Lecture 11

1. Summary of SDOF Response to Pule Forces 2. Shock Spectrum (Response Spectrum) 3. Approximate Analysis of Structure Response to Impulsive Loading

1. Summary of SDOF Response to Impulsive Loads

For the three types of pulse forces considered, i.e., rectangular, half-cycle sine and symmetrical triangular shapes, each with the same maximum force P0 and duration td, i) If td>Tn/2, the overall maximum response occurs during the forced phase

ii) If td<Tn/2, the overall maximum response occurs during the free vibration phase iii) Rectangular pulse produces the largest responses, and triangular pulse produces the smallest response iv) Effects of viscous damping is usually not important on the maximum response unless system is highly damped. This is in contrast to the system under harmonic loading.

When td/Tn is small, it has

umax

td 2 us 0 , Tn td = 4 us 0 , Tn td u , T s0 n

Rectangular pulse Half - sine pulse Triangular pulse

The reason that rectangular pulse produces the largest response and triangular pulse the smallest response can be explained by the impulse of the pulse force. The impulse of a pulse force is defined as t

Im =

P (t )dt

It is the total energy of the dynamic force imparting on the structure

 P0td , 2 I m = P0td , 1 P0td , 2

Rectangular Half - cycle sine Triangular

2. Shock Spectrum (Response Spectrum)

In the formula of response of a SDOF system to impulsive loads derived above, it can be noted that the maximum response depends on the ratio of the impulse duration to the natural vibration period of the structure, td/Tn. Since the maximum response is of primary concern in most cases in engineering practice, the maximum response ratio

Rmax

u0 max = , us 0

&& mu g 0 P0 or us 0 = us 0 = k k

is usually plotted with respect to td/Tn for easy use. Such a spectrum (maximum response) is usually called displacement response spectrum. If the applied force is a short duration impact load, or ground shock, it is also called Shock Spectrum

Zero damping

Zero damping

Damping effect

Example
A single-storey frame shown in figure is subjected to a blast load of different shape. Calculate the maximum displacement and base shear force in the structure if P0=10000 kN, td=0.005 sec and td=0.2 sec P(t) W=2000 kN P0 k/2 td K=600000 kN/m td k/2

P0

Note: from the above example and the shock spectrum, it is obvious that the loading duration has a significant influence on the responses. If the loading duration is very short relative to the structural vibration period, the applied load is mainly resisted by the inertia of the structure, and therefore the stresses produced in the structure are much smaller than those produced by loading of longer duration.

Approximate Calculation of the Maximum Response

Response of a SDOF system to a short-duration impulsive force is, for =0,

1 u (t ) = mn

td

P ( ) sin n (t )d
td

sinn t mn

Im P ( )d = sin n t mn

The above approximation is valid when td<<Tn and td0 Maximum response is then

umax

Im = mn

Example
A 25 m tall water tank is subjected to an airblast load as shown. Determine the maximum base shear and moment at the base of the tower. P(t) 40 kN t(sec) P(t) m=10000kg k=1500kN/m

0.02

0.08