How Will You Design Your Capacitor Bank ? A) KVAR DESIGN :1) Carry out a 24 hour load survey.

Note down hourly KWs, P.F. and voltages. 2) Divide this into three sections : a) No load or light load - but fixed KWs & its P.F. b) Average load and its P.F. c) Peak load and its P.F.

3) Design the bank for its, peak load conditions. Hold your desired p.f. at 0.95. Work out the capacitor bank KVAR by referring to the tables. 4) If the load is small (less than 50 KWs), then split the bank in two sections corresponding to conditions (2a) and (2b). 5) If the load is of medium size and (say up to 200 KWs), then split the bank in three sections corresponding to conditions (2a), (2b) and (2c). 6) If the laod is large sized and complex, then split the bank into a simple sections corresponding to (2a) and combine sections (2b) and (2c) and rearrange them in a multi - step, automatically controlled bank.

B) VOLTAGE CHOICE :1) Capacitor under A- 2a must be specified at higher range of voltages. Thus an energised transformer, with practically no load - except for 4-6 hours in a day, eg. (transformers under Garrison Engineers, MES) will require a capacitor rated at 500 Volts. 2) Capacitors under A-2b and A-2c fall in two categories :a. Category where electrical service is poor and the best voltages seldom cross 400-405. Specify 415 voltage. b. Category where loads fluctuate and voltages vary and also where you suspect harmonics, specify 440 volts.

SPECIFYING 415 VOLTS FOR CAPACITORS MERELY TO GET HIGHER KVAR, IRRESPECTIVE OF LOAD AND SYSTEM CONDITIONS, IS SHORTSIGHTED-LEADING TO SHORT-LIVED CAPACITORS. C) MODE OF OPERATION :1. Capacitors under A-2a should be left on permanently, on a 24 hour basis. An adequately rated switch-fuse is good-enough for this. 2. Capacitors under A-2b, may be switched on and off, once in twenty four hour basis - covering the duration of the average load. These need not be switched off

during recess-intervals since generally the load conditions on supply mains are fairy stable. 3. Capacitors under A-2c serve mainly to reduce the maximum demand in KVA and may be switched on and off more than once during the day - probably twice, if the peak load appears twice - during the day. 4. Capacitors under A-2c might not lead to satisfactory, reliable, manual operation.Automatic capacitor control - combining both 2b and 2c is more desirable.While the control panel will be on for twenty hour in a day, individual sections might come on or go off many times in 24 hours as per load conditions.

D) Design of switches, fuses MCCBS, contractors and also types of automatic controls and steps KVAR sizes are discussed in our serial on Automatic Power Factor Control Panels.
Consistent Improvements through Field Experience & Continuous Innovations for Customer Satisfaction !!

Madhav Capacitors Pvt Ltd

We are confident about our products. Our average reduction rate is 8%-20%. If at the end of 90 days, you do not experience at least 8% reduction in your kwh consumption per month, provided that your consumption has not been intentionally increased , then we offer a money back policy.
The KVAR EnergySaver is a system that optimizes your power factor by reducing the amount of reactive power (non-working power) that your motor loads draw from the electric utility company. The KVAR Energy Saver reduces heat generation and amperage resulting in reduced consumption of electricity by the lines in your home while increasing the life of the motors in your home such as, air conditioners, refrigerators, washer, dryer, freezer, fans, etc, and allowing them to run more efficiently and cooler. When installed, the KVAR Energy Saver also increases the capacity of your electrical panel.

All units are UL and CSA Listed aswell as RoHS compliant

Are You Sick of Paying High Electric Bills to Cool your Home?? and want to lower your electricity bill? well, Install an Power Enhancer!
Everyone That Has an Electric Bill Should Have a

Power Enhancer!

Imagine a small gray box that fits neatly next to your breaker panel, saves you money year after year and protects the entire home. Sound too good to be true?

The Power Enhancer was designed with the homeowner in mind, providing lower energy bills, increased motor and appliance life, as well as surge and lightning protection for all of the equipment inside of your house. Residential customers throughout the United States and Canada see a realized savings of 8% - 10% minimum and as much as 25% on their electrical usage (and thus power bills).

1. Power Enhancer Model : S200 STOP PAYING FOR WASTED ELECTRICITY; INSTALL THE PowerEnhancer & SAVE UP TO 25% PER MONTH ON YOUR ELECTRIC BILL! ---> ---> ---> ---> ---> ---> ---> Reduces Electrical Bills up to 20~25% or More Every Month! Pays for Itself in Less Than One Year! Increases Motor and Appliance Life! UL Tested and Listed! Over 14,000 Customers are Saving Money Right Now! Eliminates
Power

Surges!

Reduces 'Noise' in the Electrical System!

