Mitigating Project Risk and Uncertainty for Bankable Solar Project Assessment Biomass A Sustainable Renewable Energy Source

ce for India

Solar Pioneers in India : AIC Solar Projects Photovoltaic Safety and Performance Standards in a Global Market: the Challenge for Backsheet Manufacturers

OMNIMEDIA, S.L. Rosa de Lima 1 bis, Edif. Alba, Ofce 104, 28290 Las Matas Madrid Spain Tel + 34 916 308 591 Fax + 34 916 308 595
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EDITORIAL
Dear Readers, Over the last couple of months, the nancial closure of solar projects under Phase I of NVVN seemed to dominate every headline and every conversation in the industry. The day turned out to be a dampener with many companies just submitting an undertaking that they will be responsible for the fund raising of their projects. We are sure the industry is waiting on how seriously NVVN authorities handle this. This is surely expected to have an effect on the Gujarat solar projects, the upcoming Phase II under NVVN and the State policies of Rajasthan and Karnataka. The Indian wind industry meanwhile had some good news with the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) making payments for pending dues for the power purchased over the last 6-8 months. With Tamil Nadu being the State with highest number of wind farms, companies were postponing setting up of new projects till a clear picture emerged on the payments. The dues were approximately Rs.1200 crores. The good news continues with the government nally agreeing to take into account the rising pressure of raw material in biomass projects. Managing fuel supply chain through contracts is dif cult as there is no price guarantee in the market. MNRE has asked The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) to review tariff determination norms for biomass projects. Meanwhile Indias central bank The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has shocked investors by raising interest rate by another 50 basis points in July 2011. The measure is seen as a step to contain the persistently high ination in the country. With this 11th rate rise by RBI since March 2010, India now has a repo rate of 8%. We are sure the Indian power industry will need to further look at innovations and technology to beat the effect on the bottom line. Recently, the industry also saw India and South Korea sign a civil agreement allowing India to tap into South Koreas nuclear technical expertise. India has been in negotiation with Japan for a similar agreement but has still not reached the signing stage. Energetica India also encourages new technology and as a part of the mission, we are including an article on wave energy. We welcome technical experts to help us promote this technology to our readers. As always, Energetica India has been involved in energy events across the country including the EPC Sphere in Mumbai from 18th-19th July 2011 and the National Energy Investment Summit in New Delhi from 21st-22nd July 2011. Both the events represented different aspects of Indias energy value chain and we believe it is an interesting trend in the Indian market. More information on the post events can be found inside. Energetica India welcomes the newest member of the team Mr. Bharat Vasandani. Bharat has a background in consulting and nancial services across industries with the last 2 years focused on renewable energy in India. He has assisted foreign solar companies enter the Indian market through acquisitions, joint ventures and tie-ups. Bharat comes with a good understanding of the renewable energy industry economics in India. His education background includes a graduate in Biomedical Engineering from Mumbai University followed by a Masters in International Business from ESC-Grenoble, France. journalist@energetica-india.net Energetica India are exhibiting at the 5th Renewable Energy India 2011 Expo, one of Indias biggest renewable energy platforms supported by the government. Feel free to visit our stand 7C38 where you can avail your free copy of Energetica India and our special Energetica India tee-shirt for the event. Once more we welcome your comments and suggestions. Team Energetica India

2011 OmniMedia SL EDITOR EUGENIO PREZ DE LEMA eugenio@energetica-india.net DIRECTOR GISELA BHL gisela@energetica-india.net PR DIRECTOR ANDREW CALLAWAY andrew@energetica-india.net INDIA DIRECTOR SALES CHINTAN VALIA chintan.valia@energetica-india.net +91 9004 772277 JOURNALIST BHARAT VASANDANI journalist@energetica-india.net +91 7738 977567 SPAIN ALVARO LPEZ ala@energetica-india.net GERMANY, AUSTRIA & SWITZERLAND ERHARDT EISENACHER info@eisenacher-medien.de FINANCIAL DIRECTOR CARLOS FERNNDEZ carlos.f@energetica-india.net

SUBSCRIPTIONS BELA ANGELOVA administracion@grupo-omnimedia.com Layout & Design DANIEL CONEJERO Contras-T The views expressed in the magazine are not necessarily those of the editor or publisher. The magazine and all of the text and images contained therein are protected by copyright. If you would like to use an article from Energetica India or our website www.energetica-india.net you may obtain the rights by calling OMNIMEDIA, S.L.

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CONTENTS
Editorial Take advice Energy News Events reports Products Service Guide BIOFUELS
| july/august 11 | #018

VOLUME 18 | JULY|AUGUST 11

4 8 10 80, 81 82 87 70

From peanut oil to methane gas Volvo Technical Department BIOMASS Biomass A sustainable renewable energy source for India Ritesh Pothan , Natural Group COMPANY PROFILE Emmvee Solar ENERGY MANAGEMENT Increased energy efciency with energy management systems Dr. Michael Bunk, Tv Sd Industrie Service, and Dr. Silvio Kammer, Innospec Leuna OCEAN POWER Creating power from the sea, Bharat Vasandani, Energetica India
Mitigating Project Risk and Uncertainty for Bankable Solar Project Assessment Biomass A Sustainable Renewable Energy Source for India

energetica india

2011 Omnimedia SL

74 77

78 64

Energy Scene of : AIC Consulting Solar Pioneers in IndiaIndia Solar Projects Engineers Pioneering the Indian Solar Age Lanco Solar Photovoltaic Safety and Performance Standards in a Global Market: the Challenge for Backsheet Manufacturers

Sensitivity of Solar Power Plants Chhattisgarh State Renewable Energy Development Agency Intersolar Europe 2011

PROCESS ENGINEERING Practical thermal prole expectations in a dual lane dual speed reow oven Fred Dimock, MGR. Process technology BTU International, Inc. SOLAR POWER First solar CDM programme of activity (POA) in India Apoorva Jain, Development ofcer, SENES Consultants India Pvt Ltd Solar pioneers in Orissa Solar PV power plant report AIC Solar Projects 30 32 65

COVER

FLABEG

FLABEG produces a full range of highperformance mirrors for Concentrating Solar Power (CSP), Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV) and other solar technologies, including parabolic trough, power tower, linear Fresnel and dish applications. It is the only company offering more than 30 years of eld experience and setting the industry standard for the production of solar mirrors using a proprietary bending process, resulting in the highest possible degree of precision.

Can I or I cant? A developer in dilemma and update of solar PV projects development in Gujarat Nilesh Patel, Project Consultant Movya Consultancy 38 Performance degradation in solar plants Solon Technical Department 40 Design of xation and rack solutions for frameless thin lm modules based on numerical calculations, Dr. Ing Cedrik Zapfe, Dr Zapfe Gmbh and Schletter Gmbh, 43 Photovoltaic safety and performance standards in a global market: The challenge for backsheet manufacturers Marina Temchenko, MADICO Mitigating project risk and uncertainty for bankable solar project assessment Marie Schnitzer, Director of solar services at AWS Truepower, LLC Photovoltaic impulse to rural and remote electrication Jos Luis Iribarren & Dr. Raquel Ferret, Zigor New investment in thin lm capacity Fast-changing PV cost and capacity landscape Chris OBrien, Head of market development, Oerlikon Solar WIND POWER Riding out the gridlock, Tobias Gehlhaar GL Garrad Hassan Renewables Certication 58 High temperature superconductors enable the worlds largest and most powerful wind turbine Martin Fischer, Vice President of American Superconductor, General Manager of AMSC Austria & Sudhir Gadh, Country Manager; India AMSC 60 47 50 54 56

TAKEADVICE
5TH RENEWABLE ENERGY INDIA EXPO Date: 10-12 August 2011 Place: New Delhi (India) Organiser: Exhibitions India Group Tel: + 91 11 4279 5000 E-mail: rajneeshk@eigroup.in Web: www.renewableenergyindiaexpo.com INTERNATIONAL SOLAR PV EXHIBITION Date: 11-13 August 2011 Place: Guangzhou (China) Organiser: Guangzhou Grandeur Exhibition Service Tel: + (86-20)28314758/68/78 E-mail: Sales3@grandeurhk.com Web: www.gzxny.com ISES SOLAR WORLD CONGRESS Date: 28 August-2 Sept 2011 Place: Kassel (Germany) Organiser: ISES E-mail: info@swc2011.org Web: www.swc2011.org

WIND TURBINE SUPPLY CHAIN & LOGISTICS Date: 29- 31 August 2011 Place: Berlin (Germany) Organiser: IQPC Tel: +49 3020913222 E-mail:Philip.minns@iqpc.de Web: http://www.box.net/shared/si4mzzm6y1

26TH EUROPEAN PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION (26TH EU PVSEC) Date: 5- 6 September 2011 Place: Hamburg (Germany) Organiser: WIP-Renewable Energies Tel: + 49 89 720 12 735 E-mail: pv.conference@wip-munich.de Web: http://www.photovoltaic-conference.com

WORLD ENERGY POLICY SUMMIT Date: 6- 7 September 2011 Place: The ITC Maurya, Delhi Organiser: WEPS Tel: + 91 11 2613 7812 E-mail: worldenergypolicysummit@gmail.com Web: http://www.worldenergypolicysummit. com

WORLD SMART GRID INDIA WEEK 2011 Date: 13- 16 September 2011 Place: Mumbai Organiser: SZ&W Group Tel: + 86 021 5830 0710 E-mail: info@szwgroup.com Web: http://www.szwgroup.com/smartgrid/

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY, WATER & ENVIRONMENT (ICEWE 2011) Date: 17 September 2011 Place: Bhubaneswar, Orissa Organiser: Interscience Research Network (IRNet) E-mail: icewe.conf@gmail.com Web: www.interscience.ac.in/ICEWE/icewe. html

POWER-GEN ASIA Date: 27-29 September 2011 Place: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Organiser: Pennwell E-mail: GlennE@pennwell.com Web: www.powergenasia.com

2ND ANNUAL RENEWCON INDIA 2011 Date: 27-30 September 2011 Place: Mumbai Organiser: UBM India Pvt Ltd Tel: +91 (022) 4046 1466 E-mail: conferences-india@ubm.com Web: http://www.renewcon-india.com/

INDIA POWER SUMMIT 2011 Date: 30 september-1 october 2011 Place: ITC - Grand Maratha. Mumbai Organiser: Sparta Strategy Tel: + 91 (22) 65250250 E-mail: kavan.b@sparta.co.in Web: http://spartastrategy.com/event/event. html

THE CARBON CONGRESS 2011 Date: 5-7 october 2011 Place: New Delhi Organiser: CINB conferences and Events E-mail: info@cinbcorp.com Web: www.cinbcorp.com/tcc.html

INDIA ELECTRICITY 2011 Date: 12-14 October 2011 Place: New Delhi Organiser: FICCI and Ministry of Power, Government of India Tel: + 91-11-23738760-70 E-mail: s.sundli@ficci.com Web: www.indiaelectricity.in

GREEN CONCLAVE Date: 13-14 October 2011 Place: Hotel Taj Mahal, New Delhi Organiser: Gateway MediaPvt. Ltd. Tel: +91 40 2330 006 E-mail: shibu@gatewaymedia.in Web: www.greenconclave.in

WORLD RENEWABLE ENERGY CONGRESSINDONESIA: BALI 2011 Date: 17-19 October 2011 Place: Bali, Indonesia Organiser: The Indonesian Renewable Energy Society (IRES) E-mail: secretariat@wreeec2011bali.com Web: www.wreeec2011bali.com

ASIA SMART GRID 2011 Date: 2-4 November 2011 Place: Singapore Organiser: Reed Exhibitions Tel: +65 6780 4653 E-mail: louise.chua@reedexpo.com.sg Web: www.asiasmartgrid.com.sg

GREEN BUILDING CONGRESS 2011 Date: 20-22 October 2011 Place: Pragati Maidan - Delhi Organiser: Indian Green Building Council - CII E-mail: igbc@cii.in Web: http://igbc.in

Date: 29 February-02 March- 2012 Place: Valencia- Spain Organiser: Five Continents Exhibitions / Feria Valencia Tel: + 0034 91630 8591 E-mail: eugenio@egetica-expoenergetica.com Web: www.egetica-expoenergetica.com

JULY | AUGUST11

energtica india

Energetica
The minister for new and renewable energy visits the first solar thermal power plant in India
Abengoa is nearing the completion of the plant that has been scheduled for August 2011. Abengoas solar thermal plant developed for the Indian Institute of Technology,Bombay (IITB) had some distinguished personalities visiting the facility in the month of July. Notably, Dr. Farooq Abdullah, minister for new and renewable energy, and Mr. SushilKumar Shinde,union cabinet minister for power, during their visit showed keen interest in understanding the intricacies of the solar collectors. The solar field employs the parabolic trough technology and is able to reach 3 MW(t) of power. The works are racing towards a completion, being scheduled for August 2011. This is a prestigious project, as it is being set up under the ministry of new and renewable energy mission for the government of India, to carry out R&D purpose with the aim of achieving grid parity by 2022. This Project has been developed by Abengoas subsidiary in India. The contract includes the design and engineering, supply and commissioning. Moser Baer Solar Limited (MBSL), the largest Indian photovoltaic (PV) module manufacturer has doubled the Mechanical Warranty of the latest models of its PV modules to 10 years. The in-house R&D activities undertaken during the last couple of years to implement stringent process control in the manufacturing processes & EOL (end of life) test have resulted in raising this standard. The company continues to offer a 25 year Performance Warranty on its solar PV modules. Commenting on the development, Vivek Chaturvedi, Senior Vice President, MBSL, said, This is yet another signifi cant step by Moser Baer to make our Panels more Banka-

News
found to be having Manufacturing Defects with an equivalent Module(s), or, (iii) refund the purchase price of the module as measured by the then prevailing price of similar modules. PERFORMANCE WARRANTY- is a warranty assuring that the Module(s) will generate the output of nominal power of at least 90% of the minimum module peak power stated in the datasheet for a period of 12 years from the Warranty applicable date, and nominal power of at least 80% of the minimum module peak power stated in the data sheet for a period of 25 years from Warranty applicable date under standard test conditions.

Moser Baer Solar doubles the Mechanical Warranty of its PV modules

ble in every sense. He further added, We have raised the bar yet again by offering modules with a 10 year mechanical warranty in India and across the globe simultaneously. MECHANICAL WARRANTY - 10 years warranty for Manufacturing Defects - MBSL warrants that for the term of this warranty, the Module(s) sold hereunder shall be free from defects in materials and workmanship under standard application, installation, use and service conditions. If during the term of this warranty, the Module(s) is/ are found to be having Manufacturing Defects, then the company will either (i) repair, or (ii) replace such Module(s) which is/are

Power Grid Corporation & Alstom Grid collaborate to provide 1200 kV Ultra High Voltage Transmission Technology in India
Alstom is further strengthening its position in the field of ultra high voltage (UHV) power transmission as it collaborates with Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd (Powergrid) to introduce 1200 kV alternating current (AC) transmission equipment in India. In June 2011, Alstom Grid, through its Indian subsidiary Areva T&D India Limited*, entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with Powergrid to provide Ultra High Voltage technology for Powergrids upcoming 1200 kV UHV AC National Test Station at Bina in Madhya Pradesh province. The development of this test centre will facilitate field testing of equipment prior to commercial deployment of the technology in the Countrys first 1200 kV Ultra High Voltage AC transmission system, at Bina. According to the MoU, Alstom Grid will provide 1200 kV capacitor voltage transformers (CVTs), disconnectors and digital current transformers. All these high-end products have been developed, manufactured and tested locally in the world class factories at Hosur and Padappai (Chennai). President of Alstom Grid, Mr Gregoire Poux-Guillaume commented, The development of advanced technologies and strong local support of our customers have long been at the heart of Alstoms strategy, particularly in India. We are proud to support Powergrid and India in their ambitious step towards the worlds first 1200 kV electrical grids, by delivering ultra-high voltage technologies from our Indian facilities.
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Best Manufacturer Exporter Award, Category Gold for Emmvee

The Federation of Karnataka Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FKCCI) have awarded Emmvee Photovoltaic Power Private Ltd. with the prestigious export excellence award. Alongside 42 other organisations, Emmvee claimed the large category gold awards for its export achievements. This year, the award has been given to the winners by the Minister for Large and Medium Scale Industries, Mr Murugesh R. Nirani in a ceremony at the Le Meridien in Bangalore. The total export of Karnatakta last year was Rs. 1,20,00 crore and manufacturing still forms 50 per cent of exports, said S. S. Patil, the President of the FKCCI in the online edition of The Hindu. We are very honoured to receive this award. It shows that we are on the right track with our international engagements. There are demanding markets in Europe and also in other places. There is a huge potential if you understand what the needs are and then cater to it. However, the Indian market will soon be much bigger, too! says D.V. Manjunatha, founder and managing director of Emmvee. The Export Excellence Award is presented annually to recognize the achievements of Karnatakas exporters. The award was implemented in 2006 and criteria encompass: net foreign exchange earnings, percentage growth and products exported. The Federation of Karnataka Chambers of Commerce and Industry has represented the interest of over 2500 members from the industry, trade and services for some 95 years. Emmvee uses the finest components from the market leaders in their field to ensure long reliability of the photovoltaic systems. There is a demand for absolute quality in the European markets. If you cant prove your product is the best, then people simply do not buy it, says D.V. Manjunatha, founder and managing director of Emmvee.

Largest off-grid Solar CDM Project in India or perhaps the World

In an attempt to promote & increase awareness on usage of solar energy The Rajasthan State Government has signed a MOU with Rajasthan Electronics & Instruments Limited (REIL) to empower the computers in about 10,000 panchayat samitis and panchayats of Rajasthan under the largest off-grid solar power project in India or perhaps in the world. Under this project, REIL will set up solar power packs at 249 panchayat samitis and 9,169 panchayats in Rajasthan with the total installations expected to reach ~11 MW. It is being implemented under the Bharat Nirman Rajiv Gandhi Seva Kendra Scheme, which is aimed at providing access to information on National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) and other rural development programmes and also facilitating dissemination of technology and operation training labs. The MOU also included subsequent five-year maintenance. Some of the salient features of the project: Rajasthan is the largest state of the India by area and covers an area of 132,150 sq m. The proportion of the states total area to the total area of the country is 10.41%. Online monitoring of all 9417 systems for smooth functioning. The online monitoring is important to take care of service problems due to scattered remote locations. Electricity problem at rural area is addressed by providing renewable energy power backup The project is expected to assist in timely establishment of Seva Kendra with the progress. Progress of each and every stage of the project posted in website. The system is designed in such a way that the user can directly log in to complain online or via phone call or by SMS in case of system / performance failure. As the project falls under the eligibility of getting revenue in the form of carbon credits by UNFCCC, the REIL has already intimated the UNFCCC for the consideration of carbon credits for the project.

