Database Management Systems

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Unit-01-DBMS [Database Management System]

Structure 1.1 Introduction Objectives 1.2 Database Environment 1.3 Working of a Simple Centralized Database System 1.4 Tradition al File Systems Vs Modern Database Management Systems 1.5 Properties of Database 1.6 Types of Database Users Database Administrator [DBA] Database Designers [DBD] End Users System analysts and Application Programmers DBMS system designers and implementers Tool Developers 1.7 Advantages of using DBMS 1.8 Applications of traditional Database 1.9 Summary 1.10 Terminal Questions 1.11 Answers

1.1 Introduction
Data DBMS-Definition What does it consist of? Data is a raw fact which can be recorded and has specific meaning. A DBMS is a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage and retrieval of data in a database. Collection of related data Set of programs to access those data. A complete definition or description of the database Structures and Constraints. All areas where computers are used, including business, engineering, law, education, banking, hotel and airline reservation. Multimedia databases can store pictures, video clips and sound messages. Geographic information system can store and analyze maps, weather data and satellite images. Page No.: 1

Where are the DBMS used? Examples of DBMS

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Objectives After studying this unit, you should be able to: Explain Database Environment Explain various procedures carried on in a DBMS Explain working of a Simple Centralized Database System Mention differences between the Traditional File Systems and Modern Database Management Systems Explain persons related to a DBMS Explain Why DBMS? Self Assessment Question 1. Define DBMS. What does it consist of and where are they used?

1.2 Database Environment

Let us take an example of name, roll number, class, section, attendance and marks of the students of any class. One can have the note of these data in a sequential address book or it can be stored on a hard disk, using a laptop and software like Microsoft Excel. Here name, roll number, class, section, attendance and marks of the students are considered as data and the set of this related data having a specific implicit meaning is called a database.

Fig. 1.1: Database Environment

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Various Procedures Carried on in a DBMS 1. The process of specifying the data types, structures and constraints is called Defining the database 2. The process of storing the data on some storage medium 3. Manipulating the Database-involves the retrieval (activity of finding) of required data and modifying it depending on the requirement. E.g. EMPLOYEE database i) Defining of a database

ii) Constructing the Database

Emp_name Emp_id Prasad 100 Emp_addr Shubhodaya, Near Katariguppe Big Bazaar, BSK II stage, Bangalore #165, 4 main Chamrajpet, Bangalore #12, Manipal Towers, Bangalore
th

Emp_desig Project Leader

Emp_Sal 40000

Usha Nupur Peter

101 102 103

Software engineer Lecturer

10000 30000 15000

Syndicate house, Manipal IT executive

iii) Manipulating the Database E.g. for some queries 1. List all employees whose salaries are greater than 20000 2. List all employees whose names start with P 3. Delete records whose Emp_name is Prasad Self Assessment Questions 2. Write Short Notes on Database Environment 3. Draw a neat diagram of Database Environment.
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4. Write down the procedures carried on in a DBMS. Explain with the help of one example.

1.3 Working of a Simple Centralized Database System

Fig. 1.2: Simple Centralized Database System

Database is stored in a central location. Users have access to the common database. Users can access the data from the central location from their own machines using suitable programs. These required programs are installed on individual computer terminals of the users, as shown in the figure above.

Self Assessment Question 5. Write Short Note on Working of a Simple Centralized Database System.
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1.4 Traditional File Systems Vs Modern Database Management Systems

Traditional File System Traditional File system is the system that was followed before the advent of DBMS i.e., it is the older way. In Traditional file processing, data definition is part of the application program and works with only specific application. File systems are Design Driven; they require design/coding change when new kind of data occurs. E.g.: In a traditional employee the master file has Emp_name, Emp_id, Emp_addr, Emp_design, Emp_dept, Emp_sal, if we want to insert one more column Emp_Mob number then it requires a complete restructuring of the file or redesign of the application code, even though basically all the data except that in one column is the same. Traditional File system keeps redundant [duplicate] information in many locations. This might result in the loss of Data Consistency. For e.g.: Employee names might exist in separate files like Payroll Master File and also in Employee Benefit Master File etc. Now if an employee changes his or her last name, the name might be changed in the pay roll master file but not be changed in Employee Benefit Master File etc. This might result in the loss of Data Consistency. In a File system data is scattered in various files, and each of these files may be in different formats, making it difficult to write new application programs to retrieve the appropriate data. Security features are to be coded in the Sikkim Manipal University This problem is completely solved here. Modern Database Management Systems This is the Modern way which has replaced the older concept of File system. Data definition is part of the DBMS Application is independent and can be used with any application. One extra column (Attribute) can be added without any difficulty Minor coding changes in the Application program may be required.