Power

The Problem: Your Home Wastes

All the the world the homes all have the same problem. They inefficiently handle inductive load. Inductive load is anything in the home that runs by motor including refrigerators, freezers, air conditioners, heat pumps, washers, dryers, fans, blower motors, pool pumps, dish washers, vacuum cleaners and hair dryers. You get the picture, right? All motors require a certain amount of reactive power (non-working power) from the utility to create the Electro-Magnetic-Field (EMF) around the motor to make it work. The problem is that your local

utility delivers that reactive

power to your home without knowing how much you really need. Your

inductive load (motors) then uses what it needs and sends the rest back to your electric panel where it is "lost" - dispersed in heat never to be seen again. This loss is called I2R loss or "line loss". The problem with this equation is that youve paid for the lost electricity, because it's traveled thru your meter and been measured.

The Solution: The

PowerEnhancer

Model:S200

The Economizer unit stores the reactive power (non-working power) that would be otherwise lost. This allows your inductive motor load to push in and pull from the Economizer S200 using the stored power, instead of asking for more from the utility. This process decreases your demand from the utility thereby decreasing your Kwh usage and lowering your bill each month!
Suitable For Use : Residential & small business ( office, shop, bank ,etc)

2.

PowerEnhancer

For Commercial / Industrial

Model: T200/T400/1200/3200/3400

Save Up to 25% on Your Commercial / Industrial Electric Bill! The PowerEnhancer T200 & PowerEnhancerT400 Reduce the Amount of Inductive
Load in Commercial and Industrial Environments

The Many Benefits of thePowerEnhancer T200 & PowerEnhancerT400 Include:

Lowers electric bills up to 25%! Reduces electricity required by existing inductive loads (motors)! Enhances capacity of existing electrical system! Eliminates harmful power surges! Protects appliances and sensitive electronic equipment! Reduces harmful effects caused by electrical noise! Power Factor Optimization!

Specifications:
Benefits:
Reduces electricity required by existing inductive loads Enhances capacity of existing electrical system Eliminates danger of harmful

power surges on appliances and sensitive electronic equipment

Reduces harmful effects caused by electrical noise in the electrical system

Features:
Electrical Noise Reduction Power Factor Optimization Voltage Regulation

Specifications:
Three Phase Utilizes Self-Healing Low Loss Capacitors 10~20 Years Design Life span Surge Suppression 2000 Joules Typical Protection For : Electrical Storms, Lightning Activity and Let Through Voltage 150V line-to-neutral Load Rating 20A (this means it discharges up to 20 amps at a time) Six-Way Electrical Protection EMI / RFI Noise Reduction 0-40dB Weight w/ packaging is 10.1 lbs.

Power Utility Spikes

The PU T200 is rated for a 200 amp inductive load The PU T400 is rated for a 400 amp inductive load When installing the T200 use a 30 amp three pole breaker When installing the T400 use a 40 amp three pole breaker Either unit will work in a 208/480 environment
Frequently Asked Question

How Does the

S200 Unit Work? The PowerEnhancerS200 Unit reduces the amount of power drawn from the utility by storing

PowerEnhancer

(in its capacitors) otherwise lost electricity (watts) caused by the inductive motors in your home. (Some examples of inductive motors are Air Conditioning units, refrigerators, freezers, washers, dryers, dishwashers, pool pumps, vacuum cleaners, furnace blower motors, fans etc.) The technology applied by the PowerEnhancerS200 Unit supplies that stored electricity back to your inductive loads, thus causing you to decrease your demand from the utility. If you decrease your demand from the utility, your meter slows down, and you use less electricity. The thought is, youve already paid for that electricity, why pay for it and waste it when you can pay for it, store it, and reuse it again. This whole process is called

power factor optimization.

What is Power Factor?

Power factor is the percentage of electricity thats delivered to your house and used effectively, compared to what is wasted. For example, a 1.0 power factor means that all the electricity thats being delivered to your home is being used effectively for its purpose. However, most homes in North America today have a .77 power factor or less. This means that 77% of the electricity that is coming thru your meter at your home or business is being used effectively, the other 23% is being wasted by your inductive load. With a low power factor, the utility has to deliver more electricity to do the same work. However, the PowerEnhancerS200 increases that power factor in most cases to .97 or . 98, thus increasing the effective use of your electricity and lowering your usage.

Does the PowerEnhancer S200 work in any home? Yes it does, as long as you have a circuit breaker panel with breaker switches and not the old screw in type fuses, the unit will work on any single-phase electric application for homes. Do you have a 3-phase PowerEnhancer for businesses available yet? Yes!T200,T400 are readily available & 1200,3200,3400 are by order.
Will the PowerEnhancer S200 affect any of my appliances and their normal use? No, if anything, your motors will run about 10% cooler, which is good for a motor because heat is the enemy of a motor.

