PH 136 Vector control

8.20.2010

2.5 Prof. Molina

Outline: I. Introduction II. Definition Of Terms III. How Do Vectors Affect Human Health IV. Types of Vectors A. Insects 1. Mosquitoes 2. Flies 3. Cockroaches 4. Fleas 5. Mites 6. Ticks B. Rodents V. Vector Control A. Basic Considerations B. Chemical Control C. Biological Control D. Environmental Control E. Physical Control F. Educational Control G. Criteria for Selecting Vector Control Measures

Disease Transmitted by Vectors

Vector Mosquitoes Anopheles Culex Aedes Lice Fleas Ticks Rodents Disease Transmitted Malaria, filariasis Japanese encephalitis, filariasis, other viral diseases Yellow fever, dengue fever, filariasis, other viral diseases Skin infections, epidemic typhus, relapsing fever Plague, murine typhus Tick-borne relapsing fever, tick paralysis Rat bite fever, leptospirosis, salmonellosis

TYPES OF VECTORS Insects 1. MOSQUITOES

Small, slender, fragile Has scales along the veins of its wings Mouth parts (proboscis) are adapted for piercing and sucking blood Females (pointed proboscis) prefer human and animal blood Males (rounded proboscis) feed on nectars of plants Lay eggs on surface water There are many different species of mosquitoes, each living in a specific habitat o Example: Aedes aegypti is more commonly found in NCR thus transmitting dengue in the population. Malaria (transmitted by Anopheles) and Filariasis are common in Region 5 where banana and abaca plantations are found o Always consider the livng conditions/habitat because it indicates possible proliferation Capable of transmitting a variety of disease Flight range is 1 kilometer radius There are just few mosquito species that are important to public health (Anopheles vector for malaria and filariasis; Culex may also be a vector for filariasis and the encephalitis virus; Aedes vector for yellow fever and dengue) Life Cycle o Life cycle is important so as to know the part of the insects cycle where they are best controlled o Mosquitoes are controlled in the egg stage. Or larval stage. Why? Since eggs or larvae are usually stationary since they are just in the water, unlike adults who are already capable of flight. o It takes about 10 days for mosquitoes to develop from egg to adult o Eggs stage lasts about 2 days, then goes through 4 larval stages in 6-7 days followed by the pupal stage lasting 1-2 days o Male and female adults mosquitoes emerge from the pupae o All female mosquitoes have antennae that are thinly scattered across their bodies, while the males have bushy antennae

INTRODUCTION
What is a vector? Any organism which transmits infection by inoculation into the skin or mucus membrane by: 1. Biting 2. Deposit of infective materials on the skin 3. Biological reproduction within the organism

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Definitive host person or other animal in which a parasite reaches maturity or passes through its sexual stage Ecology the relationship between organisms and their environment Habitat the area or environment in which an organism normally lives Infectious agent an organism (virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoa, helminthes) that is capable of producing infection of infectious disease Larvicide pesticide used to kill arthropod larvae; (verb) killing of arthropod larvae Pathogen any disease-producing organism Pesticide any substance used to kill or control organisms which are considered to be pests Repellent a chemical applied to the skin, clothing, or other places to discourage arthropods and other disease agents from landing on or attacking an individual Reservoir any person, animal, arthropod on which an infectious agent depends for its survival where it reproduces itself for transmission to a susceptible host Rodenticide pesticide used to kill rats or mice Transmission any mechanism by which an infectious agent is spread from a source or reservoir to a host

HOW DO VECTORS AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH?

1. By transmitting agents of disease Mechanical transmission vectors act as passive carriers of pathogenic agents (e.g. house flies for typhoid and cholera transmission) Biological transmission vectors act as essential host of pathogenic agents o Propagative simply multiply o Cyclical undergo cyclical changes 2. By invading the tissues Arthropods may burrow in the skin (e.g. scabies mites) 3. By inoculating poisonous substances (e.g. spiders and scorpions) Transmission of Vector-Borne Diseases

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Breeding Site o Knowing the breeding places of these insects makes it easier to control them o Natural sites (creeks, slow-moving mountain rivers, ponds, and lakes) Anopheles in Palawan partly shaded, slow-flowing, clean streams or other natural water collections o Agricultural sites (irrigated lands which are poorly drained, canals, water tanks, stand pipes) o Industrial and Municipal (industrial wastes, household wastes, used tires, drainage system, poorly-drained gutters) Ex. used tires (can be seen in urban poor communities; sa bubong ng mga buhay; become breeding grounds for dengue vectors); or in flower vases which became breeding grounds of dengue-causing mosquitoes in a certain hospital.

