Freedom of Association and Protection of the

Right to Organize Convention, 1948

(No. 87)

Tim De Meyer
Specialist on International Labour Standards & Labour Law, Subregional
Office for East Asia (SRO Bangkok), Thailand
demeyer@ilo.org

vGwfvyfpGm toif;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh

pnf;&kH;cGifhtm;
m;
tumtuG,fay;jcif;qdkif&m jyXmef;csuf 1948
(trSwf 87)
wif'Dar,m
EdkifiHwum tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;Oya'
rm;Oya' txl;u|rf;usifol
ta&S@tm&S a'o&kH;cGJ (SRO befaumuf) xdkif;EdkifiH
demeyer@ilo.org

Ratification

Ratified by 80% of States worldwide, but only 50% of States
in Asia Pacific

In AP, C. 87 is the least widely ratified of the ILO
fundamental Conventions

Countries with sizeable populations have not ratified C. 87 nor
C. 98: China, India, United States + Viet Nam, IR Iran,
RoKorea, Thailand

twnfyjcif; vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;

urBmw0Srf;wGif EdkifiH 80 u twnfyvufrSwf a&;xdk;+yD;jzpfI
tm&SypdzdwfwGifrl EdkifiH 50om twnfyxm;onf?

tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGif C 87 onf ILO tajccHjyXmef;csufrsm;teuf
twnfyvufrSwfa&;xdk;r_ tenf;qkH;&&Sdaom jyXmef;csufjzpfonf?

vlOD;a&rsm;jym;aom EdkifiHrsm;onf C 87 (odk@r[kwf) C 98 udk
twnfyvufrSwf a&;xdk;jcif; r&Sdao;yg? w&kwf/ tdEdN,/ tar&duefESifh
AD,uferf/ tD&ef/ awmifudk;&D;,m;/ xdkif;

Why C. 87/ C. 98?

Development (including the functioning of labour markets) is
a process that needs to be governed by democratic
participation, particularly from the productive forces

Effective participation requires strong, independent and
representative (SIR) organizations of employers and workers
(E & W)

To be SIR, E & W organizations need rights that guarantee
their independence from the public authorities, as well as from
each other

C. 87: independence from public authorities

C. 98: independence from each other, including independent
negotiation with each other on conditions of work

bma=
bma=umifhvJ (C 87, C 98)

zHG@z;a&; qdkonfrSm (tvkyform; aps;uGufrsm;. vkyfief;rsm;tygt0if)
txl;ojzifh ukefxkwfvkyfr_ pGrf;tm;pkrsm;. 'Drdkua&pDenf;us
aqmif&Gufr_jzifh uGyfuJ}uD;=uyf&ef vdktyfaom jzpfpOfw&yf jzpfonf?

xda&mufaom yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_onf tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;twGuf
cdkifrmaom (SIR) vGwfvyfaom/ udk,fpm;yr_&Sdaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
vdktyfonf? (E & W)

xdkodk@ cdkifrm/ vGyfvyf/ udk,fpm;y&ef/ tvkyf&Sif/ tvkyform;tzGJ@rsm;onf
wOD;ESifhwOD; (odk@r[kwf) tm%mydkifrsm;rS oD;jcm;uif;vGwfr_udk
tmrcHonfh tcGifhta&;rsm;&Sd&ef vdkonf?
C 87 - tm%mydkifrsm;rS oD;jcm;uif;vGwfr_
C 98 - wOD;ESifhwOD; (tvkyfESifh tvkyform;) oD;jcm;uif;vGwfr_

Fundamental Rights?

Three rights are considered fundamental

the right to organize to defend & further interests

the right to bargain collectively

the right to strike

Fundamental does not mean absolute,

i.e. they can be subject to restrictions or conditions

tajccH tcGifhta&;rsm;

tcGifhta&;rsm; (3) rsKd;tm; tajccHtjzpf ,lqonf?

ckcHumuG,f&efESifh aemufxyf tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;twGuf pnf;&kH;ydkifcGifh

pkaygif;ndE_dif; ta&;qdkydkifcGifh

oydwfarSmufydkifcGifh

tajccHqdkonfrSm tuif;rJh[k t"dy`m,f r&yg?

Oyrm - xdktcGifhta&;rsm;onf uef@owfcsufrsm;ESifh
pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;tay: rlwnfI tajymif;tvJ &SdEdkifygonf?

