryer and if a second load is necessary, dry that load
immediately after the first to retain as much heat as
possible; clean lint filter before each load.
Computers: Turn off computers when not in use or set
the computer to energy-saving mode.
Ovens: Use microwave instead of oven where possible;
food in glass dishes can be cooked at lower temperature;
preheating oven is usually unnecessary.
Refrigerators: Check door seals to make sure there are
no air leaks; clean condenser coils on the back of the
refrigerator; keep refrigerator away from oven or
dishwasher and give the unit breathing room; turn
thermostat down to 3°C (37°F); turn on energy saver
switch.
2.2.5. Technologies used in Demand Side
Management.
These energy conservation technologies are
implemented to reduce total energy use. Specific
technologies include energy-efficient lighting,
appliances, and building equipment.
2.2.6 Demand side management on lighting
Lighting is most conspicuous examples of electric
energy consumption. In India where power supply has
consistently fallen short of demand, electric lighting
accounts for as much as 17% of total electrical energy
generated. Most of electric lighting in India occurs when
electric utilities have their system peaks. The system
peak occurs usually the evening hours from 6-10. It is
mainly due to power drawn for lighting in all consumers
sectors, namely, industrial, commercial, and domestic. A
mare saving of 10% in electric lighting would amount to
reduction in power consumption by approximately 1700
MW which in turn corresponds to a cost saving of about
Rs17600crores in generating, transmitting, and
distributing the corresponding power capacity.
Regarding the environment it translates to approx 7%-
8% reduction in acid rain and green house gas emission.
Thus it is evident that application of energy efficient
lighting will have tremendous impact on reducing power
system peak demands.
2.2.7 Recent developments and energy saving options
in lighting
It has been observed that the invention of compact
fluorescent (CFL) slim-line version and electronic
ballasts for fluorescent lamps, incandescent reflector
lamps, mirror-optics based fluorescent luminaries etc
together with use of photo detector and electronic
dimming for day light linking have opened up new
possibilities of energy conservation in domestic and
commercial sectors. A substantial saving in energy can
be realized by automatically switching of (using photo
cell control) or by dimming (electronic control) the
artificial lighting installation or both, in accordance with
amount of day light available in an interior. Much
progress has been achieved light source and limners due
to development of heavy energy efficient, high intensity
discharge (HID) lamps like high pressure sodium vapors
(HPSV) lamps, metal halide lamps “reflux lamp” etc
and multifaceted mirror type prescion optics technology
(POT) based reflector etc are applied industrial and road
lighting sectors. For e.g. CFLs consume 75-80% less
energy than incandescent lamps with same amount of
light output and lifetime, 8-10 times longer.
2.2.8 DSM Strategies
The following strategy may be adapted to design and
implement DSM program:
• Identify the sectors and end-users as the potential
targets
• Visualize the needs of the targeted sectors
• Develop the customized program
• Conduct analysis for cost-effectiveness
• Prepare an implementation plan to market the
program
• Implement programs
3. DSM Alternatives
• Energy Storage
• Cool storage
• Heat storage
• Water heat utilization
• Storage water heater

