01 Infinite Sequences and Series Slide

CALCULUS II MA 1123
Infinite Sequences and

Series
Faculty of Science Faculty of Science
Telkom Institute of Technology
Bandung - Indonesia
Infinite Sequences Infinite Sequences qq
Definition
Sequences or infinite sequence is a function whose
domain is the set of positive integers.
Notation: f : N R
n f(n ) = a

n f(n ) = a
n
This function is also sequence of real number. We
denote a sequence by a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, ...., by or
simply {a } with a is the nth term
{ }
=0 n
n
a
simply {a
n
} with a
n
is the nth term.
Formula of sequence:
1. An explicit formula for the nth term
2. The first few terms of the sequence
3. A recursion formula
a =
1

`
1 1 1
1
n
a
a a = =
+
, 1
1 1
8/11/2008 2 Calculus II (MA 1123) Faculty of Science Telkom Institute of Technology
a
n
=
n

)
`
.. . ,
4
,
3
,
2
, 1
n
n
a
a a
+
+
1
, 1
1 1
Convergence of Sequence Convergence of Sequence g q g q
Definisi:
W th t { } t L h li it We say that sequence {a
n
} converges to L or has limit
L and write
L a
n
= lim
If for each positive number , there is a
corresponding positive number N such that
L a
n
n
lim
A sequence that fails to converge to any finite
p g p
< L a N n
n
number L is said to diverge, or to be divergent.
Notes: Notes:
Here and is many sequence problem, it is convenient to
use the following almost obvious fact. g
L x f
x
=

) ( lim
If
L n f
n
=

) ( lim , then
This is convenient because we can apply lHopitals Rule
to the continuous variable problem.
Properties of Limit Sequence Properties of Limit Sequence p q p q
Let {a
n
} be convergent to L and {b
n
} be convergent to
M, then
1. ( ) ( ) ( ) M L b lim a lim b a lim
n n n n
= = ( ) ( ) ( )
n
n
n
n
n n
n
2. ( ) ( ) ( ) M . L b lim . a lim b . a lim
n
n
n
n
n n
n
= =

( )
3.
( )
( ) M
L
b lim
a lim
b
a
lim
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|

, untuk M 0
n
Monotone Sequence Monotone Sequence qq
Definition:
A sequence {a
n
} is called
(i) increasing if a
n
< a
n+1
(ii) nondecreasing if a
n
a
n+1
(iii) decreasing if a
n
> a
n+1
(iv) nonincreasing if a
n
a
n+1
Example Example pp
Determine if the sequence coverges or diverges :
1 n 2
n
a
n
= 1.
Answer:
We has
1 2
) (
=
x
x
x f
, in particular, I Hopital Rule,
2
1
1 2
lim ) ( lim =
=

x
x
x f
x x
1 2x
Thus
that is, a
n
converges to .
2
1
1 2
lim =

n
n
n
Thus,
Example (Cont.) Example (Cont.) p ( ) p ( )
2.
n
n
n
1
1 a
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
n
. \
Answer:
We has
x
x
x f
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
1
1 ) (
, In particular, IHopitals Rule,
| |
| | 1
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

x
x
x
1
1 ln . lim exp
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=

x
x
x 1
1
1 ln
lim exp
x
x
x
|
.
|
\
|
+

1
1 lim
e e
x
x
x
= =
|
.
|
\
|
+
=

1
1
lim exp
.
\
x
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=

2
2
1
1
.
1
lim exp
x
x
x
x
. \
e
n
n
n
=
|
.
|
\
|
+

1
1 lim
Thus,
.
\
.
\
x
that is, a
n
converges to e.
. \
Problem Set Problem Set
1 n 4
2
+ 1 2
Determine if the sequence coverges or diverges :
3 n 2 n
1 n 4
a
2
n
+
+
=
2 n 3
a
2
+
=
)
`
.. .
5
4
,
4
3
,
3
2
,
2
1
a
n+1
=
2
1
(a
n
+
n
a
2
)
, a
1
=2
1.
2
8.
7.
1 n
a
n
+
1 n
n
a
n
+
=
)
`
5 4 3 2
)
`
.. .
9
5
,
7
4
,
5
3
,
3
2
, 1