Right to Organize

= all workers, including e.g.

public servants

teachers

state enterprise employees

judiciary

prison guards

security staff

civilian employees in defense industry

workers in essential services

self-employed workers
except armed forces and police

pnf;&kH;ydkifcGifh

atmufygtvkyform;rsm;tygt0if tvkyform;tm;vkH;

tpdk;&tr_xrf;

ausmif;q&m/ r

tpdk;& pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;0efxrf;rsm;

w&m;a&;0efxrf;

tusOf;axmif0efxrf;

vkH+cKHa&;0efxrf;

umuG,fa&;vufatmufcH pufr_vkyfief;rsm;&Sd t&yfom;0efxrf;rsm;

tajccH0efaqmifr_rsm;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;

rdrdbmomrdrd cef@tyfxm;aom 0efxrf;rsm;
(vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ESifh &Jom;rsm;rSty)

Right to Organize

= all employers, including e.g.

managerial staff & executive staff in the public & private
sector

but they can be required to organize separately from nonexecutive staff, as long as the notions of executive and nonexecutive are not defined in a way to hollow out the membership
base of the non-executive unions

pnf;&kH;ydkifcGifh

tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vduXmersm;. pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm;
tygt0if tvkyf&Sifrsm; tm;vkH;

odk@aomf wdk@udk tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;r[kwfolrsm;ESihf oD;jcm;cGJI
pnf;&kH;&ef vkdonf? tkyfcsKyfa&; ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;
r[kwfolrsm;. or*~rsm;wGif&Sd aomtzGJ@0ifjzpfjcif;qdkif&m
tajccHrsm;udk z,f&Sm;zsufqD;ypfjcif;r[kwf&ef vdktyfonf?

Right to bargain collectively (C. 98)

= all workers, including e.g.

teachers
state enterprise employees
security staff for private companies
civilian employees in defense industry
essential services in the public and private sector

except armed forces and police

administration of the State

pkaygif;ndE_Edi_ f; ta&;qdkydkifcGifh (C 98)

atmufygtvkyform;rsm;tygt0if tvkyform;rsm;tm;vkH;

ausmif;q&mr
tpdk;& pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;0efxrf;rsm;
yk*~vdu ukr`%Drsm;&Sd vkH+cKHa&;0efxrf;rsm;
umuG,fa&;Xme pufr_vkyfief;vufatmuf&Sd t&yfom;0efxrf;rsm;
tpdk;& ESifh yk*~vduydkif vkyfief;rsm;&Sd t"du0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;

(vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;/ &JwyfzGJ@ESifh EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm; ryg0if&)

Right to Strike

= all workers, including

state enterprise employees

security staff for private companies

civilian employees in defense industry
(unless an essential service)
Except

armed forces and police

exercising authority for the State

essential services in public or private sector

acute emergency

oydwfarSmufydkifcGifh

atmufyg0efxrf;rsm; tygt0if tvkyform;tm;vkH;

EdkifiHawmfydkifvkyfief;rsm;&Sd 0efxrf;rsm;

yk*~vdu ukr`%Drsm;&Sd vkHcHa&;0efxrf;rsm;

umuG,fa&;Xme pufr_vkyfief;vufatmuf&Sd t&yfom;0efxrf;rsm;

(tajccH 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; r[kwfv#if)

atmufygwdk@rS vGJv#if

vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh &JwyfzGJ@
EdkifiHawmftm%mudk tokH;yae&olrsm;
tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vduu&Sd tajccH0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;
ta&;ay:tajctae

Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right

to Organize Convention, 1948 (No. 87)
Principle
Freedom of workers and employers to establish or join
organizations of their own choosing to defend and further their
interests, independently from the public authorities

vGyfvyfpGm toif;tyif;rsm;zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh pnf;&kH;cGifhtm;

m;
tumtuG,f ay;jcif;qdkif&m jyXmef;csuf 1948
(trSwf 87)
rl0g'
tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;rS oD;jcm;uif;vGwfI tvkyform;rsm;ESifh
tvkyf&Sifrsm;u wdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk umuG,f&efESifh xyfrH
wdk;csJ@Edkif&ef wdk@udk,fwdkifa&G;cs,fr_jzifh vGwfvyfpGm tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
xlaxmifEdkifcGifh odk@r[kwf toif;0ifEdkifcGifh

Who has the right to organize?

WORKERS without distinction whatsoever

wage-earners & independent (self-employed) workers, i.e. anyone who
pursues or is willing to pursue (e.g. unemployed) a living through work

both citizens and (regular & irregular) migrant workers

public servants, workers of state enterprises & public corporations

agricultural workers

workers in export processing zones/ industrial estates

atypical workers (temporary, fixed-term, casual, part-time, seasonal)
workers

workers in the informal economy

b,folawGrSm pnf;&kH;cGifh&SdovJ

xl;jcm;csufr&Sdaom tvkyform;rsm;

vkyfcpm;rsm;/ woD;yk*~v (rdrdudk,fudkowfrSwfaom) tvkyform;rsm; - Oyrm
tvkyfvkyfI toufarG;aom odk@r[kwf toufarG;&ef qEN&Sdaom

(Oyrm - tvkyfvufrJh) rnfolrqdk/

EdkifiHom;tvkyform; (ykHrSefESifh ykHrSefr[kwfaom) ESifh a@&$ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;

tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;/ tpdk;&ydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&
aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;

pdkufysKd;a&; tvkyform;rsm;

ydk@ukefxkwfvkyfa&;ZkHrsm;ESifh pufr_a'orS tvkyform;rsm;

or&kd;usr[kwfaom tvkyform;rsm; (,m,D/ oufwrfowfrSwfxm;aom/
a&Smifwcif/ tcsdefydkif;/ &moDtvdkuf) tvkyform;rsm;

or&kd;usr[kwfaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;

Who has the right to organize?

