AL Chemistry Paper II by Dr.

Sally Wong

 by Dr. Sally Wong

SECTION A Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1. (a) Ozone (O3) is an allotrope of oxygen. It exists as a triatomic polar molecule. Comparing to diatomic oxygen (O2), ozone is much less stable especially at high concentration. It decays to ordinary diatomic oxygen as follow: 2O3 3 O2

Ozone is a much powerful oxidizing agent than diatomic oxygen. It can react with lead(II) sulphide to form lead(II) sulphate. PbS + 4O3 PbSO4 + 4O2

(i)

What is an allotrope?

(ii)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of the outermost electrons in ozone and explain why it is polar.

(iii)

Ozone can oxidize metal ion to their highest oxidation state. Write an ionic equation to show how ozone can oxidize copper(I) ion in the presence of acid.

(iv)

High concentration of ozone from pollution is harmful to human. Suggest a source of ozone from human activity.

(6 marks)

2011-AL-CHEM 2-1

 by Dr. Sally Wong

(b)

Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is a constituent of photochemical smog caused by cars in cities. In gaseous state, NO2 undergoes dimerization to form N2O4 as follow: 2NO2 (g) Brown (i) N2O4 (g) Pale yellow

Draw the structure and give the shape of NO2 molecule.

(ii)

Draw the Lewis structure of N2O4 molecule.

(iii)

If 0.2 mol of NO2(g) originally present in a closed container with 5 dm3 was heated to 350 K and the above equilibrium is established, 46 % of the original NO2(g) was consumed. Calculate the Kc for the reaction at 350 K.

(iv)

State, with explanation, the effect of increasing temperature on Kc for the reaction.

(v)

Explain, with reasons, whether the above dimerization is favoured by high or low pressure.

(9 marks)

2011-AL-CHEM 2-2

 by Dr. Sally Wong

(c) (i)

Account for the following observations of group IV compounds: When tin(IV) oxide and lead(IV) oxide are strongly heated, only lead(IV) oxide produces oxygen gas.

(ii)

Carbon tetrachloride is resistant to hydrolysis but silicon tetrachloride is rapidly hydrolyzed in water.

(5 marks)

2011-AL-CHEM 2-3

 by Dr. Sally Wong

2.

The use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is frequently encountered in our daily life. In food industry, salt of EDTA is added as preservative to prevent catalytic oxidation of food by metal ions. Besides, this salt is commonly used as a calcium scavenger in industrial cleaning.

HOOC CH2 N CH2CH2 N HOOC CH2

EDTA (a) (i)

CH2 COOH CH2 COOH

Write an equation to show how a sodium salt of EDTA can be prepared.

(ii)

Suggest why it is preferable to use the salt of EDTA instead of the free acid for the above mentioned applications.

(iii)

With the help of a chemical equation to show how sodium salt of EDTA can act as a water softener.

(iv)

Lead is toxic and it can damage the brain, liver and kidneys in human body. Calcium salt of EDTA is one of the active ingredients in drugs with treatment of lead poisoning. Describe how this salt can be used to treat with lead poisoning.

(v)

Excess exposures to EDTA have been noted to cause reproductive and developmental effects. Thus, levels of EDTA in food must be monitored. Suggest methods for the detection and measurement of EDTA in food.

(10 marks)

2011-AL-CHEM 2-4

 by Dr. Sally Wong

(b)

(i)

Explain the use of indicators like phenolphthalein and methyl orange in the titration of sodium carbonate with standard hydrochloric acid. Give appropriate equation(s) and indicate the pH at which the indicators change their colour.

(ii)

An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide had a volume of 1000 cm3 and was found to have an initial concentration of 0.06 M after titration with standard hydrochloric acid of 0.100 M. However, after standing this solution for some time in air, the concentration of sodium hydroxide in this solution was found to have changed. The new titration results are: 20.00 cm3 of the above solution required 20.50 cm3 of 0.100 M standard hydrochloric acid for complete neutralization, using phenolphthalein as indicator. If methyl orange is used as indicator, the same volume of solution required 31.00 cm3 of 0.100 M standard hydrochloric acid for complete neutralization. (1) Write an equation to show what chemical reaction has occurred after standing the sodium hydroxide solution for some time in air.

(2) Write equation(s) to show what reaction(s) had completed when EACH of the indicators changed its colour.

(3) Find the new concentration of the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution

(7 marks)

(c)

When aqueous ammonium dichromate(VI) is added gradually to melted ammonium

5

2011-AL-CHEM 2-5

 by Dr. Sally Wong

thiocyanate, an ammonium salt known as Reineckes salt A is formed. A has the formula NH4[Cr(SCN)x(NH3)y], and analysis produced the following composition by mass: Cr, 15.5 % ; S, 38.1 %; N, 29.2%. Calculate the values of x and y in the above formula. Draw the shape for the complex anion. (3 marks)

2011-AL-CHEM 2-6

 by Dr. Sally Wong

(a)

(i)

Write chemical equations for the reaction that occurs when liquid bromine is added to an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at (1) 273 K

(2) 298 K

(ii)

At each of the above temperatures, iodine solid instead of liquid bromine is added to the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. What would you expect for the reactions at these temperatures? Explain your answer.

