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INTRODUCTION:
The term democracy , like many other terms is often abused and misused. The classic debate one hears is a discussion on the merits and demits of democracy and dictatorship.

DEMOCRACY:
"Democracy is the recurrent suspicion that more than half of the people are right more than half the time." - E B White The word democracy is derived from two Greek words (demos = the people; kratein = to rule) which literally mean "rule by the people." Democracy may, therefore, be described as a political system in which the people are entitled (through some form of constitutional arrangement) to make the basic determining decisions on important matters of public policy (Holden, 1994) It is further explained in different dimensions as: The term democracy, comes from the Greek: dmokrata meaning thereby rule of the people. Even though there is no specific, universally accepted definition of democracy, there are two principles that any definition of democracy includes: equality and freedom. These principles are reflected in all citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to power, and the freedom of its citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are generally protected by a constitution.

DICTATORSHIP:
A dictatorship is defined as an autocratic form of government in which the government is ruled by an individual, the dictator, without hereditary ascension. It has three possible meanings. A government controlled by one person or a small group of people. In contemporary usage, dictatorship refers to an autocratic form of absolute rule by leadership unrestricted by law, constitutions, or other social and political factors within the state. Or Dictatorship is a system of government in which a country is ruled by a single individual with absolute power. Dictatorship is a system of government in which the leader or leaders have complete power and cannot be held responsible to the will of people.

DEMOCRACY AND DICTATORSHIP IN PAKISTAN:

Losing sagacious leaders like Jinnah, PM Liaquat Ali Khan and Z.A. Bhutto created a never ending vacuum to political set up of Pakistan as dichotomy rises between democracy and dictatorship involving an immense pressure from rival neighboring countries, religious zealots and militant mafia both from inland and abroad.

ESTABLISHMENT, ROLE AND RELATION OF MILITARY WITH POLITICS:

Although Pakistan was established on the basis of demo crated modus operandi of political institutions, but unfortunately 63 years of Pakistans independence has got remarkable influence of military administrative body rather than the democratic governmental organization. Coup dtat of Nawaz Sharif government on October 12, 1999 was dubbed as the fourth episode of democratic turned militarization of the political structure of Pakistan. In Pakistan history, military has ruled the country for about 33 years. So definitely they have been deep rooting in decision making and they have control nearly every matter of the country. The Pakistan military resumed its independent role in 1947 when the British withdrew from south Asia and divide the British Indian armed forces between the newly independent states of India and Pakistan. They inherited the British military traditions and their officer corps was trained in British military institutions or the institutions established by the colonial rulers in India. This stressed militarys subordination to the civil authority and their aloofness from politics. These traditions were the corner-stone of military organization in Pakistan.

REASONS FOR THE FIRST MARSHALL LAW:

Followings were the reasons put forward by the field Marshall General Ayub Khan. y y The country was facing severe political crisis and no party was able to get majority in parliament. Due to this reason the ministries were kept changing from day to day. In the past seven years, ministries were changed. This issue deteriorated the Pakistans image in international world. y y The basic necessities of life were getting out of reach of common man. Important issues of Pakistan were not getting solved for example the Kashmir issue, the water issue and refugees due to which common man was looking for revolution.

MARTIAL LAW BY MAJ. GENERAL ISKANDAR MIRZA:

On 7th Oct, 1958 due some personal and prevailing issues of country the president imposed Marshall Law. The constitution of 1956 was abrogated. Assemblies were dissolved, Commander in chief Ayub khan was nominated as the chief Marshall Law administrator.

STEPS BY AYUB KHAN:

After implementation of Marshal Law the military in reign of Ayub khan tried to remove the economic and political dilemmas. For the removal smuggling, black marketing and stock keeping the military courts were established. For the reception of government loans, strict measures were taken.

ADMINISTRATION REFORMS:
After coming in to the power, the military government first of all tried to reform the administration and discipline. For the complete removal of thieves, robbers, other criminals, the department of police and other related departments were strengthened.

EDUCATIONAL REFORMS:
The commission was established on 30th Dec, 1958 to bring revolutionary measures in the felid of education. Instead of two years degree course four year course was implemented.