How much can I expect to save per month by using the Economizer S200? That depends on many factors. The size of your home, the amount of inductive motor load, and the amount you are paying per kilowatt-hour for electricity etc. However, generally speaking users

of the product have seen up to 25% in reduced consumption, but the average savings is somewhere in the 15% to 20% range. How long will it take for the PowerEnhancer S200 to pay for itself? Generally about 6-12 months, but again, the same factors above apply, some will see sooner (6 months), some will see later (12 months).
Is the PowerEnhancer 200 easy to install? Technically yes but >> We recommend installation by an electrician. The unit comes with complete installation instructions. It installs in about 20-30 minutes.

How long will the PowerEnhancer S200 last? It has a predicted lifespan of up to 20 years maximum or more.
Why havent I heard of this product until now? Thats easy, two words cost effectiveness. Up until recently, electric rates throughout America were cheap, costing us 2, 3 or 4 cents per kilowatt-hour. Now, electric rates are 8, 10, 12, 14, and 19 and in some cases New York City is 22 cents per Kwh, and Hawaii is 33.5 cents per Kwh. At the cheaper rates the PowerEnhancer S200 didnt make sense, but at the current rates, it makes all the sense in the world.

What About PowerEnhancer S200 Surge Protection? The PowerEnhancerS200 also protects the entire home against power surges. No
longer a need for so many surge protectors in the home. The unit provides a broad range of protection for hardwired appliances and most home electronics such as televisions, satellite equipment, entertainment systems, etc. The unit protects from power line surges as well as spikes caused by internal wiring problems, loose connections and fluctuating demand from large motors such as appliances, vacuum cleaners, heating and cooling equipment, etc.

Is the
PowerEnhancerS200

Unit Warranted?

Yes, 1 year Manufacturers Warranty for full replacement.

Model

S200 2.5KG 23*21*18 45KW single or 2phase T200 4.5KG 33.5*28*21 90KW 3phase

Wt / PCS Packing size(CM) Maximum bear Available @ P 9600.00 Available @ P 12,600.00

power

Phase

T400 5KG 2100 7.5KG 2300 4300 9KG

36*28*20 120KW 3phase 37*27*20 37*27*20

Available @ P 15,900.00
( By Order ) ( By Order ) ( By Order )

180KW 3phase 240KW 3phase 320KW 3phase

11KG 37*27*20

panel enclosure can be installed outdoors or indoors, at the main breaker panel or a sub-panel.

CAPACITOR WORKS

Just let me start by saying this is not new technology, storing electricity in capacitors has been around ever since electric motors was invented. Capacitor to an electric motor is like the starter in your car motor, it supplies extra power to the motor to help it get started. Only a capacitor stores power and releases it back into the electrical system where as a starter only supplies starts then disengages.

power until the motor

The power factor correction unit is a series of capacitors wired in a specific order to optimize the power factor of induction motors, therefore lowering the amount of power the motor uses during normal usage. Not so many years ago companies spent literally thousands of dollars to achieve as close to a perfect

power factor as possible.

This is where people like Gregory Taylor came in to invent and perfect the technology of power factor correction to make it what it is today. Affordable The sole purpose of a capacitor is to store and recycle electricity, then generate that electricity back into your instead of going back to the utility company or just wasted.

power system so it can be reused

THIS IS THE REASON WHY YOU SEE A BIG CAPACITOR OUT HANGING ON OUR MERALCO ELECTRIC POLE

See pictures below:

Is it Compatible in Philippines?
Yes, our units are completely compatible to Philippines's 220/ 230 volt 60 Hz system. No conversion is required.

How Does it Work?

When a motor in your home starts, it asks your utility company's transformer for

power.

The

demand of electricity from your motor runs through the wiring in your home, to the panel box, traveling to your meter, finally reaching its destination of the transformer and back down to your home again. Throughout this process, the lines/wiring heats up and strains the motor and wiring. The heat generated is called watts.

During a normal electrical process, there is lost energy that you are being billed for by your energy company but are not able to use.

The PowerEnhancer stores (otherwise lost energy/watts) and releases energy to your motor when needed to function properly. This reduces the amount of heat on the wires and the motors in your home. Reducing this heat will lower your electricity bill and increase the life of your motors in your home. Inductive Motors are in your Refrigerator, Freezer, Washer, Dryer, Ceiling Fans, Air Conditioning Units, etc. If you use the old T-12 Fluorescent Lighting, the ballast is also an inductive load. Anything with a copper winding that creates an electromagnetic field is an inductive load, just like your inverter that turns DC current into AC current.

Using methods from large industrial complexes, The PowerEnhancer reclaims wasted energy and recycles electrical energy. It protects against

power surges and increases the capacity to your

electrical panel by causing it to run cooler. By doing so, this saves you money pesos!