2.
9.
8.
3.
1 n +
( )
n
n
n
4
a

=
) n ln(

.. .
4
3
1
1
,
3
2
1
1
,
2
1
1
1
, 1
10.
4.
n
) n ln(
a
n
=
) 3

.. .
1
5
4
,
1
4
3
,
1
3
2
,
1
2
1
a
n+1
= 1 +
2
1
a
n
, a
1
=1
11.
6.
5.
5 4 3 2
Infinite Series Infinite Series
An infinite series is an expression that can be written in An infinite series is an expression that can be written in
the form:
+ + + + + =
3 2 1
... ...
n i
a a a a a
with a
n
is nth term.
=1 i
Sequence of Partial Sums Sequence of Partial Sums qq
Let S
n
denote the sum of the first n terms of the series
, then
=1 i
i
a
S
1
= a
1
S
2
= a
1
+ a
2
S
2
= a
1
+ a
2
.
.
n
S is called the nth partial sum of the series
a
.
S
n
= a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ + a
n
=
=
n
i
i
a
1
S
n
is called the nth partial sum of the series
=1 i
i
a
Sequence {S
n
} is called the sequence of partial sums
Definition: Convergent of Infinite Series Definition: Convergent of Infinite Series gg
The infinite series
i
a
converges and has sum S if the e e se es
=1 i
co e ges a d as su S e
sequence of partial sums {S
n
} converges to S, if {S
n
}
diverges, then the series diverges.
Geometric Series Geometric Series
A series of the form
1 n
1 n
ar = a +ar +a r
2
+ ... + a r
n-1
+ ...
ith 0 with a 0.
The partial sum of geometric series is
n
2 1
S
n
=
1 i
1 i
ar = a +ar +a r
2
+ ... + a r
n-1
And so
S =
( ) r 1 a
n
r 1
And so
S
n
=
( )
r 1
, r 1.
Properties of Properties of Geometric Series Geometric Series pp
1 If r < 1 then sequence {r
n
} converges to 0 because
1. If r < 1 then sequence {r } converges to 0 because
n
n
r lim

= 0, then the series converges to
r 1
a
2. if then sequence {r
n
} diverges because
then the series diverges
r > 1
n
n
r lim

= ,
then the series diverges
Example Example pp
. . .
32
1
16
1
8
1
4
1
2
1
+ + + + +
1. Show
converges
32 16 8 4 2
Answer:
Consider the partial sums
1 1
1 1 3 1
S
1
=
2
1
= 1 -
2
1

S
2
=
4
1
2
1
+ =
4
3
= 1 (
2
1
)
2

S
3
=
8
1
4
1
2
1
+ + =
8
7
= 1 (
2
1
)
3
8 4 2 8
(
2
)
then,
S
n
= 1 (
1
)
n
n
(
2
)
and
n
n
S lim

=
n
lim (1 (
2
1
)
n
) = 1
so because the sequence of partial sums {Sn}
q p { }
converges to 1, then that infinite series converges to 1.
Example (2) Example (2) p ( ) p ( )
+ ) 1 i ( i
1
2. 2.
(Kolaps Series). Show the infinite series converges.
=
+
1 i
) 1 i ( i
Answer:
Consider the partial sums
1 1 1
) 1 i ( i
1
+
=
i
1
-
1 i
1
+

then,
| |
/
| |
/ /
| |
/ /
| |
/ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
| |
1
and
S
n
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
/
/
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
/
/
/
/
+
|
.
|
\
|
/
/
/
/
+
|
.
|
\
|
/
/
1 n
1
n
1
. . .
4
1
3
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
1 =
|
.
|
\
|
+
1 n
1
1
| |
1
so because the sequence of partial sums {Sn}
n
n
S lim

=
n
lim
|
.
|
\
|
+
1 n
1
1 = 1
q p { }
converges to 1, then that infinite series converges to 1.
Example (3) Example (3) p ( ) p ( )
3. 3.

=1 i
i
1
(Show that the harmonic series diverges)
Answer:
We show that S
n
grows without bound. Imagine n to be
Large and write
1 i
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
S
n
= 1 +
n
1
. . .
8
1
7
1
6
1
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
+ + + + + + + +
S
n
= 1 +
1
. . .
8
1
7
1
6
1
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
+ +
.
|
\
|
+ + + +
.
|
\
|
+ +
n 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
. \ . \
1 +
n
1
. . .
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + +
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
1 1 1 1 1
It is clear that by taking n sufficiently large, we can
introduce as many s Thus {S } diverges hence
= 1 +
n
1
. . .
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
+ + + + +
introduce as many s. Thus {S
n
} diverges, hence,
so does the harmonic series.
Devergence tests of Devergence tests of nnth term th term gg
If the series
=0 n
n
a
converges, then
n
n
a lim