(iii)

Suggest how you would prepare a sample of dry hydrogen chloride gas in a school laboratory. Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up of apparatus used in the preparation.

(iv)

Suggest if the same set-up can be used for the preparation of dry hydrogen bromide efficiently? Explain your answer.

(9 marks) (c) Some standard electrode potentials for reactions involving uranium salts are given below:
7

2011-AL-CHEM 2-7

 by Dr. Sally Wong

Electrode system U3+(aq) U(s) U (aq), U (aq)Pt UO2 (aq), UO2 (aq) Pt [UO2+(aq) + 4H+(aq)], [U4+(aq)+2H2O(l)] Pt (i) What is standard reduction potential?
2+ + 4+ 3+

E/V -1.80 -0.63 +0.06 +0.58

(ii)

Is the reduction of UO2+ to U4+ ions by U3+ ions in aqueous acid solution thermodynamically feasible? Explain your answer.

(iii)

Upon dissolution in water, UO2+ salts decompose to give equal amounts of UO22+ ion and one other uranium ion. Give an equation for the overall reaction and calculate E cell.

(iv)

Which oxidation states do you expect to predominate in the aqueous chemistry of uranium? Explain your answer.

(8 marks)

2011-AL-CHEM 2-8

 by Dr. Sally Wong

(c)

A solution has the following concentrations: [Cl-] [Br-] = = 1.5 x 10-1 M 5.0 x 10-4 M 1.9 x 10-2 M

[CrO42-] =

Ksp(AgCl) = 1.5 x 10-10 ; Ksp(AgBr) = 5.0 x 10-13 ; Ksp(Ag2CrO4) = 1.9 x 10-12 A solution of silver nitrate is added to the above solution drop by drop. Which silver salt will precipitate first? Show you calculations.

(3 marks)

END OF SECTION A

2011-AL-CHEM 2-9

 by Dr. Sally Wong

SECTION B Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 4 (a) Outline a synthetic route, in not more than five steps, for the following conversions: (i)

CH3CH2CH2Br

NOH CH3CCH3

(ii)

CH3 O

N(CH3)2

(9 marks)

2011-AL-CHEM 2-10

10

 by Dr. Sally Wong

(b)

Give the structures of the major organic products in the following reactions: (i)

O CH3CH2 C H

HOCH2CH2OH H+

cyclic compound

(ii)

O CH3CH2 C CH2CH3

1. LiAlD4 2. H2O

(iii)

O + HN O H+

(iv)

O 1 equivalent C2H5OH OH H+

(v)

H3O+

cyclic compound

(5 marks)

2011-AL-CHEM 2-11

11

 by Dr. Sally Wong

(d)

O CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2 C H O C OH

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
(i)

CH3CH2CH2

Arrange the above compounds in the order of ascending boiling points. Briefly explain your answer.

(ii)

Compare the solubility in water of the above compounds.

(6 marks)

2011-AL-CHEM 2-12

12

 by Dr. Sally Wong

5. (a) An aromatic polymer, polystyrene, is made from the monomer, styrene. It is one of the most widely used plastic.

Styrene (i) Draw the repeating unit of polystyrene.

(ii)

Propose a reaction mechanism for the polymerization of polystyrene.

(iii) Compare polyethene to polystyrene, what are the differences in observation of these polymers toward combustion. Explain your answer.

(iv)

Suggest a synthetic route for styrene from a compound with not more than six carbon atoms. In each step, give the reagent(s), conditions and the structure of the organic product.

(10 marks)

2011-AL-CHEM 2-13

13

 by Dr. Sally Wong

(b) Salicylic acid can be isolated from willow bark and is used as antipyretic (fever reducer), analgesic (pain reliever) and anti-inflammatory drug.

OH OCH3 O + H2O

O- Na+ O- Na+ O (I) OH OH O (II) + H2O

Methyl salicylate

Sodium salicylate

salicylic acid
(III) O COCH3 OH + CH3COOH O (IV) OH O + H2O O

Acetylsalicylic acid

Phenyl salicylate

(i)

Suggest the reagent(s) for EACH of the above conversion. (I)

(II)

(III)

(IV)

2011-AL-CHEM 2-14

14

 by Dr. Sally Wong

(ii)

For a typical tablet of aspirin (500 mg), it contains 325 mg of acetylsalicylic acid as the active ingredient. Suggest ONE possible substance that may be found in the tablet and give the use of this substance.

(iii) Suggest ONE possible side effect of taking salicylic acid and explain your answer.

(iv)

Suggest the criteria that chemists are based on the work of modification of salicylic acid.

(10 marks)

END OF PAPER

2011-AL-CHEM 2-15

15

 by Dr. Sally Wong

2011-AL-CHEM 2-16

16

 by Dr. Sally Wong

2011-AL-CHEM 2-17

17

 by Dr. Sally Wong

2011-AL-CHEM 2-18

18