How I know it Works?

It is an inductive load for your power company, just like the motors in your home (A/C, Refrigerators, etc.), this is your power companies inductive loads. << CAPACITOR FOR HIGH POWER ELECTRIC can easily be found on most Meralco electric poles same purpose as our capacitor PowerEnhancer .

Transformer

These are the capacitors your power company uses to correct their power factors. When you correct the power factor, it reduces demand. The electric meter on the side of your home that your electric company reads is a demand meter. With the proper use of capacitors, you can reduce demand and legally slow down your meter. Your electric company has been using this very same technology for 70+ years to correct their power factors. Now why would your power company spend tens of thousand of dollars on a capacitor bank to correct their factor if it doesn't work?

power

High Voltage Pole Mount

Capacitor

BECAUSE IT DOES WORK!

If you look around your neighborhood on the power poles, for about every 50 transformers, you will notice 1 of these banks of capacitors correcting the

power factors of the transformers in your

neighborhood.

How Many Do I Need?

Usually a home needs 1 unit.

The

PowerEnhancer works up to 200 amps. If you are unsure,

check your panel box. If your main breaker is 200 amps or less, you will need only 1 unit.

SAVE UP TO 25% on your Electric Bill! Average Savings is 15~20% 1 Year Warranty on Workmanship & Product Defects Comes with Easy to Follow Installation Instructions. 100% Satisfaction Guaranteed or your money back so you have

NOTHING to lose!

<< BELOW SOME OF OUR PRODUCTS >>

* METRO-MANILA+ P100 * LAS PINAS / ANTIPOLO / CAINTA RIZAL + P 120 * N.LUZON + P150 * VISAYA PROVINCE + P 130 * MINDANAO + P140

Read more: http://www.sulit.com.ph/index.php/view+classifieds/id/3524969/Power+Saver+Electricity+Power+En ergy+Saver+KVAR+S200?referralKeywords=residential+capacitor+bank

ReactivePowerSupplier * PowerFactorOptimizer * MiniCapacitorBank

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Expires on August 7, 2011 12:07PM Ad ID 2680935 Address 3/F LN Bldg, 738 Shaw Blvd., Mandaluyong City Date Updated June 8, 2011 (posted September 21, 2010) Category Retail Classification Offered Location Pasig City, Metro Manila Short URL More Details

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Description
copied from http://www.sulit.com.ph/index.php/view+classifieds/id/2680935/ReactivePowerSupplier+ %2A+PowerFactorOptimizer+%2A+MiniCapacitorBank? referralKeywords=residential+capacitor+bank

IntelliController ZM is a special energy saving product that serves as a reactive power supplier,
power factor optimizer and mini-capacitor bank developed through self-healing metalized capacitor. This device must be mounted beside the inductive load or installed directly to the panel breaker. If you are NOT happy, we are NOT happy too. Our IntelliController Units are backed by a 90-Day Money Back Guarantee. We are confident about our products. Our average reduction on kwh is around 8-20%. If at the end of 90 days, you do not experience atleast 8% reduction in your kwh consumption per month, provided that your consumption has not been intentionally increased, then we offer money-back policy.

Main Features:
. Reactive power supplier . Power factor optimizer . Copper loss reducer . Mini capacitor bank . Voltage regulator . Explosion-free . For indoor use only

Product Overview:
. Can be used for very low to very high consumption of residential, small business, commercial and industrial clients . Has low voltage and high voltage types . Has so many types depending on clients requirements . Optimizes power factor, reduces EMI and RFI, regulates voltage . Lasts up to 20 years or 60,000 hours with 95% survival . Savings of up to 20% or even more . Savings of up to 40% or even more when used on specific and highly inductive load

Product Advantages:
. Reduces Power Bills Saves Money . Reduces electricity required by existing electrical loads . Quick Return of Investment Power Savings are immediate with an average savings of up to 20% or even more! . Eliminates danger of harmful power surges on appliances and sensitive electronic devices . Reduces the harmful effects caused by electrical noise in the electrical system . Enhances and improves safety of existing electrical system . 5 year Warranty, 5 year Product Liability Insurance & 90-DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE . 20 year Life Expectancy

Technical Specs:
. Service conditions: Altitude=2000m; . Ambient temperature-25.~+45., . Humidity =90% at 35.. . Rated voltage: Available in 230V, 450V, 690V; Frequency: 60Hz

. Rated output: Available in 1~100kvar . Load capacity: Available in 10~1000kw . Capacitance Tolerance: 0~+15. . Tangent of the loss angle:=0.2% . Max allowable over voltage: 110% rated voltage . Max allowable over current: 130%rated current . Insulating property: More than 1000MO between the pole and the enclosure . Self-discharging characteristics: After switching off for 3 minutes, the residual voltage decreases to less than 50V. . Higher models also available for customization

Certificates and Licences:

. ISO 9001:2000 . UL . CE . NEMKO . TUV . SGS . S MARK . SWISS CERTIFICATION . ARGENTINA S MARK . POLAND CERTIFICATION . RUSSIA CERTIFICATION For more info, visit our website: www.intellicontroller.com 09157437679 / 09185492957 / 09336509919 / 025047930

Read more: http://www.sulit.com.ph/index.php/view+classifieds/id/2680935/ReactivePowerSupplier+ %2A+PowerFactorOptimizer+%2A+MiniCapacitorBank?referralKeywords=residential+capacitor+bank

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. factor? 8.

