JOSEPH TYRONNE P.

SALTO

BSN IV-B6

JOYCE TRAVELBEE Human-to-Human Relationship Model

Nursing Nursing is an interpersonal process whereby the professional nurse practitioner assists an individual, family or community to prevent or cope with experience or illness and suffering, and if necessary to find meaning in these experiences. Human-to-Human Relationship Model - Humanistic revolution Interactional Phases of Human-to-Human Relationship Model: 1. Original Encounter - First impression by the nurse of the sick person and vice-versa. - Stereotyped or traditional roles 2. Emerging Identities - the time when relationship begins - the nurse and patient perceives each others uniqueness 3. Empathy - the ability to share in the persons experience 4. Sympathy - when the nurse wants to lessen the cause of patients suffering. - It goes beyond empathyWhen one sympathizes, one is involved but not incapacitated by the involvement. - Therapeutic use of self 5. Rapport - Rapport is described as nursing interventions that lessens the patients suffering. - Relation as human being to human being - A nurse is able to establish rapport because she possesses the necessary knowledge and skills required to assist ill persons and because she is able to perceive, respond to and appreciate the uniqueness of the ill human being.

JOSEPH TYRONNE P. SALTO

BSN IV-B6

FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH 21 Nursing Problems Theory

Three major categories Physical, sociological, and emotional needs of clients Types of interpersonal relationships between the nurse and patient Common elements of client care 21 NURSING PROBLEMS BASIC TO ALL PATIENTS To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest and sleep To promote safety through the prevention of accidents, injury, or other trauma and through the prevention of the spread of infection To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct deformity SUSTENAL CARE NEEDS To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of all body cells To facilitate the maintenance of elimination To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance To recognize the physiological responses of the body to disease conditions To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function. REMEDIAL CARE NEEDS To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings, and reactions To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non verbal communication To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual goals To create and / or maintain a therapeutic environment To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical , emotional, and developmental needs RESTORATIVE CARE NEEDS To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of limitations, physical and emotional To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from illness To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors in the case of illness Abdellah's 21 problems are actually a model describing the "arenas" or concerns of nursing, rather than a theory describing relationships among phenomena. In this way, the theory distinguished the practice of nursing, with a focus on the 21 nursing problems, from the practice of medicine, with a focus on disease and cure

JOSEPH TYRONNE P. SALTO

BSN IV-B6

BETTY NEUMAN Systems Model

Alternative therapies include such concepts of self-awareness, wholeness and spirituality. It is caring for the way a person feels, not just their disease. Betty Neuman's Systems Model reflects nursing's interest in holism and in the influence of environment on health. The goal of the model was to provide a wholistic overview of the physiological, psychological, sociocultural, and developmental aspects of human beings. ENVIRONMENT Is both internal and external. The individual maintains harmony between the two and is affected by different types of stressors. HEALTH, ILLNESS, and NURSING "Health and wellness are defined as the condition or degree of system stability." On a continuum. Nursing is a "Unique profession in that it is concerned with all the variables affecting the individuals responses to stress." The nurse aims at keeping the individual stable. KEY CONCEPT Each layer, or concentric circle, of the Neuman model is made up of the five person variables. Ideally, each of the person variables should be considered simultaneously and comprehensively. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Physiological - refers of the physicochemical structure and function of the body. Psychological - refers to mental processes and emotions. Sociocultural - refers to relationships; and social/cultural expectations and activities. Spiritual - refers to the influence of spiritual beliefs. Developmental - refers to those processes related to development over the lifespan.

The concepts of Alternative Therapies should not be an 'alternative' to nursing practice. These concepts are applications that should be used in everyday nursing care.

VIRGINIA HENDERSON Definition of the Unique Function of Nursing

Defined Nursing: Assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that an individual would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. Identified 14 Basic Needs:  Breathing normally  Eating and drinking adequately  Eliminating body wastes

JOSEPH TYRONNE P. SALTO

BSN IV-B6

          

Moving and maintaining desirable position Sleeping and resting Selecting suitable clothes Maintaining body temperature within normal range Keeping the body clean and well-groomed Avoiding dangers in the environment Communicating with others Worshipping according to ones faith Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment Playing/participating in various forms of recreation Learning, discovering or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and using available health facilities.

JEAN WATSON The Philosophy and Science of Caring

Nursing is concerned with promotion health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health. Nursing is a human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic and ethical human care transactions She defined caring as a nurturant way or responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility. It is only demonstrated interpersonally that results in the satisfaction of certain human needs. Caring accepts the person as what he/she may become in a caring environment Carative Factors: 1. The promotion of a humanistic-altruistic system of values 2. Instillation of faith-hope 3. The cultivation of sensitivity to ones self and others 4. The development and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings. 5. The systemic use of the scientific problem-solving method for decision making 6. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning 7. The provision for supportive, protective and corrective mental, physical, socio-cultural and spiritual environment 8. Assistance with the gratification of human needs 9. The allowance for existential phenomenological force

JOSEPH TYRONNE P. SALTO

BSN IV-B6

ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE Theory of Human Becoming

Nursing is a scientific discipline, the practice of which is a performing art. Three assumption about Human Becoming 1. Human becoming is freely choosing personal meaning in situation in the intersubjective process of relating value priorities 2. Human becoming is co-creating rhythmic patterns or relating in mutual process in the universe 3. Human becoming is co-transcending multidimensionally with emerging possibilities.

JOSEPHINE PATERSON AND LORETTA ZDERAD Humanistic Nursing

Humanistic nursing was created by Josephine Paterson and Loretta Zderad, both nurses who believed that a simple, scientific approach to nursing education would not be sufficient to create truly effective and content nurses. They believed that nursing education should be largely founded in experience, and training should focus as much on a nurse's ability to relate to and interact with various patients as on a scientific background. The pair's Theory of Humanistic Nursing was first made public in 1971 The function of humanistic nursing, just as any other nursing, is ultimately to enable the patient to recuperate or heal. However, humanistic nurses believe that the essence of everyday nurse-patient experiences has as much to do with the healing process as medicine. As a result, humanistic nursing focuses very closely on the development of a relationship with a patient as well as on the patient's health. Humanistic nurses are trained just as thoroughly as any other nurse. They go through nursing school and have the same medical background that is required of more conventionallyschooled nurses. However, a humanistic nurse has a different frame of reference that places her relationship with the patient at the center of her focus, with the patient's health benefiting from that relationship rather than solely from medical or educational experience. While all humanistic nursing is based on the theory advanced by Paterson and Zderad in 1971, there are many schools of thought on humanistic nursing. Some focus almost exclusively on developing the relationship between the nurse and the patient, with the medical aspects of care coming in a significant but distant second. Others prefer to factor in relationship development, but still spend a great deal of time on medical background and healing. The latter is best if you are going to nurse in a hospital, but many people who need private nursing prefer the former. Humanistic nursing has some serious advantages over traditional nursing. Terminal patients in particular appear to be far more receptive and responsive to humanistic nursing over traditional nursing, and live longer and more content lives when nursed in this manner. Often,

JOSEPH TYRONNE P. SALTO

BSN IV-B6

relationships are what give people the strength to heal in the face of major adversity, so a humanistic nurse can dramatically improve a chronically ill patient's odds for survival if he is receptive to this type of treatment. While humanistic nursing can provide hope and strength for a patient and her family where traditional nursing might not, you should never change your nursing staff or medical treatment without consulting all of your team of doctors. Also, many nurses who have not been trained in humanistic nursing still utilize these methods on a regular basis simply because they are good, empathetic nurses. Do not write off a medical professional just because she has not been officially trained in humanistic nursing.