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JULY|AUGUST11

Energetica News

Bankability Siemens Technology meets Key issue is Standards for Smart Grid Solutions the Siemens standard. Over 170,000 Spectrum finally being Siemens power controlPower to thisof the companys hard- IEC 61968 test, systems satisnetwork control range of sys- units tems and protection equip- ware meeting this standard fied all the data exchange criteaddressed ment, substation automation are currently in use around the ria of the CIM (Common InforAccording to the July edition of the India Solar Compass, Indian banks are now taking a more positive view on financing solar power projects. Being over-expose to the conventional power sector, banks move towards diversifying their portfolio in the renewable energy field. The Indian government approved a Payment Security Scheme for projects under phase 1 of the National solar Mission on June 2nd 2011. According to the quarterly report issued by Bridge to India, this will likely decrease the reservations of financial institutions with regard to the payment default risks inherent in the PPAs and lead to a higher willingness to grant loans. Further, the report explains that given the technology risks, banks are able to apply margins of up to 300 basis points on their debt which offers them attractive profit opportunities. The report states that despite these developments, the bankability issue has not been solved yet. It explains that banks are still concerned about the remaining larger package of risks that include the lack of performance data and the inadequate track record of developers. In order to tackle these, banks have started to seriously consider developers that are partnering with established EPC companies and module manufacturers mostly from abroad.
12 JULY|AUGUST11

systems and Ethernet switches from Siemens Energy satisfy all requirements specified by international standards IEC 61968 and IEC 61850 in the framework of future smart Grid solutions. This is confirmed by their successful performance in interoperability tests recently conducted at the French power utility EDF in Paris by the users association UCA. The UCA tested the network control systems for data interchange capability in compliance with the power distribution management standard IEC 61968. Siemens energy automation products passed the interoperability test called for by the communication standard for substation automation, IEC 61850. Siemens is one of the biggest providers of products and systems designed

world.The successful interoperability tests performed by the international users association UCA (Utilities Communications Architecture) prove that the tested Siemens products for automating power systems can be integrated into systems comprising products made by other manufacturers without posing any interface problems. To be able to offer technology and solutions with a global future, we have always been closely involved in the most important standardization bodies and play a pioneer role in setting the latest standards. So it goes without saying that we take these standards into account when developing our own products, says Jan Mrosik, CEO of the Energy Automation Business Unit within Siemens Energy Sector.In the

mation Model) standard. IEC 61968 defines standards for the integration of distribution network management solutions, including the data model for distribution networks to the CIM standard. The IEC 61850 interoperability test was performed on Siemens Siprotec protection relays, the Sicam PAS substation control system, and Ethernet switches of the Scalance series. Passing these tests with flying colors reaffirms Siemens pioneer role in the implementation of these standards. The distribution management standard IEC 61968, the IEC 61850 communications standard for energy automation, and the CIM model are nowadays recognized worldwide as the key standards for the smart grid solutions of the future.

Tata Power lights up Lives of Villagers around Thokerwadi with Solar Energy
Tata Power, in continuation with its efforts to light up lives of its communities through renewable energy resources, has installed 10 solar street lights in the catchment area of four village hamletsSatwaiwadi, Akhadewadi, Dhangarwasti and Dongerwadi around Thokerwadi, Mulshi, Maharashtra. The endeavor was initiated in the four village hamlets covering 75 houses with a population of around 330 family members. The villagers were facing frequent power failures and load shedding which disrupted their daily routine at home and work. Tata Power helped the villagers overcome the problem, by installing solar street lights at these Hamlets through Maharashtra Energy Development Agency (MEDA). The Tata Power initiative was well received by the local villagers who rendered a helping hand for the activity. The villagers enthusiastically volunteered for the installation of the 10 solar street lights which required utilization of about 88 man days of the villagers. Speaking about the initiative, Mr. Mahesh Paranjpe, Head-Hydros, Tata Power, said, We at Tata Power are delighted that the initiative has benefited the villagers and has helped to provide them electricity. The successful installation of 10 solar street lights in the four villages, reiterates our commitment towards rural electrification and our focus on renewable energy resources.

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Unlimited power for your future

Suntech's Global Headquarters is powered by one of the world's largest solar faades.

Technology, its what drives an unlimited future. With the industry leading investment in research and development, Suntech believes the future for solar is unlimited. And today, anyone can harness the sun's unlimited power. As the world's largest producer of solar panels, Suntech has delivered more than 15,000,000 solar panels, more than 3,300MW, to thousands of partners in more than 80 countries. A green future starts today! www.suntech-power.com
2011 Suntech Power Holdings Co., Ltd.

Energetica News

Release of Simulator Software for Designing of Solar Thermal Power Plants

New computer simulation software for design optimization of solar thermal power plants was launched by Secretary, Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Shri Deepak Gupta in New Delhi . The software is equipped to handle user defined configurations and carrying out optimization through multiple simulation approach under Indian climatic conditions. It will be useful to various stakeholders for design optimisation of solar thermal power plants. The software was developed as part of the R&D project titled A megawatt-scale national solar thermal power research facility sanctioned by the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy to IIT Bombay in 2009 ter Board and Clique Development Industries. This facility is one of its kind in whole Asia, and when commissioned, will be used for hands on training of the Indian solar thermal power plant developers. The software will be available through web for use and feedback for its further refinement. It is planned to have advanced versions of the software after incorporating suggestions and feedback received, and to make it more user friendly. This is a major step forward to develop capacities in the field of solar energy in the country, which would ultimately contribute, to achieving targets of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM).

with total project cost of over Rs 40.0 crore for a duration of 5 years. The project aims at to establish a solar thermal power test facility at Solar Energy Centre of the Ministry. IIT Bom-

bay is implementing the project in a consortium mode with the participation of several industries including Tata Power, Tata Consulting Engineers, Larsen and Toubro, Heavy wa-

IPCL - DPSC to invest Rs 26,450 crore in the Power Sector

India Power Corporation Ltd. (IPCL) and DPSC Ltd., power generation and distribution group embarks on an investment plan of Rs.26,450 crore in the next few years in the power sector across India. DPSC is a 91 year old generation and distribution company under Andrew Yule group which was taken over by IPCL last year. IPCL has been in the power generation business since 2006 having wind power plants in Karnataka and Gujarat. IPCL DPSC are having an installed capacity of power generation of about 77.4 MW adding another 4362 MW with an investment of about Rs.25,000 crore. The various locations are Rajasthan, West Bengal, Bihar, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. In Rajasthan 60 MW wind power is under implementation and expected
14 JULY|AUGUST11

to be commissioned by 31st March, 2012. In West Bengal, a 450 MW thermal coal Plant in Haldia and 540 MW plant in Raghunathpur will be commissioned within 2013 and 2014 respectively. 1320 MW in Bihar, 1320 MW in Gujarat and 660 MW in Madhya Pradesh are at various stages of project development. To strengthen its Distribution Network, DPSC plans to set up 220 and 400 KV stations within the licensed area to provide required connectivity with the National and State grid. It also plans to strengthen the Distribution Network by augmenting its lines and setting up several 33 kV Substations across its network to provide better services to its consumers. In this segment, the new investment will be around Rs 1,450 crore in the next few years capable

to cater to a load growth of 1000 MVA in the license area. Post expansions, there will also be enhanced connectivity with Central Transmission Utilities (CTUs) and the T&D losses could further be reduced to 2% or below, once these projects are in place. Commenting on the development, Mr. Hemant Kanoria, Chairman, DPSC Ltd said, DPSC as a power utility has always been dedicated to the industrial growth in the State of West Bengal for the last 91 years. In furtherance to the vision of the new Government to make West Bengal self sufficient in power, IPCL DPSC has embarked on an ambitious growth plan. We will endeavour to provide quality power to industries at an optimum price which will enhance their competitiveness.

Krempel to present a unique red variant PV backsheet during EU PVSEC

European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC) in Hamburg (Hall A1, Stand A10) the KREMPEL-GROUP will demonstrate how quality can be realized for a wide range of requirements with photovoltaic backsheet of the AKASOL brand: with the new PV backsheet AKASOL PVL 2-1000V + Primer, the experienced specialist for solar materials offers IEC-tested KREMPEL-quality for price-oriented applications. To facilitate integrated architectural design with PV-modules, KREMPEL will present a unique red variant in addition to black and transparent PV backsheet.
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Energetica News

Conergy expands Indian manufacturing footprint

Addressing Indias need to turn to renewable energy sources, Conergy Energy Systems (India) Pvt. Ltd., one of Indias most successful solar energy companies, has expanded its manufacturing footprint with a new solar PV and solar thermal facility in Bangalore. Conergy (India) expects increased output and improved operational efficiencies by shifting its solar PV and thermal production to the White Field factory from its old site in the NGEF Ancillary Industrial Estate in Mahadevapura, Bangalore. The decision to move was prompted by considerations of larger volume requirements and long term production efficiencies. According to Mr. Srinivasan, Chief Operations Officer of Conergy Energy Systems (India), By moving to the new site, Conergy has increased its annual production capacity from 10 MW to 25 MW for solar PV modules. At least 50 new jobs have been created and over 2 million euros was invested by Conergy on the new 5,000 sqm plant. Conergys solar energy solutions for both stand-alone and grid-connect applications offer high outputs at attractive price-performance ratios and consist of products primarily made in India. Most of the volume produced from this plant is designed to cater to the local and export market. This unique product advantage in combination with a strict compliance to global technical quality standards has helped Conergy achieve a strong market position in India. Conergy (India) will produce its entire stand alone solar PV portfolio from this new factory which consists of 5Wp to 230Wp Multi/Polycrystalline PV modules, solar water heating systems and solar off grid systems. This new facility is ISO 9001-2008 and ISO 14001 certified while the companys SunTechnics range of SPV modules are IEC and CE-certified. Production from this facility is expected to support Conergys continued expansion into Indias high-growth solar energy market. The goal for the new factory is to manufacture solar PV modules and solutions that exactly meet the needs of the Indian solar energy market and adhere to local content requirements, according to Prakash Shetty, President of Conergy Energy Systems (India). Clean energy is now very high up on the agenda of both the private and government sectors in India. After the Fukushima and Gulf of Mexico catastrophes, clean energy has once again become a global priority. With the comprehensive feed in tariff support structures the National Solar Mission and individual states have provided, India can be a role model for solar energy in the region. With Conergys new plant, we hope that we can contribute to the strategic transformation of Indias power generation industry, create jobs and facilitate economic development in this very important and very new industry.

Zynergy Projects and Services enters in the Solar Business

The directors and shareholders of Zynergy Projects and Services Pvt Ltd (ZPSPL) announced the official launch of their solar energy businesses, headquartered in Chennai. Incorporated in January 2011 to address the shortage of electricity and the growing need for renewable and clean energy in Tamil Nadu and the wider region, ZPSPL brings together Indian and foreign technical expertise, access to both local and international funding and joint venture partnerships in each subsidiary company to form an integrated solar energy business. ZPSPL is owned 55% by Zynergy Capital Pte Ltd, incorporated in Singapore, and 45% by the Nath Family. Mr Rohit Rabindernath, CEO Zynergy Projects and Services Pvt Ltd. comes from a well known commercial family who have had business interests in Chennai for seventy years. He has two decades of business management and entrepreneurial experience in logistics, infrastructure and the service sector, and owns real estate in Chennai. ZPSPL emanates from Mr Naths vision to help address the shortage of electricity in Tamil Nadu and the region in an environmentally friendly manner. Over the next five years ZPSPL and its partners will invest 2000 crores (US$440 million) in panel and component manufacturing, and 5500crores (US$1.2 billion) in solar power generation.

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Energetica News

UC Berkeley and CPV Consortium release study on environmental impact of CPV

A new report finds that concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) solar systems have distinct environmental advantages as compared with other energy technologies, in most cases using less land, water and materials than other solar technologies. The report was released by the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory at UC Berkeley, and commissioned by the CPV Consortium, a global nonprofit organization that supports the development of the CPV industry. The report looks at the technology from inception to retirement, taking all aspects of the life cycle into consideration. The study provides information on the life cycle assessment (LCA) elements such as energy payback, embedded greenhouse gases, and cradleto-cradle footprint, whereby CPV systems lead the industry based on data available at the time of the study. Taking into account the increasing efficiencies of CPV, it is projected that CPV continues to increase in its competitive edge in these areas today as well as in the future. Water and land use are examined as well. Compared to solar thermal generators, CPV water usage is minimal making the technology optimal in dry, desert areas with a high solar resource. The land footprint and impact is also found to be lower; as efficiencies of CPV systems increase this will become even a bigger benefit. We are always looking for technologies to allow us to dramatically increase the amount of energy output per built area in order to minimize the footprint on the ground, said Dr. Daniel Kammen, director of the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory at UC Berkeley. Concentrating solar minimizes overall land area use to a degree that almost nothing can beat. Solar energy is a critical driver of the energy transformation taking place around the world, but as these technologies are deployed its imperative that we consider the environmental impact of these new systems, said Nancy Hartsoch, chairman of the CPV Consortium board. This study demonstrates that CPV technology is not only economically viable, but environmentally advantaged through its entire life cycle. With CPV, we dont need to compromise between economics and the environment. The report uses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology that includes energy, emissions, water use and land use. Additionally, the report contains details about the CPV deployment using UC Berkeleys SWITCH model (an electric power system capacity expansion model of Western North America that plans longterm grid investments while minimizing the cost of electricity in a given policy context), and emissions benefits of CPV projects in power systems. The SWITCH model demonstrates the economic viability of CPV as a power generation technology for that region. The full report can be found on the Consortiums website at www. cpvconsortium.org.

Vijai Electricals Hands over 1200 kV, Power Transformer to Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd
Vijai Electricals Limited, a Hyderabad based company and one of the largest and leading manufacturers - exporters of Power and Distribution Transformers celebrated the handing over of the worlds Highest voltage Power Transformer on 17th July, 2011. In a glittering ceremonial function, Mr. Jai Ramesh, the CMD of Vijai Electricals Limited handed over the 333 MVA, 1200 kV class, Ultra High Voltage Power Transformer to Mr. S.K. Chaturverdi, the Chairman & Managing Director of Power Grid Corporation of India Limited. Several dignitaries graced the occasion : Mr. C Damodar Raja Narasimha - Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Mr. T. Nandeshwar Goud - Member of AP Legislative Assembly, Patancheru, Ms. Sudha Malhotra, Chief General Manager - MCG II, State Bank of India, Hyderabad, Mr. Shingo Wada - C.E.O, Power Transformer Division, Daihen Corporation, Japan and other key persons of Power Utilities, Industrialists and senior Government officials. 1200 kV is the highest voltage which no other country has. Vijai Electricals took the challenge of developing a 333 MVA, 1200 kV single phase autotransformer and accomplished the same. Commensurate with Government of Indias plan for augmentation of installed Power Generation capacity and corresponding Transmission Corridors, the country would need in the near future, 1200 kV AC as next transmission voltage for bulk transfer of power of the order of 3000 to 6000 MW per line from power generation complexes in East and North East to load centers located in Northern and Western Regions. 1200 kV AC shall be the highest transmission voltage (UHV) in the world. To develop this Frontier Technology indigenously, Power Grid Corporation of India took a lead to establish a 1200 kV Test station at Bina (Madhya Pradesh) with experimental line of 1.6 km and this transformer developed by Vijai Electricals Ltd. will be installed at the substation. Welcoming the guests on the occasion, Mr. Jai Ramesh, the CMD of Vijai Electricals Limited informed, Vijai Electricals created a history when its magnum opus, 333 MVA, 1200 kV single phase auto transformer was successfully developed with in-house technology, know-how and expertise, at our World Class manufacturing facilities at Rudraram works, Hyderabad.

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Energetica News

Schott AG appointed Mr. Mohan Joshi Representative Director India

Mr. Joshi will be supporting the activities of all of SCHOTTs business units in India, including Pharmaceutical Packaging, Solar, Home Tech, Optics and Electronic Packaging. His main objective will be to develop a strategic mid to long term business strategy for SCHOTT Glass India and act as the face of the company in India for all of the groups business units. Mohan Joshi has been with SCHOTT Glass India since its inception in India in 1998. He joined the company as General Manager of the sales office and was responsible for its early business development activities in India. In early 2007, Mohan Joshi was appointed President of SCHOTTs Pharmaceutical Tubing manufacturing site located near Vadodara. During his tenure, the company more than doubled its production and started manufacturing FIOLAX, its high-quality special glass tubing for the pharmaceutical industry, in India. The position that Joshi leaves vacant will be filled by Georg Sparschuh, a SCHOTT employee from Germany with many years of experience in production site management. Mohan Joshi holds a bachelors degree in chemical engineering from B.I.T.S. Pilani and an M.B.A. from the University Business School in Chandigarh. Prior to joining SCHOTT, Joshi held several

Anwell breaks into India solar farm market with US$20 million thin film solar panel order
Anwell Technologies Limited announced that its wholly owned subsidiary, Sungen International Limited, has won a contract worth approximately US$20 million to supply the Groups in-house produced amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin film solar panel for a solar farm project in India. The thin film panel has been scheduled for delivery in the second half of this year. Anwells expansion into Indias lucrative solar market is opportune as the country is aggressively expandingits solar power capacity. The Government of India has rolled out its National Solar Mission, a major 3-phase solar roadmap to meet a 20GW large scale grid-connected solar power capacity target by 2022. The 20GW solar masterplan is expected to attract an overall investment of about US$70 billion. This contract marked a significant expansion of oversea partnership for
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Anwells solar panel business. We look forward to building more long-term partnership with leading solar companies worldwide as we further expand our footprint. Coupled with our strong research and development capability, our plan to increase the thin film solar panel production capacity to 1.5GW within 5 years will allow us to capitalize on fast-growing global demands forthin film solar panel, said Franky Fan, Executive Chairman & CEO. Anwell is moving firmly towards become a major producer of thin film solar panels worldwide. In June this year, the Group made two announcements on securing a total of RMB 1.2 billion longterm funding from the municipal governments of Dongguan and Anyang in China. These funds are to be used for the construction of Anwells solar panel production plants in these two cities.

export and sales positions at leading Indian companies like Borosil Glass, ACG Group and Torrent Pharmaceuticals.

India Calls for expanding cooperation with the USA in Renewable Energy
India has called for enhancing cooperation with the USA in the field of renewable energy by extending it to new areas such as small hydro power, technology transfer and storage of renewable energy. The two countries discussed a range of possibilities for cooperation in the field of renewable energy during the meeting between Minister of New & Renewable Energy, Dr. Farooq Abdullah and Deputy Secretary, Department of Energy, USA, Mr. Daniel B. Poneman in New Delhi . The Indian side also suggested cooperation in the integration of solar and wind energy, small grid and policy framework for enhancing deployment of renewable energy in energy mix. The two leaders noted that Solar Energy, Wind Energy and Bio-fuels have been identified for cooperation between the two countries under the Indo-US Energy Dialogue. Dr. Abdullah explained the initiatives and steps taken by India to enhance deployment of renewable energy in the country. In this respect, he made a special mention of the Jawahar Lal Nehru National Solar Mission which aims at harnessing the vast potential of solar energy in India.
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Energetica News Dr. Farooq Abdullah dedicates first Suzlon S97 wind turbine in Tejuva, Rajasthan
The Honourable Minister for New and Renewable Energy, Dr. Farooq Abdullah, inaugurated and dedicated to the nation Suzlons latest offering the S97 2.1 MW wind turbine, in a ceremony in Tejuva, Rajasthan on Tuesday, 26th of July 2011. Speaking at the event, Dr. Abdullah said: Renewable energy has a critical role to play in the nations development and wind energy has been one of the most important contributors in this space. India is today the fifth largest wind power market in the world. It is also a leader in exporting wind turbines to mature and emerging markets. Suzlons S97 is another example of our nations leadership in this important and fast-growing sector. Speaking at the event, Mr. Tulsi R, Tanti, founder, Chairman and Managing Director, Suzlon Group said: This is a proud moment for us. The S97 is an enhancement of our proven S88 technology platform, and extends our reach in medium and low wind speed sites abundant in India and around the world. This development would not have been possible without the visionary policies and encouragement from our Central and State governments, as well as the regulatory bodies and nodal agencies. Rajasthan in particular has been a leader in driving wind power development, and we are happy to inaugurate our first S97 installation in the world here today. We stand proud of our contribution to the wind sector in India, the national economy, and society at large. Also attending the event were, Dr. Jitendra Singh - Minister for Energy, Government of Rajasthan; Sh. Sudhansh Pant - Director, Rajasthan Vidyut Prasaran Nigam; Sh. Nareshpal Gangwar CMD, Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Limited; Sh. B.L. Khamesra, MD, Jodhpur DISCOM; Sh. Chhotusingh Bhati - MLA, Jaisalmer; Sh. Saleh Mohammad - MLA, Pokhran; Sh. M P Swami - Collector, Jaisalmer District; Sh. Abdullah Fakir - Pramukh, Zilla Parishad; and Sh. Babulal Singhvi - CMD, Friends Group of Companies. Suzlon S9X portfolio:The S9X suite is an evolution of Suzlons proven S88 2.1 MW technology platform and is built around a core doubly fed induction generator-based technology. A compact and modular DFIG design allows ease of serviceability and meets the latest grid requirements for smoother wind power plant connectivity. New blade designs, with a rotor diameter of 95 meter and 97 meters, offer a larger swept area add to this with greater energy capture and power production from moderate to low wind speeds. To ensure the highest standards in quality, Suzlons blade testing far exceeds industry baseline by simulating total life cycle of blade (one million cycles) in most extreme onsite conditions. The turbines boast variable tower heights of 90 or 100 meters, leading to low cost optimization and higher power generation. The S9X turbines also comply with low voltage regulation requirements, this leads to better compliance with grid regulation. Additionally, improved sub-systems like the new pitch and yaw systems have increased system reliability of the machines.
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New wind farm for Maharashtra with IFC investment and ReGen Vensys 1.5 MW turbines
BEL is an IFC investee company (IFC holds a 5.24% stake in the Company) that wants to develop, own and operate a 51 MW wind farm, in Village Kukudwad, located in the Satara district, in the Maharashtra State in India. The Project will be built under a fixed all inclusive EPC contract with ReGen Powertech, an Indian company that designs, manufactures and installs gearless wind turbine generators using german technology licensed from Vensys AG. The project will utilize 34 ReGen Vensys 1.5 MW turbines. The Project output will be sold to the Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company utility under a 13 year Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). In addition, the Project will be eligible to receive Generation Based Incentives (GBI).The expected total project cost is approximately $71.5 million. IFC will provide up to $15 million of a loan to the project company.

