Transformers

Transformers

Core-type

Shell-type

L-shaped lamination

E-shaped lamination

Transformers
Change voltage level Isolation of circuits Match the impedance

power transmission

Ideal Transformer
no losses no leakage

voltages

d dt d v2 = e2 = N 2 dt v1 = e1 = N 1
power

v1 N 1 = =a v2 N 2

turns ratio

v1i1 = v2 i2
currents

N 1i1 N 2 i2 = 0

i1 N 2 1 = = i2 N 1 a

Impedance transfer

V2 Z2 = I2

Z1 =

V1 aV2 V = = a 2 2 = a 2 Z2 I1 I 2 a I2

Polarity
Current entering identical terminals produce fluxes in the same direction Thus e12 and e34 are in phase. Polarity marked with either dots or + signs

If V13V12+V34 then 1 and 4 identical If V13 V12-V34 then 1 and 3 identical

Polarity - parallel operation

Correct polarity is important when transformers are connected in parallel to supply the same load. Other ways, there will be circulating current.

correct connection

wrong connection

Practical transformer

Winding resistance Flux leakage Finite permeability Core losses

model
physical reasoning mathematic model of coupled circuits

Winding resistance in series with leakage inductance Magnetizing inductance in parallel with core resistance

Referred equivalent circuits

Practical transformer is equivalent to lumped parameters circuit and ideal transformer

The ideal transformer can be shifted to either side and the circuit parameters reduced to the appropriate values

Approximate Equivalent Circuits

I1R1 and I1Xl1 are small |E1| = |V1| Shunt branch can be moved to supply terminal I small (5% of rated current) Shunt branch removed

Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters

No-load test (rated voltage on one side whereas the other side is open)

Short-Circuit test (rated current on one side whereas the other side is short-circuited)

Nameplate S kVA, V1/V2 volts

Voltage regulation

No load V2=V1/a Loaded V2=V1/a V2

Voltage regulation =

V2

V2' L NL V2'
L

Maximum voltage regulation occur if L= -eq1

Efficiency - All-day efficiency

Pout Pout + Pc + Pcu

V2 I 2 cos 2 = 2 V2 I 2 cos 2 + Pc + I 2 Re q 2
Max efficiency occurs for:

fixed V2 and 2
2 Pc = I 2 Re q 2

fixed V2 and I2

cos 2 = 1

All-day efficiency:

AD

enrgy output over 24 hours = enrgy input over 24 hours

Autotransformer

Same operation as two windings transformer Physical connection from primary to secondary Sliding connection allows for variable voltage Higher kVA delivery than two windings connection

Three-phase transformer
step down

Three similar single-phase transformers connected to form a three-phase transformer Four possible connection: Y- -Y - Y-Y

step up

one can be removed

seldom used

Three-phase transformer - Phase shift

Y- VAB // Va VAB leads Vab by 30o

-Y also provides line-to-line phase shift Y-Y and - connections have no phase shift

Three-phase transformer - single-phase equivalent circuit

Validity conditions: Identical transformers balanced source and load Only one phase variables are used, the other phases are similar. -Y transformation

equivalent Y-representation

line-to-neutral = phase voltage

Three-phase transformer - open delta connection

One phase can be removed Operation at reduced load Possible only in - connection

Pab = Vab I a cos(30 + ) Pbc = Vbc I c cos(30 )

PV = Pab + Pbc = 2VI cos 30o

P = 3VI

PV 2 cos 30o = = 0.58 P 3

Three-phase transformer unit

balanced three-phase voltage balanced three-phase flux return leg can be removed In-plan construction easy to manufacture Same operation as transformer bank

Harmonics in Three-Phase Transformer Banks

For economycal reasons the transformer is designed to operate in saturation region of the magnetic core. The exciting current is nonsinisoidal with predominant third harmonic third harmonics are in phase third harmonic exists either in currents or in fluxes

Harmonics in Three-Phase Transformer Banks

SW1 closed, SW2 open Exciting current in primary I1 and I3 third harmonic currents in neutral line 3xI1 voltages are sinusoidal

Harmonics in Three-Phase Transformer Banks

SW1 open, SW2 open Third harmonic current cannot flow. third harmonic exists in flux and phase voltages phase voltages nonsinusoidal line-to-line voltages sinusoidal Open voltage is 3xVa3 SW1 open, SW2 closed third harmonic voltage will drive third harmonic current. voltages sinusoidal

Harmonics in Three-Phase Transformer Banks Yy+d

Third harmonic current prohibited from both sides Tertiary provides the missing third harmonic current voltages sinusoidal Tertiary can supply auxiliary load if needed

Per-unit system
base (reference) value of the quantity Pbase, Vbase

I base Zbase

Pbase = Vbase Vbase = I base

actual q pu-quantity = base q

pu voltage equation and full load copper losses

V1,pu = I 1,pu Zeq1,pu + V2,pu PCu,FL = Req1,pu

Independent of the side