Employers, also managerial staff and executive staff in the

public and private sector
Not necessarily
armed forces and police

b,folawGrSm pnf;&kH;cGifh&SdovJ ?

tpdk;&ESifh yk*~*v
~ duu
u&Sd pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm;
tygt0if tvkyf&Sifrsm;
(vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh &JwyfzGJ@wd@k ryg0ifyg/)

Rights guarantee by C. 87

Establishment of organizations without prior authorization

without the Govt deciding whether the organization can be established
or not

registration

is OK to ensure democratic functioning of trade unions or to prevent
financial fraud

is not OK if the registration procedure is too long and complicated, or
gives the Registrar the power to e.g. impose organization by enterprise
only

C 87 jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;

}udKwifcGifhycsufr&SdyJ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifzGJ@pnf;jcif;

tzGJ@tpnf;udk xlaxmifEdkifcGifh &Sdonf r&Sdonfudk tpdk;&xHrS
qkH;jzwfcsuf&,ljcif;rvdk
rSwfykHwifjcif;

onf 'Drdkua&pDenf;us or*~rsm;.vkyfief;udk aqmif&GufEdkif&ef odk@r[kwf
aiGa=u;vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;r_rsm;udk wm;qD;&eftwGufjzpfygu jy\emr&Sdyg/

onftvGef=umjrifhaom odk@r[kwf tvGef&SKyfaxG;aom
vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;jzpfv#if odk@r[kwf rSwfykHwift&m&Sdudk tzGJ@tpnf;.
vkyfief;ESifhywfoufI pnf;=uyfEdkifaomvkyfydkifcGifhay;xm;v#if
jy\em&Sdonf?

Rights guaranteed by C. 87

Right to establish and join organizations of their own
choosing

by occupation (trade), by region, by company, by
industry

because of special position of public servants, prohibiting
individuals to join mixed unions is OK, provided public
servant unions can join mixed federations

C 87 jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;

rdrdwdk@udk,fydkifa&G;cs,fr_jzifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifydkifcGifh odk@r[kwf
toif;0ifydkifcGifh

tvkyftudkift&/ a'ot&/ ukr`%Dt& pufr_vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;t&

tpdk;&0efxrf; or*~rsm;onf trsKd;tpm;aygif;pkH or*~tzGJ@csKyf rsm;odk@
0ifa&mufEdkifonfqdkygu tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;. txl;tajctaet&
trsKd;tpm;aygif;pkHor*~rsm;odk@ 0ifa&mufjcif;rS wm;jrpfjcif;onf
jy\emr&Sdyg/

Rights covered

Free to draw up constitutions and rules

e.g. no prescription in minute detail of election procedures

To elect representatives in full freedom

e.g. no requirement to be employed in the occupation since a certain time

Free to organize their administration

e.g. financial administration (e.g. strike funds) may only be subject to judicial
control

Free to organize their activities

e.g. unhindered disposal of all fixed and movable assets

Free to formulate their programmes

i.e. to determine the relationship with political parties in function of the need to
defend occupational interests

oufqdkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;

zGJ@pnf;ykHESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; vGwfvyfpGm a&;qGJcGifh
Oyrm a&G;aumufwifajrmufr_ vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif tao;pdwfjyXmef;r_rsm; r&Sdjcif;

vGyfvyfr_tjynfht0jzifh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
sm; a&G;cs,fcGifh
Oyrm - tvkyftudkifESifhywfoufI rnfonfhvdktyfcsufudkr# rxm;&Sdjcif;

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@udk vGyfvyfpGm zGJ@pnf;cGifh
aiGa=u;qdkif&m pDrHcef@cGJr_ (Oyrm - qENjy&HykHaiG) omv#if w&m;a&;tzGJ@.csKyfudkifr_
&SdEdkifonf/

vkyfief;rsm;udk vGyfvyfpGm aqmif&GufcGifh
Oyrm - a@&$ajymif;Edkifaom (odk@) ra@&$ajymif;Edkifaom ydkifqdkifr_rsm;udk tuef@towfr&SdyJ
tokH;yEdkifcGifh

pDrHcsufrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm a&;qGJEdkifcGifh
Oyrm - tvkyftudkifqdkif&m tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk umuG,fEdkif&ef vdktyfygu
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh qufoG,f aqmif&Guf&ef qkH;jzwfjcif;