India achieves major breakthrough in solar thermal cooling system technology

Minister of New & Renewable Energy, Dr. Farooq Abdullah inaugurated the worlds highest efficiency solar thermal cooling system at the Solar Energy Centre in Gurgaon in Haryana. Minister of Power, Shri Sushilkumar Shinde was also present on the occasion. The new 100 kw Solar Air-Conditioning System works at 30% higher efficiency than the current available systems and has several unique features. It is based on the new triple effect absorption cooling technology. The system has indigenously built medium temperature high efficiency parabolic troughs for collection of solar energy and effective solar thermal energy storage in the form of Phase Change Materials. The present system will cater to air-conditioning needs of 13 rooms of
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solar Energy Centre. To achieve this, 288 sq mtr of Solar Collector area has been installed which generates nearly 60 kW of 210 C Pressurized hot water. This heat is used in Vapour Absorption Machine to generate 7 C Chilled water which in turn circulates through the Fan coil unit installed in the thirteen rooms. The major attraction of this system is that the hottest days have the greatest need for cooling and simultaneously, offer the maximum possible solar energy gain. The system has been developed in joint collaboration by Solar Energy Centre with M/s Thermax Limited, Pune and is expected to meet the growing demand for air-conditioning in India in highly efficient and cost effective way through use of direct solar energy.

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Ex-Im Bank finances US $9.2 million of Abound solar modules to Punj Lloyd Solar Power
The Export-Import Bank of the United States announced that it is providing a $9.2 million long-term loan to support exports of thin-film solar photovoltaic modules from Abound Solar Inc. in Loveland, Colo., to Punj Lloyd Solar Power Ltd. In conversations with Energetica India , Russ Kanjorski, vice president of marketing, Abound Solar said: India is a very promising market for US solar companies and can help continue to drive the PV industry toward global maturation and market diversification. He also stated. As a US-based, bankable solar manufacturer and net exporter of solar modules, Abound Solar believes Ex-Im plays an important role in helping US companies tap world markets to create domestic jobs. We look forward to collaborating with the Ex-Im bank and Punj Lloyd Solar Power. he finally added. Abound Solars exports will be used in the construction of a five-megawatt (MW) solar project located on a 62.5-acre site near the village of Bap, about 145 kilometers from the city of Jodhpur in the state of Rajasthan. The project is one of the first to be developed under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, which aims to develop over 20,000 MW of installed solar power by 2022. Ex-Im Bank is the first international financing institution to approve solar-power projects under Indias National Solar Mission and one of the first to approve financings under the solar-power policy of the state of Gujarat. In fiscal year 2011 to date, the Bank has approved financing totaling approximately $75 million for four solar projects in India. The Bank also has about $500 million of India solar projects in the pipeline that will generate an estimated 315 MW of solar power. India has set ambitious goals to increase solar-energy production and is creating incentives to encourage solar companies to develop this market. Ex-Im Bank is pleased to partner with Punj Lloyd to enable a robust solar-power sector in India. We are working with U.S. exporters make sure that they have the competitive financing they need to participate in these important initiatives, said ExIm Bank Chairman and President Fred P. Hochberg, who announced the transaction today in New Delhi. Hochberg is conducting a week-long business development mission in India, including participation in the U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue meeting in New Delhi on Tuesday, July 19, that is being headed by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodman Clinton. Atul Punj, chairman of the Punj Lloyd Group said, We are extremely proud to have U.S. ExIm Banks support to achieve the financial closure for our project. This sets the foundation towards our goal of being a leading developer and an engineering, procurement and construction player within the solar utility-scale sector in India. The ability to finance solar photovoltaic projects is as important as the quality of the components used. Abound Solar is excited to have the support of Ex-Im Bank to expand the export of our U.S.-manufactured solar modules to customers in India and elsewhere around the world, said Russell Kanjorski, Abound Solar vice president of Marketing. The repayment of Ex-Ims 18-year loan is based on the cash flows generated by the sale of electricity to NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Ltd. (NVVN), the wholly owned power trading subsidiary of Indias National Thermal Power Corp and the agency responsible for the purchase and sale of solar power under the first phase of the National Solar Mission. The Indian government has provided special power price incentives through NVVN. Ex-Im Bank has also provided or assisted in financing U.S. solar-energy exports to three other projects in India in FY 2011 to date: the Dalmia Solar Project in Rajasthan, the Azure Solar Project in Rajasthan and the ACME Solar Technology Project in the state of Gujarat.

Number of Countries using Wind energy is growing rapidly, increasing to 86 Countries

The number of countries using wind energy for electricity generation increased in the first half of 2011 to 86. All wind turbines installed worldwide have crossed 200 Gigawatt and can generate 430 TWh per annum, equalling 2,5 % of the global electricity consumption. These and many other figures of the wind energy market are published in the 4th edition of WWEAs international year22 JULY|AUGUST11

book, Wind Energy International 2011/2012, which has now been released. The book is a culmination of reports from experts around the world. It includes updated and complete information on the worldwide status of wind energy by 76 country reports describing the wind energy situation in almost 100 countries on all continents. Authors from these countries have provided first-hand infor-

mation in a comprehensive format. In addition, the yearbook also incorporates 32 special reports detailing policies, industrial trends, financing, grid integration, offshore, small wind systems, community power, education, training & capacity building.With the accelerating switch of the worldwide energy system towards more renewable energy, in particular wind power, Wind Energy Interna-

tional 2011/2012 is indispensable for all decision-makers in the industry, amongst policy-makers and everybody involved in the energy and environment sector. Best practices from around the world have been carefully analysed and presented in the yearbook. These include successful feed-in tariff, community power, financing developments that support the widespread diffusion of wind energy.
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PV Inverter Market to fall below $6bn in 2011, but exceed $10bn by 2015
Despite the analyst firm predicting global installations to grow this year, inventory overhang from 2010 and high price pressure will drive industry revenues down this year the report reveals. IMS Researchs report The World Market for PV Inverters which relies on revenue and shipment data from more than 100 suppliers revealed a very mixed outlook for the PV inverter industry this year. We predict that installations will grow by 16% in 2011, driven by demand in Asia and Americas, however shipments of PV inverters will in fact fall by around 5% due to the oversupply into the market towards the end of 2010. In addition, both like-for-like and average prices will fall resulting in a decline in industry revenues, commented Ash Sharma, Senior Research Director for PV at IMS Research and co-author of the reports 4th edition. Suppliers of inverters have faced intense pricing pressure in 1H11 and like-for-like prices have fallen already by 10-15% in some cases, Some major suppliers have made even steeper cuts particularly in emerging markets to buy market share. However product mix change caused by new markets gaining share, introductions of new models, such as those with reactive power capability, and shifts in some segments to smaller inverters will help maintain average prices. added Sharma. As such the research firms report predicts that overall inverter prices will fall by only 8% in 2011. Despite the outlook for industry revenues looking bleak, it is not all bad news according the report and industry revenues in 2011 will still be significantly higher than 2009. 2011 will still be a good year for the PV inverter industry, but of course not so good when compared to the phenomenal 2010. Shipments will still exceed 20 GW again and revenues around $6bn more than double the amount generated back in 2009, commented Sharma. Whilst total PV inverter industry revenues may fall this year, major growth opportunities are still possible for some suppliers: Despite a major slowdown in some European markets in 2011, we predict robust growth in many Asian countries as well as the USA which will benefit some suppliers more than others. Furthermore were forecasting excellent growth for large inverters used in MW-scale installations as well as small 3-phase string inverters for commercial applications commented Sharma. Small 3-phase string inverters grew by a massive 560% in 2010 driven by high demand in commercial systems due to their ease of installations and scalability. Their penetration is forecast to increase further in almost every geographic market, concluded Sharma. Although it predicts industry revenues will decline this year, the report from IMS Research shows a very positive longterm outlook for the industry with revenues exceeding $10bn by 2015.

PROINSO seals four new Supply projects reaching 33 MW in India

The Spanish company PROINSO- specialized in the distribution of modules, inverters, trackers and fixed structures for photovoltaic solar installations, has closed two new agreements for photovoltaic solar energy projects in India together reaching 33 MW and are located in the city of Charakana (Patan District of Gujarat) and in Maharastra. These projects are distributed as follows: Gujarat 1 5 MWs Gujarat 2 20 MWs Maharastra 2 4 MWS Majarastra 3 4 MWs With the projects to date and the one previously signed in June 2011 - Maharastra 1 for 2 MWS -, - PROINSO reaches the contracted figure of 35 MW in India. The project began the supply in the month
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of July when it began to receive the first materials and will be completed before December 2011. All projects will have SMA technology with the OUTDOOR model and polycrystalline modules.The two new agreements are in addition to the first contract in India PROINSO closed last June for the supply of a 2 MW solar project located in the state of Maharashtra (central west of the country). This agreement confirms the entry of the Spanish multinational with force into the Indian market for solar photovoltaics, which could become a reference for the different companies that are developing EPC projects in India, given the good reception it is receiving on the market. In fact, PROINSO and

MECASOLAR tracker manufacturing companies part of the Grupo OPDE plans to open before the end of the year an office in India, a market of great interest to both companies given its growth potential (solar energy in India is expected to reach 10,000 MW installed by 2020). PROINSO first began to approach the India market through a reverse trade mission organized by SECARTYS and SOLARTYS and in collaboration with Teresa Solbes Commercial Economic Adviser for the Spanish Embassy and the Solar Society India.This reverse mission was held in May 2010, attended by many Indian companies, accompanied by Dr. Farooq Abdullah, the Honourable Minister of New and Renew-

able Energy presented the OPDE Group - company that MECASOLAR-PROINSO forms part of with the investment opportunities within the Solar Nation program and the support that companies who invest in this technology in India will receive.Recent participation in a direct trade mission in April 2011 to India by the Spanish Association for the Internationalisation and Innovation of Solar Companies (SECARTYSSOLARTYS), has allowed PROINSO and MECASOLAR to strengthen commercial relationships with leading companies in the photovoltaic industry. Later this year the two companies will participate in the INTERSOLAR INDIA Fair to be held from 14 to 16 December.
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Acciona and Navantia join Forces to co-operate in the Development of Offshore Wind Energy
The president of ACCIONA Energy, Carmen Becerril, and the CEO of Navantia, Lus Cacho, today signed a co-operation agreement in the field of offshore wind power. Both companies are committed to developing projects and industrial and technological activities with different institutions aiming to contribute to the launching of an offshore wind industry with great growth potential, technological development and job creation capacity. The event took place at the premises of the Navantia shipyard in Puerto Real (Cadiz, Spain). Both parties have agreed to co-operate in joint technological or offshore business development projects in different areas along the value chain. These include the development of fixed and floating foundations for the installation of wind turbines, electrical substations, meteorological towers, vessels and platforms for installing foundations and/or wind turbines, as well as for maintaining and disassembling facilities. Joint efforts will also include logistics surveys and capacity analyses of Spanish ports and Navantias own facilities to serve the offshore wind industry. The two companies have stressed the need to establish efficient regulatory procedures in Spain that will enable the growth of offshore wind energy and support the continuity of the technological achievements of this country in the development of onshore wind power generation. Spain holds the second place in Europe and the fourth place worldwide in onshore wind energy production and both companies agree that it should seize the opportunities arising from the spectacular growth expected in the coming decades and avoid being displaced from the group of countries that will lead the use of offshore wind to produce electricity. For Navantia, making inroads in
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this sector reflects a strategy that seeks to diversify its activities and make efficient use of its industrial facilities in both the Bay of Cadiz and in other shipyards, which are conveniently located for implementing offshore wind farms. These facilities also have a suitable infrastructure for carrying out the assembly, installation, operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms. As a naval and marine technologist, Navantia is carrying out key R&D work in projects that are already underway for the design of weather stations, floating structures and ships for the installation and support of offshore wind farms in deep water. The company is already working with Acciona in some activities in this field. Acciona is a leader in the field of renewable energies, present throughout the value chain from project development, engineering, construction and wind turbine manufacturing, to the operation of facilities and electricity sales that owns 220 onshore wind farms (6380 MW) and develops projects in the offshore wind industry. In this area, ACCIONA is currently very active, producing new technological solutions for offshore wind farms and participating in R&D projects with a total budget of close to 100 million euros. The projects mainly focus on the design of structures conceived for great depths, ideal for countries such as Spain, which has a very narrow continental shelf. Both companies want to leverage the synergies resulting from their respective capabilities, convinced that maintaining Spains current leadership in wind power will depend substantially on its presence in the offshore wind industry, with technological solutions in both wind turbines and foundations, engineering and logistics, among other aspects. The participation of

both companies in joint projects will allow them to acquire technological, industrial and management capabilities in deep water offshore wind energy technology. The offshore wind sector is currently led by Europe -mainly in the Baltic and North Sea-, where there were 3514 MW in place by late 2010, virtually all of the offshore power implemented globally (3616 MW). This is a small figure compared to the almost 200,000 MW installed onshore worldwide. However, forecasts point to dramatic growth over the next decade, when offshore wind power is expected to reach the figure of 75,000 MW by 2020. Of these, more than 52,000 MW would be located in Europe and the rest mainly in China (19,600 MW), followed at a considerable distance by the U.S. and Canada (2000 MW between them), according to the specialist consultants BTM Consult ApS. The 52,000 offshore MW expected in Europe by 2020 account for almost 23% of all wind power expected to be installed on the mainland (230,000 MW), compared to 4% today. By 2030, the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) expects accumulated offshore wind power in the continent to stand at 150,000 MW and annual investments in the sector to reach 16.5 billion euros, with a cumulative investment during 2020-2030 approaching the 140 billion euro figure.This outstanding growth in offshore wind power will result in the creation of more than 200,000 jobs in Europe alone. Furthermore, the contribution of offshore wind power is essential for the EU to be able to meet its commitments on climate change and renewable energies, which can be summarised in the 20-20-20 target: a 20% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, a 20% contribution of

renewable sources to end user energy demand and a 20% increase in savings and efficiency by 2020. All of these goals have been ratified by Spain.

Eltek Valere awarded first Contracts for new Solar Product

Eltek Valere has been awarded two contracts in Italy for the solar inverter systems Theia PV Power Station, the first orders for this new solar product line. The total contract value is NOK 21 million and includes shelters with approximately 11 MW solar inverters.We released the Theia PV Power Station at Intersolar in Germany last month, and are pleased that we are already being awarded important contracts. The PV Power Station provides a turnkey solution for converting energy from large solar arrays to the medium voltage electricity grid. Eltek Valeres PV power station provides the highest efficiency in the market, and the orders show that Eltek Valere is competitive in the market for large PV installations, says EVP Ingvar Apeland, who is responsible for Elteks Renewable division. Eltek Valere is a leading supplier of high efficiency power electronics. The solar inverter market is an important and rapidly growing part of the companys business. We expect much from the solar market in the coming years. The underlying demand and growth is solid and these important new contracts in Italy prove we have some of the best products in the market place, says CEO Jrgen Larsen in Eltek ASA.
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Energetica News
Satcon partners with Wipro EcoEnergy for 40 Megawatts of PV Plant Development in India
Satcon Technology Corporation, a leading provider of utility-scale power conversion solutions for the renewable energy market, today announced that it has been selected by Wipro EcoEnergy for a total of 40 megawatts (MW) of PV plant development over multiple utility-scale sites in India. Wipro EcoEnergy will leverage Satcons PowerGate Plus 500 kW inverter for these installations, which constitute the largest privately developed solar projects in India to date. In the rapidly growing Indian economy there is a strong demand for reliable and affordable electricity and we are now uniquely positioned to provide that energy security, said G.K. Prasanna, Senior Vice President and Global Head at Wipro EcoEnergy. Wipro is best positioned to help make India one of the worlds leading solar power markets. Partnering with a leader in utility-scale solar power solutions like Satcon will help us deliver world-class solar energy solutions across India. Satcons PowerGate Plus inverters are the industrys most deployed large-scale inverter solutions, with over 2.5 gigawatts (GW) sold worldwide. All of Satcons solutions include advanced utility-ready features to enable simplified grid interconnection, and can be easily integrated into SCADA systems through standardized communication interfaces. Wipro EcoEnergy will be providing turnkey design, procurement, construction and commissioning, as well as real-time remote infrastructure monitoring, operations, and maintenance for these facilities.
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Energetica News
Commissioning of Indias First Renewable Smart Mini-Grid
Indias Smart Grid policy is an emerging part of its nationwide energy policy. The policy is being jointly developed by a collaborative grouping of central and state governmental bodies and subject matter experts from industry, academia and non-governmental research and development organizations. TERI (The Energy & Resources Institute) in collaboration with Solar Energy Centre (SEC) India and CSIRO Australia, has designed and developed Indias first-ever Renewable Smart Mini-Grid (SMG) to streamline the distribution system with the help of an Intelligent Dispatch Controller using smart control techniques. TERI RETREAT of TERI Gram, Gual Pahari, hosts the first-of-its-kind Smart Mini-Grid in India. The varying load of RETREAT is intelligently and effectively managed through various distributed energy resources. Following are the key features of Smart Mini-Grid: Integration of multiple DERs, ensuring maximum utilization of renewable energy sources Resource and load profiling, controlling, and forecasting Centralized control (Smart Hybrid Controller/Intelligent Dispatch Controller) for resource optimization and demand management Load prioritization Integrated, high-speed, FPGAbased digital communication on LabVIEW platform Real-time data acquisition and monitoring of thousands of electrical and physical signals Minimized outages and fast response to network disturbances through automatic connect/disconnect of system components
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Energy Advantage expands to India

Energy Advantage Inc., a leading North American energy and sustainability management services provider, announced its entrance into Indias energy and environmental management services market. This move is a key element of the companys global growth strategy. Energy Advantage has taken a measured approach to this expansion beginning last year with the outsourcing of some of its back-room clerical functions and IT development work to India through Inforica (a Canadian technology services company with operations in Canada, the GCC and India). This initial partnership has led to the formation of Energy Advantage India, a joint venture with Inforica, which will provide Energy Advantage with marketing and service delivery capabilities in India. Energy Advantage India has hired Pankaj Gupta to be Vice-President India Operations. Pankaj is a Mechanical Engineer with a Masters Technology in Energy and Environmental Management from IIT-Delhi. He has 20 years of experience in energy and environmental management within the building services and technology industry with specific expertise in air-conditioning and refrigeration, building automation, and the cold chain supply channel. Pankaj most recently worked with Trane (now IngersollRand) in Dubai, UAE and India for 15 years as Country Manager, Building Automation System Division, and as General Manager, Refrigeration Solutions. Energy Advantage is extremely excited to expand its business into India and capitalize on the business opportunity afforded by working directly within one of the highest growth markets in the world. We believe theres a large and rapidly growing demand for energy and energy related environmental services with little resident energy management capability today. There is a strong Canadian/Indian business community, and the governments of Canada and India are both actively promoting increased trade between the two countries, says Rob Kirkby, CEO, Energy Advantage. This represents a significant market opportunity for Energy Advantage as the growth in India is expected to derive more from light manufacturing and commercial services than from heavy industry. Energy Advantages energy and environmental services are primarily focused on these commercial sectors and their building centric energy efficiency demands. As there is a shortage of peak demand power, the need for energyefficiency in buildings is of prime importance for India today, says Pankaj Gupta, VicePresident, India.