BASIC DEMOCRACY SYSTEM:

On 1st Nov 1958, the system of local self govt. was introduced that was called as the Basic democracy system. The BD members were given the right to elect members of provincial assembly, national assembly and the president himself.

INDO-PAK WAR:
On 6th Sep, 1965 India attached Pakistan to lessen the pressure created by Pakistani and Kashmiri public to remove Indian armed forces from the valley. Ayub khan bravely dealt with the tense situation and Pak army successfully defended the borders but due to war India was able to shift the focus of Pak govt. from Kashmir issue.

1962 constitution was abrogated in 1969 when Ayub, who by then had lost the people's confidence, resigned, handing over the responsibility for governing to the army commander in chief General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan.

REIGN OF YAHYA KHAN:

When the situation get out of control and the whole country from Khyber to Karachi came on fire, Ayub khan invited armed forces on 24th march, 1969, Gen. Yahya Khan to control the tense conditions as a result on 25th march 1969 Marshall law was imposed. The highlighted features of Yahya Khan Govt. are as follows.

FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS:

After coming in to power Gen Yahya Khan keeping in view the demands of public held the free and fair elections.

REVIVAL OF PEACE:
Gen. Yahya khan gave quick attention to remove the unavailability of basic necessities of life.

GENERAL ELECTIONS FOR THE FIRST TIME:

Election commission was established and Justice Sajjad Jan was appointed as election commissioner. On 27th Sep 1968, keeping in view the public demands Yahya Khan announced to give the representation to the public on the basis of spate vote for a single person.

DISMEMBERMENT OF EAST PAKISTAN (BANGLADESH):

On 7th Dec, 1970 first general elections were held in Pakistan. As expected PPP won the majority seats in West Pakistan and Awami League won the majority in East Pakistan. On the basis of number game, AL had the right to be invited by the president for the formation of government but Yahya Khan was reluctant to allow Al to form the government it was not acceptable for the people of east Pakistan and Sheikh Mujeeb ur Rehman as reaction great mobs and riots took place in the country, Yahya Khan deploy army there for attaining peace but the situation was getting out of control, east Pakistan called India for help, 90,000 soldiers of the Pakistan army had surrendered and Pakistan had to face great humiliation in international arena. On 16th Dec, 1971 Pakistan was divided in two parts Bangladesh (formally known as East Pakistan) and Pakistan (formally called as West Pakistan).

ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO (1971-77):

On 20th Dec, 1970, when the country was in a swear condition Mr. Bhutto took oath as the president of Pakistan.

FOREIGN POLICY:
After coming in to power Mr. Bhutto made a new foreign policy which was based on idea of strengthening the relations with the other countries and also not to join the lobby of the super powers.

RELATION WITH MUSLIM COUNTRIES:

Attempts were made to strengthen the relations with countries of Muslim world. Mr. Bhutto also managed to organize the Islamic international conference at Lahore in 1974.

POLITICAL STEPS: FORMATION OF CONSTITUTION:

In April, 1972 Mr. Bhutto gave the right to opposition to accept the constitution for the removal of martial law. Bhutto lifted martial law within several months, and after an "interim constitution" granting him broad powers as president, a new constitution was promulgated in April 1973 and came into effect on August 14 of that year.

NATIONALIZATION OF INDUSTRIES:
Mr. Bhutto was a strong well wisher of the common man, elite class from the past 25 years was exploiting the poor or the common man. Hence on 2nd Jan, 1972 Mr. Bhutto gave ten big industries under the direct control of federation.

AGRICULTURAL & EDUCATIONAL REFORMS:

y Mr. Bhutto gave such agricultural reforms that saved the farmers from being exploited by the feudal. y Mr. Bhutto announced the educational reforms under which education was made free throughout the country till metric. The educational institutions were brought under control of government.

HEALTH POLICY:
It was made sure that the medicines and other medical facilities were readily available for the public. A medical industry was also established.