What What What What What What What

is power factor? is the ideal power factor? is power factor correction? types of equipment cause low or poor power factor? are the factors that affect your electric utility billing? are the benefits of power factor correction? do power factor correction capacitors do to improve power

Where is the most efficient location for power factor capacitors?

9. What kind of savings can I realize by installing power factor correction capacitors? 10. What are harmonics? 11. What is harmonic resonance? 12. What are some indications of harmonic resonance? 13. How to solve harmonic resonance? 14. Why tune to the 5th harmonic? 15. I have machines that need to be converted to a different voltage and frequency; Can I use the existing capacitors in this application? 16. What are the dimensions of your individual capacitor cells? 17. How do I fulfill IEEE 519? 18. What wire size and circuit breaker size do I use? 19. Do your capacitors contain PCB? 20. Capacitors at load or service entrance? 21. What type of replacement fuses should I use? 22. What is the cause of harmonic amplification in the presence of capacitors? 23. Do you provide power quality equipment for Induction Heaters? 24. What is the proper way to test capacitors? 25. What type of energy savings will I see with Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors? 26. What does it mean to plug or inch a motor? 27. How can I prove a 25% to 35% kilowatt hour savings by installing power factor correction capacitors? 28. Does a line reactor give more protection on a variable speed drive than an isolation transformer? 29. Can I save money by installing power factor correction capacitors in my home? 30. Does UL validate any energy savings claims regarding the usage of power factor correction capacitors?
1. What is power factor? A. Power factor is a measure of how efficiently electrical power is consumed. Power factor is the ratio between active power (KW) and total power (KVA). Active power does work and reactive power (kVAR) produces an electromagnetic field for inductive loads. PF(%) = (KW / KVA)*100.

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2. What is the ideal power factor? A. The ideal power factor is one (1) or 100% efficiency. Anything less than one means that extra power is required to achieve the actual task at hand. This extra energy, known as Reactive Power, is necessary to provide a magnetizing effect required by motors and other inductive loads to perform their desired functions.

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3. What is power factor correction? A. Power factor correction is the term given to a technology that has been used since the turn of the 20th century to restore Power Factor to as close to unity as is economically possible. This is normally achieved by the addition of power factor correction capacitors to the electrical network, which compensate for the Reactive Power demand of the inductive load and thus reduce the burden on the supply. Myron Zucker was the first person to apply Capacitors At the Load (CAL method) to achieve optimal power factor correction.

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4. What types of equipment cause low or poor power factor? A. Lightly loaded or varying load inductive equipment such as: inefficient motors, HVAC systems, induction furnaces, molding equipment, etc.

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5. What are the factors that affect your electric utility billing? A.

1.

Energy Charge: Number of kilowatt-hours used during the billing period Number of kilovolt amperes (KVA) used during the billing period. 2. Demand Charge: This type of charge compensates the utility for the capital investment required to serve the facility's peak load. Demand charges may be a large portion of the total electric bill, as much as 75%. Demand charges can be reduced by reducing KVA, which can be achieved by reducing energy peaks and improving power factor. 3. Power Factor Penalty Charge: This is a rate structure charge imposed to encourage the industrial, commercial and institutional user to improve power factor. With many of the electric utilities, penalty billing is imposed when the power factor (PF) drops below 95%. In most cases, the least expensive, most efficient and most reliable method to reduce this charge (improve PF) is by adding properly designed fixed or automatic power factor correction systems.

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6. What are the benefits of power factor correction?

Electricity bills reduced Electrical energy efficiency improved Less total plant KVA for the same KW working power More KW working power for the same KVA demand Improved voltage regulation due to reduced line voltage drop Reduction in size of transformers, cables and switchgear in new installations Reduced power losses in distribution systems Decrease carbon footprint on the environment

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7. What do power factor correction capacitors do to improve power factor? A. Power factor correction capacitors supply the necessary reactive portion of power (kVAR) for inductive devices. Because the capacitors supply this necessary power, the electric utility does not have to supply it, resulting in reduced generation costs for the utility.