Start of the CIS Cluster Tool Project on the Research of a new Manufacturing Process and to increase the Efficiency of CIS Thin Film
The CIS Cluster Tool project is starting its work on the development of new manufacturing procedures for copper indium selenide-based thin film semiconductors (CIS) as part of a sponsoring project within the Photovoltaics Innovations Alliance. The research project is being carried out in cooperation of leading German companies in the photovoltaic industry. The project is to make a significant contribution to securing the global competitiveness of the German photovoltaics and supply industry in the medium and long term. The substantial and sustainable expansion of renewable energies is one of the central tasks of our time. The direct conversion of sunlight into electricity (photovoltaics) represents high quality technology that is of particular interest amongst all possible procedures. In order to secure the leading role played by Germany in the high-tech photovoltaic sector, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) announced the Photovoltaic Innovations Alliance sponsorship programme last year. From just under 120 applications received, the CIS Cluster Tool joint project, which is dedicated to researching a new manufacturing process for CIS semiconductor panels, was chosen amongst others as particularly promising. CIS technology, which is based on semiconductor film made from copper (Cu), Indium (In) and Selenide (Se) as well as Gallium (Ga), is one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies and offers significant future potential.
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Energetica News

Delta India Electronics Rudrapur plant LEED certified

Delta India Electronics Pvt. Ltd., the worlds leading provider of power management and thermal management solutions, today announced its Rudrapur plant has successfully achieved LEED certification as Goldrated green building and received the honor from the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC). LEED certification is an international standards system for green building design based on the U.S. Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED) system. The Rudrapur plant was built in 2008 to support Deltas commitment to the environment. Yancey Hai, Vice Chairman and CEO, Delta Electronics, Inc., said, With our corporate mission: To provide innovative, clean and energy-efficient solutions for a better tomorrow, Delta continues to develop eco-friendly, energy-efficient manufacturing and products and we are committed to constructing all future Delta facilities as green buildings. The LEED certification of the Rudrapur plant not only serves as significant recognition for our green practices, but also demonstrates Deltas dedication to a green and sustainable Earth environment. The Rudrapur factory consumes 35% less energy compared to a conventional building of the same size. It is designed using energy efficient architecture, natural sky-lighting and ventilation, rain water harvesting and water re-cycling, as well as using eco-friendly building materials that provide a clean, healthy and safe workplace for
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employees.For harmony with nature and the local community, every detail of the factory is in sync with the green building spirit. For instance, approximately 60% of the total area of the factory has been kept open and green. Dalip Sharma, Managing Director of Delta India Electronics, said, The LEED certified green factory in Rudrapur incorporates Deltas renewable energy technologies and solutions. The certification recognizes all of our efforts in reducing the environmental impact of our business operations, daily processes, products, buildings and R&D. We are committed to energy savings and environmental protection that helps diminish the serious threat of global warming. In addition, it also confirms our efforts to go beyond mere compliance with ecological guidelines. Delta India currently has three manufacturing units located in Rudrapur, Gurgaon, Pondicherry and two R&D centers in Gurgaon and Bangalore. Among them, the new corporate office in Gurgaon has also applied for a platinum rating in accordance with the guidelines of the U.S. LEED and IGBC standards. Over the past few years, Delta has become a renowned name in telecom power solutions, uninterruptible power systems (UPSs), display solutions, industrial automation, and components, and has many top-tier clients for its various product lines in the Indian market.
C M Y CM MY CY CMY K

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First Solar CDM Program of Activity (PoA) in India

APOORVA JAIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT OFFICER SENES CONSULTANTS INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED

The First Solar Program of Activities (PoA) in India under CDM of UNFCCC was launched in December 2010 for projects up to 15 Megawatt of capacity. Now, any solar power project across India can avail auto registration without having to undergo UNFCCC scrutiny and providing detailed additionality thereby mitigating the risk of registration. The concept of POA for CDM Projects has been formulated by UNFCCC to save time / cost / simplify CDM cycle.

t is to be noted that a number of wind and biomass power projects from India have been rejected by the UN Executive Board in the past due to various reasons varying for inexperience of CDM consultants or the promoters, not following the set procedure which was to be repeated for each project and various other reasons including not being able to prove the additionality. These projects were not able to get CDM benefit in spite of reducing Green house gases. A Programme of Activities (PoA) is a program coordinated by an entity that provides the organizational, financial, and methodological framework for emission reductions to occur. The specific measures through which the emission reductions are achieved are CDM Program Activities (CPAs). Availing carbon revenue using PoA offers distinctive advantage under economies of scale over alternative stand alone projectbased approach. PoA is advantageous over project-based approach in many ways since it reduces transaction cost, saves time and reduces risks of registration etc. Moreover there is no need of showing additionality at project level, additionality will only be done at PoA level. Any future solar power project thus automatically is additional under the PoA. PoA Concept A programme of activities (PoA) is a voluntary coordinated action by a private or public entity which coordinates and implements any policy/ measure or stated goal (i.e. incentive schemes and voluntary programmes like reducing GHG through solar implementation), which leads to anthropogenic GHG emission, via an unlimited number of CDM programme activities (CPAs). Project activities under a programme of activities can be registered as a single Clean Development Mechanism project activity thereby substantially reducing cost, time and uncertainty. A PoA is made up of CDM Pro30 JULY|AUGUST11

gramme Activities (CPAs). Multiple CPAs (like future solar projects across India in the next 28 years) can be included under a PoA at the time of registration and additional CPAs can be added at any point in the life of the PoA. Lifetime of PoA is 28 years. PoA Advantage The classical structure of CDM uses a projectby-project process for registering and verifying projects. This approach involves very high transaction costs, a long time to market, and a high risk of non-registration. It is not feasible to implement such a process where an average project size tends to be smaller, so relative transaction costs are higher. In order to reduce transaction costs in CDM and expand the mechanisms applicability to micro project activities, the CDM Executive Board launched the Programme of Activities modality. Under this modality, a PoA Coordinating/Managing Entity (CME) develops a PoA which defines broad parameters for project activities (referred to as CDM Programme Activities or CPAs) that are eligible for inclusion in the PoA. Whereas stand-alone CDM projects must be approved individually by the CDM Executive Board, a PoA needs to be registered only once by the CDM Executive Board. After that, it can include an unlimited and unspecified number of individual CPAs without recourse to the CDM Executive Board

1.Saves Time: Individual CPAs have a drastically shorter time to market for project operators who wish to secure CER revenues since the inclusion of CPAs in a registered PoA no longer require approval from the CDM Executive Board in Bonn. With the PoA approach, approximately 18 months of time is saved by avoiding following steps: Global Stakeholder Consultation (1 month) Additionality (2 months) Detailed Baseline analysis (1 Month) Detailed Validation (5 months) Requesting Registration Fee (7 days) Completeness Check (3 months) Information and Reporting Check (1 month) Commenting Period (1 month) Request for Review (3 months) EB Approval (1 month) 2.Saves Cost: Adding CPAs leads to substantially lower transaction costs than standalone CDM projects because the registration and verification processes for CPAs are streamlined. In PoA there are simplified documents, hence low validation and consultancy fee (50% savings while adding a new CPA). Other than this, there is unified verification & hence low verification fee (80% savings in the event more than 5 CPA). Project could CERs on a better price through economies of scale 3.Reduced Risks: Add as many projects at any date during the lifetime of PoA, which is 28 years. Opportunities to convert future carbon revenues into upfront carbon finance by reducing the risk of non-registration and shortening the lag before CDM income is realized. This point is particularly important, as this can improve the factual additionality of CDM projects, by making carbon-related revenues tangible at the point of financial closure.
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SOLARPVPLANTREPORT

Solar Pioneers in Orissa

AIC SOLAR PROJECTS

There are two types of entrepreneurs in the Indian solar energy scenario. Those who like to be in the forefront, courageous enough to face the risks of being a first mover and those who prefer to wait and enter the market when it is well established. AIC Solar Projects Pvt Ltd. an Indo-German joint venture company, has commissioned the first grid connected 1 MW solar PV plant in Orissa by taking a proactive approach. This plant is also the third in India amongst the projects being implemented under Indias Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM).

Background India is located in the Sun Belt region of the earth. The country receives solar energy equivalent to more than 5,000 trillion kWh per year. The daily average global radiation is around 5 .0 kWh/m2 in northeastern and hilly areas to about 6.0 kWh/ m2 in western regions and cold dessert areas with the sunshine hours ranging between 1800 and 2300 per year. Such abundant radiation has prompted one of the most ambitious solar programs of our planet at the end of 2009, the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) and converted the term Solar into an Indian buzzword. The ambitious solar plan is part of the initiatives listed in the Indian governments National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) developed in 2008. JNNSMs target is to reach 20,000 MW installed solar power until 2022. In the next two decades, Indias electricity demand is expected to grow at an aver32 JULY|AUGUST11

IN THE NEX T TWO D ECADES, INDIAS ELECTRICITY DEMAND IS EXPECTED TO GROW AT AN AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF AROUND 7% TO S USTAIN THE 8% ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF THE COUNTRY

age annual rate of around 7% to sustain the 8% annual growth rate of the country. The launch of JNNSM attracts worldwide attention and despite all difficulties companies may face during the initial phase, India is considered the next world solar hub. JNSSM has sparked European and North American solar companies to seriously explore and participate to grab a major share of the market. AIC Solar Projects anticipated this market scenario and pioneered the first

grid connected 1 MW solar PV plant in the Indian state of Orissa. The parent company of AIC Solar Projects is located in Chemnitz in the German state of Saxony and is an engineering and architectural company with around 130 design engineers. AIC Projects GmbH is part of the Hrmann Holding GmbH & Co. KG with 3600 employees. AIC Projects has vast experience in project planning of PV plants of various sizes in Germany and abroad. As an EPC contractor, they are capable to offer turnkey solutions for PV power plants. In the past, AIC GmbH has provided its services for the Indian industrial sector. This experience opened up the door for the joint venture agreement with Raajratna Energy Holdings Private Limited (REHPL). The Indian company has been so far well known as a project developer of hydroelectric power plants. Currently they have focused their attention in the renewable energy sector, specifically on solar power.
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SOLARPVPLANTREPORT

The location When professionals start talking about solar energy in India, they would automatically have in mind Rajasthan or Gujarat. But now Orissa has positioned itself on the Indian solar map with the inauguration of the first grid connected solar PV plant under JNNSM. According to Orissa Renewable Energy Development Agency (OREDA) Orissa has a solar power potential of 14,000 MW. The state of Orissa (also known as Odisha) is situated on the east coast of India by the Bay of Bengal with a 480 km long coast line. Orissa shares its borders with the states of West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. According to the Orissa Climate Change Action Plan (OCCAP) the state is poised for rapid industrial development and large use of electricity for industrial purpose for which the demand of electricity is continuously increasing. To meet the growing needs, the government of Orissa has treaded on an aggressive plan to generate more power. Orissa is on the way to becoming an energy supplier to the grid. In the next 10 years the state expects to generate 60,000 MW of power, most of what are based on coal (a multiple increase from the current 4,000 MW). On the demand side there is a potential on reducing T&D losses, energy efficiency promotion/DSM and also tapping the unrealized potential for renewable energy particular solar and biomass. There are voices that criticize the promotion of thermal power plants based on coal which is strongly promoted by OCCAP so the impact of the successful commissioning of the first 1 MW PV power plant connected to the grid perhaps could change the conventional point of view into a stronger renewable future. The PlanT DeveloPmenT: Orissas first PV plant has been set up in a remote area in the village of Sadeipalli about 6 km from Bolangir town. REHPL, the project developer of this plant is one of the ninety project proponents who have been allocated for such JNNSM projects in India under the Rooftop & Small Solar Power Generation Programme. When AIC Projects entered into the joint venture agreement with REHPL to
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engage in the business for providing EPC solutions for the solar Industry, REHPL had already has finished the financial closure for the 1MW project in Orissa. The investment for the solar plant is 170 million INR and has been financed by the Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd. (REC). To find an appropriate location and land acquisition along with achieving financial closure are the two most difficult obstacles for the solar plant development in India. The difficulties that arise in achieving these goals have been the reason for a lot of project proponents to delay their commissioning of their solar power plants. Nevertheless, AIC Solar Projects successfully managed the obstacles by opting for state (IDCO) allocated land of 8 acres in a shade free terrain.

TECHNICAL FEATURES OF THE MODULE TYPE TW-SF 100 (TIANWEI AMORPHOUS SILICON THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC FRAMELESS MODULES.) Electrical Characteristics According to STC* TW-SF100 Power Output Pmpp 100 W MPP Voltage Vmpp 104 V MPP Current Impp 0.96 A Open-circuit Voltage Voc 138 V Short-circuit Current Isc 1.22 A Output Tolerance -2 W / +3 W Tolerance of Electric Parameter 3 % Maximum System Voltage VDC 1000 V (TV), 600 V (UL) * STC (Standard Test Conditions): 1000 W/m irradiance strength with a spectrum of AM 1.5 at a module temperature of 25C. According to NOCT** TW-SF100 Power Output Pmpp 81 W MPP Voltage Vmpp 101 V MPP Current Impp 0.80 A Open-circuit Voltage Voc 135 V Short-circuit Current Isc 0.99 A Nominal Operation Cell Temperature 46 C 2 C ** NOCT (Normal Operating Cell Temperature): Electrical data is measured to the irradiance of 800 W/m and a wind velocity of 1m/s. Mechanical Characteristics: Type TW-SF100 Cell Design: amorphous silicon single-junction Construction: glass-glass-laminate,Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) thickness: 0.76 mm Cables: 800 mm / 2.5 mm Plug Connector: MC4 compatible Junction Box: conform to IP65 bypass diodes: 3 A, 1300 V Front Cover:white float glass, thickness: 3.2 mm Back Cover: tempered float glass, thickness: 3.2 mm Dimensions: 1300 mm x 1100 mm x 6.8 mm Weight: approx. 24 kg Certifications: CE, TV, CQC, UL 1703, IEC 61646, IEC 61730, And ISO9001:2008 Certification Institute: TV Rheinland, UL, CQC Transformerless DC-AC converters are not permitted Temperature range -40C to +85C, humidity max. 85 % (rh) Upright assembly, laser lines running vertically Temperature Coefficient Pmpp a -0.21 %/K Voc c -0.28 %/K Isc b +0.04 %/K Vmpp e -0.29 %/K Impp s +0.09 %/K

THE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR EFFICIENT TRANSPORT OF MATERIAL AND SKILLED WORKERS IS ONE OF THE OUTSTANDING PROBLEMS DURING THE SOLAR POWER PLANT ERECTIONS IN INDIA

The EPC contract was signed at the end of December 2010. AIC Solar Projects started in January 2011 with the planning and the design of the power plant. To forecast and calculate the possible yields of the solar park, AIC Solar Projects used PV SOL software tools. In March 2011 the construction works were initiated and on June 30th, 2011 the plant was commissioned. To complete the whole installation AIC solar Projects needed 4 months. Currently the company has a 10-person engineering team in India composed of civil, electrical, mechanical, high voltage, logistics and planning specialists, able to develop and commission solar projects. Matthias Gerhardt Head of Project Dev. & Project Management commented to Energetica India the difficulties that his team faced during the plant construction. Since we were working in a very rural area, we must solve the material procurement and find skilled labor. A 100

m road access to the solar PV plant was constructed to facilitate the arrival of the plant material. The infrastructure for efficient transport of material and skilled workers is one of the outstanding problems during the solar power plant erections in India. Another problem they had faced in Orissa during the construction period were the extremely hard weather conditions with
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SOLARPVPLANTREPORT

THE PIONEERING ATTITUDE GIVE AIC SOLAR PROJECTS A HUGE ADVANTAGE IN COMPARISON TO OTHER COMPANIES

temperatures around 45 C in the period between March and May, changing to severe thunderstorms and heavy rains with the beginning of the monsoon season around mid-June. The Main Sub Contractors AIC Solar Projects only works with renowned sub-contractors to avoid quality issues for the future and reduce risk. The key sub-contractors involved for the Orissa project were Ascent Engineers from Hyderabad, who were in charge for all electrical DC and AC works and Nuevo Sol, Hyderabad who was responsible for the mounting structure for the PV modules. REHPL, opted for the a-Si thin film modules from Baoding Tianwei Group Co., Ltd. Tianweis thin film products have certified by UL, CE, IEC, TUV and ISO9001 and other many international certifications, ensuring their quality. These thin film modules are manufactured through Oerlikon turnkey production lines. The modules dont use polluting or toxic materials. 10,000 PV modules with a capacity of 100 Wp/module were erected in the 1MW PV plant. These modules assure very good annual returns even under weak or diffuse lighting conditions. The a-Si modules offer excellent properties at high temperatures and also higher yields. In climate zones as India and during the
34 JULY|AUGUST11

monsoon season the a-Si modules have shown an excellent low light performance. In comparison crystalline silicon panels can lose in these circumstances as much as 25% of their efficiency. Other main component of any solar PV plant is the inverter. AIC Projects GmbH has erected all its solar parks installing SMA inverters. The German SMA Group is the global leader in the PV inverter market. For the Bolangir project were chosen two units SUNNY CENTRAL 500CP (SMA SC 500CP), a model that represents the new inverter outdoor generation. For the Indian climate conditions the SMA CP SC 500 offers excellent conditions. The model is weather resistant and an operating range up to 50 C outside temperature. On the other hand it incorporates an innovative ventilation technology. SMA also provided the Sunny String Monitor equipment-SSM- for a detailed monitoring. By measuring and comparing the individual string currents, power deviations in the PV array are detected and analyzed by the inverter. According to preference, the device can be delivered either in an enclosure for wall mounting or as a distribution board. In addition to string current measurement, the Sunny String-Monitor features string fuse protection as well as an overvoltage protection device. Two transformers were supplied by PETE a manufacturer company lo-

cated near Hyderabad. PETE is a leading manufacturer of Power and Distribution transformers in Andhra Pradesh, India with over 22 years of experience. PETE manufactures up to 50MVA 132KV Class, Dry Type Transformers up to 3MVA 11KV Class and Furnace / Arc Furnace transformers up to 30MVA. The scope of supply for AIC Solar Projects included also string boxes from Spelsberg with WAGO connectors. The PV solar cable comes from German Helukabel one of the most successful companies in the field of cables for renewable energy applications. They have developed cables with special properties that take into account environmental conditions and plant-specific parameters. In the field of solar and wind energy, these are the changing weather conditions and sometimes extreme mechanical stresses. Other important project participants were the Indian company Polycab for Underground cables and medium voltage cables and Nuevo Sol located in Hyderabad has provided the mounting solution for the project. The electricity is directly feed into the grid at the border of the solar plant, although there is substation 2km far away from the plant. Civil engineering (roads, cable trenches), construction (foundations for inverters and transformers, control room, security service), the same as the foundations for sub-structures were arranged with reputed local sub-contractors under the supervision of AIC Solar Projects. For a profitable and reliable solar park operation, AIC Solar Projects has been entrusted with the O&M responsibility. For this purpose they have a permanent O&M Team on site.. This fact shows the job creating benefits coming from green technologies, also in remote areas. To achieve maximum yields the solar modules must be clean. During the monsoon season, there is no extra cleaning
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SOLARPVPLANTREPORT

