INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PLANNING AND

MANAGEMENT

Project Report
ON
Information Technology

Topic :- E-COMMERCE IN INDIA - CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

Sushil Sharma

Group no- P123(Sec:- SP1)

PGP-SS-09/11

sushil_sharma_87@yahoo.com

Phone No:- 9999640303

ID No. D0911SSIIPM10501G(NOI-3/NA-1063)
CONTENT

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Growth of E-commerce
4.  Factors influencing the distribution and forms of global E- commerce
5. Theoretical review on E- commerce : Challenges and opportunities
6. Conclusion
Abstract

E-commerce as anything that involves an online transaction. E-commerce provides multiple

benefits to the consumers in form of availability of goods at lower cost, wider choice and saves
time. The general category of E-Commerce can be broken down into two parts:

1.E-merchandise:

2.E-finance.

E commerce involves conducting business using modern communication instruments: telephone,

fax, e-payment, money transfer systems, e-data interchange and the Internet. Online businesses
like financial services, travel, entertainment, and groceries are all likely to grow. Forces
influencing the distribution of global e-commerce and its forms include economic factors,
political factors, cultural factors and supranational institutions. 

Organizations differ significantly in their inclination to deploy E-Commerce technologies. It is

necessary to analyze the factors that determine the organizational inclination to deploy E-
Commerce technologies because this would help firms design appropriate interventions in order
to control it. This paper proposes a framework that explains the influence of organizational
factors on the propensity to employ E-Commerce technologies. The framework is based on
qualitative data on E-Commerce adoption from four firms in the financial services industry in
India. It explains why organizations vary in their propensity to deploy E-Commerce
technologies, and highlights the role of top management, aspects of organization culture,
characteristics of Information Systems professionals, and organization structure.

This paper examines different opportunities of e-commerce viz., E-business, E-learning, E-

commerce education integration, E-insurance, E-commerce for the WTO and developing
countries and future media of e-commerce. It raises key challenges that are being faced by
consumers relating to e-commerce viz., Ethical issues, Perceptions of risk in e-service
encounters, challenges for e-commerce education, It act 2000 and legal system. Finally many
companies, organizations, and communities in India are beginning to take advantage of the
potential of e-commerce; critical challenges remain to be overcome before e-commerce would
become an asset for common people
Introduction

Electronic commerce (or e-commerce) encompasses all business conducted by means of

computer networks. Advances in telecommunications and computer technologies in recent years
have made computer networks an integral part of the economic infrastructure. More and more
companies are facilitating transactions over web. There has been tremendous competition to
target each and every computer owner who is connected to the Web. Although business-to-
business transactions play an important part in e-commerce market, a share of e-commerce
revenues in developed countries is generated from business to consumer transactions. E-
commerce provides multiple benefits to the consumers in form of availability of goods at lower
cost, wider choice and saves time. People can buy goods with a click of mouse button without
moving out of their house or office. Similarly online services such as banking, ticketing
(including airlines, bus, railways), bill payments, hotel booking etc. have been of tremendous
benefit for the customers. Most experts believe that overall e-commerce will increase
exponentially in coming years. Business to business transactions will represent the largest
revenue but online retailing will also enjoy a drastic growth. Online businesses like financial
services, travel, entertainment, and groceries are all likely to grow.

E-commerce as anything that involves an online transaction. This can range from ordering
online, through online delivery of paid content, to financial transactions such as movement of
money between bank accounts.

Elizabeth Goldsmith and others (2000) reported that the general category of e-commerce can be
broken down into two parts:

1 E-merchandise: selling goods and services electronically and moving items through
distribution channels, for example through Internet shopping for groceries, tickets, music,
clothes, hardware, travel, books, flowers or gifts.

2 E-finance: banking, debit cards, smart cards, banking machines, telephone and Internet
banking, insurance, financial services and mortgages on-line(Elizabeth Goldsmith and
others,2000)

Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses is referred to as business-to-

business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties e.g. commodity exchange or limited to
specific, pre-qualified participants .
 Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses and consumers, on the other hand, is
referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This is the type of electronic commerce conducted
by companies such as Amazon.com. 

Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce where the buyer is directly online to the
seller's computer usually via the internet. There is no intermediary service. The sale and purchase
transaction is completed electronically and interactively in real-time such as Amazon.com for
new books. If an intermediary is present, then the sale and purchase transaction is called
electronic commerce such as eBay.com.

Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists
of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business
transactions.
For developing countries like India, e-commerce offers considerable opportunity. E-commerce
in India is still in nascent stage, but even the most-pessimistic projections indicate a boom. It is
believed that low cost of personal computers, a growing installed base for Internet use, and an
increasingly competitive Internet Service Provider (ISP) market will help fuel e-commerce
growth in Asia’s second most populous nationTo make a successful e-commerce transaction
both the payment and delivery services must be made efficient. There has been a rise in the
number of companies' taking up e-commerce in the recent past.
Major Indian portal sites have also shifted towards e-commerce instead of depending on
advertising revenue. Many sites are now selling a diverse range of products and services from
flowers, greeting cards, and movie tickets to groceries, electronic gadgets, and computers. With
stock exchanges coming online the time for true e-commerce in India has finally arrived. On
the negative side there are many challenges faced by e-commerce sites in India.
The relatively small credit card population and lack of uniform credit agencies create a variety
of payment challenges unknown in the United States and Western Europe. Delivery of goods to
consumer by couriers and postal services is not very reliable in smaller cities, towns and rural
areas.
However, many Indian Banks have put the Internet banking facilities in place for the up
coming e-commerce market. The speed post and courier system has also improved
tremendously in recent years. Modern computer technology like secured socket layer (SSL)
helps to protect against payment fraud, and to share information with suppliers and business
partners. With further improvement in payment and delivery system it is expected that India
will soon become a major player in the e-commerce market.
While many companies, organizations, and communities in India are beginning to take
advantage of the potential of e-commerce, critical challenges remain to be overcome before e-
commerce would become an asset for common people.
GROWTH OF E-COMMERCE

Electronic commerce or e-commerce encompasses all business conducted by means of computer

networks. Advances in telecommunications and computer technologies in recent years have
made computer networks an integral part of the economic infrastructure. More and more
companies are facilitating transactions over web.

E-commerce provides multiple benefits to the consumers in form of availability of goods at

lower cost, wider choice and saves time. People can buy goods with a click of mouse button
without moving out of their house or office. Similarly online services such as banking, ticketing
including airlines, bus, railways, bill payments, hotel booking etc. have been of tremendous
benefit for the customers.

Most experts believe that overall e-commerce will increase exponentially in coming years.
Business to business transactions will represent the largest revenue but online retailing will also
enjoy a drastic growth. Online businesses like financial services, travel, entertainment, and
groceries are all likely to grow.

As per the findings of Internet and Mobile Association India the total value of E-Commerce
activities within India has Crossed Rs.570 Crore during 2004-05. Internet and Mobile
Association India a non-profit organisation founded in January 2004 by leading Indian Internet
portals, projects that e-commerce revenues in the country will reach Rs 2,300 Crore in the 2007
financial year, growing at 95 percent over the year 2006. This pertains to the Business-to-
Consumer (B2C) segment. Please refer to given table.

Table : E-commerce market size of India

Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2007-08

Business to Consumer 130 255 570 1,180 2,300
transaction in Rs.
(Crore)
Percent Growth - 96 124 107 95
  Source: (www.iamai.in).
 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION AND FORMS OF
GLOBAL E-COMMERCE

Nir B. Kshetri (2001) reported that the twin forces of globalization and the Internet have the
potential to offer several benefits to individuals and organizations in developing as well as
developed countries. Apart from economic benefits such as more choices and the convenience of
shopping at home, the twin forces can make progress on educational and scientific development,
mutual aid, and world peace; foster democracy; and offer exposure to other cultures. To fully
exploit the potential of the Internet and e-commerce, policy makers in developing as well as
industrialized countries are taking initiatives to develop the global information infrastructure
(GII) and connect their national information infrastructures to the GII .

All countries are not likely to benefit equally from the virtuous circle of Internet diffusion
created by globalization and multiple revolutions in Communication technologies (ICTs). Forces
influencing the distribution of global e-commerce and its forms include economic factors,
political factors, cultural factors and supranational institutions. Economic factors mainly
influence perceived relative advantage of Internet use whereas political and cultural factors
influence the compatibility of the Internet with a society. Supranational institutions' initiatives
are influencing the price, quality and availability of ICT products and services, mainly in
developing countries, thereby increasing relative advantage of Internet use. Moreover
international institutions are influencing laws, regulations and policies in developing countries
making them more compatible with Internet use. The influences of these factors on Internet
adoption in general and the three phases of online transaction advertising and searching phase,
payment phase and delivery phase are presented ingiven table below .