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8. Where is the most efficient location for power factor capacitors? A. The location that provides maximum benefits of power factor correction is at the load. Capacitors work from the point of installation back to the generating source. Therefore, they provide additional savings in recovered heat losses. Individual motor correction is not always practical, sometimes it is more practical to connect larger capacitors on the distribution bus or install an automatic system at the incoming service along with fixed capacitors at the load.

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9. What kind of savings can I realize by installing power factor correction capacitors? A. Every application and installation is different. However, in those areas of the country where the electric utilities have a penalty based rate structure, power factor correction capacitors and systems can generate a one year or less payback. Review our Power Factor Correction Application Guide for details on how potential savings can be calculated. Also review our Capacitalk

101 for a case study.

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10. What are harmonics? A. Harmonics are multiples of the fundamental frequency distortions found in electrical power, subjected to continuous disturbances. In a 60 Hz electrical system 350 Hz is the 5th harmonic, 420 Hz is the 7th harmonic, and so on. Harmonics are created by the use of non-linear devices such as UPS systems, solid state variable speed motor drives, rectifiers, welders, arc furnaces, fluorescent ballasts and personal computers. Individual harmonic frequencies will vary in amplitude and phase angle, depending on the harmonic source.

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11. What is harmonic resonance? A. When a capacitor bank is added to a power system, it is effectively connected in parallel with the system's impedance, which is primarily inductive. As far as the harmonic source is concerned, it sees a capacitor in parallel with an inductor. Since the capacitive and inductive reactance are frequency dependent, there is a frequency at which these two parameters will be equal. This frequency is called the system's natural resonant frequency. At this frequency, the system's impedance appears to the harmonic source to be very large; therefore, a harmonic current at the resonant frequency flowing through this impedance will result in a very large harmonic voltage.

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12. What are some indications of harmonic resonance? A. Some indications are overheating, frequent circuit breaker tripping, unexplained fuse operation, capacitor failures, electronic equipment malfunction, flicking lights and telephone interference, insulation melting off of conductors (skin effect).

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13. How to solve harmonic resonance? A. The solution can be accomplished by: 1. Adding or subtracting capacitance from the system to move the parallel resonance frequency to one that is not harmful. 2. Adding tuned harmonic suppression reactors in series with the capacitor to prevent resonance. 3. Altering the size of the non-linear devices.

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14. Why tune to the 5th harmonic? A. The 5th harmonic is generally considered to be the most offending. It is important that the tuned frequency for the 5th harmonic be at least at the 4.2nd harmonic. Tuning slightly below the offending harmonic will accommodate for standard tolerances in the manufacturing process, but remove the largest offending portion of the 5th harmonic. Parallel resonance will occur around the 4th harmonic, at a much lower amplitude and in an area that does no harm to the capacitors or system. Many other systems are designed at the 3.78th harmonic to help extend the life of the capacitors. This tuning frequency does not remove the majority of the 5th, 7th, etc. harmonic from the system.

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15. I have machines that need to be converted to a different voltage and frequency; Can I use the existing capacitors in this application? I have a machine, originally built for U.S. 480Vac 60 Hz. We are revising the machine where the voltage will be

380Vac 50 Hz. The motors are 3HP and 5HP, 1800 RPM, 460V, 3-phase, 60 Hz. Can I use the same Calmount capacitor or do I need another unit? A. These units will be fine to leave as is. The units may be derated to lower voltages along with derating to lower hertz. The units will have a lower kVAR rating at 380 volt 50 Hz than they would at 480 volt 60 Hz but will still work normally in that setting. The following link is a derating chart for these types of applications.

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16. What are the dimensions of your individual capacitor cells? A. The dimensions of our capacitor cells can be found in our capacitor cell specifications.

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17. How do I fulfill IEEE 519? We plan to sell several low voltage 6-pulses drives in Columbia, SA. These drives are coming from New Berlin, WI. They are looking for a passive filter supplier to include in the drives to mitigate the harmonic level and to fulfill IEEE 519. What does this require? A. For IEEE-519 there are five different harmonic current distortion limits depending on the transformer size and impedance (determines available short circuit current) and the individual load ratings. For several VFDs (at one location) it then becomes a system solution whereby you might combine AC line reactors along with filters to achieve compliance at the lowest cost. It would be helpful to know the model of drive.

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18. What wire size and circuit breaker size do I use? What size wire and circuit breaker will I need when I install a 200 kVAR, 480 Volt, 3 Phase, 60 Hz capacitor bank? A. Per the NEC, the recommended wire size for a 200kVAR, 480V, 3Phase, 60 Hertz capacitor bank is 500MCM - 90 degree, C-Type THHN, XHHW or equivalent and a 400 amp circuit breaker or disconnect switch. Please view our recommended wire sizes, switches, and fuses chart.