ZIA-UL-HAQ:
After the elections of 1977, PPP got an absolute majority. Opposition parties started making allegations of cheating on PPP. Riots and mobs took place throughout the country. Zia-ul-Haq who was the commander in chief of the armed forces had to step ahead to step ahead and take over the Gov. martial law was imposed on 5th July, 1977. Zia took office as chief martial law administrator said his sole purpose was to hold free and fair elections as early as possible.

SUSPENSION OF THE CONSTITUTION:

Zia-ul-Haq said his sole purpose to come into power was to hold free and fair elections as early as possible. Instead, he suspended the constitution of 1973; dissolution of national assembly was made.

STEPS TOWARDS ISLAMIC POLICIES AND EIGHTH AMENDMENT:

y The one Way Street of General Zias tenure with the penetration of infamous 8th amendment in 1973 constitution, later lifting of martial law in 1985 was marked as added advantage of rulers absolute power to dismiss government. y Objectives Resolution, adopted by the first Constituent Assembly in 1949 and made a preamble to the 1956, 1962, and 1973 constitutions, was incorporated as a substantive part (Article 2- A) of this restored constitution. The Objectives Resolution provided, in part, that Pakistan would be a state "wherein the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and the Sunna." Zia-ul-Haq ruled over Pakistan for 11 Years as CMLA with suspended constitution and Islamic ideology. The political murder of Bhutto was conducted during his regime.

DEMISE OF ZIA-UL-HAQ:
General Zias death in C-130 crash revives much awaited democracy and Ms. Benazir Bhutto becomes new Prime Minister of Pakistan.

POLITICAL REGIMES AFTER ZIA: BENAZIR BHUTTO:

General elections were held on 16th Nov, 1988 on party basis and PPP got majority. The party won a very narrow plurality in the 1988 elections and was therefore forced to enter into a coalition with the MQM (representing Pakistan's muhajir community) and several other parties in order to form a government.

POLITICAL POLICIES OF MS. BHUTTO:

Benazir wanted to repeal the Eighth Amendment in order to strengthen her position as prime minister but could not muster sufficient political support and soon abandoned the effort.

CHOICE OF CABINET:
Benazir kept the portfolios of finance and defense for herself but appointed a seasoned bureaucrat, Wasim Jafari, as her top adviser on finance and economic affairs.

PROTECTION OF WOMAN AND MINORITIES:

PPP pledges to undo laws that are discriminatory against minorities, women and children. PPP parliament will encourage nongovernmental organizations for the empowerment of women and minorities.

INCREASE IN EDUCATIONAL BUDGET:

Seeking an age of reason and enlightenment, the PPP, which increases with extra billion education budget in its two recent terms of power, pledges to make education a top priority. Benazir's problems were further accentuated in February 1990 when an MQM-directed strike in Karachi escalated into rioting that virtually paralyzed the city. Finally, on August 6, 1990, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissed the Benazir government, dissolved the National Assembly.

NAWAZ SHARIF:
PRIVATIZATION:
Privatization has firmly entrenched itself in economic thinking as well as policy the world over especially after the demise of the communist bloc. The privatization commission which was set up 2 months after the Sharif government took over in January 1991 has successful in privatizing units of public sector. These include privatization of two national banks as well. This was a great achievement.

GOALS OF PML (N):

Of paramount importance to the new government was implementation of Nawaz Sharif's program for strengthening the economy. Goals of the program included self-reliance, deregulation and denationalization, taxation reform, foreign- exchange and payment reform, administrative and law reform, and increases in agricultural productivity and exports. The government's economic strategy rested on streamlining the institutional framework for industrialization and on starting a new partnership with the private sector in order to promote common objectives.

OPPOSITION OF BENAZIR:
The government's chief opposition, Benazir and the PPP, criticized Nawaz Sharif's efforts at privatization, calling them the "loot and plunder" of Pakistan and saying his plan favored large investors and ran roughshod over labor.

MUSHARRAF:
On October 12, 1999 while exercising military invasions over political environment on regularity basis country was once again dragged under the fourth military ruling favored by plane conspiracy. The toppled government of Nawaz Sharif from lost opportunity of contesting elections to imprisonment and then to exile forced General Musharraf to restore democracy. Second time in the history of Pakistan referendum was held and won by General Musharraf.