Table: Factors influencing the distribution and forms of Global e-commerce

Stage Economic and infra Socio cultural factors Political legal factors Supranational
structure related factors institutions

Internet adoption Per capita GDP Literacy rate and computer The internet's democratic UNDP-introduction of the
skill nature incompatible with internet in many countries.
authoritarian political

Availability of telephone English language skill Structures GATS-competition in

and computer telecom sectors
Pricing structure Viewed as a tool of cultural Tariff and non tariff ITA- reducing the price of
imperialism in some barriers to ICT products ICT products.
Buying/selling Availability of credit Intellectual property Redress mechanisms in UNCITRAL model law
online protection case of problems in online
transactions

Advertising and Operating speed of Influence of language and Ban on some website in Products can be advertised
searching phase computer and modern size symbols used on site visited authoritarian regimes and searched globally on
and purchase decision GTPN of UNCTAD
 Payment phase Penetration rate of credit Forms of payment: check, Governments' concern on UNCTAD smart card
cards wire transfer, cash on the outflow of foreign
delivery etc, currency.

Delivery phase Delivery means and Products stolen some Tariff and non- tariff Electronic delivery  free of
infrastructure countries barriers custom duties in WTO
member

BRIEF REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON E-COMMERCE: CHALLENGES

AND OPPORTUNITIES

Elizabeth Goldsmith and Sue L.T. McGregor (2000) analyzed the impact of e-commerce on
consumers, public policy, business and education. A discussion of public policy initiatives,
research questions and ideas for future research are given.

Andrew D. Mitchell (2001) examined the key issues that electronic commerce poses for Global
trade, using as a starting point the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), the World
Trade organization (WTO) agreement most relevant to e-commerce.

Nir B.kshetri(2001) This paper attempts to identified and synthesized the available evidence on
predictors of magnitude, global distribution and forms of e-commerce. The analysis indicated
that the twin forces of globalization and major revolutions in ICT are fuelling the rapid growth of
global e-commerce.

Jackie Gilbert Bette Ann Stead (2001) reviewed the incredible growth of electronic commerce
(e-commerce) and presented ethical issues that have emerged. Security concerns, spamming,
Web sites that do not carry an "advertising" label, cybersquatters, online marketing to children,
conflicts of interest, manufacturers competing with intermediaries online, and "dinosaurs" were
discussed.

Mauricio S. Featherman, Joseph S. Valacich & John D. Wells (2006) examined whether
consumer perceptions of artificiality increase perceptions of e-service risk, which has been
shown to hamper consumer acceptance in a variety of online settings.

Young Jun Choi1, Chung Suk Suh(2005)examined  the impact of the death of geographical
distance brought about by e-marketplaces on market equilibrium and social welfare.

Prithviraj Dasgupta and Kasturi Sengupta(2002)examined the future and prospects of e-

commerce in  Indian Insurance Industry.

(Arvind panagariya,2000) examined Economic issues raised by e-commerce for the WTO and
developing countries. E-commerce offers unprecedented opportunities to both developing and
developed countries.
 Table: A brief review of literature on E-commerce: Challenges and opportunities

