Water Resource & Their Management LECTURE ONE: 8 October 07 RESERVES An economically recoverable quantity using current technology.

E. g. Crude oil or gas hydrocarbons. Any commodity placed, to cover expected future requirements. SOURCE Beginning: the place where something begins, where it springs into being. E.g. Reference, quotation, information, point, technology. Nonpoint Source A source, which is not readily identifiable, water pollution by runoff. Construction sites, agricultural fields, and urban runoff. Point Source A single identifiable source. A point source is a single identifiable localized source of something. A point source has negligible extent. Any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure RESOURCES Assets available and anticipated for operations. They include people, equipment, facilities and other things used to plan, implement, and evaluate... Resources can be materials, products or waste that that has potential value and can be used to process new useful products. For example, cotton is changed into yarn and cloth; wood is made into furniture; sugarcane is processed to obtain sugar and other products. Processed goods are more useful and, therefore, more valuable. So, as goods are processed, utility and value are being added to that particular gift of nature. A mineralized concentration or occurrence that has reasonable prospects for economic extraction. VALUES ATTACHED TO RESOURCES As resources are very useful, there are some value attached to them. Resources help to produce goods so they have economic value. Natural resources like forests, mountains etc. are very beautiful so they have aesthetic value. Gifts of nature such

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Water Resource & Their Management as water also has a legal value because it is our right to enjoy it. on the other hand, resources have an ethical value as well because it is our moral duty to protect and conserve them for the future generations. 1. They have utility 2. Many of them are found in limited quantity 3. They can be used to provide services and produce new goods 1. People Need Human needs are not uniform all over the world. Over the years, they have grown and become more complex with the progress of human society. In very developed societies, people use a variety of products which are highly processed. On the other hand, in developing countries, the consumption of processed items is much less; while primitive communities like the Pygmies in Africa hardly use any processes items. 2. The level of technology The level of technology also influences the utilization of resources. For example, the Prairies of North America were inhabited by the American Indians who used the Prairies as hunting grounds. Later when the European settlers arrived, they used the Prairies for agriculture. Today the Prairies are famous for the cultivation of wheat and the rearing of animals on a commercial basis. 3. Time The value of the resource changes with time as well. For example, water was used by early man purely for his personal needs. As time went on, water was used by humans for agricultural purposes namely irrigation. Later, water was also used as a means of transportation and humans built boats to travel on water. Nowadays, water is also used to generate electricity. TYPES OF RESOURCES Resources may be clasified broadly into 3 groups:1. Human resources Human beings are also considered to be resources beacause it is the ability of humans that helps to change the gifts of nature into valuable resources. While taking into account human beings as resources, the following things have to be kept in mind:

The size of the population The quality (which includes education, technical skills and health of the people)

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Water Resource & Their Management 2. Human-made resources Human-made resources are those aids of production which have been created by humans to transform and utilize the gifts of nature as well as improve or increase productivity. These include:

Technology - Technology refers to the process or method by which goods are produced. Rapid industrialization in many parts of the world has been possible due to the advancement in technology. Legal bodies and political, cultural and social institutions - Legal bodies and political institutions maintain law and order thus ensuring that people are free to move about and carry their business. The policies of the government concerning international trade and foreign investment also influence productivity. Equipment, machinery, buildings etc. - These are essential for the production of commodities. They are also referred to as the physical capital of production.

3. Natural resources Features that have ecological, economic, recreational, educational or aesthetic value. Something found in nature that is useful to people. Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified (natural) form. A natural resource's value rests in the amount of the material available and the demand for it. The latter is determined by its usefulness to production. A commodity is generally considered a natural resource when the primary activities associated with it are extraction and purification, as opposed to creation. Natural resources are natural capital converted to commodity inputs to infrastructural capital processes. They include soil, timber, oil, minerals, and other goods taken more or less from the Earth. Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants. VALUE OF NATURAL RESOURCES Intrinsic Value: A right to exist.

Ethical: It is philosophical and eco-centric.

Extrinsic Value: values external to resources own-right to exist.

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Water Resource & Their Management

Esthetic value: value to make the world more beautiful Emotional value: people may develop strong emotional bonds with plant, animals and spots of scenic beauty Economical value: can be bought and sold i.e. fish, wool, coal, oil etc Environmental service: plants purify air, wetlands absorb toxins from water, soil microbes purify water Short term value Short term economic value Ethical value Long term value Long term economic value

Esthetic value Emotional value Economical value Environmental service

THE FIVE ES Five Potential Values For Environmental Resources

Extrinsic Anthropocentric Esthetic value (Asthetic) Emotional value Economical value Environmental service Eco-centric

Intrinsic

Ethical value

RESOURCES OF ATMOSPHERE The mixture of gases that surround the Earth. The atmosphere is divided into several layers;

Noble gases Medium of transportation Dispersal of pollutants Ozone sheild Source of wind energy Source of climate, weather and water

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Water Resource & Their Management RESOURCES OF LITHOSPHERE The rigid upper layer of the earth consisting of the crust and the upper mantle. The earths tectonic plates are composed of pieces of the lithosphere. The lithosphere ranges in thickness from 10-12 km underneath the oceans to 70-200 km at the continents. The Lithosphere is the outer rock shell of the planet, extending down several kilometers into the earth from the surface - the rocks and sediments well below the surface of the land and oceans.

Metallic minerals Gemstones Industrial minerals Fossil fuels Mineral fuels Geothermal resources

RESOURCES OF BIOSPHERE The portion of Earth and its atmosphere that can support life. The part of the earth's environment in which living organisms are found and with which they interact to produce a steady-state system, effectively a whole-planet ecosystem. The living part of the planet consisting of a thin layer that extends from just above to just below the earth's surface. The combined ecosystems of the earth.