TECHNICAL DETAILS INVERTER : Type designation SC 500CP-10 Input (DC) Max. DC power (@ cos =1): 560 kW Max. input voltage 1): 1000 V / 1100 V optional MPP voltage range (@ 25 C / @ 50 C at 50 Hz): 449 V 820 V / 430 V 820 V 2) MPP voltage range (@ 25 C / @ 50 C at 60 Hz): 449 V 820 V / 436 V 820 V 2) Rated input voltage: 480 V Max. input current: 1250 A Minimum input voltage / VMPP_min at IMPP < IDCmax: 429 V / 430 V Number of independent MPP inputs: 1 Number of DC inputs: 9 / 32 (Optiprotect) Output (AC) Rated power (@ 25 C) / nominal AC power (@ 50 C): 550 kVA / 500 kVA Nominal AC voltage / range: 270 V / 243 V 297 V AC power frequency /range: 50 Hz, 60 Hz / 47 Hz ... 63 Hz Rated power frequency / rated power voltage: 50 Hz / 270 V Max. output current: 1176 A Max. THD: < 3 % Power factor at rated power / adjustable shift factor: 1 / 0.9 overexcited ... 0.9 underexcited Feed-in phases / connection phases: 3 / 3 Efficiency 7) Max. Efficiency / European efficiency / CEC efficiency: 98.6 % / 98.4 % / 98.5 % Protection Input side disconnection device: Motor-driven switch-disconnector / circuit breaker (Optiprotect) Output side disconnection device: AC circuit breaker DC overvoltage protection / AC overvoltage protection: Surge arrester type II / surge arrester type II Grid monitoring: yes Ground fault monitoring / Remote ground fault monitoring opt. / opt. Insulation monitoring: optional Surge arrester for auxiliary supply: yes Protection class (as per IEC 62103) / overvoltage category (as per IEC 60664-1): I / III General Data Dimensions (W / H / D): 2562 / 2279 / 956 mm (101 / 90 / 38 inch) Weight: 1800 kg Operating temperature range: -20 C ... +50 C Noise emission 5): 60 db(A) Max. self-consumption (in operation) / selfconsumption (at night): 1700 W 4) / < 100 External auxiliary supply voltage: 230 / 400 V (3 / N / PE) Cooling concept: OptiCool Degree of protection: electronics / connection area (as per IEC 60529): IP54 / IP23 Application: Unprotected outdoors Maximum permissible value for relative humidity (non-condensing): 15 % ... 95 % Maximum operating altitude above MSL: Fresh air consumption: 3000 m/h Features DC terminal: Ring terminal lug / cage terminal (Optiprotect AC terminal: Ring terminal Display: opt. opt. opt. opt. opt. Communication protocols: Ethernet (optical fiber optional), modbus Sunny String-Monitor: RS485 / is not required (Optiprotect) Color of enclosure, door, base, roof: RAL 9016 / 9016 / 7005 / 7004 Certificates and approvals (more upon request): EN 61000-6-2, EN 61000-6-4, EEG conformity, Arrt du 4/23/08, R.D. 1663 / 2000, R.D. 661 / 2007 BDEW-MSRL / FGW / TR8 6) , 1) Startup at DC voltage < 1000 V 2) At 1.05 VAC, nom and cos = 1 4) Self-consumption during nominal operation 5) Sound pressure level at a distance of 10 m 6) With complete dynamic grid support 7) Efficiency measured without internal power supply

required. But AIC Solar Projects leaves nothing to chance. The water supply is established by bore wells that will allow regular cleaning at an appropriate frequency. Currently AIC Solar Projects is actively involved in the Indian solar energy market. AIC Solar projects have started on the construction of a new 1 MW plant in Kadiri, Andhra Pradesh for its client Amrit Jal Ventures. Other projects in the 2 -10 MW range are also in the pipeline for AIC Solar Projects. Its not necessary to explain that AIC
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IMPORTANT PROJECT FEATURES: 1. Project Owner: Raajratna Energy Holding Private Limited (REHPL) 2. EPC: AIC Solar Projects Pvt Ltd. 3. Project location: Sadeipalli Village, Bolangir District, Orissa 4. Technology: Solar PV, Thin film, Ground mounted 5. Plant capacity: 1MW 6. PV Modules: 10,000 a-Si thin film modules 7 Annual output (expected): Around 1.6 million . kWh. 8. Land area: 8 acre 9. Construction Period: 4 months 10. Project Cost: 170 million INR 11. Financing: Rural Electrification Corporation (REC)

Solar Projects has recognized the Indian solar potential in the earliest phase. The pioneering attitude give AIC Solar projects a huge advantage in comparison to other companies. They consider that the national and state policies in India offer excellent business opportunities along with the solar specific renewable power purchase obligation that will soon come up. AIC Solar projects is also looking forward to the stand-alone solution (non-grid connected) and roof top sector, which will be the next segment that will be developed strongly in India.
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Sun in, electricity out. If only everything in the future could be so predictable.

INCREDIBLY STABLE FOREC AST.

Solar modules from SCHOTT Solar have what it takes for long-term attractive revenues: high performance stability*, the quality of a renowned German technology company and experience in solar technology since 1958. More information at schottsolar.com/solar-yield

* In a long-term study conducted by the FraunhoferInstitute the SCHOTT Solar modules still achieved over 90% of their original performance even after 25 years.

SOLARPOWER

Can I or I cant? A Developer in Dilemma and update of Solar PV Projects Development in Gujarat
NILESH PATEL PROJECT CONSULTANT - MOVYA CONSULTANCY

Nearly 1000 MW of eye popping allotment by Gujarat government to private players last year, pundits of renewable electricity market had rejoiced. Now all things seem perfectly black and white. 30 developers out of 68 allocated are now boarded the burning train, I mean got nancial closure already. Destination is 31st December 2011.

N
Lanco Solar Sun edison

ow the Can I or I cant question is the big brain twister for them. The complexity of importing ma-

terial on time, transporting to project site and then starting implementation in this rainy season does not seem that easy. Top-

ping that, acute labor shortage in Gujarat and untrained subcontractors can make things worse for the developer when they

Developer

Capacity 35

Place Bhadrada, Patan, 10MW Chadiyana, Patan, 15 MW Solar park, patan ,10 MW Gunthavada, Banaskantha Dhanera, Banaskantha Rananvav Porbandar Surendranagar Dhama, Surendranagar Smakhiali, bhachau, kautchh Tikar, surendrangar Shivalakha, kutchh Vadodara Modasa, bhatkoda Rapar kutchh Rapar kutchh Chandiyana, radhanpur, Patan Sujangadh, Surendranagar Dasada, Surendranagar kutchh Rajkot Rajkot Bhuj, kutchh Rajkot Jambusar,baroda

Progress 5 MW completed, other 5 MW completed this week at chandiyana, 10MW progressing very fast at chandiyana.

Moser Baer

145 CC

30 MW is commissioning on 30th July. Other 15 MW by end of September. 10 MW to be completed by august end. Other 5 MW by end of October. Other 5 MW out of ground. Mechanical work in progress. Land acquisition completed, progress status unknown Land acquisition completed. Project in full swing. Unknown Module nalized, self EPC Land acquired, Project progressing fast Land acquired, Project out of ground Civil work complete, self EPC Land acquisition in progress, Land acquisition in progress In nancial closure Land acquisition completed, project in progressing fast Land acquisition completed, project in progressing fast Land acquisition completed, project in progressing fast Land acquisition completed, project in progressing fast Land acquired, Civil work in progress

20 CC 10 10 20 10 3 10 9 5 25 25 10 5 10 5 5 10 5 25 25 5 10 25 20 5 10 25

Sunbourne energy Waa solar madhav power Solar Semiconductor Sunkon Energy Abelleon energy/ claris lifescience Backbone Integrated coal mining Jaihind projects Lourex bioscience Enam properties Mono steel APCA power Green Infra Texus power Arravalli Infra Kemrock Aathash power Alex Astral Coastal project Cornerstone Emami GMR Kiran Kunverji NKG infra Roha dyechem

Solar Park, Charanaka, Patan

Though land acquisition is complete, no project has taken off yet. Most developers are planning to start EPC by this month mostly.

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are shooting the deadline. FYI, no one cares about penalty these days, if one can complete before December deadline the penalty is not a big issue any more. But the race has begun. Lets taste the real scenario of a few of those developers, by revisiting progress made by them and other new starters. As I wrote in my last article, this deadline threat is really working and if the progress keeps the same pace, 200-250MW for Gujarat is not far and can be doable by December 31st. Better off the government side, now GETCO, (Gujarat electricity Transmission Company) having very small task force for bringing new infrastructure so fast for this solar project has also taken some serious decisions too and are asking all new project starters to get their power evacuation line to be set up by themselves privately. GETCO will provide all material now and labour charges later. On other note of news from Gujarat, Other than this traditional allotment,

GSPC has awarded 5 MW EPC contract to Lanco solar and GMDC has allotted 5 MW EPC tender to TATA BP solar. GPCL 5 MW tender has almost allotted to qualified winner but somehow GPCL is not moving forward even though they too have 31st December deadline. Anyway its the much awaited rainy season in Gujarat. So get wet yourself and celebrate the season with having hot and spicy bhajiya with Gujarati sweet tea. Till then take care.

Nilesh Patel is project consultant for solar PV and Solar Thermal power generation. He owns business Movya consultancy dealing in project consultancy, government liaison, Allotment, signed PPA/ Equity trading and Land banking. He is also independent freelancer expresses his understanding of current issues alike. If you have questions on above article or business please contact him on Nilesh@movya. com. For his business visit http://www. movya.com/

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Performance Degradation in Solar Plants

SOLON TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT

In photovoltaic modules, an initial drop in efficiency is a well-known phenomenon. Known as light induced degradation, it has long been included in the performance guarantees offered by producers in the industry or the calculations of project developers and plant operators. Light induced degradation can cause an approx. 2% decrease in system performance in the first few hours of operation of any new pv- installation.

n 2006, a new form of performance degradation began to be noticed. The effect was discovered first in solar plants whose modules used a certain brand of high-performance cells. Initial suspicions turned to the specific design of these cells, which differed substantially from industry-standard cells. In these cases, a concentration of charge carriers at the cell surface was blamed, caused by the

PID ONLY CAME TO PEOPLES ATTENTION WHEN THE FIR ST SOLAR POWER PLANS WERE CONSTRUCTED AND PUT INTO OPER ATION WITH THEIR TYPICALLY HIGH SYSTEM VOLTAGES

potential difference between the cells and the ground potential. It has now been established that this new type of degradation christened potential induced degradation (PID) or high voltage stress (HVS) is indeed promoted by the special technology used in these cells. However, the phenomenon has also been observed in standard and thin-film cells. Its cause is seen in the high voltages that can occur in serially interconnected modules of all cell types. The comparatively late discovery of PID in standard solar cells is a direct product of the boom of solar power and the increasing size of solar plants: until approximately five years ago, most solar power installations took the form of domestic, small-scale rooftop plants. PID only came to peoples attention when the first solar power plans were constructed and put into operation with their typically high system voltages. SOLON first came across the problem in early 2009. SOLONs business revolves around the production of solar modules and PV systems as well as the development and construction of large-scale rooftop installations and ready-for-use solar power plants. We also offer maintenance services for SOLON plants. In our work, we encountered a growing number of instances of PID. We immediately understood the risk of PID for the successful growth of large-scale solar power plants with their great promise for our switch to a renewable energy future. By affecting the long-term sustainability of system performance, PID touches on a key element of solar technology that virtually all financing concepts in the industry rely on.

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QUALITY THAT WILL ALWAYS SHINE THROUGH

THE WAY TO MAKE IT OUTSTANDING

Please visit us at : International Exhibition & Conference 10-12 August, 2011 Hall No. 11 Booth No. 217 URL: http://www.renewableenergyindiaexpo.com

The precision, reliability and quality of Komax Solar production solutions help to give your modules the edge over the competition.
Komax Solar Inc. 20 Innovation Drive York, PA 17402 USA Phone +1 717 755 6800

We use unique expertise and provide the optimum assembly process for our clients solar modules. Implementing our best in class technology, we ensure that they get a cost-efficient solution that constantly delivers both precision and quality. They get the way to make it. To find out more about the way to make it, visit us at www.komaxsolar.com

Komax Automation India Pvt. Ltd. HO: 690, Phase-5 , Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Harayana Ph: +91 124 4599100 E-mail: info.dei@komaxgroup.com BO: 204, Oxford Chambers, Rustambagh, Old Airport Road, Bangalore, Karnataka Ph: +91 80 41150963 E-mail: info.blr@komaxgroup.com

SOLARPOWER

High voltage is stressing the cells In order to understand PID, we need to understand how a solar cell works and how it interacts with other materials in the module: in simplistic terms, a standard cell consists of a thin film of negatively doped (polarized) silicon on top of a thicker layer of positively doped silicon. When exposed to sunlight, so-called electron-hole pairs are produced in the space between the two layers, the depletion zone or spacecharge region. Positively charged holes move in the direction of the positively doped semiconductor, whereas negatively charged electrons move to its negatively doped counterpart. The charge carriers are then conducted to the next cell. The serial array of the cells now means that the voltage increases from cell to cell in the module. The same applies to the individual modules in the system, also connected in series. The maximum voltage in such a system can reach up to 1000V which is accepted, since the system is affected less by the power losses caused by the higher DC currents created in parallel arrays. At the same time, these high system voltages can lead to unwanted leakage currents between the solar cells, the bedding materials, glass, and the grounded module frame. This allows a positive charge to build up on the anti-glare coating at the surface of the cells. The result is a temporary short circuit in the affect-

verters can be depolarized by using socalled PV offset boxes that build up a temporary counter-potential in the PIDaffected parts of the system a solution that produces additional costs.

IN SOLON WE BELIEVE THAT PID CAN NOW BE CONSIDERED A PROBLEM OF THE PAST BUT WE WILL C ONTINUE TO RESEARCH AND WE WILL LET THE PRODUCERS OF SOLAR CELLS BENEFIT FROM OUR FINDINGS

SYSTEMS THAT USE TRANSFORMERLESS INVERTERS CAN BE DEPOLARIZED BY USING SO-CALLED PV OFFSET BOXES THAT BUILD UP A TEMPORARY COUNTER-POTENTIAL IN THE PID-AFFECTED PARTS OF THE SYSTEM A SOLUTION THAT PRODUCES ADDITIONAL COSTS
ing the phenomenon from occurring at all. In our view, the ideal solution would be to prevent the problem by modifying the cell itself and thus grasping the problem at its roots. Solving the problem on the level of the system is another option, albeit one with some noticeable drawbacks. One such solution would be to ground the negatively charged modules in the system, which are subject to the risk of PID. This would concern the half of the module string that is closest to the negative pole of the converter. At the same time, this is only an option in installations that use inverters with integrated transformers, which is usually only the case in older systems, since the lower efficiency of these inverters has virtually removed them from the market. Systems that use transformerless in-

POTENTIAL INDUCED DEGRADATION CAN BE TACKLED IN DIFFERENT WAYS, IDEALLY PREVENTING THE PHENOMENON FROM OCCURRING AT ALL

ed cells, which means a decrease in cell voltage and a drop in efficiency an effect that is only reinforced even more by high temperatures or humidity around the modules. Possible solutions for PID Potential induced degradation can be tackled in different ways, ideally prevent42 JULY|AUGUST11

The only source for a complete solution without compromising performance Such solutions on the level of systems might have their place in established plants, but they will not be the final answer for the issue of PID. The ball is now in the court of the cell producers who can tackle the problem at its root by modifying the anti-glare coating on their cells. But a solution might be a long time coming. This is why SOLON is tackling the problem where we, as a leading producer of solar modules, know best: on the individual model. By using specially developed bedding materials that offer higher levels of insulation and thus avoid the problem of leakage currents, we are able to offer an effective and sustainable prevention of PID. Since January 2011, SOLON has been using these new materials, which have passed all typical tests and certifications in the industry with flying colours. We believe that PID can now be considered a problem of the past but we will continue to research and we will let the producers of solar cells benefit from our findings. We want to learn more about the mechanisms at work in potential induced degradation and pave the way for optimum performance on the level of individual modules and, in particular, whole systems. One of the tenets of our philosophy is that a premium product offers more than exceptional quality: long life and reliably high output for the long term are our marks of distinction.
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Design of Fixation and Rack Solutions for Frameless Thin-film Modules Based on Numerical Calculations
DR.-ING. CEDRIK ZAPFE. ENGINEERS OFFICE FOR CONSTRUCTION, CIVIL ENGINEERING AND SOLAR TECHNOLOGY DR ZAPFE GMBH, SCHLETTER GMBH

In view of permanently decreasing compensations for electricity from photovoltaic plants fed into the grid the requirement for economically efficient operation forces innovative optimizations of the system in order to reduce the system costs, until the fundamental target of grid-parity is reached. Besides the increase in the specific module performance, which forms the focus of the increase of cost efficiency, also the system components have to make an appropriate contribution to the reduction of costs. In this context a forceful material utilization to the limits of the used materials allows a certain saving potential. Further opportunities could be provided by the optimization of mounting and construction maintenance.

hotovoltaic plants generating electricity through solar energy are exposed to the environmental conditions of their respective locations. Wind, snow and temperature impacts create loads, which the modules and their bearing components have to bear reliably throughout the life cycle of the plant. Building regulations in Europe stipulate that, photovoltaic plants are to be regarded as parts of a building or buildings themselves. The designs of these plants are governed by principles of structural engineering and hence static calculations need to be done as per accepted rules of technology and architecture. Due to the political guideline of permanently decreasing compensations for electricity fed into the grid, the economic operation of photovoltaic plants determines rationalizations in the area of module technology, which go along with higher utilization factors of all system components. In this context, thorough static analyses in combination with experimental verifications are indispensable, in order to avoid damage during the operating life of the system. Fig. 1 contains a sample of fixation methods. There are fundamental requirements on a solar module from both a constructional and a construction operational point of view. Thereby, the characteristic of cost-efficiency is in the focus. Besides the consideration of the material use and the production expenditure the factors construction maintenance and handling
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Fig. 1. General fixation concepts (backrail / clamps / spot fastener).

during assembly also play a considerable role. The minimization of the construction maintenance costs leads to the need for frameless modules, for example, so that no drain water can accumulate at the frame, which would lower the yield and require cleaning works in certain cycles. Therefore the use of framed modules becomes more and more limited to architectural applications. In the sector of open area plants with high piece numbers, a considerable cost-reduction can be realized by using frameless modules. An essential question is the optimum size of the solar modules. On first thought, the basic idea of ever-bigger modules seems to be target-aimed, because that

way the number of repetitive mounting steps, the number of connections, and the cabling effort could be reduced. On the other hand, this requires the use of machines for mounting, because, among other aspects, under the aspect of module weight the handling gets more and more difficult for the installers. But mechanization often requires the presence of optimum conditions, for example still air in case of roof mountings or solid, un-weakened subsoil in case of open area mountings. In order to be able to grant planning reliability for the progress of the project, independently of weather conditions, the demand for lighter modules which can be handled by persons, is evidently present. In turn, from that derive a consistent minimization of the glass thicknesses of glass-glass-modules and the adherence to reasonable module measurements. In the most convenient case, one single person should be able to move and mount the module, because then no coordination will be required. Mechanical Conditions for GlassGlass Laminates In case of laminate safety glass often a PVB encapsulant or an EVA encapsulant is used between the glass plates to produce the laminate. An essential characteristic of the laminate materials is a distinctively temperature-dependent load deformation behaviour. In Fig. 2I this correlation is shown by means of a stress-strain diaJULY|AUGUST11 43

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ment in this context that the laminate is only loaded by its own weight and wind impacts during the warm season, whereat the wind has to be regarded as a temporary phenomenon. Calculation Methods The static calculation of glass - glass modules with an elastic composite-layer film is a complex task. In this case the finite elements method offers a suitable instrument to analyze and visualize the non-linear correlations. Thereby, all components are divided into small elements and put in a numeric equilibrium.
Fig. 2 Temperature dependent strain-stress-diagram of TROSIFOL MB.

Fig 3. Stress distributions in different thermal conditions and long term loading.

gram. This chart makes evident that this material reacts in a very inflexible manner at low temperatures T < 0. Therefore, in case of open area applications under the condition of a possible snow load, there is only a laminate effect with considerably lower flexibility between the glass plates, as it would be the case in midsummer conditions. At temperatures of over 60C the flexibility of the examined material is so high that the condition of an independent carrying capacity of the glass plates would have to be regarded as the ultimate limit value. Besides the temperature dependence the load duration is important in a similar way, because the modulus of shear decreases under permanent load. Under snow load, this leads to an increase of the stresses. With increasing flexibility of the laminate joint (low shear modulus of the laminate encapsulant), the deformations and also the tensions at the edges increase considerably. It is an essential ascertain44 JULY|AUGUST11

Fig. 4 Stress distribution at clamped modules (1200x600x6,8 and 1300x1100x7,0).