Rights guaranteed by C. 87

Right of an organization not to be dissolved or suspended by
administrative authority

i.e. a trade union may be dissolved e.g. if it has completely ceased to
fulfill its mission, or if it turns out to be a cover for fraudulous
operations, but dissolution must result from the decision of an
independent judicial authority after a due process of law; if it results
from the decision of e.g. the Registrar, then the decision should not take
effect before appeal procedures have been exhausted

C 87 jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;

tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifrsm;. zsufodrf;jcif; odk@r[kwf qdkif;iHhxm;jcif; rcH&cGifh
Oyrm - tvkyform;or*~wckonf .OD;wnfcsufvkyfief;udk vkH;vkH;
taumiftxnfazmfjcif; r&Sdawmhv#if odk@r[kwf tjcm;vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;aom
vkyfief;wckudk aemufuG,fwGif vkyfudkifaev#if zsufodrf;jcif; cH&Edkifygonf? odk@aomf
Todk@zsufodrf;r_onf Oya'a=umif;t& oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mydkif
tzGJ@wckrS qkH;jzwfcsuft&omv#if jzpf&rnf/ tu,fI qkH;jzwfcsufonf OyrmrSwfykHwift&m&SdxHrSjzpfv#if t,lcHjzpfpOf r+yD;qkH;oa&G@ oufa&mufr_ r&Sdoifhao;yg?

Rights covered

Solidarity: Right to establish or join federations &
confederations of organizations under the same guarantees as
for establishing first-level organizations, including

Right to receive assistance

Right to maintain contact and exchange trade union publications

Sending and receiving representatives

oufqdkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;

aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;

tultnDrsm; &,lydkifcGifh

tquftoG,f,lcGifhESifh or*~pmapmifrsm; vJvS,fcGifh

udk,fpm;vS,frsm; ay;ydk@cGifhESifhvufcHcGifh
ponfh tcGifhta&;rsm;tygt0if yxrtqifhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
xlaxmifjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;aom tvm;wl tmrcHcsufrsm;t&
tzGJ@csKyfrsm;xlaxmifydkifcGifh odk@r[kwf 0ifa&mufydkifcGifh

Rights guaranteed by C. 87

respect for the law of the land
i.e. trade union rights and civil liberties are no license to
commit violence or destruction

law of the land must not impair the Conventions
guarantees
e.g. in case of violence, arrest the perpetrator for specific acts,
not the union leader

C 87 jzifh tmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;

EdkifiHawmf . Oya'udk av;pm;jcif;
Oyrm- tvkyform;or*~ tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vlr_vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;onf
t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh zsufpD;r_rsm;usL;vGef&efvdkifpifrsm; r[kwfyg/

EdkifiHawmf . Oya'onf oabmwlnDcsuf. tmrcHcsufudk rysufpD;ap&yg/
ap&yg/
Oyrm- t=urf;zufr_ jzpfyGm;v#if oufqdkif&m usL;vGefoludk
ol.usL;vGefonfhtr_udpPtwGuf zrf;qD;yg/ or*~acgif;aqmifudk
rzrf;qD;ygESifh/

Civil liberties

1970 Resolution: absence of civil liberties removes meaning
from trade union rights

Right to security of person and freedom from arbitrary arrest

Freedom of opinion and expression
Freedom of assembly
Right to a fair trial by impartial judiciary
Right to protection of property of trade union organizations

jynfolwdk@.vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;

1970 ck qkH;jzwfcsuf jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm; r&Sdjcif;onf
tvkyform;or*~
rm;or*~rsrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk t"dy`g,f uif;rJhaponf?

vlyk*~KdvfwOD;csif;. vkH+cKHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;ESifh Oya'rJh zrf;qD;jcif;rS
uif;vGwfcGifh

vGyfvyfpGm awG;ac:jcif;ESihfoabmxm; azmfxkwfcGifh

vGyfvyfpGm pka0;cGifh

bufrvdkufaom w&m;pD&ifa&;. r#waomw&m;pD&ifcH&cGifh

tvkyform;or*~rsm;. ydkifqdkifr_rsm;tm; tumtuG,f&,lcGifh

Right to security of person

The killing, disappearance or serious injury of trade union
leaders and trade unionists requires

the institution of independent judicial inquiries

in order to shed full light, at the earliest date, on the facts and the
circumstances in which such actions occurred and to the extent
possible, determine

where responsibilities lie

punish the guilty parties and

prevent the repetition of similar events

vlyk*~*Kd~Kv
d f wOD;csif;.
;. vkHjcKHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;
a&;

or*~acgif
acgif;aqmifESifh or*~ta&;v_
ta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm; towfcH&jcif;/;/
aysmufqkH;jcif; odk@r[kwf tjyif;txef xdcdkufemusifjcif;wdk@twGuf --
vGyfvyfaom w&m;Oya'a&;&m pkHprf;ppfaq;r_

