Genetics: The Science of Heredity 1.Introduction 1.1. The Problem: How can possible results of genetic crosses be predicted?

icted? 1.2. Background Information: This experiment is important because it helps me to understand the difference between recessive and dominant alleles and how they combine make offspring. This is important to know for common breeders, for example a dog breeder has to know what type of dog he has to combine with an other type of dog to get the traits that the breeder wants. 1.3. Hypothesis: If........then........because........ If I use paper bags to represent mom and dad, and marbles to represent their alleles, then when I draw a marble out of each bag, then I would get the same results as on the Punnett square. Because, the alleles that represent in the bags are the same as the same alleles represented in the Punnett squares. 1.4. Variables: 1.4.1 Independent: I changed the candies in the bag that represented dominant and recessive alleles. 1.4.2 Dependent: The bags that represented the father and mother stayed the same. The blue candies represented the dominant alleles and the black candies represented the recessive alleles. 1.4.3 Constants: The dominant alleles always won of the recessive alleles. 1.5. Materials: 2 small paper bags 3 blue marbles (Candies) marking pen 3 white marbles (Candies) 1.6. Method: 1. Label one bag Bag 1, Female Parent. Label the other bag Bag 2, Male Parent. Then read over Part 1, Part 2, and Part 3 of this lab. Write a prediction on another sheet of paper about the kinds of offspring you expect from each cross. PART 1 Crossing Two Homozygous Parents 2. Place two blue marbles in Bag 1. This pair of marbles represents the female parents alleles. Use the letter B to represent the dominant allele for blue color. 3. Place two white marbles in Bag 2. Use the letter b to represent the recessive allele for white color. 4. For Trial 1, remove one marble from Bag 1 without looking in the bag. Record the result in your data table. Return the marble to the bag. Again, without looking in the bag, remove one marble from Bag 2. Record the

Marie Vandendael

Saturday, June 11, 2011 4:28:38 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

result in your data table. Return the marble to the bag. 5. In the column labeled Offsprings Alleles, write BB if you removed two blue marbles, bb if you removed two white marbles, or Bb if you removed one blue marble and one white marble. 6. Repeat Steps 4 and 5 nine more times. PART 2 Crossing Homozygous and Heterozygous Parents 7. Place two blue marbles in Bag 1. Place one white marble and one blue marble in Bag 2. 8. Repeat Steps 4 and 5 ten times, and record your data in the data table for Part 2. PART 3 Crossing Two Heterozygous Parents 9. Place one blue marble and one white marble in Bag 1. Place one blue marble and one white marble in Bag 2. 10. Repeat Steps 4 and 5 ten times, and record your data in the data table for Part 3. 2.Data 2.1 Tables: Data table Part 1: Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Allele from bag 1 (Female Parent) B B B B B B B B B B Allele from bag 2 (Male Parent) b b b b b b b b b b Offsprings alleles Bb Bb Bb Bb Bb Bb Bb Bb Bb Bb

Marie Vandendael

Saturday, June 11, 2011 4:28:38 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Punnett square for Data table: Part 1 Dad B Mom B b Bb Bb b Bb Bb

Pie chart for data table: Part 1 Dominant Recessive

100%

Interpreting Data: According to my results in part 1, there is one possible type of offspring when homozygous parents (BB and bb) are crossed. My results from my model experiment agree with the results shown in the Punnett square. They both have offspring with Bb. Data table: Part 2 Trial 1 2 3 Allele from bag 1 (Female Parent) B B B Allele from bag 2 (Male Parent) b b B Offsprings alleles Bb Bb BB

Marie Vandendael

Saturday, June 11, 2011 4:28:38 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Trial 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Allele from bag 1 (Female Parent) B B B B B B B

Allele from bag 2 (Male Parent) b B b b B B B

Offsprings alleles Bb BB Bb Bb BB BB BB

Punnett square for Data table: Part 2 Dad B Mom B B BB BB b Bb Bb

Marie Vandendael

Saturday, June 11, 2011 4:28:38 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Pie chart for Data Table: Part 2 Dominant Recessive

100%

Predicting: According to my results in part 2, 50% of the offspring are likely to be homozygous (BB). 50% of the offspring are likely to be heterozygous (Bb). The data collected during the model experiment agrees with the Punnett square, each has 50% homozygous (BB), and each has heterozygous (Bb). Data table: Part 3 Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Allele from bag 1 (Female Parent) B B b B b b b Allele from bag 2 (Male Parent) B b b b B B b Offsprings alleles BB Bb bb Bb Bb Bb bb

Marie Vandendael

Saturday, June 11, 2011 4:28:38 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Trial 8 9 10

Allele from bag 1 (Female Parent) B b B

Allele from bag 2 (Male Parent) B B b

Offsprings alleles BB Bb Bb

Punnett square for Data table: part 3 Dad B Mom b B BB Bb b Bb bb

Marie Vandendael

Saturday, June 11, 2011 4:28:38 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Pie chart for data table: Part 3 Dominant Recessive

20%

80%

Communicating: According to my results in part 3, there are 3 different types of offspring when 2 heterozygous parents (Bb x Bb) have offspring. 60% of the offspring are likely to be heterozygous when 2 heterozygous parents are crossed, according to my data. In this case, the model experiment does not agree with the Punnett square. The Punnett square showed 50% of the offspring were heterozygous. Inferring: For part 3 if I did this a 100 times instead of 10, the results would have probably been closer to the Punnett square, because the more times you do the experiment it has bigger chance to get more accurate results by eliminating luck. Communicating: The model experiment and the Punnett square are similar because they have the same alleles, either BB, bb or Bb. The model experiment with every try there is luck involved, with the Punnett square it is just scientically set. 3.Results and Analysis Results and analysis are each written at the end of each trial.

Marie Vandendael

Saturday, June 11, 2011 4:28:38 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time

4.Conclusion 4.1 Conclusion: Results and conclusion are each written at the end of each trial. My hypothenuse was incorrect because in real life gathering data you have luck involved. 4.2 Error Analysis / Improvements: Instead of marbles I used pieces of candy, this could effect our data because every candy feels different and then you can tell which candy has the blue wrapper and which candy has the white wrapper. I could improve this by having the right materials (marbles) When I was gathering the data I accidentally peeked in the bag sometimes if I was grabbing one of the candies. I could improve on this by having a bag that I could still reach in t but not see into.

Marie Vandendael

Saturday, June 11, 2011 4:28:38 PM Hong Kong SAR China Time