CHAPTER 9 :

NAME: Arivaran a/l Ravichantar CLASS: 4 Amanah SCHOOL: SMK Puchong SUBJECT : Chemistry

BIODATA

Name : Arivaran a/l Ravichantar Class : 4 Amanah I.C. Number : 930228-14-5101 Address : No. 9, Jalan Indah 2/8, Taman Puchong Indah, 47100 Puchong, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Phone No. : 017-6817601 E-mail : r.arivaran@yahoo.com

CONTENT

Content Page Biodata 2 9.1 Sulphuric acid

9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid 4 9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid 5 9.1.3 The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid 9 9.1.4 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid 13 9.2 Ammonia and its salt

9.2.1 Properties of ammonia 14 9.2.2 The uses of ammonia 16 9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia 17 9.3 Alloys

9.3.1 Arrangement of Atoms in Metals 19 9.3.2 What are Alloys 20

9.3.3 Composition, Properties, Uses of Alloys 21 9.4 Synthetic polymers

9.4.1 What are Polymer, Properties of Polymers 23 9.4.2 Monomers in synthetic Polymers 24 9.4.3 Examples of Synthetic Polymers & Their Uses 25 9.5 Glass and ceramics 26 9.5.1 Glass 27 9.5.2 Ceramics 29 9.6 Composite material 31 Conclusion of Topic 33 Acknowledgment 34 References 35

Sulfuric-acid-3D-vdW.png 9.1 SULPHURIC ACID

Figure 9.1 A molecule of sulphuric acid.

9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Sulphuric acid is a strong mineral acid. Its molecular formula is H2SO4. It is soluble in water. Sulphuric acid is a non-volatile diprotic acid. It is a highly corrosive, dense and oily liquid. Concentrated sulphuric acid is a viscous colourless liquid.

Viscous colourless liquid Non-volatile acid Dense Highly corrosive Oily liquid Diprotic acid

Soluble in water

Properties of sulphuric acid

Figure 9.2 Properties of sulphuric acid

9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid

1) To manufacture fertilizers

There are many fertilizers that can be made of sulphuric acid. Some of them are:

a) Calcium dihydrogen phosphate (superphosphate)

2 H2SO4 + Ca3(PO4) 2 . Ca(H2 PO4) 2 + 2CaSO4

sulphuric acid + tricalcium phosphate . calcium dihydrogen phosphate

b) Ammonium sulphate

H2SO4 +2NH3 . (NH4) 2SO4

sulphuric acid + aqueous ammonia . ammonium sulphate

c) Potassium sulphate

H2SO4 +2NH3 . (NH4) 2SO4

sulphuric acid + aqueous ammonia . ammonium sulphate

2) To manufacture detergents Sulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is then neutralized with sodium hydroxide to produce detergents. Examples of hydrocarbon

3) To manufacture synthetic fibres

Synthetic fibres are polymers ( long chain molecules). Rayon is an example of a synthetic fibre that is produced from the action of sulphuric acid on cellulose.

4) To manufacture paint pigments

The white pigment in paint is usually barium sulphate, BaSO4. The neutralization of sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces barium sulphate.

5) As an electrolyte in lead-acid accumulators

6) To remove metal oxides from metal surfaces before electroplating

7) To manufacture pesticides

8) The uses of sulphuric acid in school laboratories are:

a. b. c. d. e.

As As As As As

a strong acid a drying or dehydrating agent an oxidizing agent a sulphonating agent a catalyst

Remove metal oxides from metal surfaces before electroplating

Manufacture pesticides

As an electrolyte in lead-acid accumulators

Uses of sulphuric acid

Manufacture fertilizers Manufacture paint pigments

Manufacture synthetic

fibres Manufacture detergents

Figure 9.3 Uses of sulphuric acid

Figure 9.4 Uses of sulphuric acid in industry

9.1.2 The industrial process in manufacture sulphuric acid

1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the Contact process. 2. Sulphuric acid is produced from sulfur, oxygen and water via the contact process. 3. The Contact process involves three stages. Sulphur . Sulphur dioxide . Sulphur trioxide . Sulphuric acid I II III

4. Stage I: Production of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2. This can be done by two methods, a) Burning of sulphur in dry air.