Ttjzpftysufrsm; jzpfysufonfh tajctaeESifh tcsuftvufrsm;udk apmEdkifor#
apmapm od&SdazmfxkwfEdkif&ef

rnfolu wm0ef&Sdonfudk azmfxkwfjcif;

tjypf&Sdoludk tjypfay;jcif;

tvm;wl jzpf&yfrsm; xyfrHjzpfyGm;jcif;rS umuG,fjcif;

ponfwdk@vdktyfonf

Right to security of person

Impunity reinforces the climate of violence and
insecurity and thus has an extremely damaging
effect on the exercise of trade union rights

vlyk*~*Kd~Kv
d fwOD;csif;.
;. vkHjcKHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;
a&;

t=urf;zufjcif;ESifh vkHcHr_r&Sdjcif;qdkif&m wdk@onfor*~tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;
usifhoHk;a&;udk tvGeftrif; ysufpD; xdcdkufaponf@twGuf
tjypfay;&jcif;rSuif;vGwfcGif@onff txufygtcsufwdk@.oufa&mufjcif;rS
umuG,f&ef ydkrdktm;aumif;aponf?

Right to Strike in international law

Guaranteed in Art. 8 of the UN International Covenant on
Economic, Social & Cultural Rights

Referred to in the ILO Abolition of Forced Labour
Convention, 1957 (No. 105); Voluntary Conciliation and
Arbitration Recommendation (No. 92)

Not explicitly mentioned in the Freedom of Association and
Protection of the Right to Organize Convention, 1948
(No. 87), but considered implicit in the right to organize
activities, and in the right to further and defend interests

EdkifiHwum Oya't&
Oya't& oydwfarSmufcGifh

ukvor*~. pD;yGm;a&; vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m
jyXmef;csuf tydk'f (8) t& tmrcHxm;+yD;jzpf

ILO t"rRvkyftm;ay; cdkif;apjcif;qdkif&m jyXmef;csuf 1957/
trSwf- 1051 &Sd rdrdoabmqENt& ndE_dif;oabmwla=uat;jcif; qdkif&m
t}uHycsuf (trSwf 92)

vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh pnf;&kH;cGifhtm;
tumtuG,fay;jcif;jyXmef;csuf 1948/ trSwf- 87 Y xif&Sm;pGm
azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; vkyfief;rsm; pnf;&kH;vkyfaqmifcGifhESihf
tusKd;pD;yGm; xyfrHcsJ@xGifcGifhwdk@wGif tusKH;0ifonf[k ,lqEdkifonf?

Function of the Right to Strike

Fundamental workers right, meant to enable workers to bring
pressure to bear on employers, not to destroy productive assets

Market principle: temporarily withholding labour is the only
negotiation tool which workers have

collective bargaining right to strike = collective begging

structuring collective bargaining is in the M/L term a more effective
way to deal with strikes over interest disputes than the present
regulation

oydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;

ukefxkwfvkyfr_ pGrf;tm;pkudk zsufqD;&efr[kwfyJ tvkyf&Sifrsm;tay:Y
zdtm;ay;&ef tvkyform;rsm;tm; ay;tyfxm;aom tajccHtcGifhta&;

aps;uGufoabmw&m;- vkyftm;udk ,m,Dxdef;odrf;xm;jcif;onfomv#if
tvkyform;rsm;ydkifqdkifonfh wckwnf;aom ndE_dif;a&;vufeufwck
jzpfonf?

pkygif;ndEd_if; ta&;qdkjcif;- oydwfarSmufcGifh ] pkaygif;awmif;qdkjcif;

pkaygif;ndSEd_if;ta&;qdkjcif;udk ykHazmfjcif;onf ,ckvuf&Sd pnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;xuf tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;tay: tjiif;yGm;I oydwfarSufjcif;jzifh
a&wdk/a&&SnftwGuf ydkIxda&mufaom enf;vrf;jzpfonf?

Function of the Right to Strike

Pressure valve in situations where market dynamics between employers
and workers are emerging and law enforcement and dispute settlement
machinery do not yet function perfectly

role of courts which is to enforce the law is also to be limited

role for a mechanism to legitimize strikes and resolve disputes (e.g. OSH),
rather than pushing disputes into illegality

<< Harnessing, not pre-empting market forces>> - regulation of strike

action should be limited to the fringes, situations where the public interest
is at stake beyond reasonable doubt

NO absolute right, i.e. subject to conditions

oydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;

tvkyf&Sifrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;t=um;&Sd ndE_dif;r_ tajctaet&vnf;aumif;/
tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh tjiif;yGm;r_ajz&Sif;a&; ,EW&m;u xdxda&mufa&muf
ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sdv#if vnf;aumif;/ zdtm;ay;r_udk twdk;tavsmh
yvkyfEdkifonf?