POLICIES OF MUSHARRAF:
y BD system (the system of nazims, nayab nazims, and union councils) was introduced by Musharraf.

Musharraf aided America and NATO forces with the provision of air bases and in return got a massive amount of financial aid in the form of loans.

Several amendments resulting with the increase in the power of president were made in his tenure.

Severe violation of constitution ended up with the step of having two designations at the same time chief of army staff and the president.

MARTYRS OF BUGTI AND LAL MOSQUE:

In June, 2007 Musharraf as the nature of dictators is concerned, attacked and killed Bugti (the most renowned leader of Baluchistan). In the same year Musharraf attacked and martyred the innocent Madrassa students at LaL mosque in the capital blamed for the policies of crating uprising against the government on the basis of ISLAM.

ZARDARIS ECONOMIC CORRUPTION:

After the assassination of Benazir Bhutto Musharraf held free and fare elections in 2008, the result of the so-called elections, already fixed in advance with bribes and blackmail to the electoral college of corrupt politicians, was a foregone conclusion, PPP won the majority and was able to form the government. After the presidency of Zardari the state has failed to build a proper social and physical infrastructure. Rather, as the years pass by, it has become more and more fractured by the continual economic crisis, corruption and plunder of the ruling classes. The present PPP government has cut 70 billion rupees from the budgetary allocation for developmental projects. In any case the funds allocated and those from World Bank project are usurped by all levels of the bureaucracy. The contractors here pay out to everyone, from the top minister of a department to the official at the lowest rung of the bureaucracy; very little is left for real development. Due to this corruption the quality of construction of most developmental projects is very bad. The Presidency of Zardari is not a solution to the economical and security problems of Pakistani society. It is the beginning of yet another period of conflagration and social convulsions.

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FACTORS

RESPONSIBLE

FOR

TRANSFORMATION

OF

CIVIL-

MILITARY RELATIONS:
The first conspicuous change in civil-military relations took place in 1958; When Ayub Khan took the power. The second coup took place in 1969(General Yahya Khan) and the third coup in 1977(General Zia-ul-Haq) and the fourth General Pervez Musharraf (from 1999 to 2008). With the exception of the temporary phase of 5.5 years of civilian rule (1972-77), the military have exercised power directly under the
cover of Martial law or the civilianized regime of the former army commander ruled the country. The analyses show that three factors explain the transformation of the civil-military relations. 1. The nature and problems of the civil society. 2. The nature of the military. 3. The interactions across the boundaries of the civil and military domains.

The militarys position was strengthened by Pakistans acute sense of insecurity caused by regional security pressure. The military e\received (and still receives) the largest share of the national budget and was the main beneficiary of Pakistans participation in the western alliance system in the fifties and the sixties.

FAILURES OF DEMOCRACY IN PAKISTAN:

1. SPREAD OF FUNDAMENTALISM:
The fundamentalism grows and spreads in those countries where there is some sort of democratic system and opposition id allowed to play its part. In such a system, fundamentalists are allowed to form their own parties, publish their literature, demonstrate for their demands and use media for their propaganda. We can see all this in FATA, where Tehrik-a-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Muhammadi (TNSM) has introduced its own Brand of Islam that aims at destroying girls colleges, burn the CD shops, and train people for suicide attacks. They are all doing this in the name of Islam. The presence of fundamentalist parties in the body politics of the Muslim countries changed the whole scenario; the extremist groups were allowed to pursue their function regularly. This has resulted into a situation, as we can see now in Pakistan.

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2. POLITICS OF HATRED:
Pakistan came in existence in 1947. It came to be known as sovereign independent state but most of the people did not know that it was still in the hands of few powerful people. 22 families acquire more than 90% of wealth of Pakistan and almost all of them are feudal. The feudal played an important role in the creation of Pakistan. Once Quaid-e-Azam said on one occasion, I had got fake coins in my pocket. These feudal have the political and economic power. People had been greatly and are being exploited in this system from the past 63 years. These few corrupt people are using common people purely for their own cause. They dont want to give up their power and authority for the uplift of Pakistan. The people loose trust on the politicians. But unfortunately in history of Pakistani politics we not see such a good and healthy activity. The clashes between PPP and PML in 1990, not only destabilize both the parties but above all it harmed Pakistan. And currently we can also see the political uncertainty, when chief minister of Punjab was dismissed from his post. The PPP should respect the mandate of PML-N in Punjab.