S + O2 . SO2

b) Burning of metal sulphide such as zinc sulphide in dry air.

2ZnS + 3O2 . 2SO2 + 2ZnO

5. Stage II: Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide SO3. This is then oxidised to sulfur trioxide under the following conditions: a) The presence of a vanadium(V) oxide as a catalyst. b) A temperature of between 450C to 550C. c) A pressure of one atmosphere

2 SO2 + O2 . 2 SO3

6. Stage III: Production of sulphuric acid a) Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 to produ ce oleum, H2S2O7

H2SO4+ SO3 . H2S2O7

b) Oleum is reacted with water to form concentrated H2SO4. H2S2O7+ H2O . 2 H2SO4

7. In stage II, sulphur dioxide is dried first before being added to dry air to produce sulphur trioxide. This is: a) To remove water vapour b) To remove contaminants

8. In stage III, sulphur trioxide is not dissolved directly in water to produce sulphuric acid. This is because: a) sulphur trioxide has low solubility in water b) sulphur trioxide reacts violently and mists are formed instead of a liquid

untitled2

The Contact Process

Sulphur Oxygen

In the converter

2SO(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) Temperature: 450-500C Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres Catalyst: Vanadium (V) oxide

S(s) + O2(g).SO2(g)

Unreacted 2%so2 is

flowed back to converter together with oxygen

Oxygen

SO2 (g) + H2SO4 (aq).H2S2O7(l) H2S2O7 (l) + H2O (l). 2H2SO4(aq)

Outline Of Contact process

Sulphur or metal sulphide

burned in air

Sulphur dioxide, SO2

a) the presence of a vanadium(V) oxide as a catalyst. b) a temperature of between 450C to 550C. c) a pressure of one atmosphere

Sulphur trioxide, SO3

dissolved in sulphuric acid, H2SO4 Oleum, H2S2O7

diluted with equal volume of water H2O Concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4

Figure 9.5 Flowchart of Contact process

9.1.3 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid

1. Sulphur dioxide is the main byproduct produced when sulfur-containing fuels such as coal or oil are burned. 2. Sulphuric acid is formed by atmospheric oxidation of sulphur dioxide in the presence of water. It also produces sulphurous acid. 3. Sulphuric acid and sulphurous acid are constituents of acid rain. 4. Acid rain can cause many effects such as: i. Corrodes concrete buildings and metal structure ii. Destroys trees and plants iii. Decrease the pH of th soil and make it become acidic iv. Acid rain flows into the rivers and increases the acidity of water and kill aquatic living things. 5. Hence, we must reduce the sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere by: i. Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust gases ii. Remove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calcium carbonated before it is released

Ammonia-3D-vdW.png 9.2 AMMONIA AND ITS SALT 9.2.1 Properties of ammonia

Figure 9.6 A molecule of ammonia.

1. A colorless, pungent gas. 2. Its molecular formula is NH3 3. It is extremely soluble in water. 4. It is a weak alkali. 5. It is about one half as dense as air 6. It reacts with hydrogen chloride gas to produce white fumes of ammonium chloride. NH3 + HCl . NH4Cl

7. Ammonia is alkaline in property and reacts with dilute acids in neutralizatio n to produce salts. For examples: NH3 + HNO 3 . NH4NO 3

2NH3 + H2SO4 . (NH4) 2SO4

8. Aqueous solutions of ammonia produces OH - ions (except Na+ ion, K+ ion, and Ca 2+ ion) forming metal hydroxides precipitate.

Fe3+ + 3OH. Fe(OH) 3 Brown precipitate

Mg2+ + 2OH. Mg(OH) 2 White precipitate

9. Some metal hydroxides such as zinc hydroxide and copper (II) hydroxide dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form complexes.

Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3. [Cu(NH3)4] 2+ + 2OH-

Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3. [Zn(NH3)4] 2++ 2OH-

Properties of ammonia

Colorless

Pungent

smell

Weak alkali Extremely soluble in water

Figure 9.7 Properties of ammonia

USES OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY:

a) Nitric acid is manufactured from ammonia before being used to make explosive like trinitrotoluene (TNT). b) Nitric acid, in this case, is reacted with organic substances like toluene. Ammonia is converted to nitric acid in the Ostwald process: 1) ammonia is first oxidised to nitrogen monoxide, NO, by oxygen in the presence of platinum as catalyst at 900C. 4NH3 (g) + 5O2 (g) Pt/900C 4NO (aq) + 6H2O (l) 2) nitrogen monoxide is further oxidised to nitrogen dioxide. 2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) 3) Nitrogen dioxide and oxygen are dissolved in water to produced nitric acid. 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) + H2O (l) 4HNO3 (aq) Having a low melting point, liquefied ammonia makes a good cooling agent in refrigerators and air conditioners. It neutralizes the organic acids formed by microorganisms in latex, thereby preventing coagulation and preserving the latex in liquid form. Examples are ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and urea. The first two are prepare through neuralisation but urea is produced by the reaction of ammonia with carbon dioxide. The reaction involved are as the following: a) 2NH3 (g) + H2SO4 (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (s) ammonium sulphate b) NH3 (g) + HNO3 (aq) NH4NO3 (aq) ammonium nitrate c) 2NH3 (g) + CO2 (g) (NH2)2CO (s) + H2O (l) urea

9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia

1. Haber process is the industrial method of producing ammonia. 2. It needs direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen under high pressure in t he presence of a catalyst, often iron. 3. Nitrogen gas used in Haber process is obtained from the frictional distillati on of liquid air. 4. Hydrogen gas used in Haber process can be obtained by two methods: a) The reaction between steam and heated coke (carbon)

C + H2O . CO + H2

b) The reaction between steam and natural gas ( consisting mainly of methane)

CH4 + 2H2O . CO2 + 4H2

5. In the Haber process: a) A mixture consisting of one volume of nitrogen gas and three volume of hydrogen gas is compressed to a pressure between 200 500 atmospheres. b) The gas mixture is passed through a catalyst of powdered iron at a temperature of 450 - 550C.

c) At this optimum temperature and pressure, ammonia gas is produced. N2+ 3H2 . 2NH3

The Haber process

Nitrogen Hydrogen

N2 and H2 are mixed in the proportion of 1:3

Unreacted N2 and H2 gases In the reactor chamber

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

Temperature: 450-500C Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres Catalyst used: Iron fillings

In cooling chamber

Liquid ammonia

Outline of Haber process

untitled7 9.3 ALLOYS

9.3.1 ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN METALS

1. The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes the metal to have a hight density 2. The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong. More heat energy is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms are further apa rt during the melting. This is why metals usually have hight melting point. 3. Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by vibration. This make metal good conduct of heat. 4. The freely moving outermost electrons within the metal s structure are able to conduct electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical conductors. 5. Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged orderly in a regular layered pattern. When a force is applied to metal, layer of atom slide easily ov er one another. This make pure metals soft, malleable and ductile.

Layer of atom slide

Matel are malleable The shape of the metal change Force Metals are ductile Force

9.3.2 WHAT ARE ALLOYS

1. Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistanc e to corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily. 2. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another elemen t (usually metal) is added to form another an alloy. 3. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specif ic proportion. For example: a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin) b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon) 4. The purposes of making alloys include the following: a) Increase the strength i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added to iron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more carbon is added, the stronger the steel becomes. ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of copper and magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light and durable alloy call duralumin is produced. b) Improving the resistance to corrosion i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of carbon, 18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These properties make stainless steel suitable for making surgical instrument and cutlery. ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which is known as brass develops a high resistance to corrosion. c) Enhancing the appearance

i. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only hard but also has a more beautiful white silvery appearance. ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy that has an attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which is suitable for making coins.