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19. Do your capacitors contain PCB? My company is in the process of re-building a 1979 Vertical Boring Mill, at our Lykens PA facility. The main electrical control panel has a bank of 4 Myron Zucker capacitors. We cannot read the Catalog number. There is a stamped phrase on top of the capacitors that reads "Contains ECCOL." My concern is whether that material is PCB-based. A. The capacitors used in the units you've described were manufactured by Commonwealth Sprague. The ECCOL line of capacitors were filled with a non-PCB fluid. Click here for additional information on capacitors with PCB.

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20. Capacitors at load or service entrance? Why would I want to place a capacitor at the load (CAL) instead of at the service entrance or substation? Do capacitor banks at the service entrance provide better power factor correction? A. If your facility has power factor (PF) correction capacitors at its service entrance, those capacitors are probably there to prevent a utility penalty. What they don't do is improve power factor at the load, which means your actual energy consumption is higher than it needs to be. This, of course, means your company pays for electricity it doesn't use.

Have you been unable to get approval to pay for a site power survey to see where your energy losses are? Try shrinking the scope. Start with a one-line diagram of your distribution system, and limit the survey so it goes no further than the major loads. If you identify energy savings with this limited survey, the money you save can help you justify a more detailed follow-up survey. Even with PF correction at the service entrance, you may be surprised to find that you have unacceptably low PF at some loads. Before implementing any load-level PF correction, determine the effects on your entire distribution system. Corrections at the load will change the PF capacitor size you need at the service. Make sure you regularly inspect PF correction capacitors. Power events can damage these capacitors -- and that damage may not be readily apparent. If you can't remove individual capacitor cells for testing or replacement because the lid of your PF unit interferes with this, consider replacing that unit with one that has a maintenance-friendly lid design. Capacitors-at-Load (CAL) pay more dividends than power factor correction at the substation. Many utilities reward better power factor or lower KVA demand. But equally compelling reasons for adapting CAL are:

1. 2. 3.

CAL decreases I2R losses in conductors, thereby reducing total KW CAL enables all equipment in the plant system to furnish more real power CAL keeps voltage steadier at the load, enabling full torque from motors and full light from lamps, without burnouts due to improper voltage 4. CAL can be obtained and installed quickly and easily 5. Capacitors ordered with new equipment give you all these benefits right from the start.

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21. What type of replacement fuses should I use? I have some Myron Zucker KIM43005-3 power factor capacitors installed on some equipment. My customer has told me that some of the fuse lights are lit on the Myron Zucker units. Can you tell me the type and size of the fuses that are installed on these units? I've downloaded your instructions for diagnosing the lights and replacing the fuses but I can't find any information that identifies the fuses. A. Our KIM43005-3 Calmount capacitor uses (3) 20 Amp fuses. The type of fuse is a Class CC - Fast-Acting, Current-Limiting, rejection type fuse. You should always consult the factory if the fuse being replaced cannot be easily identified.

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22. What is the cause of harmonic amplification in the presence of capacitors? I've made measurements in a tissue factory fed from the secondary side of a distribution transformer 800KVA, 11/0.4 KV, X=5% after the erection of a fixed capacitor (100 kVAR) The results were as follows: With Capacitor Bank Disconnected Voltage (volt) Power Factor Voltage Total Harmonic Total Demand 409 0.568 4.5% 6.8% With Capacitor Bank Connected 411 0.946 5.7% 31.75%

Distortion

The greatest harmonic was the fifth. I want to know the rule that made the 6.8% TDD to become 31.75%? Is this due to parallel resonance? But the capacitor doesn't burn nor its fuses blown. Does this factory need to erect a harmonic filter (detuned type)? Note: the same distribution transformer fed other factories that also have capacitor banks. A. I believe your problem is due to the capacitor being a low impedance device therefore attracting any harmonics that are in the system. This will include any harmonics that are produced on the load-side of the 800kVA transformer. The fact that your greatest harmonic is the 5th tells me that you probably have some 6-pulse drives that represent a good portion of the load. If you were experiencing resonance you would have burnt conductors, capacitor cells, or blown fuses so we dont believe that this is a concern. Your fuses are not blowing because they are probably sized large enough to handle the 32% increase in amperage. I would suggest that you obtain a complete one line diagram of every thing on the load side of this 800kVA transformer and examine your non-sinusoidal devices such as VFDs, UPSs, and all other devices that change AC to DC. This will give you a good idea of where the harmonics are being generated from and how to properly size a filtered bank. Since this is a tissue plant I would say that you have VFDs that are spooling and un-spooling large rolls of paper. You can learn more by reading our manual on solving harmonics. We would be happy to assist you in resolving this power quality issue and look forward to hearing from you in the future.

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23. Do you provide power quality equipment for Induction Heaters? A. No. Induction Heaters are normally listed in voltages and hertz ratings that are not found in our product line.