= 0, ekivalen if
n
n
a lim

0 then the series diverges.
Example: Show that

2
2
n
diverges. Example: Show that

=
+ +
1 n
2
4 n 3 n 3
diverges.
That series diverges since
n
li
2
1
li
1
4 n 3 n 3
lim
2
n
+ +

=
2
n
n
4
n
3
3
1
lim
+ +

3
1
=
(Tidak Nol)
So proved that
diverges.
=
+ +
1 n
2
2
4 n 3 n 3
n
The New Problem The New Problem
To prove that a series converges is does not suffice to
h h
li
0 i thi t h ld f
show that
n
n
a lim

= 0, since this property may hold for
divergent as well as convergent series.
For example, harmonic series, For example, harmonic series,
=1 n
n
1
=1 +
n
1
. . .
8
1
7
1
6
1
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
+ + + + + + + +
+ . . .
It is clear that
n
n
a lim

= 0, but the harmonic series diverges.
Therefore we need the other tests for positive series Therefore we need the other tests for positive series.
Positive Series Test Positive Series Test
1. The integral test
Let function f be continuous, positive, nonincreasing
function the interval [1,)
a If the improper integral
dx ) x ( f
converges then series
a. If the improper integral
b If the improper integral
1
dx ) x ( f
converges, then series
=1 n
) n ( f
converges.
diverges then series
dx ) x ( f
b. If the improper integral diverges, then series
=1 n
) n ( f
diverges.

1
dx ) x ( f
Example Example pp
1. Determine the series
n
2
e n
converges or diverges
=1 n
Answer. We has
2
x
e x ) x ( f

= , thus
2
x
d li
2
x
b

b
2 x
) ( d li
1
2
dx e x
x
1

dx e x lim
x
1 b

1
2 x
b
) x ( d e lim
2
b
x
b
2
e lim
2
1

|
|
|

1
1 1
lim
2
1
2
2
1
=
=
= = =
1
b
2

.
\

1
2
2
e
e
b
b
e 2
So because
dx e x
2
x
1

converges, then
1
n
2
e n
1
=1 n
also converges.
Example Example pp
2. Determine the series
n ln n
1
converges or diverges
Answer. We has , thus
=2 n
n ln n
x x
x f
ln
1
) ( =

=
b
b
x x
dx
x x
dx
2 2
ln
lim
ln

=
2
ln
) (ln
lim
x
x d
b
( ) ( ) ( ) = = = 2 ln ln ln ln lim ln ln lim b x
So because diverges then
( ) ( ) ( ) = = =

2 ln ln ln ln lim ln ln lim b x
b b
dx
1
So because diverges, then
also diverges.
2
ln x x

=2 n
n ln n
Determine the following series converges or diverges:
+
1
1 n 2
1
4.
1.
( )
=

3 n
2
2 n
1
2
n ln n
1
=
+
1 n
1 n 2
+
1
2
1 n 4
1
2. 5.
( )
=3 n
=2 n
n ln n
=
+
1 n
1 n 4
( )
3
1
3.
( )
=
+
1 n
2
n 3 4
2. Convergence of p-series
Th i The series
=1
1
i
p
i
h i t t i ll d i where p is a constant, is called p-series.
By the integral test, we have
d
1
li

t
p 1
x
lim

1 t
lim
p 1
dx
x
lim
1
p
t

=
1
t
p 1
lim

=
p 1
lim
t

Note the case
1. p = 1 gives the harmonic series, then the series
diverges
2. p > 1 gives
p 1
t lim

= 0, then the series converges
t
3. p < 1 gives
p 1
t
t lim

=, then the series diverges.
t
4. p < 0, the nth term of
=
n
i
P
i
1
1
, namely, doesnt even
P
n
1
Tend toward 0. So the series diverges by nth term test. g y
So we has, namely:
1 The p-series converges if p > 1 1. The p series converges if p > 1
2. The p-series diverges if 0 p 1
Example Example pp
Does the following series converge or diverge?
1
1.
=1
001 , 1
1
n
n
By the p-series test, the series
001 1
1
converges By the p series test, the series
=1
001 , 1
n
n
converges
because p=1,001 > 1
2

1
1
2.
By the p-series test, the series diverges
=1
2
1
n
n
=1
2
1
1
n
n
because p= < 1
=1 n
n
3. Ordinary Comparison Test
Suppose
= ` 1 n
n
a