3. COCKROACHES
Brown, brownish-black or tan Flat-bodied Foul-smelling Complete life cycle is one year Hide in cracks, sinks, walls, cabinets Eggs encased in capsules Forage food at night (nocturnal) Life cycle: 1 year Public Health Significance Spoil/contaminate foods Nuisance to food establishments Associated to diseases like cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and other enteric diseases (usually transmits the same diseases as flies)

2. FLIES
Gray with four stripes on the thorax Maximum life span of 60 days Lay eggs on breeding materials exposed to light Breed in filthy places (excrement of animals, rotten vegetables) Flight range 2-13 km Female could actually lay more or less 2000 eggs (highly prolific breeders) o Mag-experiment: magtapon ng basura sa likod-bahay then observe the gradual swarming of flies as days go by. Life cycle: 3-7 days

4. FLEAS
Small, wingless insects Mouth parts are fitted with piercing and sucking Body is flattened from side to side Ability to leap Life span ranges from 2-3 months

Rodents
Comparison of Three Types of Rodents
Common Name
Rodent species Appearance Weight

Norway Rat; burrowing/ brown/city rat Rattus norvegicus Small eyes and ears, thick tail Up to 500 g Hole in ground, piles, or refuse, warehouse sewers Ocean coastal areas of Africa

Roof Rat (black/roof/ ship rat) Rattus rattus Wide ears, pointed snout, long slender tail Up to 250g Under roofs along beams and tops of partitions (excellent climber) Throughout Africa except desert and semidesert areas

House Mouse

Mus musculus Only 1 2 cm wide, smaller head and paws No more than 20 g Smaller range, search for food around homes, Attracted to flour, cereals, and grain; Sila ang kumakain/nagngangat ngat ng mga damit sa mga bahay-bahay. Spreading southward from north of Africa

Common habitat

Geographic distribution

Public Health Importance Responsible for the transmission of diseases (basically enteric diseases) like dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera, and other intestinal infections Associated with other diseases like tuberculosis, small fox (based on sirs ppt, but we cant find internet stuff about it, so most probably it should be small pox), skin infections and eye diseases Problem arises from decreasing distances from sources (open dumpsites, etc.) Target control is the egg/larval stage (just like in mosquitoes) Breeding sites: Garbage dumps Manure Poultries Slaughter house Dead animals Species and its specific breeding sites
Common Name House fly Filth fly Bush fly Blow fly Blue bottle, Green bottle fly Flesh fly Lesser house fly Stable fly Scientific Name Musca domestica M. sorbens M. vestutissima Chrysomya spp. Calliphora spp. Lucilia spp. Sarcophaga spp. Fannia spp. Stomoxys calcitrans Breeding Sites Refuse, animal/human feces Human feces Cattle droppings Latrines, meat, fish Meat, fish and garbage Meat, animal feces Animal feces Straw stacks, piles of weeds, animal feces

Rats use their whiskers for direction since they have poor visual development. That info can help you decide on how to strategically position your rat trap. Sa gilid ng room dumadaan ang mga dagang ito; walang diagonal crossing Rats cause disease through their fleas which can transmit plague (Yersinia pestis) and murine typhus (Rickettsia mooseri) There will come a time that they will rule the world! Public health would be the best defense against the possible reoccurrence of this plague. Can spread diseases such as salmonelloses and leptospirosis Rat bites can transmit pathogen that can cause fever and rabies People can contract leptospirosis from contaminated flood water or Have trichinosis from eating undercooked meat from pigs that have eaten the dead bodies of infected rats Can cause enormous economic damage by destroying or contaminating food and damaging other materials around the house Characteristics: Sexual maturity: 3-4 months Gestation period: 22 days Lifespan: 1 year Production rate: 10-12/year Good climbers and swimmers React to slight sound by evasive action Colorblind and not well-developed sense of taste No aversion to odors of man on traps or baits Nocturnal Nibblers and gnawers Limiting factors in the environment Harborage Food and water Predation Competition