Fixation Concepts At present, a clamping with four module clamps or alternatively inlay-systems have to be regarded as the state of technology in the fastening of unframed glass-glass modules. In the former case, tension concentrations arise in the direct clamping area. For the measuring, the maximum tensions in the clamping area at the sensitive module edge are decisive, whereas the tolerable tensions in the field area are only partially exploited. Fig. 4 clarifies this correlation for current module sizes. Whereas in case of the module size 1200x600x6,8 with 23,2 mm glass and 0,76 mm PVB encapsulant the tolerable tensions of float glass (without safety factor) are adhered to, they are significantly exceeded in case of the module size 1300x1100 with 23,2 mm glass and 0,76 mm PVB encapsulant. In the field area the tensions are on a level of about 40 % compared to the clamping area. Therefore, it seems consequent to relocate the module fastening away from the critical area at the edges of the module towards the inner area of the module surface. Appropriate solution approaches lie in a punctiform or linear mounting, with the fastening elements being glued to the lower side of the modules. Thus, the utilized adhesive has to be considered as the critical point, which has to durably transfer the stresses caused by external loads (self weight/wind/snow) as well as temperature-related restraints for the whole operational life span of the module. In that case two-component silicone adhesives are a good choice, as there is long-term
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Fig 5 Stresses with backrails (1400x1100x7,0).

Fig 6 Stresses with Optibond (1300x1100x7,0).

experience from the field of car production for these products. VHB Tapes showed a critical behaviour in internal applicability tests, whereas defined limit values concerning the tolerable shear stresses are available for short-term loads, the evaluation of permanent shear stress is more difficult. Typically, additional mechanical connections are required in this case. Fig. 5 shows tensions in the glass plate of a module equipped with two backrails and the measurements 1300x1100 as well as the shear stresses in the adhesive joint under DIN IEC load (5400 Pa). Even if the glass tensions in case of using backrails can be lowered significantly, permanent shear stresses from composite action arise. The shear stress level is 8-10 times higher than from downhill-slope forces. Shear stresses in the adhesive joint due to the laminate bearing effect between glass-glass-laminate and thermal
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restraints can be avoided by choosing spot fasteners in the optimum fastening spots instead of the linear mountings. Fig 6 shows the maximum tensions in a 1300x1100 mm and 3,2 mm glassglass-laminate with the Optibond system by the Schletter solar mounting GmbH (limited company) with a specific glueing area of 120 cm2 per fastening spot. Due to the system, the reduction of the tensions in the glass does not reach the level of the large-surface linear mounting of backrails. Anyway, the glass tensions are within the range of tolerable glass tensions. Due to a low material usage and a

significantly smaller glueing area the application of glued-on punctiform fasteners seems reasonable from an economic point of view, especially as no limitations concerning safety are to be expected. Conclusions Systematic numeric analyses allow the development of technically and economically optimized fastening strategies for frameless glass glass laminates. In the course of the examinations of the present report it could be shown that a change from a clamp fastening at the edges of the modules to glued punctiform fastenings allows a significant enlargement of the modules without an increase of the glass thicknesses. Based on this basic consideration, it is to be expected that in the future a module size will establish itself, which takes the general requirements of cost-efficiency and module handling into account.
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All pictures under the Copyright of Schletter

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Photovoltaic Safety and Performance Standards in a Global Market: The Challenge for Backsheet Manufacturers
MARINA TEMCHENKO

The broad global demand for installed solar energy is unprecedented. The rapid market growth has occurred in front of global standardization of module performance, most notably safety standards. The challenge for module manufacturers is to develop panels to meet safety and performance requirements that are not only unclear but vary by market region. Each of the three major consuming regions (Asia, North America, and Europe) have formed their own regional safety requirements. This evolution of safety requirements challenges the PV module manufacturer, who typically produces from a single plant location but supplies globally.

he real industrial cost for the undefined standards is, however, one level deeper. Over the last several years, numerous new polymeric materials have emerged for PV applications. This is a very positive phenomenon, as new materials allow for more choices and the potential to reach lower cost and higher performance products. However, both the test protocols and the interpretation of the results are far from ideal and it is difficult to ensure rigorous performance, when PV module manufacturers are challenged to make informed safety decisions. Material leaders, with long vested interest in the market, have done what they can to be proactive in this area. This includes, aggressively testing and certifying their backsheet products to exceed all current standards. In the interim, tests are being

Marina Temchenko received her M.Sci. in Polymer Chemistry from Moscow State University in Russia and is a Senior Scientist at Madico, Inc., 64 Industrial Pkwy, Woburn, MA 01801 USA; ph.: 781935-7850; email mtemchenko@madico.com

conducted in anticipation of how standards will evolve. The testing is long, expensive, and absolutely necessary to ensure material use with confidence on longevity in product safety and performance. Currently the IEC, UL and other certifying groups standards outline testing procedures for polymeric materials for PV applications and are used as guidelines. Some of the specific shortcomings in these standards are outlined below. Time required for TesTing compleTion: Current procedures such as Damp Heat, UV Exposure and other tests require 2-3 months for completion. Even

though current standards necessitate only 1000 hours of exposure to Damp Heat, backsheet and module manufacturers extend this procedure to 2000 hours or longer to ensure that the material performs adequately upon aging. Such lengthy procedures contribute to the delayed introduction of materials to the PV market. Most companies, in an attempt to shorten accelerated aging, utilize alternative test procedures. For example, HAST (highly accelerated stress test) has become popular among PV module component and PV modules manufacturers. However, the HAST procedure needs to be standardized and correlated with Damp Heat and outdoor performance. inTerpreTaTion of The requiremenTs: Some standards do not clearly define the per-

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formance expectations of polymeric materials upon completion of the tests. For example, backsheet manufacturers perform damp heat testing, then measure and report adhesion values between the layers of the backsheet or between the backsheet and the encapsulant as a function of exposure to damp heat. Currently, the damp heat test protocol does not indicate what results are expected at the end of the test. There needs to be unity between different parties, (including certifying agencies) about interpretation of the requirements described in the IEC and UL standards. For example, UL 746 C states that only materials directly exposed to sunlight have to be tested with respect to UV stability. This statement raises a lot of questions. Is this a requisite applicable to backsheets? How does the test need to be performed? Should it be done by a certifying agency or will the internal test results suffice? The Relative Thermal Index (RTI) value requirement is even more complicated. RTI is a measure of the thermal stability of the polymeric material and determines whether the material is suitable for continuous use at certain temperatures. Usually, backsheets are multilayer structures; currently, the standard states that the RTI value of one layer can be assigned to the full construction. It is unclear, however, which value should be assigned to the full construction in the case where individual layers possess different RTI values. Certifying agencies

offer different opinions on this matter. Flammability is certainly a key performance concern for solar modules and requires clear standards and testing protocols. For example, does the testing require the backsheets and components alike to meet ammability standards vs. testing the module as a whole? How will the standards be set when ammability requirements vary between regions? For example in North America the housing and building materials are wood based and tend to be more ammable. Additional requirements need to be taken into consideration, such as insulation properties that prevent arching, in the case where arching may occur, how does the material perform to resists ignition? This is a challenge for the industry to identify and set clear standards. Speed is another challenge in the PV module market. There are material answers to the ever-growing demands and niche needs of the PV Industry. Most of these materials are polymer-based and are subjected to the same slew of certification tests for each region. The certifying agencies that reside in various regions all have their own set of requirements and are not unified. All which lead to confusion and delay in the approval process. Lastly, performance standards need to respond to module evolution. The PV community is growing beyond module concept for small homes or communities. It is evolving into a differentiated portfolio of performance materials with the legs to help solve the complexity of reaching grid

parity. Certain new polymeric materials can provide the path to achieve this goal, but multiple certification processes will greatly delay their use. The PV community realizes these limitations and is working on new IEC documentation to address these and other concerns. Underwriters Laboratories (UL), a certifying body responsible for setting Safety Standards, is diligently working with various International standard groups to develop and initiate a unified requirements set. Doing this will ensure that solar panels meet all the needs of a global market. However, the timetable for the new standards that will bring relief to the highlighted challenges is a lengthy process. Until these standards and regulations are defined, the growth of the market and research and development of new products will face delays. The certification process and compliance will continue to be lengthy and costly. In the mean time, the current exponential growth of the PV industry is intensifying the strain on PV module and component manufacturers alike. In order to continue supporting the important, innovative efforts of the PV industry, a short term solution is required to screen and qualify much needed materials.
1. Madico US patent 6,319,596 2. N. Dhere, J. Wohlgemuth Design and Reliability of PV Modules WCPEC-4, Hawaii 2006 3. Madico US patent 7 ,579,083; 7 ,338,707] 4. M.Temchenko, et al New Materials For Protective Backing Sheets 21st EPVSEC Dresden 2006 5. M.Kempe, Design criteria for photovoltaic backsheet and front-sheet materials Photovoltaics . International journal, second edition, November 2008 6. Evelyn Butler, UL, Importance of Global Harmonization Efforts www.interpv.net

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Mitigating Project Risk and Uncertainty for Bankable Solar Project Assessment
MARIE SCHNITZER, DIRECTOR OF SOLAR SERVICES AT AWS TRUEPOWER, LLC

As solar projects are increasing in size and installed cost, a greater emphasis is being placed on having bankable or investment-grade analysis of the energy potential for the projects. A bankable assessment includes a robust analysis of all factors that influence energy production and the uncertainty associated with the variables in the analysis. These assessments are conducted by independent experts to provide a detailed review of the project and potential energy generation over the projected operational period, in most cases 25 years. Estimating the long-term solar resource and energy production for a solar projects expected output is an important step in the project development process.

An introduction to uncertainty and probability of exceedance The renewable energy financial community relies on energy estimates with a minimal level of uncertainty in order to minimize risk associated with funding projects.

The confidence in an energy estimate is quantified using the concept of probability of exeedance. Probability of exceedence is the level of confidence placed in an energy production estimate, and is expressed as a P-value. The P50 estimate is the amount

Fig. 1: Depiction of P50 and P90 with Higher and Lower Uncertainty.

of energy that can be expected with 50% confidence and represents the best guess estimate. Other P-values are typically used represent higher confidence estimates. The P95, for example, is a more conservative (and therefore lower) estimate representing the amount of energy that can be expected with 95% confidence. The energy difference between the P50 and a higher-confidence estimate such as the P95 is determined by the uncertainty in energy production. As shown in Figure 1, the greater the uncertainty, the greater the difference between the P95 and P50 estimates in order to achieve 95% confidence. Conversely, lower uncertainty corresponds to increased confidence in the solar resource and associated energy estimate. For financing decisions, the analysis typically includes the use of more conservative estimates to develop an understanding of energy generation potential, and thus, the potential revenue of the project. For this reason, minimizing the uncertainty associated with the solar resource and associated energy estimate has become a priority for project developers. The collection of on-site data can significantly reduce the uncertainty in energy production estimates, which reduces the development risk and may make a project more attractive to financing institutions. Figure 2 demonstrates how the collection of onsite data may increase energy estimates for some typical P-values.
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Fig. 2: Difference between P-Values for Typical Site for Site with and without On-Site Data.

energy production relate to the assumptions made in the energy estimation process. Uncertainty is associated with plant loss assumptions, including the degradation rate of photovoltaic panels over time. The energy-to-solar resource ratio should also be considered in computing energy production uncertainty. Although these sources of uncertainty are important and should not be ignored, their overall combined magnitude tends to be less significant than the uncertainty associated with the solar resource. Note these factors are site specific and dependent on the selected technology. Once quantified, the individual uncertainties from all factors are combined to obtain the overall energy production uncertainty. In order to demonstrate the importance of the solar resource component on energy production uncertainty, a case study is presented for an example site in the United States southwest region. Solar Resource Data Careful consideration is needed to select the most appropriate data for estimating the long-term solar resource. Multiple sources of data of varying qualities may exist, including satellite modeled data, measured data from nearby reference stations, and on-site measured data. The quality and uncertainties with each of these data sources are discussed below. Modeled data is available from a variety of private and public sources. Modeled data sets have inherently more uncertainty than measured data. As an example, Figure 3 shows the average annual global horizontal irradiation (GHI) for several typical meteorological year (TMY3) data sets near Dallas, Texas. The TMY3 data sets were obtained from the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB). The magnitude of the solar resource varies widely between data sets, all of which may be selected by a project developer to represent the solar and meteorological conditions at a project site in that city. Within a 70 kilometer distance, the estimated solar resource varies by up to 14% between the sites, which will result in substantially different energy estimates depending on the data set used for the energy modeling. Measured data can be useful because of the representativeness of regional clienergetica india

Fig. 3: Annual GHI of Seven NSRDB TMY3 Data Sets Near Dallas, TX.

Solar Energy Projections and Uncertainty Analysis The amount of uncertainty associated with an energy estimate is affected by a variety of factors. The individual uncertainties associated with these contributing factors are combined to obtain the overall uncertainty in energy production. Of these, one of the most significant drivers is the uncertainty in the sites solar resource. While the industry often relies on modeled data to estimate the on-site solar resource, uncertainty in energy estimates can be further reduced by on-site monitoring. In most cases, modeled data is recommended for prospecting and not considered bankable.
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FOR FINANCING DECISIONS, THE ANALYSIS TYPICALLY INCLUDES THE USE OF MORE CONSERVATIVE ES TIMATES TO DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF ENERGY GENERATION POTENTIAL, AND THUS, THE POTENTIAL REVENUE OF THE PROJECT
Contributing factors to solar resource uncertainty include the data source used to estimate the solar resource, interannual variability, representativeness of monitoring period, and spatial variability. Other factors affecting the uncertainty in

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AN APPROPRIATELY DESIGNED SOLAR MONITORING CONFIGURATION CONTRIBUTES TO HIGH-QUALITY DATA COLLECTION

relatively short period of record and a reference site with a much longer period of record. The reference site may be either a nearby reference station or satellite-modeled data. The complete record of the reference site is then used with this relationship to calculate the estimated long-term historical climate at the target site. Case Study to Demonstrate Reduced Uncertainty An assessment of the long-term solar resource and associated uncertainty was conducted as an example site in the United States Desert Southwest using modeled and measured data. Two sources of modeled data were considered: a long-term record of satellite modeled data and the nearest NSRDB TMY3 data set. These data sources are often used as input into energy assessment models. An independent estimate of energy production uncertainty

mates, relatively high availability of hourly solar radiation data, proximity to specific project locations, and extensive periods of record. Factors to consider when using reference station data include the stations proximity to the project site, the length of the period of record, and the quality of the equipment and processes employed at the station. All of these impact the uncertainty in solar resource estimated from a nearby reference station, which will in turn affect the uncertainty of corresponding energy production estimates. On-site data collection is generally regarded as a more accurate assessment of the solar resource than satellite-modeled or surface-based public data source, which can lead to more confidence in corresponding energy estimates. An appropriately designed solar monitoring configuration contributes to highquality data collection. Typical parameters to measure include global and diffuse horizontal irradiance, from which direct normal irradiance can be calculated. This can be accomplished by using a rotating shadowband radiometer equipped with industry standard pyranometers. Measurement of other climatological parameters used in the energy estimation process is recommended, including temperature, precipitation, and wind speed and direction. Protocols outlining the installation and commissioning of systems need to be documented to support a high quality program. Regular site maintenance, including cleaning and leveling of the pyranometers, ensures that on-site data is not influenced by soiling or alignment of the sensors. In order to accurately characterize the on-site climate, a minimum of a year of data collection is recommended. A method that can be used to estimate the long-term solar resource using on-site data is the measure-correlatepredict (MCP) method. For this method a linear regression relationship is established between the measurement site with a
energetica india

THE UNCERTAINTY IN THE SOLAR RESOURCE WITH FOR THIS LOCATION WITH ON-SITE DATA WITH A HIGH QUALITY PROGRAM IS APPROXIMATELY 5%. ASSUMING NOMINAL UNCERTAINTY FOR OTHER FACTORS IN THE ENERGY ESTIMATION PROCESS, ENERGY UNCERTAINTY IS APPROXIMATELY 7%
was conducted in parallel using on-site data and the MCP method. Annual solar irradiance is presented as the percentage of the on-site-MCP-estimated value. Satellite-modeled data sets were examined to estimate the long-term resource by extracting data for the grid cell covering the site. The mean annual GHI from the long-term record was then calculated and used to represent a model-based estimate of long-term annual solar radiation. Uncertainty in the solar resource was estimated to be 8.5%. The nearest NSRDB TMY3 data set was acquired to calculate the total annual GHI for the integer year. The nearest TMY3 data was approximately 10 km from the example project site. Uncertainty ranges from 8 to 11% for this date source, which

is comparable to the uncertainty associated with the long-term satellite-modeled data. Assuming nominal uncertainty for other factors in the energy estimation process, energy uncertainty ranges from approximately 9% to 12%. The on-site measured data at the Desert Southwest site was collected for a period of a full year. All solar radiation measurements were sampled using an industry-standard rotating shadowband radiometer system. Solar and meteorological measurements were scrutinized through a rigorous validation process, including evaluation of reasonableness, verification of completeness, and comparison with high-quality reference data sources. The uncertainty in the solar resource with for this location with on-site data with a high quality program is approximately 5%. Assuming nominal uncertainty for other factors in the energy estimation process, energy uncertainty is approximately 7%. The uncertainty for energy estimates for this project site was reduced up to 5% by having on-site data. Summary When evaluating and projecting long term energy estimates, it is important to evaluate all variables and their uncertainty for a high quality analysis. The solar resource is a critical variable in this analysis and its uncertainty needs to be assessed for an investment grade review. On-site measurements can decrease the uncertainty in the solar resource and the resultant energy production. A high quality on-site data collection program can reduce the uncertainty in the long-term solar resource to less than 5% in some cases. This will have a large impact on the energy uncertainty, depending on the quality of modeled or measured data available for a particular region or site. For regions with little or no measured irradiance data, on-site measurement programs are needed to improve the characterization of a sites energy generation potential.

A HIGH QUALITY ON-SITE DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM CAN REDUCE THE UNC ERTAINTY IN THE LONG-TERM SOLAR RESOURCE TO LES S THAN 5%
JULY|AUGUST11 53

SOLARPOWER

Photovoltaic Impulse to Rural and Remote Electrification

JOSE LUIS IRIBARREN, DR. RAQUEL FERRET, ZIGOR

Cost of energy generation from renewable sources per kW installed and per kWh generated evolves towards real competitive grid parity when compared to traditional forms of generation, and this new scenario is changing the decision making criteria of new investments in electricity generation and infrastructure. The challenge of real distributed generation is breaking throughboth in remote grid-less sites and populated grids in developed countries. The hybridizing of electricity generation is no longer a technological challenge, but an opportunity to feasibly choose the most cost-competitive investment and lowest possible kWh for each case. Complementary to our domestic string inverter and commercial high power grid tie ones, Zigor has developed the technological family of products to provide the best solution to build cost competitive remote electrification systems in the power range of a few kW to 1.6 MVA. Our hybrid inverters, plus a design and dimensioning simulation tool delivers an optimum Return on Investment (RoI).

he cost reduction of electricity generation from solar and wind electricity generation, together with the world initiative and concern with CO2 emissions reduction and environmental barriers to expand existing grid infrastructures, are slowly facilitating the development of new more atomized forms of distributed generation, which are increasingly green-based. Renewable energy sources are, unfortunately, neither manageable nor available on demand. So, some forms of storage or hybridizing with other energy sources are required to guarantee the demand, which normally follows a totally different profile to the generation one. Static power electronic converters are challenging traditional generation techniques, especially when storage and active regulation are necessary, either to balance demand and generation or to mix green-based sources with fuel-based if possible. Altogether, these new world circumstances are changing the way that electricity industry will develop in the near future. Zigor has been investigating and developing new concepts and solutions to facili54 JULY|AUGUST11

commonly done by integrating standard existing products available in the market. However, what Zigor introduces as innovation is the possibility to continuously add energy to meet the demand of user from the available energy sources: grid, generator, solar, wind and battery, and do that following a customizable or cost function defined to have the lowest possible cost of the demanded energy.
Figure 1- HIT hybrid converter for PV, battery and Diesel Gen.

tate the integration of the new economically feasible forms of energy generation. Energy Hybridization Flexible DC & AC/DC/AC converter capable of processing both DC and AC forms of energy, opens new fields of energy management and energy storage As an example, in figure 1, we present the HITC system that is also capable of continuously regulating the energy flows from different inputs (generation) to the multiple outputs (consumer). The simple idea of combining fuelbased and renewable sources in alternating or direct current forms is today very

Application and Architecture Starting from this general hybridization concept, Zigor has developed a series of products to fulfill different customers requirements, which means to adapt this concept to different power values, solar and/or wind resources as well as the physical grid distribution. Telecom Hybrid off-grid: Hybrid topologies are normally designed to bring energy to remote sites where the grid is not available and therefore energy supply is a challenge in terms of reliability and cost. Different combinations of input energy sources can be used with Zigor HIT, which is very flexible and scalable to meet growing energy demand over time. UTiliTies compaTible rUral elecTrificaTion
energetica india

SOLARPOWER

The HITC (Hybrid Inverter for Three phase Centralized micro-grid) has been especially designed for this application, suitable for small villages and small and medium industries where power availability from the grid is low. HITC is able to manage the energy irrespective of the utility or the renewable source combined with a battery back-up (for unpredictable peak demands), also offers a valuable UPS function to critical load. disTribUTed micro grids Combination of renewable energy and battery power with either grid or diesel generated power, many times means large areas for distribution of both the generation and the consumers, especially in remote rural electrification. To deal with this situation Zigor has introduced HITD (Hybrid Inverter for Three phase Distributed micro-grid) in the power range of 200kVA to 1600kVA. HITD allows scattered distribution of the generation and loads maintaining the grid stability.