3.1 Natural Lighting: High windows will provide
good light without glare, and the light will reach farther
into rooms. Install light shelves at windows sills or on
awnings above first floor windows to reflect light to the
ceiling and brighten the rooms; paint windowsills and
jams a light color to reflect as much light as possible
into the room.
3.2 Natural Heating and Cooling: Heating with
Sun; Using Building Mass and Proper Insulation
• Maintain an insulated wall with a door(s) and
window(s) between the house and the greenhouse.
This will trap heat in winter when the sun is low on
the horizon, and shade the rest of your house in the
summer when the sun is higher.
• Use mass to maintain an even temperature;
consider heavy slabs and walls to retain heat in
winter, and coolness in summer.
3.3 Cooling with shade
Avoid placing large unshaded windows on southern and
western exposures. Use smart window shades (reflective
side for summer, absorbing side for winter) [5].
4. Energy Audit
Energy loss in Transmission & Distribution networks,
any industrial process or plant is inevitable; it is a
foregone conclusion. But its economic and
environmental impacts are not to be taken lightly, thus
explaining the growing need for industrial energy
efficiency. Put simply, the level of energy efficiency a
plant or process can achieve is inversely proportionate
to the energy loss that occurs; the higher the loss, the
lower the efficiency. Where and how do most of the
losses occur, how much energy is actually lost and are
they controllable or recoverable? The answers to these
questions remain well concealed in a black box where
once energy is input, we do not know what really
happens to it inside and how many the losses are. It is
only when we look into the black box and extract these
details that we are able to ascertain the performance of
the overall or process levels and respond more
effectively to the weaknesses in energy management.
Overall energy losses in a plant can result from losses
due to designs that do not incorporate energy efficient
specifications such as heat recovery option; operations
that run on inefficient methods; and poor or non-energy
efficiency-conscious maintenance programmed.
Reducing these losses will substantially increase the
plant’s efficiency, but we need data to identify and
quantify the losses and subsequently suggest suitable
techno-economic solutions to minimize the losses. This
data can be acquired through energy audits[2].
4.1 Energy Audit: Definition & Types
Energy audit is a systematic study or survey to identify
how energy is being used in a building or plant, and
identifies energy savings opportunities. Using proper
audit methods and equipment, an energy audit provides
the energy manager with essential information on how
much, where and how energy is used within an
organization (factory or building).This will indicate the
performance at the overall plant or process level. The
energy manager can compare these performances
against past and future levels for a proper energy
management. The main part of the energy audit report is
energy savings proposals comprising of technical and
economic analysis of projects. Looking at the final
output, an energy audit can also be defined as a
systematic search for energy conservation opportunities.
This information can be transformed into energy savings
projects. It will facilitate the energy manager to draw up
an action plan listing the projects in order of priority. He
will then present it to the organization’s management for
approval. Providing tangible data enables the
management to be at a better position to appreciate and
decide on energy efficiency projects. Adopting this
activity as a routine or part of the organization’s culture
gives life to energy management, and controlling the
energy use by energy audit is what we refer to as Energy
Management by Facts[3][6].
5. Conclusions
With the serious and sincere attempt, our (peak)
shortage of power to the extent of 15% in demand and
10% in energy requirement can be wiped off through
various steps on conservation and management as a
target to be achieved collectively by government,
supplier and consumers. It is necessary to provide
incentive to consumers for taking recourse to energy
efficient management. Applied to lighting, energy
management can result in significant saving in the
energy and therefore, cost without reducing lighting
standards and levels. Demand side management for
utilities influence customer uses of electricity and help
in managing the energy properly. Energy storage
technique provides storage during off peak periods and
utilizes that stored energy during peak periods. The
ways to conserve electricity in home provided in the
paper will help to have efficient energy management.
One unit of energy saved at demand side is equal to two
unit generated so
An attempt has been made to high light the importance
of Energy Management. If it enlightens the spirit among
few people then the purpose is served

6. Reference
[1] Dr. M.S. Raviprakasha, K.N. Balasubramanyam
Murthy and A. Narendranath Udupa, On Concepts,
Issues, Alternatives and Evaluation of Demand Side
Management, National Workshop on Energy Auditing
and Demand Side Management, Malnad College of
Engineering, Hassan, 1998, P.P.91-99.

[2] Dr.R. Nagaraja and Shivanand Marigudi, Energy

audit Concepts and methodology, National workshop on
Energy Auditing and Demand side Management,
Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, 1998, P.P.01-
10.

[3] Mr. Y. S. Sachidanand, Need and scope of energy

Audit in Industries with a success case, National
workshop on Energy Auditing and Demand side
Management, Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan,
1998, P.P.11-22.

[4] Clarke De Willings , Willium M Smith, Senior

Member IEEE “Integrating Demand-Side Management
into Utility Planning” Proceedings of he IEEE, Vol. 77,
No. 6, June 1989

[5] Dilip R. Limaye, Member IEEE, “Implementation of

Demand-Side Management Programs”, Proceedings of
the IEEE, Vol. 73, No . 10, October1985

[6] N M Ijumba, J Ross “Electrical Energy Audit &

Load Management for Low Income Consumers”
Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 7, October1996