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Summary of Vectors Potential Health Impacts

Vectors Mosquitoes Anopheles Culex Aedes Flies & Cockroaches Fleas Blackflies Tsetse Ticks & mites Lice Diseases Malaria, filariasis Lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis Arbovirus (dengue, yellow fever) Dysentery, typhoid, cholera Plague, murine typhus Onchocerciasis African trypanosomiasis Borrelioses, Ehrlichias, etc. Skin infections, epidemic typhus, relapsing fever Rat bite fever, leptospirosis, salmonellosis Prevalence 2 M deaths/yr 1B affected Spreading and epidemics increasing Global & repetitive Widespread Focal <10 m cases Focal <5 m cases Widespread

Physical Control
Use of traps o Yung mga daga pala parang bulag. Kaya naman pala sila lagi sa gilid gilid dumadaan kasi ginagamit lang nila whiskers nila para kappa-kapain ang paligid nila. Kaya madalang lang makakita ng daga na dadaan lang bigla sa gitna ng daan. :p Kaya, alamin kung saan dapat maglagay ng traps! :P Screening o Ex. impregnated mosquito nets in Palawan; may mga chemicals itong mga nets na to. Pinapamigay lang for free ng local government nila. Electrocution Flame throwers Pressurized air (usually seen at the entrances of establishments to prevent entry of insects hindi pampalamig ang purpose nito >_<)

Educational Control
IEC Information, Education, Communication (to promote development or improvement on KAP Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices) Mass media Schools Symposia Vector Control
Type Environmental management and Sanitation Biological Control Intervention Natural environment changes and communal hygiene Larvivorous fishes Predators and competitors; Larviciding Space spraying Indoor residual spraying Targets Mosquitoes, blackflies, snails, etc. Products

Rodents

Vector Control Basic Considerations

Understanding their way of life Knowing their anatomy, growth, habits and food Understanding their life cycle Identifying common living places

Chemical Control
Stomach poisons, contact poisons (usually powdered; tendency is to stick to the body of a rat, and since rats are known to lick their bodies clean they make tend to inhale or ingest these poisons), fumigants (fogging for mosquitoes, fleas, etc.) Constraints o Resistance of insects o Insecticide persistence (bioaccumulation/biomagnification) Types of chemical applications o Residual sprays efficacy: 1-2 weeks (usually used for malarial species since these mosquitoes attach themselves to walls) o Fumigation/fogging o Outdoor space spraying The first three types are directed to the adult stage of the vector. o Larviciding

Mosquitoes Snails Urban mosquitoes Urban mosquitoes Vectors of malaria, lymphatic filariasis, leishmaniasis Vectors of malaria, leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, trypanosomiasis Mosquitoes, flies, fleas Microbial larvicides, organophosphates, neem extracts & other herbal insecticides Pyrethroids* Pyrethroids*, organophosphates, carbamates, DDT

Chemical Control

Biological Control
Used in tandem with other control measures Use of predators Fish (e.g. tilapia) : larvivorous because they eat larvae o Fish (Gambusia affinis): Aggressive, hardy Voracious eater Eats mosquito larvae Distributed for free Fountains, ponds, bird baths Dragon flies Frogs Lizards

Insecticidetreated materials

Pyrethroids*

Household products

Coils, mats, repellents, natural products, etc.

* Pyrethroids are chemicals that kill insects, including

mosquitoes. They can be an important tool in helping to prevent the spread of West Nile virus. Mosquito control professionals mix pyrethroids with water or oil and apply it as an ultra low-volume spray that kills flying adult mosquitoes. When used properly, pyrethroids have been found to pose very little risk to human health and the environment. If you want to reduce your exposure to pyrethroid spray, stay indoors during spraying and for about 30 minutes afterwards.

Environmental Control
Objective is to eliminate breeding sites Filling of low areas Ditching of swamps (providing a small outlet or canal) Draining stagnant waters Reducing vegetative growth Sanitation of premises Proper waste disposal

Criteria for Selecting Vector Control Measures

Epidemiological situation and risk factors Appropriate for controlling the specific vector species, given its breeding, flight and resting behavior Simple to understand and apply Affordable and based on locally available resources Acceptable and compatible with local customs and practices Safe for the user and the environment

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