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24. What is the proper way to test capacitors? A. The following link will take you to our white paper for testing capacitor cells. A capacitor is supposed to draw given amperage at a given voltage based on its kVAR rating. If the capacitor is not drawing enough amperage then it is probably aging and losing some of its capacitance. If it is drawing too much amperage then it is likely that there are harmonics present in the facility and further testing would be recommended to determine if that is the case. These measurements can be taken with an amprobe while the capacitors are on line and without disconnecting wires.

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25. What type of energy savings will I see with Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors? Our manufacturing facility was recently visited by a power quality expert from another company (not Myron Zucker Inc.) who recommended we install transient voltage surge suppressors (TVSS) as a way to protect equipment and save energy costs. I know enough to be dangerous, and from what I understand about TVSS, it seems unlikely to save energy. What type of energy savings will I see with Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors? A. Follow your instincts. TVSS devices are, by and large, designed to do one thing: protect downstream

equipment from voltage surges and spikes. They are NOT an energy savings device. You may be interested in reading Mike Holts website, which specifically addresses the false claims of some TVSS manufacturers. Mike Holt is a leading National Electrical Code consultant and instructor.

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26. What does it mean to plug or inch a motor? A. Plugging is understood as stopping or reversing an induction motor rapidly by reversing motor primary

connections while the motor is running. Inching, also referred to as jogging, is understood as energizing an induction motor once or repeatedly for short periods to obtain small movements of the driven mechanism.

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27. How can I prove a 25% to 35% kilowatt hour savings by installing power factor correction capacitors? The IEEE Std 739-1995 5.5.3.3 which refers to "Reduced power losses when capacitors are located at the load" uses a formula based approach and when I apply it to my data I get a 35% reduction in line losses, also referred to as I2R losses, on my load. But the standard also says that a typical reduction is 2% to 5%. What am I missing?

A. The IEEE equation for I2R losses is as follows: % loss reduction = 100 x (1 - (original PF2 / desired PF2))
This is a percentage of total losses, not total power. So, if your building consumes 1,000kW and you have a total loss of 100kW then the savings from the power factor correction will be based on the 100kW portion not the total 1,000kW. Let's say your original PF is 72% and your desired PF is 95%. The loss reduction savings equation on the same example system would be 100 x (1 - (.722 / .952)) , which would be 43% of the losses or 4.3% of the total power. This would fall into the percentage range explained in the IEEE standard.

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28. Does a line reactor give more protection on a variable speed drive than an isolation transformer? A. Even though we would consider an isolation transformer to be adequate protection against line harmonics, we have experienced situations where they still have allowed enough harmonics back into the system to cause problems. This is not the case for a properly sized and tuned line reactor. By selecting the proper reactor based on voltage, hertz, horsepower, and percentage of impedance, we can offer an IGBT compatible reactor to either protect your drive against power spikes and motor current surges (3% impedance) or comply with IEEE 519 requirements for mitigating harmonics (5% impedance). Line reactors are often a more economical approach as well.

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29. Can I save money by installing power factor correction capacitors in my home? A. It is highly unlikely. Since most residential homes in the US are billed in KWH, the benefit of installing power factor correction capacitors is minimal, if any. The only possible benefit you could achieve is the reduction of I2R line losses. I2R lines losses are typically achieved by either reducing the resistance of conductors (increasing the size of wires) or reducing the current flowing through it. Either one of these methods will reduce heat generated in the circuit. This directly translates into a reduction of KWH usage. On loads with poor power factor, the reduction of current is achieved by simply placing a capacitor at that load. Keep in mind that even in an industrial environment with loads operating around the clock, these line losses are usually minimal, below 3% for each treated load. In a residential environment, electrical line runs are typically short and electrical loads (ex., refrigerators, AC units, air compressors, etc.) generally have a very good power factor, above .90) Therefore, it is not usually justifiable to install capacitors in a residential building unless you are trying to achieve unity power factor or improve overall energy efficiency. This will not necessarily reduce your electrical bill but may reduce your overall carbon footprint. If interested in learning more about residential power factor correction, please visit the following links:

Do Power Factor Correction Devices (kVAR) really save money? - Frequently Asked
Question from the Energy Star web site

Power Quality Solutions and Energy Savings - What Is Real? - written by Daniel J.
Carnovale and Timothy J. Hronek from Eaton Corporation

Is Power Factor Correction Justified in the Home? - Power Electronics Magazine (May
2007) - by William Rynone, Rynone Engineering

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30. Does UL validate any energy savings claims regarding the usage of power factor correction capacitors? A. UL does not validate any claims of energy savings when using power factor correction capacitors. UL only evaluates and Lists power factor correction capacitors for safety reasons. Please click here to read an informative article regarding energy savings claims and UL's involvement.