Redundancy is eliminated to the maximum extent in DBMS if properly defined.

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Application Program itself.

been taken care by the DBMS.

Hence, a data base management system is the software that manages a database, and is responsible for its storage, security, integrity, concurrency, recovery and access. The DBMS has a data dictionary, referred to as system catalog, which stores data about everything it holds, such as names, structure, locations and types. This data is also referred to as Meta data.

1.5 Properties of Database

The following are the important properties of Database: 1. A database is a logical collection of data having some implicit meaning. If the data are not related then it is not called as proper database. E.g. Student studying in class II got 5th rank.
Stud_name Vijetha Class Class II Rank obtained 5
th

2. A database consists of both data as well as the description of the database structure and constraints. E.g.
Field Name Stud_name Class Type Character Alpha numeric Description It is the students name It is the class of the student

3. A database can have any size and of various complexity. If we consider the above example of employee database the name and address of the employee may consists of very few records each with simple structure. E.g.
Emp_name Emp_id Emp_addr Prasad 100 Shubhodaya, Near Katariguppe Big Bazaar, BSK II stage, Bangalore #165, 4 main Chamrajpet, Bangalore #12, Manipal Towers, Bangalore Syndicate house, Manipal
th

Emp_desig Emp_Sal Project Leader Software engineer Lecturer IT executive 40000

Usha Nupur Peter

101 102 103

10000 30000 15000

Like this there may be n number of records.

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4. The DBMS is considered as general-purpose software system that facilitates the process of defining, constructing and manipulating databases for various applications. 5. A database provides insulation between programs, data and data abstraction. Data abstraction is a feature that provides the integration of the data source of interest and helps to leverage the physical data however the structure is. 6. The data in the database is used by variety of users for variety of purposes. For E.g. when you consider a hospital database management system the view of usage of patient database is different from the same used by the doctor. In this case the data are stored separately for the different users. In fact it is stored in a single database. This property is nothing but multiple views of the database. 7. Multiple user DBMS must allow the data to be shared by multiple users simultaneously. For this purpose the DBMS includes concurrency control software to ensure that the updation done to the database by variety of users at single time must get updated correctly. This property explains the multiuser transaction processing. Self Assessment Question 6. Distinguish between Modern DBMS and traditional file system.

1.6 Types of Database users

Different persons who are involved in the design, use and maintenance of a large database having many users are: 1. Database Administrator [DBA] 2. Database Designers [DBD] 3. End Users 4. System Analysts and Application Programmers 5. DBMS System Designers and Implementers 6. Tool Developers 1.6.1 Database Administrator [DBA] Database is one of the many Primary resources that are used by many people in an Organization.
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DBMS and related software are the secondary resources. Administering this secondary resource is the responsibility of the Database Administrator. He usually has the complete authority to access and monitor the database. He is responsible for creating, modifying, and maintaining the Database. He grants permission to the users of the database. He stores the profile of each user in the database. He defines procedures to recover the database resulting from failures due to human, natural or hardware causes.

1.6.2 Database Designers [DBD] A Database Designer should design the database in such a manner that it should meet the requirements of the clients. 1.6.3 End Users People, who access the database, query and update the database and generate the various reports: the database primarily exists for their use. End users are of two types: Casual users are the users accessing the DBMS with SQL queries. Nave users are the users accessing the DBMS through menus. 1.6.4 System analysts and Application Programmers System analysts collect the information regarding requirements of the end users and develop specifications for caned transactions (Standardized queries and updates with carefully programmed data validity checking) that meet their requirements. Application programmers implement specifications developed by the System Analysts in the form of programs, they are also responsible to test, debug, document and maintain these programs. These are the programmers who write menus applications. 1.6.5 DBMS system designers and implementers Implementers implement the DBMS modules and interfaces as a software package.