Oya'udkouf0ifaprnfh w&m;&kH;rsm;.tcef;u uef@owfcsuf&Sdjcif;

tjiif;yGm;r_udk w&m;r0ifr_rsm;jzifh tjypfay;jcif;xuf oydwfarSmufjcif;udk w&m;0iftodtrSwfy+yD;
tjiif;yGm;r_udk ajz&Sif;ay;aom ,EW&m;w&yftwGuf vdktyfaom tcef;u

<<aps;uGuftiftm;pkudk xdef;csKyfjcif;omjzpfI

aESmifh,SufzsufqD;jcif;r[kwf >>

trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;onf owdxm;rdEdkifavmufatmif
tEW&m,f&Sdvmonfhtaetxm;odk@ a&muf&Sdvmv#if oydwfarSmufjcif;tm;
xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifaompnf;rsOf;

tvHk;pHktjynfht0&&Sdaom tcGifhta&;[lonf r&Sd/ tajctaetay: rlwnfonf/

Substantive Restrictions

a general prohibition is only acceptable

when normal functioning of society has ceased

for a limited period

to the extend necessary to meet the requirements of the situation

a sectoral prohibition is acceptable

for public servants exercizing authority in the name of the State

essential services, provided there are compensatory guarantees

t"duusaom twm;tqD;rsm;

atmufygwdk@twGufom a,bl,suef@owfcsufonf vufcHEdkifzG,f &Sdonf?

omreftajctaetwdkif; vnfywfaqmif&Gufr_rsm; &yfqdkif;aev#if

owfrSwfxm;aom umvtydkif;tjcm; wcktwGuf

tajctaet& vdktyfI twdkif;twmwcktxd aqmif&Gufjcif;

utvdkuf uef@owfcsufonf vufcHEdkifzG,f &Sdonf?

EdkifiHawmf.wm0efay;csuft& tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;u vkyfydkifcGifhudk tokH;y&jcif;

jyefvnftpm;xdk;ay;avsmfEdkifaom tmrcHcsuf&Sdonfh r&dSrjzpfta&;ygaom
0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;

Procedural Restrictions

Legal procedural restrictions are acceptable, if they do not
place a substantial limitation on the right to strike

obligation of prior notice to employer = OK

prior exhaustion of voluntary mediation and arbitration = OK, if not too
long

obligation of secret ballot to validate strike decision = OK

obligation of quorum = OK, if

the quorum is not too high

taking into account the size of the undertakings

vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;qdkif&m wm;jrpfcsufrsm;

oydwfarSmufcGifhtay: tvGeftrif; uef@owfr_r&Sdv#if Oya'a=umif;t&
vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;qdkif&m wm;jrpfcsufonf vufcHEdkifzG,f &Sdonf?

tvkyf&Siftay: }uKdwifowday;&ef wm0ef&Sdjcif; ] OK

rdrdoabmjzifh =um;0ifaphpyfI a=uat;&ef}uKd;pm;jcif; ] OK

(tcsdef=um=umr,lv#if)

oydwfarSmuf&efqkH;jzwfcsuftm; twnfy&ef v#Kd@0SufrJjzifh qENyjcif; ] OK

oabmwlnDr_twdkif;twm owfrSwfxm;jcif; ] OK

(tu,fI twdkif;twmonf odyfrjrifhrm;vGef;v#if

wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&rnfh yrm%udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;v#if)

Essential services
= services which, if interrupted, endanger the life, personal
safety/ health of whole or part of the population

Essential Service

Telephone services

Air traffic controllers

Hospital workers

Public utilities
(water, gas, electricity)

NOT Essential Service

Petroleum refinery

Banking

Transport

Radio and television
broadcasting

r&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;
] tu,fI taESmifht,Sufay;cH&ygu vl@touf/ yk*~dKvfa&;vkHcHr_/ vltrsm;pk
(odk@) wpdwfwydkif;. usef;rma&;udk xdcdkuftEW&m,fyEdkifaom 0efaqmifr_
vkyfief;rsm;
r&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;

r&Sdrjzpf r[kwfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;

w,fvDzkef; 0efaqmifr_

ava=umif; xdef;odrf;a&;

aq;&kH0efxrf;rsm;

jynfol@ 0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;
(a&/ "mwfaiG@/ v#yfppf)

a&eH oef@pifa&;

b%f vkyfief;

o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;

a&'D,dk w,fvDaA;&Sif;