No Title Author Area of research Findings

.
1 Towards (Andrew D. Important function played by 1)At the level of global
compability: The Mitchell,2001) GATS,WTO in e-commerce trading system, exploring
future of e- how recognition of
commerce within electronic commerce as a
the global global public good may
trading system help reduce the digital
divide between developed
and developing countries.
2 E-commerce , (Arvind Economic issues raised by e- 1)E-commerce offers
WTO and panagariya,2000) commerce for the WTO and unprecedented
developing developing countries. opportunities to both
countries access to e-commerce developing and developed
countries.
3 Ethical Issues in (Bette Ann Stead Ethical issues in e-commerce 1) The ethical issues
e-commerce andJackie Gilbert, presented in this article are
2001) all very real. 
2) Rapidly changing
technology is continually
bringing new
products/services to the
market accompanied by
new strategies to sell them.
Therefore, it may also
conclude that new ethical
issues will emerge.
4. Will E-business (Diana Oblinger, Impact of e-business on open and 1) Open and distance
shape the future 2001) distance learning learning institutions are
of open and finding that the need and
distance demand for their services
learning? are increasing.
2) E-business can provide
education with insight new
ways to create greater
efficiencies and economies
of scale as well as
practices that ensure
learners stay with the
institution for their
 lifetime.
5 E commerce an (Farooq Ahmed, IT act, Contract act, challenges for 1) Many issues raised by
Indian 2001) the legal system the e-commerce await
perspective: judicial resolution.
2) The information
transferred by electronic
means which culminates
into a contract raises many
legal issues which can't be
answered with in the
existing provisions of the
contract act.
6 Determinants of (Nir B kshestri, Factors influencing the distribution 1) The analysis indicated
the locus of 2001) of global e-commerce that the twin forces of
Global E- globalization and multiple
commerce revolutions in
ICT(communication
technologies) are fuelling
the growth of global e-
commerce.
7 TV, PC or (Patric Various new media for B2Band 1) Consumer marketers are
Mobile? Future Barwise,2001) B2C e-commerce. still in the early stages of
media of e- adjusting to the
commerce: unprecedented complexity
of a world with so many
physical, online and
traditional offline
consumers.
8 E-Commerce in (Prithviraj  E-commerce in Indian industry 1) The study has identified
the Indian dasgupta and  that e-insurance offers a
Insurance Kasturi potentially vast source of
Industry: Sengupta,2002) revenue for insurance
prospects and companies that venture to
future go online.
2) E-insurance also makes
the insurance procedure
more secure since the
policy details are stored
digitally and all
transactions are made over
secure channels.
9 The death of (Young Jun Choi  Traditional market place 1) The study has shown that
physical distance: and Chung Suk and e-market place overcoming spatial barriers by
An economic  suh, 2005) means of e market places lowers
analysis of the the price level.
emergence of 2) This article has analyzed the
 electronic economic consequences of the
marketplaces death of geographical distance
due to the emergence of e-
marketplaces.
10 Electronic (Zabihollah The scope and nature of 1) E-commerce programs and
Commerce Rezaee, Kenneth e- commerce education courses are likely to grow and
education: Analysis R. Lambert & W. thus, the structure, content, and
of existing courses Ken Harmon, delivery of e-commerce education
2005) are evolving and they should be
tailored to the particular
discipline.
11 Is that authentic or (Mauricio S. Customers' perception 1) E-services are the application
artificial? Featherman, about e-services. of IT to mediate the production
Understanding Joseph S. and distribution of services
consumer Valacich & John directed towards an individual's
perceptions of risk in D. Wells,2006) mind or intangible assets.
e-service encounters. 2) The results from this study
supported the contention that e-
services of less risky e-service
categories will be perceived as
more authentic and less risky to
use. Thus, e-service providers
must carefully assess their
respective categories and plan
accordingly.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR E-COMMERCE:

An e-marketplace provides a virtual space where sellers and buyers trade with each other as in
the traditional marketplace. Various kinds of economic transactions and buying and selling of
goods and services, as well as exchanges of information, take place in e-marketplaces. E-
marketplaces have become an alternative place for trading. Finally, an e-marketplace can serve
as an information agent that provides buyers and sellers with information on products and other
participants in the market. These features have been reshaping the economy by affecting the
behavior of buyers and sellers.
E-business

E-business affects the whole business and the value chains in which it operates. It enables a
much more integrated level of collaboration between the different components of a value chain
than ever before. Adopting e-Business also allows companies to reduce costs and improve
customer response time. Organizations that transform their business practices stand to benefit
immensely from innumerable new possibilities brought about by technology

E-commerce as anything that involves an online transaction. This can range from ordering
online, through online delivery of paid content, to financial transactions such as movement of
money between bank accounts. One area where there are some positive indications of e-
commerce is financial services. Online stock trading saw sustained growth throughout the period
of broadband diffusion.  E-shopping is available to all these who use a computer. Over the past
year Amazon.Com, ebay India, Indiatimes have seen a rapid growth in categories such as mobile
handsets, jewellery, fashion apparel, books, gift items and other items.

Naukri.com – India's premier recruitment site has captured around 50% of the recruitment
market.

ICICIDIRECT.com - Stock trading simplified, Icicidirect.com is today the country's premier

trading portal.

Baaze.com the country's premier shopping site started as an auction site and graduated to be the
most popular platform-shopping site.