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1.6.6 Tool Developers Tools are the third party optional software packages which are not available with the DBMS. They include packages for DB design, performance, monitoring, graphical interacts. In many cases independent software vendors develop and market these tools. They are called Tool Developers. Operators and Maintenance Personnel These are the system administration personnel that are responsible for the actual running and maintenance of the hardware and software environment for the DB system Self Assessment Question 7. List and explain roles of the different users of DBMS.

1.7 Advantages of using DBMS

1. Redundancy is reduced 2. Data located on a server can be shared by clients 3. Integrity (accuracy) can be maintained 4. Security features protect the Data from unauthorized access 5. Modern DBMS support internet based application. 6. In DBMS the application program and structure of data are independent. 7. Consistency of Data is maintained 8. DBMS supports multiple views. As DBMS has many users, and each one of them might use it for different purposes, and may require to view and manipulate only on a portion of the database, depending on requirement.

1.8 Applications of traditional Database

Many large organizations like corporation, universities, hospitals and banks use database to store and maintain large number of records. The high level query language provided an alternative to programming language interfaces. Therefore new queries were much quicker to write than programming.

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Due to the growth in object oriented programming languages the complex databases were used mainly in technological applications like engineering design, multimedia publishing and manufacturing system. Database is used for storing the documents created using web publishing languages such as HTML and interchange the data on the web for E-commerce. Further the new applications of database are scientific, storing and retrieval of images and videos, data mining, geographical information systems etc.

Self Assessment Question 8. Write short notes on advantages of using DBMS

1.9 Summary
A DBMS is a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database. The four most common types of organizations are the hierarchical, network, relational and object models. A database query language and report writer allow users to interactively interrogate the database, analyze its data and update it according to the users privileges on data. A transaction mechanism, that ideally would guarantee the ACID properties, in order to ensure data integrity, despite concurrent user accesses (concurrency control), and faults (fault tolerance). Organizations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction processing, and then move the detail onto another computer that uses another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are performed by data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is performed by database administrators.

1.10 Terminal Questions

1. What are the various features of traditional? 2. Define the following Data Data base Data Base Management System [DBMS] 3. Explain briefly the different types of data base users.
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1.11 Answers
Self Assessment Questions 1. (Refer 1.1). 2. (Refer 1.2, Fig 1.1) 3. Draw diagram (Fig. 1.1) 4. Various procedures carried on in a DBMS 1. Defining the database means specifying the data types, structures and constraints (limits imposed). 2. Constructing the Database-involves the process of storing the data on some storage medium (e.g. hard-disk) which is controlled by the DBMS 3. Manipulating the Database-involves the retrieval (activity of finding) of required data and modifying them depending on the requirement. E.g. Employee database Explain (Refer section 1.2) 5. Database is stored in a central location. Users have access to the common database. Users can access the data from the central location from their own machines using suitable programs. These required programs are installed on individual computer terminals of the users as shown in figure 1.2. (Refer Section 1.3) 6. Traditional File Systems Vs Modern Database Management Systems. (Refer Section 1.4) 7. Different persons who are involved in the design, use and maintenance of a large database having many users are (Refer Section 1.5) 1. Database Administrator [DBA] 2. Database Designers [DBD] 3. End Users 4. System analysts and Applications Programmers 5. DBMS system designers and implementers 8. Refer 1.7 Terminal Questions 1. In Traditional file system data definition is part of the application program and works with only specific application. (Refer Section 1.4)
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2. Data Base Management System [DBMS]: A DBMS is a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage and retrieval of data in a database. (Refer Section 1.1) 3. Different persons who are involved in the design, use and maintenance of a large database having many users are: 1. Database Administrator [DBA] 2. Database Designers [DBD] 3. End Users 4. System analysts and Application Programmers 5. DBMS system designers and implementers 6. Tool Developers (Refer Section 1.5)

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