= ` 1 n
n
b
and the positive series, if a
n
b
n
then

1. If converges, then
n
b
= ` 1 n
n
b
n
a
= ` 1 n
n
a
converges
2. If
diverges, then diverges
= ` 1 n
= ` 1 n
Example Example pp
Does the following series converge or diverge:
1

n
1.
=

3 n
2
5 n
Answer:
we will comparing the series a =
1
and b
n
we will comparing the series a
n
=
n

and b
n
=
5 n
2
we know that
,
=1 n
n
1
is harmonic series and
n
1
b th i

1
di h
5 n
2
n
1
, so because the series

=1 n
n
2
5
n
diverges, then
the series diverges.
=

2 n
2
5 n
Example Example pp
2.

2
5
1
Answer:
2.

=
+
1 n
2
5 n
1
1
We will comparing the series with b
n
=
and a
n
=
we know that the series
is p-series with p = 2 > 1
5 n
1
2
+
2
n
1
2
n
1
, so because the series
1
2
n
1
5 n
1
2
+
=1 n
n
and
=1 n
2
n
1
converges
then the series
converges.
=
+
1 n
2
5 n
1
Does the following series converge or diverge
n

1
=
+
1 n
2
5 n
n
( )
=

3 n
2
2 n
1
4.
1.
=

3 n
2
5 n
1
=

1 n
1 n 2
1
2. 5.
=
+
1 n
n
1 2
1
3.
4. Limit Comparison Test
Suppose a
n
and b
n
positive series and
n
n
n
b
a
lim

= L
1 If 0 < L < then
b
and Converge or 1. If 0 < L < then
= ` 1 n
n
a

= ` 1 n
n
b
and Converge or
diverge together
2 f 0 d

th
2. if L = 0 and

= ` 1 n
n
b

= ` 1 n
n
a
converges, then converges.
Example Example pp
Does the following series converge or diverge :
+ 3 n 2
=
+
+
1 n
2 3
7 n 5 n
3 n 2
1.
Jawab:
1
If we note the series, the nth term is like b
n
=
Thus,
2
1
n
3 2n +
3 2
2 3
n
n
n
b
a
lim

= 2
1
2
2 3
1
7 5
lim
n
n n
n
+
=

7 5
3 2
lim
2 3
2 3
+
+
=

n n
n n
n
+
+
1 n
2 3
7 n 5 n
3 n 2
the series converges.
So because L=2 and the series

=1
2
1
n
n
converges, then
=
+
1 n
7 n 5 n
Example Example pp
1
2.
Answer:
=
+
1 n
2
4 n
If we note the series, the nth term is like bn =
thus,
n
1
1
n
n
n
b
a
lim

= 1
n
1
4 n
1
lim
2
n
+

4 n
n
lim
2
2
n
+

=
=
1
the series diverges.
So because L=1 and the series
diverges, then
=
+
1 n
2
4 n
1

=1
1
n
n
n

+1 n 3
=
+ +
1 n
2
3 n 2 n
n
=

+
1 n
3
4 n
1 n 3
1

n ln
4.
1.
=
+
1 n
1 n n
1
=1 n
2
n
n ln
2.
5.
=
+
1 n
2
n
3 n 2
3.
5. Ratio Test
=1 k
k
a
+1 k
a
li
Let
be a series of positive term and
=
+

k
1 k
k
a
lim
=1 k
k
a
1. if
< 1, the series converges.
suppose
=1 k
=1 k
k
a
diverges. 2. if
> 1, the series
1 the test is inclonclusive

3 if

= 1, the test is inclonclusive.
3. if
Example Example pp
1

3
n
1.

=1
!
n
n
3
n
3
1 + n
Answer:
Suppose nth term is a
n
=
!
3
n
, then (n+1)th is a
n+1
=
thus,
( )! 1
3
+ n
3 ! 3
1 +
n
n
( )! 1
3
1
n
n
+
+
a
S b 0 ( 1) th th i
3
n
( ) 1
3
lim
+
=

n
n
0 =
( )! 1 3
! 3
lim
1
+
=
+

n
n
n
n
n
( )
!
3
! 1
lim
n
n
n
n
+
=

n
n
n
a
a
1
lim
+

So because =0 (< 1), then the series
=1
!
n
n
converges.
Example Example pp
2

3
n
2.