Figure 2- Remote Telecom Site Powered by Zigor Hybrid System

Outstanding adhesion and high peel strength

Dealership inquiry are welcomed in unrepresented states

www.solarindia.net

SOLARPOWER

New Investment in Thin Film Capacity FastChanging PV Cost and Capacity Landscape
CHRIS OBRIEN, HEAD OF MARKET DEVELOPMENT, OERLIKON SOLAR

The year 2010 was one of the most successful years for the global PV industry, with annual capacity installations growing by more than 100 percent to about 16,000 MW. The year 2011 is expected to see about 21,000 MW of PV capacity added across the globe, which would mean a moderate annual growth of 31 percent.

espite these positive market expectations, 2011 will be a year of transition for the solar PV industry as new markets emerge and some existing markets retrench. This years 5th Renewable Energy India 2011 Expo (10 - 12 August 2011) is expected to attract an impressive number of exhibitors and visitors which reflects the continued growth of the PV industry, notwithstanding some of the near-term market uncertainties. Approximately 600 exhibitors from around the globe are expected to attend the exhibition. One theme that has constantly emerged during recent gatherings of the global solar industry community and the 5th Renewable Energy India 2011 Expo will be no exception is the expectation that PV module prices will continue to decrease in the second half of year 2011. Expectations are that prices will approach 1.0 to 1.1 later this year, or even lower. Industry experts see this trend being driven by a reduction in FIT levels in various key markets. The UK government for example has announced plans to drastically reduce the support for solar power for large-scale plants from 250 kW by about 70 percent. Germany accounted for about 50 percent of global PV installations in 2010, but future market growth in Germany is uncertain given the German governments decision to reduce FIT by 13 percent in January 2011 with another significant reduction scheduled for mid-2011. Italy, another key European market, also reduced the FIT as part of the Conto Energia (Energy Bill) enacted in May, 2011. In 2011, the FIT will be reduced periodically in three steps: by 5 - 25 percent for rooftop installations and by 5 - 27 percent for ground-mounted sys56 JULY|AUGUST11

Chris OBrien is head of market development for Oerlikon Solar, and is based in Washington, DC. He has held senior management positions with leading solar PV companies including Sharp Solar and BP Solar since 1995. Chris has previous career experience in the energy efficiency and independent power industries. He holds an engineering degree from Dartmouth College and an MBA from Stanford University.

tems. Another factor for the expected decrease of PV module prices is the strategic build-up of new low-cost and large scale manufacturing capacity. In this context, it was significant and interesting that Oerlikon Solar recently announced the sale of a 120 MW ThinFab thin film silicon manufacturing plant to a customer in Asia, the hot-bed of low-cost GW-scale crystalline PV. This announcement is evidence that PV manufacturing companies who are facing new competitive pressures are exploring alternative

routes to remain competitive in the fastchanging PV industry landscape. Discussions with industry experts during Intersolar Europe revealed that many leading c-Si companies are currently taking a closer look at thin film to complement their current product line, seeking ways to provide a full range of products and technologies that can best meet customers needs. So what is driving this renewed interest in thin film technologies, even at a time when the industry faces an over-supply of conventional crystalline PV modules? There are several specific factors: GW competitiveness at a marketentry scale. Leading manufacturing solutions for thin film are able to deliver a competitive manufacturing cost even at a scale of operation that is much smaller than todays industry leaders. For example, the 0.50/Wp cost of ownership for Oerlikon Solars ThinFab (annual production capacity of 120 MW) is competitive with the production cost of best-inclass crystalline PV factories operating at a scale of 1-2 GW per year. Cost reduction potential. While both crystalline and thin film technologies have succeeded in achieving extraordinary cost reductions in the past 2 - 3 years, many experts believe that thin film technologies have even more opportunity for significant further cost reduction, as they are less mature in commercial production. Better suited for emerging markets in sunbelt regions. Thin films favorable temperature coefficient efficient results in higher expected energy output in high temperature conditions that are prevalent in many emerging sunbelt reenergetica india

gion markets. Shorter energy payback time, viewed as a key long term sustainability factor. Due to a simpler manufacturing process and reduced use of materials, thin film silicon has an energy payback time of under one year, significantly shorter than conventional crystalline PV. Aesthetic advantage. Thin films uniform dark module appearance is preferred by end customers for some applications, particularly where PV modules are integrated directly into building facades or rooftops. Once manufacturers have decided to diversify or enter into thin film PV manufacturing, many find that the most efficient and cost effective way to access a competitive technology and get their new fab up and running is to invest in a turnkey manufacturing line from a PV equipment supplier. Oerlikon Solars recent announcement of a sale of a turnkey ThinFab line to a customer in Asia is an example of this trend. Reasons for choosing this path include the following: 1. Accelerated market entry. A turnkey line purchase offers a much lower-risk and accelerated pathway for existing or new PV manufacturers who are looking to diversify or enter into thin film module manufacturing. Turnkey customers benefit from a well-established and proven technology platform, and many years of experience in ramping up other plants around the world. 2. Plant performance certainty. The equipment vendor is able to provide its turnkey customers with plantlevel performance guarantees, including overall line yield, throughput and average module power. Such guarantees are not available for customers who elect to purchase equipment only. 3. Virtual scale advantages. A turnkey line provides the customer with access to some other benefits that are associated with a common technology platform. For example a common bill of materials across several hundred MW of capacity at numerous turnkey sites provides significant leverage for negotiating lower material costs, typically representing over 50% of the cost of a thin film module. Note that the turnkey solution for thin film manufacturing is not the preferred choice in all cases. Some thin film manufacturers prefer to procure proprietary or individual manufacturing tools and take on themselves the risk of process integration and plant start-up. Nevertheless, the turnkey model is a viable pathway to competitive thin film manufacturing that is best-suited for many companies. The recent months have shown both the resiliency and the long-term growth potential of PV, and thin film is increasingly seen as a viable way to remain competitive in the fast-changing global market, based on its advantage in low production cost and energy performance advantages.
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WINDPOWER

Riding out the Gridlock

TOBIAS GEHLHAAR GL RENEWABLES CERTIFICATION

The rapid expansion of wind energy is putting a severe strain on the electricity distribution networks. Wind turbines have to stay grid-compatible.

here are dates you never forget like 14 August 2003. Shortly after 4 p.m., the electricity grid in the U.S. northeast and the adjoining Canadian province of Ontario collapsed entirely. The blackout, which went down in history as one of the most extensive ever to occur in the U.S.A., cut off the power to 50 million people. As is true for many countries around the world, the energy supply in the United States is faced with a major transformation. Wind energy is increasingly beginning to replace the conventional power generation technologies, with the installed wind power capacity already exceeding 40 gigawatts. The utilisation of wind energy requires that wind turbines operate in a grid-compatible manner and that they are able to deal with grid faults. GL Renewables Certification has now revised its GL Wind Technical Note 065 on the grid compatibility of electrical power generation systems which includes wind turbines and adapted its technical requirements to refl ect the needs of the North American market. The design criteria, tests and certifi cations can therefore be applied to 60-hertz technology. Balancing the Grid Even if widespread grid failures such as the 2003 blackout are absolute rarities, the grid operator must be able to rely on the wind turbines to get the grid up and humming again in the event of a problem, says grid expert Tobias Gehlhaar of
58 JULY|AUGUST11

GL Renewables Certifi cation. The grid operators keep generation capacity in reserve to prevent a blackout. And if a grid fault does arise, the wind turbines must carry on running called riding through the low-voltage fault and must supply power to stabilise the grid during the fault and again after the fault. To keep a grid operating robustly, the dispatchers in the grid control centres have to keep the system frequency within a narrow band. In normal cases, it is suffi cient to connect or disconnect electrical consumers, hence balancing out the operational parameters. It must be possible to control wind farms to meet the grid requirements i.e. reduce their output when the frequency is too high. Both external and internal factors can upset the balance. If the grid should happen to collapse, modern wind turbines must remain online and able to deliver active current immediately, which was not a requirement in previous years. Some grid operators also require that the turbines be able to deliver reactive power, says Gehlhaar. The requirements set by the various grid operators with respect to the grid compatibility of wind turbines tend to differ in terms of the details. This turns the certifi cation of wind turbines in the United States into an extremely demanding task. The situation in the U.S.A. is certainly complicated, agrees Charlie Smith, CEO of the Utility Wind Integration Group (UWIG). This interest group says that there are as many as 178 grid operators in the

U.S.A. Requirements for the grid technology have thus far only been formulated in FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) Order 661-A for the low-voltage grid. At the National Environment Research Council (NERC), a task force is working on a grid code for the transmission lines. In the estimation of the UWIG, it could take years before this project is completed. Calculated Short-Circuit Nevertheless, it is possible to proceed without a uniform national grid code. GL Renewables Certifi cation offers type certification for wind turbines as well as project certification for wind farms worldwide as a system service. For this, we need the precise grid code for that special region, GL expert Gehlhaar points out. The service offering of GL also includes the validation of software models. In the American wind energy industry, this usually involves the simulation of a grid failure, with a subsequent test of the turbines grid compatibility. With a mobile fault ride-through test container of GL Garrad Hassan America, these simulations can be checked in the field with a real emergency. A shortcircuit is produced on purpose, which in reality would be equivalent to a grid fault. The turbine then runs under no-load conditions and must withstand this situation without difficulty. According to Gehlhaar, clear-cut criteria have been set. We look at the fi nal result. The plant must not go into overspeed and fall down.
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WINDPOWER

High Temperature Superconductors Enable the Worlds Largest and Most Powerful Wind Turbine
MARTIN FISCHER, VICE PRESIDENT OF AMERICAN SUPERCONDUCTOR, GENERAL MANAGER OF AMSC AUSTRIA AND SUDHIR GADH, COUNTRY MANAGER, INDIA, AMERICAN SUPERCONDUCTOR

In its nascent stages today, the offshore wind power market is expected to enter a period of rapid and prolonged growth beginning within the next several years. The development of higher capacity wind energy systems will be required to fully capitalize on this vast clean energy resource.

eflecting the scope of the growth expected for this market, industry research firm IHS Emerging Energy Research, currently projects that global offshore installed capacity will increase to approximately 20 GW by 2015 and rise sharply to 104 GW by 2025. Until now, among the greatest challenges to developing larger wind turbines for both onshore and offshore use have been the practical size and weight limitations of the wind turbine generator. The power density advantage of superconductors, however, is now being applied to wind turbine generators to maximize the power per tower of multi-megawatt turbines, while at the same time overcoming size and weight barriers and reducing overall project costs. Utilizing superconductor direct drive generators, SeaTitan wind turbines are being designed to produce 10 megawatts (MW) or more of power which would make them the worlds largest and most powerful wind turbines. Superconductor Turbines for the Offshore Environment American Superconductor (AMSC) is developing the SeaTitan wind energy system by combining the companys worldrenowned wind turbine engineering experience with its leadership in the superconductor arena. The superconductor generators to be used in SeaTitan wind turbines are based largely on proven superconductor ship propulsion motors and generator technology developed by AMSC for the United States Navy. The unique power density of superconductors will enable a 10 MW SeaTitan wind turbine to be similar in weight and size to a conventional
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5 MW system. This breakthrough wind turbine will significantly lower offshore wind development and maintenance costs and create a path forward to wind generator power ratings of 10 MW and beyond. Offshore wind energy has many advantages compared to onshore, including higher wind speeds with less intermittency and greater availability of space. In addition to offering aesthetic advantages, offshore sites also are typically located in closer proximity to high power demand population centers. While the size of the worlds offshore resource is huge, the costs of capitalizing on this market currently are about 50 percent higher compared to onshore wind development on a first-cost basis. Part of this added cost premium is due to less than optimal adaptation of conventional technology with ad hoc design modifications such as sealed nacelles and special access platforms for maintenance purposes. Because the majority of costs associated with offshore wind are related to installation and the subsea support structures, the most effective way to reduce costs is by maximizing the amount of power per tower produced by each turbine such as achieved by utilizing superconductor generators. Power Density of Superconductors to Enable Power Ratings of 10 MW and Beyond Wind turbines being employed today for the offshore market are currently limited to power ratings of approximately 5 - 6 MW in capacity, partly due to the fact the drive trains for these conventional multi-MW turbines are very heavy and

have unresolved reliability issues. Allowance for tolerances and deformations in large generators reduce the effectiveness of Permanent Magnet (PM) generators. What is needed to fully capitalize on the opportunity presented by offshore wind is the design of special purpose machines with inherent high efficiency and lower maintenance requirements. The generator developed by AMSC achieves this by utilizing the companys Amperium high temperature superconductor (HTS) wire, which is capable of conducting more than 100 times the electrical current (amperage) of copper wire of the same dimensions. The resulting power density of these systems compared to conventional generators using copper wire will break this existing power rating barrier and enable these smaller-sized turbines that are capable of producing more power per tower. By eliminating copper in the turbine rotor and instead using superconductor rotors, the wind generator is not only much smaller and lighter, but more efficient and less expensive than conventional largescale wind turbine generators. Efficiency is further enhanced and manufacturing and maintenance costs reduced in the SeaTitan wind turbine design by using a direct drive generator, thus eliminating the complex turbine gearbox, which tends to be the most maintenance intensive wind turbine component. Superconductor technology has already been proven numerous times in many applications, including large-scale power cables and rotating machine platforms such as large ship propulsion motors. In fact, a 36.5 MW superconductor ship propulsion motor designed and manufactured by AMSC
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CM

MY

CY

CMY

www.cleanenergyexpoasia.com

Part of

31 October - 4 November 2011 www.siew.sg

Clean Energy Expo Asia (CEEA) is the premier trade fair and conference in the Asia-Pacific region, bringing together the leading players from the technology, services, finance and governmental sectors, in order to address key issues in the areas of renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable mobility solutions. In 2010, CEEA brought together more than 5,000 clean energy professionals from 55 countries worldwide, 74% of whom are key decision makers and influencers.

Why you should exhibit:

Position your company as the leading brand for future energy solutions in Asia Pacific. Align your brand with an event that has its pulse on global environmental and energy issues. Hear from over 150 global thought leaders on cutting-edge topics at our Conference and TechTalks. Meet with industry leaders, policy and decision makers at high profile networking events.

Reserve your exhibition space today!

Mr Shigeki Maeda, Managing Director, Japan External Trade Organization ( JETRO), Singapore Representative Office.

In partnership with

Supported by

Held in

Jointly organized by Eileen Hair Tel: +65 6500 6719 Fax: +65 6296 2771 e.hair@koelnmesse.com.sg Jennifer Chiah Tel: +65 6500 6738 Fax: +65 6296 2771 j.chiah@koelnmesse.com.sg

The Japanese Government is putting a lot of emphasis on clean energy industry development. With some of the most advanced clean energy technologies in the market, Japanese companies are keen to showcase their expertise to the ASEAN region. The exhibiting companies at the Japan Pavilion have expressed their satisfaction with the opportunities presented at this event.

2011
SUNTEC, Singapore

1 3 November

WINDPOWER

for the U.S. Navy successfully completed the Navys full-load power testing in January 2009. These machines are now ready for deployment. The weight savings attributable to HTS technology allows the SeaTitan wind turbine generator to be placed directly above the tower. This enables improved mainframe design and direct load transfer from the hub to the tower offering. In most existing offshore wind turbines, a major failure mode is caused by the defl ections of the rotor shaft. To reduce damage, the housing of the gearboxes or generators could be decoupled from the mainframe, but only in a complex way. This is not needed for the superconductor generators because their large airgap can absorb all defl ections, allowing the generator housing to be directly integrated in the wind turbine mainframe. This factor, combined with the signifi cantly small generator diameter, is the primary contributor to the strength, light weight and small size of the SeaTitan wind turbine design. Further, the SeaTitan wind turbine requires only one main bearing configuration. New Technology Paradigm on the Horizon The SeaTitan wind turbine additionally incorporates a number of design solutions that ensure redundancy of its operation. For example, the cryogenic cooling system for the HTS generator achieves high reliability by employing n+1 modular, single-stage Gifford McMahon (GM) coolers and long-life seals in its helium transfer coupling. In fact, in AMSCs experience with cooling transfer systems in both HTS transmission and large rotating machines, the reliability of this component
62 JULY|AUGUST11

has proven to be excellent. The SeaTitan wind turbine design, which is equipped with more than one cryogenically cooled surface, also promotes efficiency and eases maintenance. Having more than one cryogenically cooled surface in series allows each of these surfaces to work less to lower the temperature of the cryogenic fluid. Also, if one cryogenically cooled surface malfunctions, the redundancy in the system will be able to overcome the loss. The refrigeration system additionally has no unusual environmental requirement or impact due to the required cryogenic cooling components for an HTS generator. In fact, most serviceable components are placed at the bottom of the tower for easy access. These accessible components include power converters, compressors for cryogenic cooling, the control cabinet, and switchgear. Superconductor Turbines Entering Prototype Stage In addition to the SeaTitan wind turbine, as part of its Windtec product line, AMSC provides a variety of licenses and customized designs for onshore and offshore turbines. More than a dozen wind turbine manufacturers today are utilizing the companys suite of conventional wind turbines with power ratings up to 6 MW. The company also provides extensive customer support services through manufacturing scale up as well as advanced electrical control systems for each wind turbine that its customers produce. The SeaTitan wind turbine will have an initial design capacity of 10 MW with a 190-meter rotor. AMSC recently acquired a 25 percent stake in UK-based Blade Dynamics Ltd. which has developed wind

turbine blade technologies designed to increase the efficiency and performance of multi-megawatt wind turbines while also reducing costs. In addition to providing AMSC wind turbine design licensees with a differentiated blade offering, Blade Dynamics unique technology will also provide a compelling blade platform for the SeaTitan wind turbine. The tower can rest on conventional jacket foundations and deep water foundations of various types. AMSC expects to select its first SeaTitan wind turbine licensee in the months ahead. It will then work with this customer to establish a full supply chain for this wind turbine, including a manufacturer for the SeaTitan generator. AMSC expects that its licensees will enter full-volume production by mid-decade. The Global Race While Europe has traditionally been the leader in the offshore wind market, the rest of the world is moving aggressively to catch-up. Currently, Indias wind power plants are limited to onshore today, but the country, with its 7,000 km of coastline, has incredible offshore potential. Offshore wind power expected to enter a period of rapid and prolonged growth. Right now, the global race is anyones to win. The nation that can seize a leadership role will not only create and industry and thousands of jobs for years to come but will also boast a lowered cost of energy, cleaner power and a path towards energy independence. If India moves forward with offshore with the same momentum that it approached the onshore wind industry, it could be a major contender in the offshore race.
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4 International Expo & Summit

th

10 - 12 November 2011 Mumbai Exhibition Centre, Goregaon (E), Mumbai

Concurrent to Power India 2011

- Wind energy - Photovoltaic - Energy Efficiency - Biomass and Energy from Waste - Co-generation - Solar Thermal - Renewable Energy Services - Geothermal - Wave and Tidal Energy - Alternative Fules
Organised by Supported by