Wild living plant resources Wild living animal resources Natural aquatic resources Agriculture resources Fibres Microorganisms Birds, fowl, sheep, goat, cattle, camel, buffaloes

Natural resources may be further classified in different ways. 1. On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into:

Biotic - Biotic resources are the ones which are obtained from the biosphere. Forests and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and other marine organisms are important examples. Minerals such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category beacause they were formed from decayed organic matter. Abiotic - Abiotic resources comprise of non-living things. Examples include land, water, air and minerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver etc.

2. On the basis of the stage of development, resources may be called:

Potential Resources - Potential resources are those which exist in a region and may be used in the future. For example, mineral oil may exist

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Water Resource & Their Management in many parts of India having sedimentary rocks but till the time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource.

Actual Resources are those which have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined and are being used in present times. For example, the petroleum and the natural gas which is obtained from the Bombay High Fields. The development of an actual resource, such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved. That part of the actual resource which can be developed profitably with available technology is called a reserve.

3. On the basis of renewability, natural resources can be categorised into:Renewable Resources - are any sources of energy that is constantly replenished or reproduced easily as through natural processes maintaining a flow.

Sunlight, moving water, geothermal springs, biomass (including wood and municipal solid waste) and wind are examples of renewable energy resources used to generate electricity.

Some of them like sunlight, air, wind etc. are continuously available and their quantity does not get affected by human consumption. Some of these like agricultural crops take a short time fo renewal; others like water take a comparatively longer time while still others like forests take even longer.

Non-renewable Resources - Refers to natural resources that are not naturally replenished once they have been harvested. A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-made, re-grown or regenerated on a scale comparative to its consumption. Non-renewable resources can be used up completely or else used up to such a degree that it is economically impractical to obtain any more of them. Fossil fuels are an example of non-renewable resources. Non-renewable resources are formed over very long geological periods. Minerals and fossils are included in this category. Since, their rate of formation is extremely slow, they cannot be replenished once they get depleted. Out of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them. But coal and petroleum cannot be recycled.

RESOURCES OF HYDROSPHERE

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Water Resource & Their Management A hydrosphere (Greek hydro means "water") in physical geography describes the collective mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet. The Earth's hydrosphere consists of elements in all forms: the ocean (which is the bulk of the hydrosphere), other surface waters including inland seas, lakes, and rivers; rain; underground water; ice (as in glaciers and snow); and atmospheric water vapor (as in clouds).

The average depth of the oceans is 3,794 m (12,447 ft), more than five times the average height of the continents. The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35 10 18 tonnes, or about 1/4400 of the total mass of the Earth (ranges reported: 1.347 1021 to 1.4 1021 kg). The abundance of water on Earth is a unique feature that distinguishes our "Blue Planet" from others in the solar system. Approximately 70.8 percent (97% of it being sea water and 3% fresh water) of the Earth is covered by water and only 29.2 percent is landmass.

Ocean : 97.2 % Glaciers and ice caps : 2.2 % Shallow ground water: 9.3 % Lakes : 0.009 % Rivers : 0.001 % Atmosphere : 0.001 % Fresh water : < 1.0 % HISTORY Formation There are several theories regarding the formation of the hydrosphere on the Earth. The planet contains proportionately more surface water than comparable bodies in the inner solar system. Outgassing of water from the interior of the Earth is not sufficient to explain the quantity of water. A hypothesis that has gained popularity among scientists is that the early Earth was subjected to a period of bombardment by Comets and water-rich Asteroids. Much of the water on the surface today is thought to have originated from the outer parts of the solar system.

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Water Resource & Their Management Ice ages During the history of Earth there have been a series of periods in which a significant portion of the hydrosphere was locked up in the form of glacial ice. It has even been hypothesized that during the Cryogenian period this sea ice extended all the way to the equator. In all there are currently believed to have been four major ice ages during the Earth's history. The current ice age began about 40 million years ago, and gained in intensity during the Pleistocene. The most recent withdrawal of the ice sheets occurred only 10,000 years ago. Life All currently recognized forms of life rely on an active hydrosphere. The water cycle in the Earth's hydrosphere allows for the purification of salt water into fresh water. Evaporation and wetland swamps serve to remove a large portion of atmospheric pollutants from the atmosphere (ie. acid rain). Through this process the water cycle purifies the gaseous atmosphere. Although most life on the planet exists in the salt water oceans, humans are particularly interested in the hydrosphere because it provides the fresh water we depend upon. Extinction Scientists estimate that in 5 109 years the Sun will have exhausted the supply of Hydrogen in its core and will evolve into a red giant. The outer atmosphere will expand significantly and the planet Earth will lie within the photosphere. During this process the surface temperature will rise far above the boiling point of water, and all water on the Earth's surface will evaporate. RESOURCE USE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The gifts of nature cannot be consumed in their original form. They have to be processed in order to change them into more usable commodities. This is known as resource development. With the rise in human numbers all over the world, the demand for resources has also increased. However, there is a difference in the distribution of resources to different regions or countries. Developed countries use more resources than developing countries. The rising demand coupled with the over-utilization of resources has led to several problems:1. Depletion of resources 2. Accumulation of resources in the hands of a few 3. Environmental degradation We should therefore aim at sustainable development of resources, which means the resources should be used in such a manner that besides meeting the needs of the present generation, we can also take care of the needs of the future generations. To achieve this, successful resource planning and the conservation of resources are necessary.

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