=1
2
n
n
3
n
1
3
+ n
Jawab:
Suppose nth term is an =
2
3
n
, then (n+1)th a
n+1
=
thus,
( )
2
1
3
+ n
3
2
3
lim
n
2 1
3
li
+
n
n
( )
2
1
1
3
li
n
n
+
+
n
a
1
lim
+
3 =
( )
2
1
lim
+
=

n
n
( )
2
1 3
lim
+
=

n
n
n
( )
2
3
1
lim
n
n
n
n
+
=

n
n
n
a
1
lim
+

So because =0 (< 1), then the series

=1
2
3
n
n
n
diverges
Does the following series converge or deverge:
! n

+ 5 n
=1
!
n
n
n
n
=
+
1
!
5
n
n
n
n

3
n
4.
1.
( )
=1
! 2
n
n
n
n
( )
=1
! 2
n
n
n
2.
5.
=
+
1
!
4
n
n
n
n
3.
Positive Series Test Positive Series Test Positive Series Test Positive Series Test
6. The Root Test
=1 k
k
a
Let be a series with a positive terms and suppose
that
a a
k
lim
=1 k
k
a 1. if a
< 1, the series converges
that
a a
k
k
k
=

lim
=1 k
=1 k
k
a
diverges
= 1, the test is inconclusive.
2. if a
> 1, then the series
3. if a
1, the test is inconclusive.
3. if a
Example Example pp
Does the following series converge and diverge:
1

|
+ 2 2
n
n
1.

=
.
|
\
|
1
1
n
n
n
Answer:
n
n
|
|
+ 2 2
Suppose nth is a
n
=
n
n
|
.
|
\
|
+
1
2 2
, thus
2
2 2
lim lim
+ n
a
n
2
1
lim lim =
=

n
a
n
n
n
n
So because a = 2 (> 1), then the series

=
|
.
|
\
|
+
1
1
2 2
n
n
n
n
=
. \
1 n
diverges.
Example Example pp
2

|
+ 2
n
n
2.

=
.
|
\
|
1
1 2
n
n
n
Answer:
n
n
|
|
+ 2
Suppose nth term is a
n
=
n
n
|
.
|
\
|
+
1 2
2
, thus
1 2
lim lim =
+
=
n
a
n
2 1 2
lim lim =
=

n
a
n
n
n
n
| |
+ 2 2
n
n
So because a = (< 1), then the series

=
|
.
|
\
|
+
1
1
2 2
n
n
n
converges.
| |
1
n
| |
1 1
n
=
|
.
|
\
|
1
ln
1
n
n
| |
n
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
1
1
2
1
n
n
n
3.
1.
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
1
1 2
2 3
n
n
n
n
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
1
2 3
n
n
n
n
2. 4.
Alternating Series Alternating Series
The series of the form
( ) . . . a a a a a 1
4 3 2 1
1 n
n
1 n
+ + =
=
+
with a
n
> 0, for all n.
An important example is the alternating harmonic
series, namely;
( ) . . .
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
n
1
1
1 n
1 n
+ + =
=
+
Alternating Series Test Alternating Series Test gg
An alternating series converges if the following two An alternating series converges if the following two
condition are satisfied
1. a
n+1
< a
n
0 lim =

n
n
a
2.
Example:
Does the following alternating series converge or diverge
1 1 1
1 1 . . .
4 3 2
1 + + 1.
2.
. . .
! 4
1
! 3
1
! 2
1
1 + +
! 4 ! 3 ! 2
Example Example pp
1. Answer (Alternating series test)
We h e
1
d
1
the se ies con e ges We have a
n
=
n
, and a
n+1
=
1 + n
since
, the series converges,
1 1
1
+ n a
a. 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
> + =
+
=
+
=
+
n n
n
n
n
a
a
n
n
a
n
>a
n+1
b
0
1
lim lim = = a
b.
0 lim lim = =

n
a
n
n
n
So because a dan b proved, the alternating series
converges.
Example Example pp
2. Answer (alternating series test)
We h e
1
d
1
the se ies con e ges We have a
n
=
! n
, and a
n+1
=
( )! 1 + n
since
, the series converges,
!
1
n a
a.
( )
1 1
! 1
1
!
1
> + =
+
=
+
n
n
n
a
a
n
n
a
n
>a
n+1
b
0
1
lim lim = = a
b.
0
!
lim lim = =

n
a
n
n
n
So because a dan b proved, the series converges.
Does the following alternating series converge or deverge:
2
( )
n
( )
=
+
+
1
1
1 3
2
1
n
n
n
( )
=