9.3.3 Composition, Properties, Uses of Alloy Alloy Composition

Properties

Uses Cupronickel Cu 75% Ni 25%

Hard, strong, resist corrosion

Coins Duralumin Al 95% Cu 4% Mg 1%

Light, strong

Aeroplane part, electric cables racing bicycles Steel Fe 99% C 1%

Hard, strong, cheap

Vehicles, bridges, buildings Stainless steel Fe 73% Cr 18% Ni 8% C 1%

Hard, rust resistant

Kitchen appliance, watches, knifes, fork, spoons, machine parts bronze Cu 90% Sn 10%

Hard, strong, shining

Decorative items, medals, artwork, pots & pans Brass Cu 70% Zn 30%

Harder and cheaper than Cu

Musical instrument, bell, nails, screw, and pots Solder Pb 50% Sn 50%

Low melting point, strong

Welding, soldering work Pewter Sn 91% Sb 7% Cu 2%

Malleable, ductile, rust resistant

Decorative items,souvenirs Magnalium Al 70% Mg 30%

Light, strong

Tyre rim of racing car, skeletal body of aeroplane

The formation of alloy

EXAMPLE OF ALLOY Brass Stainless Steel Manganese steel Manganese Steel BronzeC:\Documents and Settings\Hafiz Akmal\My Documents\My Pictures\bronze.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\Hafiz Akmal\My Documents\My Pictures\bronze.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\Hafiz Akmal\My Documents\My Pictures\rim alloy.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\Hafiz Akmal\My Documents\My Pictures\pewter.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\Hafiz Akmal\My Documents\My Pictures\steel.jpg

Examples Of Alloys

Pewter

Bronze

Stainless steel

Steel

Properties of Polymers large molicule that is in the form of long chain with high RMM made up of many monomers which join together through process called polymerisation two types:-natural polymer-syntetic polymer 9.4 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS 9.4.1 WHAT ARE POLYMER

1. Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units j oined together repeatedly are called polymer. 2. The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are caller monomer. 3. The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long cha in polymer is called polymerisation. 4. Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer a re found in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulo se, protein and rubber. 5. Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional polymerisation. 6. Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation .

C:\Users\Arivaran\Desktop\polymer2.gif 9.4.2 Monomers and repeat units . The identity of the monomer residues (repeat units) comprising a polymer is it s first and most important attribute. . Polymer nomenclature is generally based upon the type of monomer residues comprising the polymer. . Polymers that contain only a single type of repeat unit are known as homopolymers, while polymers containing a mixture of repeat units are known as copolymers. . Poly(styrene), for example, is composed only of styrene monomer residues, and is therefore classified as a homopolymer. . Ethylene-vinyl acetate, on the other hand, contains more than one variety of repeat unit and is thus a copolymer. . Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structural ly related monomer residues; . for example, polynucleotides such as DNA are composed of a variety of nucleotide subunits. . A polymer molecule containing ionizable subunits is known as a polyelectrolyte or ionomer

Some Common Addition Polymers Name(s) Formula Monomer Properties Uses Polyethylene low density (LDPE) (CH2CH2)n ethylene CH2=CH2 soft, waxy solid film wrap, plastic bags Polyethylene high density (HDPE) (CH2CH2)n ethylene CH2=CH2 rigid, translucent solid electrical insulation bottles, toys Polypropylene (PP) different grades [CH2CH(CH3)]n propylene CH2=CHCH3 atactic: soft, elastic solid isotactic: hard, strong solid

similar to LDPE carpet, upholstery Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) (CH2CHCl)n vinyl chloride CH2=CHCl strong rigid solid pipes, siding, flooring Poly(vinylidene chloride) (Saran A) (CH2CCl2)n vinylidene chloride CH2=CCl2 dense, highmelting solid seat covers, films Polystyrene (PS) [CH2CH(C6H5)]n styrene CH2=CHC6H5 hard, rigid, clear solid soluble in organic solvents toys, cabinets packaging (foamed) Polyacrylonitrile (PAN, Orlon, Acrilan) (CH2-

CHCN)n acrylonitrile CH2=CHCN high-melting solid soluble in organic solvents rugs, blankets clothing Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon) (CF2CF2)n tetrafluoroethylene CF2=CF2 resistant, smooth solid non-stick surfaces electrical insulation Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, Lucite, Plexiglas) [CH2C(CH3)CO2CH3]n methyl methacrylate CH2=C(CH3)CO2CH3 hard, transparent solid lighting covers, signs skylights Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) (CH2CHOCOCH3)n vinyl acetate CH2=CHOCOCH3 soft, sticky solid