Essential Services
Compensatory guarantees required in the event of
restriction of the right to strike

conciliation and mediation procedures

impartial
arbitration awards
binding on both parties
implemented rapidly and completely

r&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;

oydwfarSmufcGifhtm; csKyfcGifhxdef;odrf;&mwGif vdktyfaom
jyefvnftpm;xdk;ay;avsmfr_ tmrcHcsufrsm;

jyefvnfaphpyfndE _dif;jcif; vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;

bufrvdkufjcif;
a=uat;r_qkvm'frsm;
ESpfbufpvkH;odk@ oufa&mufr_&Sdjcif;
tvsiftjref ESifh jynfhpkHpGm taumiftxnfazmfjcif;

Body of principles on the right to strike

Conclusion of the right to strike as a fundamental right to be
enjoyed by workers and their organizations (trade unions,
federations & confederations), which is protected at
international level, provided that the right is exercised in a
peaceful manner.

oydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&m oabmxm;rsm;

+idrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzifh usifhokH;vsif oydwfarSmufcGifhtm;
tvkyform;rsm;ESifh wdk@. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (tvkyform;or*~rsm;/
tzGJ@csKyfrsm;) cHpm;&&SdEdkifonfh tajccHtcGifhta&;w&yfaejzifh oabmxm;I
EdkifiHwumtqifhwGif umuG,fr_ay;xm;onf?


General recognition of the right to strike for workers in the

public and the private sectors, with the sole possible
exceptions being members of the armed and police forces,
public servants who exercise authority in the name of the State
and workers employed in essential services in the strict sense
of the term (the interruption of which could endanger the life,
safety or health of the whole or part of the population), or in
situations of acute national crisis.


vufeufudkiftiftm;pk/ &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;/ EdkifiHawmf.tm%mudk

tokH;yae&aom tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;/ owfrSwfxm;aom r&Sdrjzpf
0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; (vl@touf/ vkH+cKHr_ESifh vlwpk odk@r[kwf
vltrsm;.usef;rma&;udk xdcdkuftEW&m,fjzpfapEdkifaom tvkyfrsm;) Y
wm0ef,lae&aom tvkyform;rsm; odk@r[kwf ta&;}uD;aom
trsKd;om;a&; t=uyftwnf;umvrsm;/ ponfh jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom
cif;csufrsm;rSty tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vdu u&Sd tvkyform;rsm;twGuf
oydwfarSmufcGifhudk a,bl,s todtrSwfyjcif;


The principles of freedom of association do not cover strikes

of a purely political nature, although they do cover those
which seek a solution to major issues in economic and social
policy

A blanket ban on sympathy strikes could lead to abuse.
Workers should be able to enjoy the right to take such action
when the initial strike they are supporting is itself lawful.


oydwfarSufr_rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&; rl0g'rsm;qdkif&m t"duusaom

jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef }udK;pm;aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;obm0oufoufjzifh
oydwfarSmufjcif;onf vGwfvyfpGm toif;tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;cGifhqdkif&m
oabmw&m;ESifh roufqdkifyg/

tm;ay;axmufcH&eftwGuf oydwfarSmufjcif;onf tvGJokH;pm;yvkyfjcif;
jzpfoGm;Edkifonf/ Todk@oabmjzifh oydwfarSmufrnf qdkygu
wdk@axmufcHaom ueOD;oydwfarSmufr_onf w&m;0if&ef vdktyfygonf/


A minimum safety service may be imposed in all

cases of strike action when such minimum services

are intended to ensure the safety of persons, the
prevention of accidents and the safety of machinery
and equipment.


vlyk*~Kdvfrsm;. vkHcHr_/ rawmfwqr_rsm;rS umuG,fay;jcif;ESifh

pufypPnf; ud&d,m rsm;. vkHcHr_udk tmrcH&ef &nf&G,faom
tedrfhqkH;tqifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;onf
oydwfarSmufjcif;tm;vkH;Y r&Sdrjzpf &Sdoifhonf/


A minimum operational service may be established

(in the undertaking or institution in question) in the
case of strikes in public utility services and in public
services of fundamental importance; employers and
workers organizations and the public authorities
should be able to participate in determining this
minimum service.


trsm;jynfol tokH;taqmifqdkif&m 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tajccHusI

ta&;}uD;aom trsm;jynfol 0efaqmifr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom
oydwfarSmufr_rsm;wGif (oydwfarSmuf umvtwGif; odk@r[kwf
jy\emjzpfaomXmetwGif;) tedrfhqkH; tvkyfjzpfEdkif&kH 0efaqmifr_
aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdkaumif; vdkygvdrfhrnf? tvkyf&Sifrsm;/
tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u
tedrfhqkH;0efaqmifr_udk owfrSwf&mwGif yg0ifoifhonf?