1
3
1
n
n
n
n
3

1
4.
1.
( )
=
+
+
1
2
3
1
n
n
n n
n
( )
=
+
1
) 1 (
1
1
n
n
n n
2.
5.
( )
=
+
1
1
!
1
n
n
n
n
n
3.
Absolute Convergence and Conditional Absolute Convergence and Conditional
Convergence Convergence Convergence Convergence
If the series is said to converge adsolutely if the series
=1 n
n
b
In the other words, a series
converges absolutely, then

=1 n
n
b
converges.
of absolute values converges.
n
b

n
b
converges.
And the series is said converge conditionally if the series
diverges but
=1 n =1 n
g
Ratio Test for Absolute Convergence Ratio Test for Absolute Convergence gg
Let
1
n
a
with a
n
0 and
n
n
a
a
1
lim
+

= r, then
=1 n n
n
a

1. if r < 1, the series converges absolutely
2. if r > 1, the series diverges
3 if r = 1 no conclusion about convergence or absolute 3. if r = 1, no conclusion about convergence or absolute
convergence can be drawn from this test.
Example Example pp
Does the following series conditional converge, absolute
converge, or diverges: g , g
1.
( )
=
+
1
1
!
2
1
n
n
n
n
Answer: Answer:
( )
2
1
2
n+
We have a
n
= ( )
!
2
1
1
n
n
n+
, and a
n+1
=
( )
( )! 1
2
1
1
2
+
+
+
n
n
n
thus,
( )
( )
( )
( )!
2
1
! 1
2
1
lim lim
1
1
2
1
n
n
a
a
r
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
+
+
+

+

= =
( )! 1 2
! 2
lim
1
+
=
+

n
n
n
n
n
1
2
lim
+
=

n
n
0 =
( )! n
We conclude from the Absolute Ratio Test, the series
absolute converges.
Example Example pp
2.
( )
1
1
1
1
n
n
=1 n
n
Answer:
( )
1
1
1
n
converges by Alternating Series Test. (Proved!)
( )
=1 n
n
diverges, since it is a p-series

=
=
1 1
1
n n
n
n
a
converges by Alternating Series Test. (Proved!)
However,
( )
1
1
1
1
n
n
So the series
with p = .
conditional converges.
=1 n
n
Does the following series conditional converge,
absolute converge or diverges:
( )
|
.
|
\
|
5
1
n
n
n
( )
( )
1
1
1
n
n n
1.
4.
absolute converge, or diverges:
=
. \
1
5
n
) 4 (
n
( )
=
+
1
1
n
n n
1
) 1 (
n
2
5
=1
2
n
n
) 1 (
n
=1
ln
n
n n
1
) 1 (
n
2.
5.
=
+
1
2 3
) 1 (
n
n

=
+
1
1
) 1 (
n
n n
3.
6.
Power Series Power Series
The power series has two form:
1. A power series in x has the form
n
n
x a
= a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+ . . .
=0 n
n
a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x + . . .
2. A power series in (x b) has the form
( )
=

0 n
n
n
b x a
= a
0
+ a
1
(x-b) + a
2
(x-b)
2
+ . . .
For this time, we talk about convergence set / for what xs
does the power series converges.
Radius of Convergence Radius of Convergence gg
Radius of convergence found with the ratio test for g
absolutely converges :
Let
( )
n
n
b x a
and
n
n
n
n
b x a
b x a
L
) (
) (
lim
1
1

=
+
+

=0 n n
n
b x a ) (

1. If L < 1, the series converges.
2 If L = 1 no conclusion so that another test must be 2. If L = 1, no conclusion, so that another test must be
tried.
Example Example pp
Find the radius of convergence of the following series g g
=
+
0
2 ) 1 (
n
n
n
n
x
1.
=
+
0
! ) 1 (
n
n
n
x
2.
=
+
0
! ) 1 (
n
n
x n
3.
Answer Answer

+
0
2 ) 1 (
n
n
n
x
1 We apply the ratio test for absolute convergence
=
+
0
2 ) 1 (
n
n
1. We apply the ratio test for absolute convergence.
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
n
x
L
2 ) 1 (
:
) 2 ( 2
lim
1
1
+ +
=
+
+

2
x
=
) 2 (
) 1 (
2
lim
+
+
=

n
n x
n
So the series converges absolutely if L< 1, namely
2 < x < 2
n
n n 2 ) 1 ( ) 2 ( 2 + +
2 ) 2 ( 2 +

n
n
2 < x < 2
If x = 2 or x = -2 , the ratio fails. However,
When x = 2
( ) ( )