3. INHERITED POLITICS:

Unfortunately in Pakistan the politics is inherited. The feudal, sardars and Wadaira have occupied the markets, economy, industries, and simply they have power in do anything. In rural areas they dont allow the people to get education as these people can revolt against them. So they rule the innocent people while keeping them ignorant. The Pakistan political system has been dominated by few families, who are in parliament and in upper house. Take the example of PPP. We have a leader Bilawal Bhutto. But he has never lived in Pakistan, his education is from abroad, he has never seen the suffering of the common people in Pakistan, he has never traveled in Pakistani public transport. How can I expect him to be a great leader of this country? Our politicians have no faith in our institutions. They called upon Scotland Yard or UN to resolve their domestic issues. Most of the parliamentarians are illiterate and they are there to make law for the people of 160 million people.

ROLE

OF

DEMOCRACY

AND

DICTATORSHIP

IN

TODAYS

PERSPECTIVE:
Today, unfortunately, Pakistan is passing through difficult, delicate and sensitive phase of its history. Its now become not a question of ruling the country, but the intensity of problems demands that now it has become the

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question

of

survival

of

Pakistan.

Pakistan is facing intense external and internal problems. The biggest problems that, now, Pakistan is facing are terrorism suicide attacks. It has completely failed to control this meaner. Its challenging the security of Pakistan. In order to end the terrorism military operation is at its full scale in FATA areas. But this

operation has resulted in displacement of nearly three million people from this region. The issue concerning the internal displaced people (IDPs) is not simply that of displacement; but its also of poverty. The law and order situation has blocked the way of investment. Rather people are shifting their assets to foreign countries due to uncertainty instability in the country. This has also badly affected the economic situation of Pakistan.

CONCLUSION:

It is a matter of a great concern that neither dictatorship nor democratic institution ever employed expeditious accountability cap-a-pie that could assure justice to all the sects of the under developed society. However, new accountability institutions with feasible performances and expeditious services are established each time new government comes in to horizon. But unfortunately the end results contain severe criticism involving only lower cadre or less influential people. That shows the highest degree of corruption and nepotism engaged at each level of accountability dealing with the affluent class. Pakistan is facing many internal and external problems. There is American pressure and now the war against terror has become our own war and our politicians have to accept this. They should unite on one plate form. Imran khan and MMA should support military operation because its a question of survival of Pakistan. The politicians should forget internal conflicts and should think for Pakistan first and foremost. Today, being a nation, we have the challenges of inequality between provinces, regional disparities, economic imbalances, poverty, and inflation and many other issues. Every institution of Pakistan should work with collaboration and cooperation. Military should respect the power of vote of people. They should give the time for democracy to flourish. But it todays difficult time they both must work with each other and should support each other. The issues should be resolved through negotiation and bilateral diplomacy. Our foreign policy should be free and it should take decision in keeping countries benefits. Being a nation we have to pass this phase of history with courage. Such times come in the history of great nations. We have to prove ourselves as a nation, we have to fight this war, we have to save Pakistan, we have to once again sew the seed of peace, love, cooperation, respect, equality and above all seek help from Allah Almighty. May Allah help us to face this difficult time with courage, prayers and above all as one Muslims and one nationAMEEN!

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REFERNCES:
1. http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/pktoc.html 2. Pakistans Other Story: 9. Dictatorship and Democracy-Regimes changed, the Masses Continue to Suffer, by Lal Khan. (http://www.marxist.com/pakistans-other-story-9.htm) 3. Yasmeen Malik, Democracy or dictatorship. 4. Mahjabeen Agha, Democracy versus Dictatorship: From Pakistan's Perspective. 5. http://www.opinion-maker.org/2010/05/pakistan-democracy-or-dictatorship. 6. Badar Muneer Khan Baigal, Democracy or Dictatorship.

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