The obligation to give prior notice, the obligation to

engage in conciliation, have recourse to voluntary
arbitration, comply with a given quorum and obtain
the agreement of a given majority where this does not
cause the strike to become very difficult or even
impossible in practice and the secret ballot method to
decide strike action are all acceptable conditions for
the exercise of the right to strike


}uKdwifowday;jcif;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;Y rdrdqENjzifh ausat;Edkif

onfhenf;vrf; &Sdaeonf? oydwfarSmufjcif;udk tcuftcJ rawG@apvdkv#if
odk@r[kwf vufawG@aqmif&Guf&ef rjzpfEdkifv#if tedrfhqkH;oabmwl&rnfh
vlOD;a&yrm% owfrSwfI xdkowfrSwfcsufjzifh vdkufavsm
oabmwlEdkifonf? v#Kd@0SufrJpHepfjzifh oydwfarSmufjcif;vkyfief;rsm;
qkH;jzwfjcif;onfvnf; oydwfarSmufcGifh usifhokH;&mY vufcHEdkifonf?


Restrictions on picketing should be confined to cases in which

such action ceases to be peaceful, and picketing should not
interfere with the freedom to work of non-strikers.

Requisitioning of the workers of an undertaking or institution
in the event of a strike is admissible only in the case of a strike
in an essential service or under circumstances of utmost
gravity and in situations of acute national crisis.


qENjyjcif;tm; uef@owfr_rsm;onf xdkvkyfief;rsm;tm; +idrf;csrf;pGm

raqmif&GufEdkifonfhtcsdefwGif usifhokH;oifhonf? qENjyr_rsm;onf
oydwfarSmuf&mY ryg0ifolrsm;.vkyfief;tm; taESmifht,Suf rjzpfap&?

oydwfarSmufaecsdefY tvkyform;rsm;tm; wpkHw&myvkyf&ef
awmif;qdkjcif;onf r&Sdrjzpf 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;Y oydwfarSmuf&mY
vnf;aumif; tjrifhqkH; tifjznfh tm;jznfh aqmif&Guf&rnfh tajctaersKd;Y
vnf;aumif;/ wrsKd;om;vkH;qdkif t=uyftwnf; jzpfay:aeonfh
tajctaersKd;Y vnf;aumif; cGifhyEdkifygonf?


The hiring of workers to replace strikers seriously

impairs the right to strike and is acceptable only in
strikes in an essential service or in situations of acute
national crisis

Legal provisions regarding wage deductions for days
of strike give rise to no objection.


oydwfarSmufolrsm;tm; tpm;xdk;&ef tvkyform;rsm;tm;

iSm;&rf;jcif;onf oydwfarSmufcGifhudk tjyif;txef xdcdkufapEdkifygonf?
r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaom 0efaqmifr_rsm; odk@r[kwf trsKd;om;a&;
t=uyftwnf;umvrsm;Yom vufcHEdkifonf?

oydwfarSmufumvtwGuf vkyftm;cav#mhcsjcif;ESifhywfoufI Oya't&
jyXmef;xm;jcif;udk uef@uGuf&ef r&Sdyg?


Appropriate protection should be afforded to trade

union officials and workers against dismissal and
other detrimental acts at work for organizing or
participating in a legitimate strike, in particular
through prompt, efficient and impartial procedures,
accompanied by sufficiently dissuasive remedies and
sanctions.


w&m;enf;vrf;uspGm oydwfarSmuf&mY pnf;vkH;aqmf=ojcif;/ (odk@)

yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;twGuf or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;tm;
tvkyfzwfjcif;ESifh tvkyfcGifY tEW&m,fjzpfap&ef
taESmifht,Sufay;jcif;rsm;twGuf txl;ojzifh tvsiftjref
xdxda&mufa&muf bufrvdkufaom vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/
tm&kHajymif; ukpm;r_rsm;ESifh ydwfqdk@ta&;,lr_rsm;jzifh vnf;aumif;
oifhawmfaom tumtuG,fay;r_rsm; &Sdoifhonf?


The protection of freedom of association does not

cover abuses in the exercise of the right to strike
involving failure to comply with reasonable
requirements regarding lawfulness, or consisting of
acts of a criminal nature; any sanctions imposed in
the event of abuse should not be disproportionate to
the seriousness of the violations.


vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif; zGJ@pnf;cGifhonf Oya't& t"dy`g,f&Sdonfh

vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh rudkufnDaom odk@r[kwf &mZ0wfr_ajrmufonfh
vkyf&yfrsm;yg0ifaom oydwfarSmufcGifhtm; tvGJokH;pm;y&ma&mufonfh
usifhokH;r_rsKd;rsm; tusKH;r0ifyg/ Todk@ tvGJokH;pm;yjcif;tay:
[ef@wm;ta&;,l&mwGifvnf; usL;vGefonfhtr_. av;eufr_ESifh
tcsKd;tpm; rudkufnDjcif;rsKd; rjzpfoifhyg?