=
=
+
=
+
1 1
1
1
2 1
2
n n
n
n
n n
The series is the harmonic series which diverges
The series is the harmonic series, which diverges.
Answer Answer
When x = 2
( ) ( )

1 2
n n
The series is the alternating harmonic series, which
( )
( )
( )
( )

=
=
+
=
+
1 1
1
1
2 1
2
n
n
n
n
n
n n
We conclude that the convergence set is the interval
2 x < 2
g ,
converges.
2 x < 2
Answer (2) Answer (2)

+
0
! ) 1 (
n
n
x
( ) ( )
2 W l th ti t t f b l t
=0
) (
n
li
1 +
x x
L
n n
li
x
Because L = 0 < 1 then the series converges for all x
( ) ( )! 1
:
! 2
lim
+ +
=

n
x
n
x
L
n
0 =
( ) 2
lim
+
=

n
x
n
Because L = 0 < 1, then the series converges for all x.
We conclude that the convergence set is interval (-,)
Answer (3) Answer (3)

=
+
0
! ) 1 (
n
n
x n
( ) ( )
3 W l th ti t t f b l t
=0 n
( )
n
! 2
1 +
0 0 jik
We conclude that the series converges only at x 0
( )
( )
n
n
n
x n
x n
L
! 1
! 2
lim
1
+
+
=
+

( ) x n
n
2 lim + =

=
=
0 ,
0 , 0
x jika
x jika
We conclude that the series converges only at x = 0.
Theorem 1 Theorem 1
The convergence set for a power series

n
n
x a
is always

=0 n
n
an interval of one of the following three types.
is always
1. The single point x = 0.
2. An interval (-c, c), plus possibly one or both endpoints.
3. The whole real line.
Theorem 2 Theorem 2

) (
n
n
b x a
is always

=0
) (
n
n
an interval of one of the following three types.
1 The single point x = b
is always
1. The single point x = b.
2. An interval (-c + b, c + b), plus possibly one or both
endpoints.
3. The whole real line. 3. The whole real line.
Find the convergence set of the given power series:
) 1 (
n
x
( )
=
+
0
2
1
) 1 (
n
n
x
( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2
1.
( ) ( ) ( )
. . .
81 . 4
4 ln 2
27 . 3
3 ln 2
9 . 2
2 ln 2
3
2
4 3 2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ x x x x
( ) ( ) 2 2
3 2
2.
( )
( ) ( )
. . .
! 3
2
! 2
2
2
3 2
+
+
+
+
+ +
x x
x
3.
) 3 2 (
n
x

) 4 3 ( ) 1 (
n n
x
) 5 2 ( ) 1 (
n n
x
( )
=
+
0
2
4 1
) (
n
n
n
4.
( )
=
+

0
2
2 1
) 4 3 ( ) 1 (
n
n
n
x
5.
( )
=
+
0
2
3 1
) 5 2 ( ) 1 (
n
n
n
x
6.
Operation on Power Series Operation on Power Series pp
We have done this for one series, a geometric series.
1 1 , < < x
x
a
ax
n
n
=
1
1
A better question to ask now is whether we can say anything A better question to ask now is whether we can say anything
about properties of S(x) =
=1 n
n
ax
For example is it differentiable? Is it integrable?
.
For example, is it differentiable? Is it integrable?
Theorem 3 Theorem 3
Suppose that S(x) is the sum of a power series on
interval I, that is ,
S(x)=
=0 n
n
n
x a
= a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+ a
3
x
3
+ . . .
| |
=0 n
n
n
x a D
Then,
1. S(x) =
= D[a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+ a
3
x
3
+ . . .]
= a + 2a x + 3a x
2
+
1
1
n
n
n
x n a
x
n
d
1 1 1
2
3
+
4
2
= a
1
+ 2a
2
x + 3a
3
x + . . .
=
dt t S
0
) (

=0
0
n
n
n
dt t a
=
+
+
0
1
1
n
n n
x
n
a
2
3
4
=
=
= a
0
x + a
1
x
2
+
a
2
x
3
+
a
3
x
4
+ . . . 2.
=0 n
Example Example pp
Apply Theorem 3 to the geometric series
1
x 1
1
= 1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
+ . . . for -1< x <1, to obtain
formulas for two new series
a.
( )
2
1
1
x
b. ln(1 x)
Answer:
1
a.
( )
2
1
1
x
Differentiating term by term yields Differentiating term by term yields
( )
2
1
1
1
1
x
x
D
x
=
|
.
|
\
|
= 1 + 2x + 3x
2
+ 4 x
3
+ . . .
1< <1
1
n
, -1< x <1
1
1 =
=
n
n
x n
Contoh Contoh
a. ln (1 x)
Integrating term by term gives
x x
1