latex paints, adhesives

Uses of synthetic polymer

9.5 GLASS AND CERAMICS 1. The main component of both glass and ceramic is silica or silicon dioxide, Si O2. 2. Both glass and ceramic have the same properties as follow a) Hard and brittle b) Inert to chemical reactions c) Insulators or poor conductors of heat and electricity d) Withstand compression but not stretching e) Can be easily cleaned f) Low cost of production 3. Differences between glass and cerement are, glass is transparent, while ceram ic is opaque. Ceramic can withstand a higher temperature than normal glass. 4. Types of glass are a) Fused glass . It is consist mainly of silica or silicon dioxide . It has high heat resistance b) Soda lime glass . It cannot withstand high temperatures c) Borosilicate glass . It can withstand high temperature d) Lead glass . High refractive index 5. Uses of improved glass for specific purpose

a) Photochromic glass . It is sensitive to light intensity

b) Conducting glass . It conducts electricity 6. Ceramic is a manufactured substances made from clay, with the main constituen t of aluminosilicate with small quantity of sand and feldspar. 7. Superconductor is one improved ceramics for specific purposes.

Properties of glass Impermeable to liquid Electrical insulator Heat insulator Chemically inert hard but brittle Transparent GLASS

Glass:. The major component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2 which found in sand.

TYPES, COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES, AND USES OF GLASS

GLASS COMPOSITION PROPERTIES USES Soda lime glass SiO2 Na2O CaO 70% 15% 10% 4%

Others

. Low melting point . Mouldable into shapes . Cheap . Breakable . Can withstand high heat . . . . . . Glass container Glass panes Mirror Lamps and bulbs Plates and bowls Bottles

Lead glass (crystal) SiO2 Na2O PbO 70% 20% 10%

. High density and refractive index . Glittering surface . Soft . Low melting point (600C) . Containers for drinks and food . Decorative glass

. Crystal glassware . Lens for spectacles Borosilicate glass (Pyrex) SiO2 B2O3 Na2O Al2O3 80% 13% 4% 2%

. Resistant to high heat &chemical reaction . Does not break easily . Allow infra-red rays but no ultra-violet rays . Glass apparatus in lab . Cooking utensils Fused silicate glass SiO2 B2O3 99% 1%

. High melting point (1700C) . Expensive . Allow ultraviolet to pass through . Difficult to melt or mould into shape . Scientific apparatus like lens on spectrometer . Optical lens . Lab apparatus

Properties of ceramics extremely hard & strong but brittle has a very high melting point inert to chemicals good insulator of electricity and heat able to withstand and resist corrosion CERAMICS

Ceramics:. Ceramic is manufactured substances made from clay that is dried, and heated in a kiln at a very high temperature . The main component of clay is aluminosilicate (aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide) with small quantities of sand and feldspar. Unlike glass, ceramic canno t be recycled. . Kaolinite is a high quality white clay that contains hydrated aluminosilicate, Al2O3 2SiO2 2H2O.

GLASS OPTICAL FIBRE A pure silica glass thread that conducts light. this fibres can transmit messages modulated onto light waves. used inmedical instrument, LAN

CONDUCTING GLASS a type of glass that can conduct electricity. produce by embedding a thin layer of conducting material in glass. adding a layer of indium tin(iv) oxide (ITO) acts as an electrical conductor. used in the making of LCD

GLASS-CERAMIC Rearrange its atoms into regular patterns by heating glass to form strong material it can withstand high temperature, chemical attacks used in tile, cookware, rockets, engine blocks

CERAMIC SUPERCONUCTOR superconductor can conduct electricity at low temoerature without resistance, loss of electrical energy as heat used to make light magnet, electric

motors, electrical generators

PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS sensitive to light intensity the glass darken when exposed to sunlight but became clear when light intensity decresase. used in windows, sunglasses ad instrument control

THE DIFFERENT CLASES OF CERAMIC

GROUP

COMPOSITION Mineral

Quartz Calcite

SiO2 CaCO3

Cement material

Mixture of CaSiO3 and ammonium silicate Oxide of ceramic

Aluminium oxide Silicon dioxide Magnesium oxide

Al2O3 SiO2 MgO

Non-oxides of ceramic

Silicon nitride Silicon carbide Boron nitride Boron carbide BN

Si3N4 SiC

B4C3

THE USES OF IMPROVED GLASS AND CERAMICS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES

Uses of composite material in the medical field: to replace organs in the form of plastic composite organ sronger buildings are built by using reinforce concrete car part now use composite material instead iron and steel. this increase the speed of the car and fuel saver 9.6 COMPOSITE MATERIAL 9.6.1 WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1. ed or 2. a. b. c. d. e.