Irctc.com - One of the best things about this site is that a credit card is not an essential
requirement for buying tickets here. Instead the site offers a direct debit facility having tied with
most of the popular banks (www.rajindraflorist.com).

It is being estimated that the online travel market in India was estimated at $300 million in 2005
and has crossed $750 million in 2006. By 2008, it is expected to exceed $2 billion(

E-commerce integration

An e-commerce dimension can be added to the business curriculum by integrating e-commerce

topics into existing upper-level business courses. Students would be introduced to e-commerce
education and topics covered in a variety of business courses in different disciplines e.g.
accounting, economics, finance, marketing, management, management information systems. To
help assure that all related business courses in all disciplines such as e.g., accounting, finance,
economics, marketing, management, information systems pay proper attention to the critical
aspects of e-commerce, certain e-commerce topics should be integrated into existing business
courses.
Open and distance learning

As the availability of the Internet expands, as computing devices become more affordable, and as
energy requirements and form factors shrink, e-learning will become more popular. In addition
to the importance of lifelong learning, distance education and e-learning will grow in popularity
because convenience and flexibility are more important decision criteria than ever before. E
learning will become widely accepted because exposure to the Internet and e-learning often
begins in the primary grades, thus making more students familiar and comfortable with online
learning. In fact, for many countries, distance education has been the most viable solution for
providing education to hundreds of thousands of students.

E-commerce and E-insurance

Prithviraj Dasgupta and Kasturi Sengupta (2002) reported that the recent growth of Internet
infrastructure and introduction of economic reforms in the insurance sector have opened up the
monopolistic Indian insurance market to competition from foreign alliances. Although the focus
of e-commerce has been mainly on business to consumer (B2C) applications, the emphasis is
now shifting towards business to business (B2B) applications. The insurance industry provides
an appropriate model that combines both B2C and B2B applications.

Traditional insurance requires a certificate for every policy issued by the insurance company.
However, paper certificates encumber problems including loss, duplication and forging of the
certificate. The conventional certificate is now replaced with an electronic certificate that can be
digitally signed by both the insurer and the insurance company and verified by a certifying
authority.

Online policy purchase is faster, more user-friendly and definitely more secure than the  
traditional processes. Therefore it is more attractive to the insurer. At the same time it incurs less
cost and requires fewer resources than traditional insurance and is therefore more profitable for
the insurance company.

E-insurance also makes the insurance procedure more secure since the policy details are stored
digitally and all transactions are made over secure channels. These channels provide additional
market penetration that is absent in traditional channels and help in earning more revenue than
traditional insurance processes.

Future media of e-commerce:

Patric Barwise (2001) reported that Probability 99% of e-commerce today is done using PCs
either desktops or laptops. For B2B e-commerce this is unlikely to change .For B2C e-commerce
however, things will be more complex.

There will be wider range of relevant media, including interactive digital TV, and a range of
mobile and wireless services.

There will be huge difference between different consumers' ownership of equipment and access
technology. Some will have broad band access and others have no digital communication at all.

Current and future B2C digital media

Digital media able to support consumer e-commerce can be grouped under five main headings,
with in the home PCS, IDTV and with in next five years a range of other online device such as
games, computers, utility meters etc. In summary, the online PC is well established while the
other B2C digital media are still emerging.

Economic issues raised by e-commerce for the WTO and developing countries.

Arvind panagariya(2000) reported that access to e-commerce, which in the WTO parlance often
means access to e-exports, has two components that must be distinguished sharply: access to
internet services and access to services that can be traded electronically. The former deals with to
access to Internet infrastructure while the latter relates to specific commitments in electronically
tradable services.

E-commerce offers unprecedented opportunities to both developing and developed countries. In

the short run, the gains are likely to be concentrated in developed countries have more to benefit.
This is because, in the short run, developing countries lack the infrastructure necessary to take
full advantage of Internet. For many countries, especially developing ones, in these countries,
most consumers do not have computers or Internet access. A likely scenario, therefore, is one in
which a handful of independent entrepreneurs will receive the product by Internet, convert it into
physical form such as CDs and sell the latter to consumers. But this activity may itself be costly,
using up real resources.  But in the long run, they can leapfrog, skipping some of the stages in the
development of information technology through which developed countries have had to pass.