+ + + + =
= dt t t t dt
t
x
0
3 2
0
... 1
1
1
) 1 ln(
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 3 2 4 3 2
+ + + + = + + + + = x x x x t t t t
x
...
4 3 2
...
4 3 2
0
+ + + + = + + + + = x x x x t t t t
, -1< x <1
n
x
n
=
1
1
n
n
=1
1
Find the power series representation for f(x):
x
x f
+
=
1
1
) (
.
|
\
|

=
x
x f
1
ln ) (
1
) (x f =
1.
6
2
5. f(x)=tan
-1
(x)
x
x
x f = =
1
) (
2
2
.
\
+ x
f
1
) (
( )
2
1
) (
x
x f
+
=
3
6.
2.
( )
x f
1
) ( =
7
x
x
x
x f
+
=
+
=
1 1
) ( 3.
( ) x
x f
3 2
) (
+
7.
2
1
1
) (x f
+
=
4.
2
1 x +
Taylor and Maclaurin Taylor and Maclaurin Series Series
Definition: Let f(x) be function with derivatives of all order
at x=b. then we define the Taylor series for f about x = b
to be
( )
) (
) (
n
n
b x
b f
f(x)
f(b) + f (b)(x b)+ +
) ( ) ( ' '
2
b x b f
( )
=

0
!
n
b x
n
f(x) =
= f(b) + f (b)(x-b)+ + . . .
In the special case where b = 0, the taylor series for f
is called the Maclaurin Series namely
! 2
! 2
) 0 ( "
2
x f
is called the Maclaurin Series, namely,
( )
0
) (
!
) 0 (
n
n
x
n
f
f(x) = = f(0) + f (0)(x)+ + . . .
! 2
=0 n
Example Example pp
Find the Maclaurin Series for the given function:
1 f(x)= sin x 1. f(x) sin x
Answer:
f(x) = sin x
f(0) = 0
f(x) sin x
f (x) = cos x
f (x) = - sin x
f(0) = 0
f(0) = 1
f(0) = 0
f (x) = - cos x
f(0) = -1
f
lV
(x) = sin x
f
lV
(0) = 0
thus,
sin ) (
7 5 3
+ + = =
x x x
x x x f
( )
+1 2
1
n
n
x
. . .
! 7 ! 5 ! 3
sin ) ( + + = = x x x f
( )
( )
=
+
=
0
! 1 2
1
n
n
Example Example pp
2. f(x)= e
x
Answer: Answer:
f(x) = e
x
f (x) = e
x
f(0) = 1
f(0) = 1
f (x) e
f (x) = e
x
f(0) = 1
f (0) = 1
f (x) = e
x
f(0) = 1
f
lV
(x) = e
x
f
lV
(0) = 1
thus, thus,
. . .
! 4 ! 3 ! 2
1 ) (
4 3 2
+ + + + + = =
x x x
x e x f
x
=
=
0
!
n
n
n
x
Example Example pp
Find the Taylor series about x = 1 for f(x)= e
x
Answer: Answer:
f(x) = e
x
f (x) = e
x
f(1) = e
f(1) = e
f (x) = e
x
f(1) = e
f (1) e
f (x) = e
x
f(1) = e
f
lV
(x) = e
x
f
lV
(1) = e
thus,,
( ) ( )
. . .
! 3
1
! 2
1
) 1 ( ) (
3 2
+
+ + = =
x
e
x
e x e e e x f
x
( )
=
0
!
1
n
n
n
x
e
1. Find the Maclaurin Series for the given function
a f( ) cos
f( ) i
2
a. f(x) = cos x
b. f(x) = cos x
2 f. f(x) = sec x
e. f(x) = sin
2
x
c. f(x) = cos
2
x
g. f(x) = tan x
d. f(x) = e
x
+ sin x
h. f(x) = sec x
2. Find the Taylor series about x = a for the given function
c. f(x) = e
x
, a = 2 a. f(x) = cos x, a = /3
b f(x) = sin x a = /3
b. f(x) = sin x, a = /3

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CALCULUS II MA 1123

Infinite Sequences and

, so because the series

1 the test is inclonclusive

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