A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is form by two more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic and polymer. Some common composite materials are: Reinforces concrete Superconductor Fibre optic Fibre glass Photochromic glass

C:\Documents and Settings\Hafiz Akmal\My Documents\My Pictures\helmet.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\Hafiz Akmal\My Documents\My Pictures\bmw_m1_hommage_2. jpg C:\Documents and Settings\Hafiz Akmal\My Documents\My Pictures\fibreglass.jpg COMPOSITE MATERIAL COMPONENT PROPERTIES OF COMPONENT PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE USES Reinforced concrete . concrete . hard but brittle . low tensile strengh . stronger . higher tensile strength . does not corrode easily . cheaper . can be moulded into shape . can withstand very high applied force . can support very heavy load . construction of road . rocket launching pads . high-rise buildings . steel . strong in tensile strength . expensive . can corrode Superconductor . Cooper(ll) oxide . Yttrium oxide . Barium oxide

. Insulator of electricity . Conducts electricity without resistance when cooled by liquid nitrogen . Magnetically levitated train . Transformer . Electric cable . Computer parts Photochromic glass . Glass . Transparent . Not sensitive to light . Reduce refraction of light . Control the amount of light passed through it auto. . Has the ability to change colour and become darker when exposed to ultraviolet light . Information display panels . Light detector device . Car windshields . Optical lens . Silver chloride or silver bromide . Sensitive to light Fibre optics . Glass with low refraction index

. Transparent . Does not reflect light rays . Low material cost . Reflect light rays and allow to travel along the fibre . Can transmit electronic data or signal, voice and image . Transmit data using light waves in telecommunications . Glass with higher refractive index Fibre glass . glass . high density . strong but brittle . non-flexible . . . . . . . . . . . . . high tensile strength moulded and shaped inert to chemicals light, strong, tough non-flammable impermeable to water resilient flexible car bodies helmets skies rackets furniture

. polyester plastic . light . flexible . inflammable

. elastic but weak

CONCLUSION OF TOPIC

We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of the way is by doing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to produce better materials used to improve our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is g etting more complex. New materials are required to overcome new challenges and problems we face in our daily lives. Synthetic material are developed constantly due to the limitation and shortage of natural materials. New technological developments are used by sc ientists to make new discoveries.

New materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to improve our dail y life are developed continuously for the well-being of mankind. New needs and new problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials. For example, the new use of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger and lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. Plastic composite mater ials may one day used to make organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will beco me necessity with the shortage of human organ donors.

The understanding of the interaction between different chemicals is important f or both the development of new synthetic materials and the disposal of such synthet ic materials as waste. A responsible and systemic method of handling the waste of s ynthetic materials and their by-product is important to prevent environmental pollution. The recycling and development of environmental friendly synthetic material should be enforced.

Acknowledgment First of all, I wish to express my sincere thanks to GOD for his care and generosity throughout of my life.

I would like to express my sincere appreciation and my deep gratitude to Puan Ng Pek Lan, Form 4 Amanah Chemistry Teacher, SMK Puchong Batu 14 who assigned the work, and kindly supplied me with all necessary facilities for its success and helped me to complete this work.

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere thanks to all my family members especially my parents who gave me not only financial support but also moral support and motivation to fine the solutions to all the questions given.

I am also deeply indebted to my school mates Mathiarasi a/p Bernabas, Sivaselvan a/l Subramaniam, Uberesh a/l Machap, Kavitha a/p Kasturi, Logeswary a/p Painaidu of SMK Puchong Batu 14 for their great support throughout the whole work.

REFERENCES

1. Tan Yin Toon, Loh Wai Leng, Tan On Tin, 2008, SUCCESS Chemistry SPM, Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd. 2. Website http://www.answers.com 3. Website http://www.wikipedia.com 4. Eng Nguan Hong, Lim Eng Wah, Lim Yean Ching, 2009, FOCUS ACE SPM, Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn.Bhd.