Some efficiencies issues must be addressed. The issue of tariffs, which are applicable to products
imported in physical form but not when transmitted electronically. As long as the cost of
electronic transmission is lower than that of physical delivery, the presence of tariffs on the latter
poses no problem. Effectively, the electronic transmission offers the product to the country at a
price lower than that available through physical delivery.
CHALLENGES FOR E COMMERCE:

Internet based e-commerce has besides, great advantages, posed many threats because of its
being what is popularly called faceless and borderless.

Some examples of ethical issues that have emerged as a result of electronic commerce. All of the
following examples are both ethical issues and issues that are uniquely related to electronic
commerce.

Ethical issues:

1) Privacy

Privacy has been and continues to be a significant issue of concern for both current and
prospective electronic commerce customers. With regard to web interactions and e- commerce
the following dimensions are most salient:

 Privacy consists of not being interfered with, having the power to exclude;
individualprivacy is a moral right.

 Privacy is "a desirable condition with respect to possession of information by other

persons about him/herself on the observation/perceiving of him/herself by other persons"

2) Security concerns

In addition to privacy concerns, other ethical issues are involved with electronic commerce. The
Internet offers unprecedented ease of access to a vast array of goods and services. The rapidly
expanding arena of "click and mortar" and the largely unregulated cyberspace medium have
however prompted concerns about both privacy and data security.

3) Other ethical issues

Manufacturers Competing with Intermediaries Online

"Disintermediation," a means eliminating the intermediary such as retailers, wholesalers, outside
sales reps by setting up a Website to sell directly to customers.

Disintermediation include

 music being downloaded directly from producers

 authorsdistributing their work from their own Web sites or through writer co-operatives.

Perceptions of risk in e-service encounters

Mauricio S. Featherman, Joseph S. Valacich & John D. Wells(2006) reported that as companies
race to digitize physical-based service processes repackaging them as online e-services, it
becomes increasingly important to understand how consumers perceive the digitized e-service
alternative. E-service replacements may seem unfamiliar, artificial and non-authentic in
comparison to traditional service processing methods. Consumers may believe that new internet-
based processing methods expose them to new potential risks the dangers of online fraud ,
identity theft  and phishing swindles means schemes to steal confidential information using
spoofed web sites, have become commonplace, and are likely to cause alarm and fear within
consumers.

E-commerce Integration

Beside many an advantages offered by the education a no. of challenges have been posed to the
recent education system.

Zabihollah Rezaee, Kenneth R. Lambert and W. Ken Harmon(2006) reported that E-commerce
Integration assures coverage of all critical aspects of e-commerce, but it also has several
obstacles. First, adding e-commerce materials to existing business courses can overburden
faculty and students alike trying to cope with additional subject matter in courses already
saturated with required information. Second, many business faculty members may not wish to
add e-commerce topics to their courses primarily because of their own lack of comfort with
technology-related subjects. Third and finally, this approach requires a great deal of coordination
among faculty and disciplines in business schools to ensure proper coverage of e-commerce
education.
IT act 2000 and legal system

Beside many an advantages offered by the IT a no. of challenges have been posed to the legal
system. The information transferred by electronic means which culminates into a contract raises
many legal issues which cannot be answered within the existing provisions of the contract act.
The IT act does not form a complete code for the electronic contracts.

Farooq Ahmed(2001) reported that Some of the multifaceted issues raised are summarized in
following manner.

1.Formation of e-contracts
(a)Contracts by e-data interchange
(b)Cyber contracts

2. Validity of e-transactions.

3. Dichotomy of offer and invitation to treat.

4. Communication of offer and acceptance

5.Mistake in e-commerce

(a) Mutual mistake

( b) Unilateral mistake

6. Jurisdiction: cyber space transactions know no national and international boundaries and are
not analogous to 3- dimensional world in which common law principles involved.

7. Identity of parties

The issues of jurisdiction, applicable law and enforcement of the judgments are not confined to
only national boundaries. The problems raised are global in nature and need global resolution.

Human skills required for E-Commerce:

It's not just about E-commerce;

It's about redefining business models, reinventing business processes, changing corporate
cultures, and raising relationships with customers and suppliers to unprecedented levels of
intimacy.

Internet-enabled Electronic Commerce:

 Web site development

 Web Server technologies
 Security
 Integration with existing applications and processes

Developing Electronic Commerce solutions successfully across the Organization means building
reliable, scalable systems for

 security,
 E- commerce payments
 Supply- chain management
 Sales force, data warehousing, customer relations
 Integrating all of this existing back-end operation.