Official Magazine

Media Partner

OCEANPOWER

Creating Power from the Seas

BHARAT VASANDANI - ENERGETICA INDIA

The global demand for energy is rising rapidly. Fuel costs are escalating and will continue to do so for an indefinite future. In addition to this rising costs of fuel, the globe is also facing damaging effects of coal burning which contributes to the global warming and the destruction of the ozone layer.

n order to prevent the environmental disaster predicted by scientists around the world, countries are pushing non-conventional energy technologies with favorable policies, feed-in-tariffs. The world has already seen rise and maturity of some such technologies including wind energy and hydro power plants. Others such as solar and biomass are finding their feet in many countries. Another new technology coming to the forefront is energy generation from the sea, wave energy. The World Energy Council estimates that 2TWh of energy could be harvested from the worlds oceans, the equivalent of twice the worlds electricity production. So what is stopping the world from going ahead on this environment friendly energy technology? The challenges have been: Sensitivity to weather conditions Expensive technology Wave energy (like many other renewable sources) is unlikely to be economically competitive with conventional generation in its present form. One of the companies finding solutions to these answers is SDE Energy Ltd from Israel. SDE Energy is a leader in the planning, building and marketing of power stations producing power from sea waves. Mr.Shmuel Ovadia, Managing Director of SDE Energy has developed a patented method of electricity from sea wave energy. SDE Energy was formed to meet the important challenges of these market demands, while positively impacting the environment we all share says Mr.Ovadia. The company aims to help developing countries into 100% integrated clean industries and support energy conservation, efficiency and renewable energy programs. SDE Energy is involved in building and operating sea wave power plants in any interested country where the government is ready to sign a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA).
64 JULY|AUGUST11

The company then intends to raise funds based on the PPA. Our rates will be much lower than rates seen from coal, gas, solar or wind energy says Mr. Mr.Ovadia. SDEs method consists of using sea wave motion to generate hydraulic pressure, which is then transformed into electricity. The system takes advantage of the waves speed, height, depth, rise and fall and the flow beneath the approaching wave thus producing energy. The system generates pressurization of ocean water which in turn causes pressure on hydraulic oil. This activates a hydraulic motor which produces electricity. The uniqueness of this method is that the process collects energy, not only from the visible surface waves but also from power below the surface, inherent in ocean waves. The power harnessed from below the surface is far greater than which could be harnessed from the surface wave alone. This results in constant electricity production; despite the inconsistent nature of the sea. The system consists of only 10% of components immersed in the seawater; with few moving parts consisting mainly of standard hydraulic and electrical equipment. This method for harnessing energy from sea waves has received approval from the Chief Scientist of Israels Ministry of Industry and Trade. Nine energy modules have been built and tested; with a full-scale 60kW

oceanfront model operating in Israels Jaffa port for almost s year. Initial support came from Chief Scientist of Israels Ministry of Industry and Trade with a funding of $2 million. The company has now received a basic approval for a 20 year franchise from the Israeli Ministry of Infrastructure to build a sea wave power plant in the capacity of 10MW with an option to increase to 50MW at the sea port. We guarantee the lowest prices in the market, effective construction and minimal operating costs says Mr. Mr.Ovadia. According to his calculations, the erection cost of one MW SDE Energy power station is $650,000 and the production cost of electricity is 6 cents $/kWh. For a 100MW, the company estimates the total cost to be approximately $65 million to be built within 24 months. The generation will be approximately 591.3 million kWh units per year; assuming days with waves being 75% and plant efficiency to be 90%. The technology, according to the company, is environment friendly, generates electricity at a low cost, with low maintenance and operating costs and relatively short construction time. Overall the system turns out to be more efficient than any other method known to date and generates power even when there are no waves. SDE Energy Ltd envisions constructing sea power plants and selling electricity to the utilities across the globe. The company is entering the Indian market through projects in Gujarat and Maharashtra. SDE Energy has signed a MOU with the Gujarat State Government for a 5MW wave energy power plant and a 10MW in Maharashtra for which the company is in discussion with power trading institution in India. The Indian projects are in process of obtaining PPA, and land use rights from the government. Besides Israel and India, SDE Energy is present in 10 other countries.
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PROCESSENGINEERING

Practical Thermal Profile Expectations in a Dual Lane Dual Speed Reflow Oven
FRED DIMOCK, MGR. PROCESS TECHNOLOGY BTU INTERNATIONAL, INC. FDIMOCK@BTU.COM

Dual lane reflow ovens have been available for numerous years. Their purpose is to increase production in a single reflow oven by allowing two boards to be run at the same time in parallel. Until recently circuit board manufacturers have been limited to processing the same boards or boards with like mass in each of the lanes, but dual lane reflow ovens with independent lane speeds now make it possible to run boards with larger differences.

ow that we have the ability to run different speeds in each lane it is the process engineers responsibility to develop the recipe that will satisfy both boards. The following gives practical insight into a method to obtain this recipe. To begin it is important to understand the factors that affect the transfer of thermal energy from the heater in a convection oven to the board. In most cases reflow oven fans push gas (air or nitrogen) across a heated electric coil to increase its temperature. Then the hot gas is distributed to the product thru a series of holes in an orifice plate, as shown below.

components t = time the board is in the heat A = the surface area the heat sees T = the temperature difference between the gas (convection) and the board When we move the board parameters to one side of the equation and the oven parameters to the other side we get: q = t T aA

This new study varied the belt speed from 30 IPM to 60 IPM on a 75gm, 360gm and 520gm board with eutectic and lead free recipes on a Pyramax 150 12 Zone nitrogen reflow oven. The change in peak temperature, time above liquidus and soak time of each combination was recorded. Eutectic Recipe The first step in the trial was to establish a baseline recipe that produced a standard ramp-soak-spike profile with the 360 gram board at 45 IPM as shown in figure A. The peak temp was targeted at 220C, time above liquidus (TAL) at 60 sec., and the time between 140 and 170C at 70 seconds.

By introducing a heavier or lighter board to the equation the a and A factors change. The thermal energy absorbed by the board (q) then adjusts so the equation remains balanced. This change in thermal energy (q) results in a different board temperature. To maintain the board temperature we must change either the zone set points (T) or belt speed (t). Application When running a new board in a single lane oven, we adjust the profile by modifying the set points T) and/or the belt speed (t) to obtain the correct profile. But if we run two different boards in a dual lane oven, we can only change the belt speed because both lanes see the same temperature (set points). In August of 2009 a report was published by BTU(1) that showed how changing the belt speed, zone set points and convection rate affected a solder reflow profile. It looked at how the furnace settings affected the peak temperature, time above liquidus and uniformity of two SMT boards. With the advent of the dual speed dual lane we decided to do an in depth study changing just the belt speed on three boards.

Figure A. Eutectic Base line profile 360 gram board

The equation that describes the transfer of energy from the hot gas to the board is well known:
q = a t A T where q = the thermal energy being transferred to the board a = the heat transfer coefficient of the board and

Next the belt speed was changed in steps of approximately 5 IPM to a maximum and minimum of 15 IPM from the starting point on the three boards. We recorded the new peak temperature, TAL and soak time for each step. The results are shown in charts E1, E2 and E3.

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ture on both boards. Meanwhile charts E2 and E3 told us that the TAL and soak of the 75 gram board would shorten to approximately 45 and 55 seconds with the 58 IPM belt speed.

We then followed the procedure we used with the eutectic profile and varied the belt speed 15 IPM from the starting point. We recorded the new peak temperature, TAL and soak time for the various belt speeds with each of the three test boards. The results are shown in charts LF1, LF2 and LF3.

E1 Peak Temperature

Figure B

E2 TAL - Time Above Liquidus (183C)

Likewise if we wanted to run the 520 gram board with the 360 gram board zone temperatures we needed a belt speed of 38 IPM to maintain the peak temperature. The resulting TAL would be 80 seconds and soak would be 85 seconds. If we could accept the new TAL and Soak times the new second board belt speed would work. If we could not accept the new TAL or Soak we would need to accept a different peak temperature on the new board or try different set points on both boards. Lead Free Recipe Next we repeated the data acquisition for a lead free profile. We established the base line recipe for a Lead Free ramp-topeak profile on the 360 gram board at 44 IPM as shown in Figure C. The peak temp target was 240C with a time above the 217C liquidus of 60 seconds. Since there is usually little or no soak on lead free profiles, we monitored the time between 140 and 170C in the event the soak becomes a consideration in the future.

LF 1 Peak Temperature

LF 2 Time Above Liquidus (217C)

E3 140 170 Soak

As expected, the board weights had an influence on the peak temperature with the heavier board being 7 to 10C colder than the light board. But there was little difference in TAL or soak time between the boards. The belt speed change affected all three parameters. The TAL and Soak time were changed by almost 50 seconds and the peak temperatures varied by around 15C. Practical Application Once we had the data we applied it to the real life situation of running two different boards in the same oven. We started with the 360 gram board in one lane and wanted to run the 75gram board in the other. Chart E1 told us that we needed to increase the belt speed to 58 IPM (see Figure B) to maintain the same peak tempera66 JULY|AUGUST11

LF 3 140 170 Soak

Figure C

The board weights had the same effect on the peak temperature that we had with the eutectic solder profile. At the lower belt speeds the difference between boards was about 7C and at the faster speeds it was close to 13C. But unlike the eutectic profile where the mass did not affect the TAL or soak time, the time above liquidus was about 20 seconds longer with the lighter 75 gm board. (This most likely due to the ramp to peak profile shape.)
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PROCESSENGINEERING

When we varied the belt speed all three parameters changed as in the eutectic profile. The TAL changed by 80 seconds, the soak time changed by 20 seconds and the peak temperature changed by around 15C. The charts gave us the same information as with the eutectic profile. The peak temperature chart (Chart LF1) tells us that if we were using the recipe we established for the 360 gram board and we wanted to run a 75 gram board in the parallel lane we would need to increase the belt speed to 60 IPM. Charts LF2 and LF3 tell us that the TAL and soak of the 75 gram board with a belt speed of 60 IPM would be approximately 40 and 20 seconds. Likewise we could run the 520 gram board with the 360 gram board recipe at 39 IPM to maintain the peak temperature. The resulting TAL would be 62 seconds and soak would be 32 seconds. If we could accept the change in TAL and soak changing the speed would work in these cases. A Short Cut? - Predictive software: After running numerous profiles we realized that production engineers would need a method to shorten the time it took to obtain the data for these charts. The data in the first trials was close to linear over the speed range therefore our first thought was to obtain the base profile on the primary board and then run two profiles on the secondary board with the same zone set points and belt speeds of 15 IPM. We could then connect the dots, draw a parallel line, and come up with a new belt speed for the secondary board. This would require we only run three profiles to establish the preliminary belt speed estimate. Next we wondered if predictive software such as KIC Navigator could be used to forecast the profile. We had used a KIC Explorer to obtain the original profiles for the trial so it was an easy step to see what the KIC Navigator would predict if told to change just the belt speed on the lead free baseline runs for each board. The software predicted peak temperatures that were within 2 to 3C of what was actually measured. The peak temperature predicted results vs. actual for the three boards are shown in Figure D.
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Obtaining the baseline recipe for the primary board is an important step in the process of developing recipes for dual lane dual speed reflow ovens. In some cases optimizing the set points for the peak temperature, TAL and soak time for the primary board could result in profile parameters that are unacceptable for the second board. When this happens the process engineer needs to identify a different primary board recipe and try again. We asked ourselves if there was a way to combine the profile data from the two boards to find a common recipe that would allow us to make a midpoint

tradeoff of the TAL, soak, and peak temperature for both boards. A discussion with the people at KIC revealed that they have an applications note describing a method of developing a common recipe for mixed boards that required only a belt speed change on a single process line to save changeover time2. They describe running two boards in the oven at the same time with TCs on both products. The software then suggests a common recipe that minimizes the PWI on both boards. It can even utilize different profile requirements for each TC or in this case board.

Applying the technique of running two boards at the same time to obtain a base line recipe for of the dual land dual speed oven seems to have benefits for the first step. Although both boards might not be in specification, the error would be divided between the two boards and belt speed changes could be done on each lane. The only problem would be to run two boards thru the oven at the same time and not have the TCs tangle in the edge rail hangers, but this can be overcome by running the boards, one behind the other in one lane, with the appropriate board supports.

process engineer can develop the data to help find a recipe that will allow them to establish the set points and belt speeds for dual lane dual speed reflow ovens. It can be done in multiple runs with actual belt speed changes or as few as two runs by using predictive software. It will also help determine the extreme cases where the boards are too different to be run on a dual lane dual speed oven. In all cases, the engineer needs to confirm the results by profiling the actual boards at the belt speeds he determined would be best. The great lesson is that after the first profiles are optimized on the reflow oven much of the remainder of the work can be done at the engineers desk without tying up the production equipment.

References 1 Published as Oven Adjustment Effects on a Solder Reflow Profile; in Circuits Assembly August 2009; and Getting the Recipe Right: in Electronic Assembly UK July/August 2009; Chinese translation in EM Asia Magazine July-August 2009, and German Translation in EPP Germany September 2009

Figure D Predicted vs Actual Peak Temperature

Conclusion With a little understanding and work a

2 KIC Application notes, Developing Common Reflow Oven Recipes for Mixed Production Lines Using the KIC Navigator at kicthermal.com

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BIOFUELS

From Peanut Oil to Methane Gas

VOLVO- TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT

From peanut oil to methane gas. The fuels powering the diesel engine have undergone considerable development during its 119 year long history. So much so that today, even the fuel we traditionally, if somewhat simplistically, refer to as diesel is beginning to make way for alternatives with a smaller environmental footprint, such as biogas and DME. Time to examine what it is all about.

Diesel fuel can be made from virtually any organic material just as long as it has flammable properties that make it suitable for the diesel process, says fuel expert Anders Rj.

ne might say that diesel is somewhat misunderstood and has received more than its fair share of criticism from an environmental perspective. Originally the term had nothing to do with any particular type of fuel but instead only described a particular type of engine. For instance, Rudolf Diesel, the inventor of the diesel engine, ran his first engines on peanut oil. For many people, however, the word has become synonymous with fossil diesel oil, which is a rather narrow description since the diesel engine can be run on many different fuels, some of which are renewable. The common factor is that they are ignited via compression instead of via the spark provided by a spark plug. The reason why diesel oil has become synonymous with the diesel engine is that, over the years, that has been the most common fuel used in the diesel engine. However, as societys demands increase and technology makes significant advances, so too are more and more alternative fuels being developed for use in the diesel engine. Its important for us to work with a wide range of alternative fuels and to come up with solutions that reduce our impact on the climate. It is already possible to build efficient diesel engines that run on renewable fuels. This can be shown, not least, in our new Volvo FM MethaneDiesel and the bioDME-powered trucks on which we are now conducting field tests. This fuel has the potential for cutting carbon dioxide emissions by 95 percent, says Lars Mrtensson, Environmental Director at Volvo Trucks. One engine several fuels Anders Rj is a fuel expert at Volvo Technology. He explains that diesel fuel can actually be made from virtually any organic material

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BIOFUELS

Diesel fuel can be made from fossil diesel oil as well as from biodiesel, synthetic diesel, DME and methane gas.

just as long as it has flammable properties that make it suitable for the diesel process. However, some fuels require major or minor modifications of the engine and its peripheral equipment. And, unfortunately, the engine does not always function equally well on all fuels. For instance, biodiesel exhibits poorer stability and coldweather properties than hydrocarbonbased diesel fuels. When mixed in small quantities with diesel oil, however, biodiesel functions well if its quality is acceptable in other respects. Since there is such a wide range of alternative fuels, it is a good idea to undertake a thorough review of just what is available. Here is therefore an examination of both existing and future fuels for the diesel engine. Fossil diesel oil What we traditionally refer to as diesel oil is a petroleum product consisting of hydrocarbons. To produce diesel fuel, crude oil is first distilled and then refined. In this process the petroleum is filtered and purified to meet the legislative requirements and
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diesel standard of the particular country in which the fuel is to be sold. The EU, for instance, has both a directive and a CEN standard* an abbreviation that stands for European Committee for Standardization to regulate quality requirements for diesel fuel. The USA on the other hand generally adopts the ASTM International standard. Furthermore, many countries also have their own national standards. According to Anders Rj, fossil diesel fuel offers the best energy efficiency from initial oil extraction to combustion in the engine, known as the well-to-wheel perspective. Nature has done an excellent preliminary job with its crude oil deep down in the bowels of the earth over millions of years. And in the almost 100 years that oil refineries have been around, the technology has also undergone significant development, he explains. Biodiesel FAME, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, is the collective name for what we refer to as

biodiesel. FAME can be produced from a number of different vegetable or animal oils, such as rapeseed oil (RME), soya oil (SME) and palm oil (PME). It is even possible to run a diesel engine on fuel obtained from used cooking oil or tallow, depending on where in the world the biodiesel is produced. The advantage of FAME fuels is that they give 50-60 percent lower CO2 emissions from well to wheel compared with conventional diesel, and are free from sulphur and aromatics. The fuels downsides are that they contribute to increased emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Within the EU, it is no longer permitted for diesel fuel to contain more than seven percent FAME since, with a higher proportion, NOx emissions will be too high. Had FAME not been a bio-component we would probably be very negative to such fuels due to the NOx emissions and quality problems. Now, however, there is political pressure to use renewable fuels, and biodiesel is one of the few biofuels currently available on a commercial scale, says Anders Rj.
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The Volvo FH BioDME is being put through field tests with a customer. This DME is produced from black liquor, a high-energy by-product from paper pulp manufacture. It produces 95 percent lower CO2 emissions compared with a truck running on fossil diesel.

Synthetic diesel Diesel oil can also be produced synthetically through gasification of fuels such as black coal and natural gas, creating a fuel that contains a smaller proportion of aromatic hydrocarbons. There is at present no significant production of synthetic diesel, however, research is currently being conducted into energy-efficient gasification of biomass. If this project is successful synthetic diesel may become a particularly viable fuel in the future. Emissions of NOx and particulates from synthetic diesel are lower than from fossil diesel oil. However, the energy content per litre of fuel is somewhat lower, Anders Rj goes on to say. DME (Dimethyl ether) One of the synthetic diesel fuels being examined is an ether known as DME, a carbon/hydrogen/oxygen molecular bond. At present DME is produced from natural gas, but Swedish company Chemrec is running a pilot plant for the production of
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BioDME in Pite, where the raw material being used is black liquor, a high-energy by-product of paper pulp manufacture. It gives 95 percent lower carbon dioxide emissions than diesel fuel and zero emissions of soot. BioDME can also be produced from other biomass sources. As a diesel fuel, BioDME gives the highest energy output per unit of raw material. It offers five times the driving range per unit of cultivated arable land than biodiesel, for instance, reveals Anders Rj. Consequently, BioDME is one of the fuels that Volvo Trucks is focusing on for the future. The company is currently engaged in field tests in Sweden with trucks running on DME. Methane gas Natural gas or biogas can be used as vehicle fuel in both compressed and liquid form. It does not ignite like diesel fuel but if fossil or biodiesel is used to assist in the combustion process, it works well. In May 2011 Volvo Trucks launched

its new Volvo FM MethaneDiesel, a gaspowered truck designed for regional distribution. It is powered by up to 75 percent liquefied methane gas with the remainder consisting of diesel oil, with the diesel serving as the above-mentioned spark plug. With biogas in the fuel tank, CO2 emissions drop by up to 70 percent compared with a conventional diesel engine. With fossil-based gas, emissions are cut by 10 percent. The advantages of renewable fuels for diesel engines: Obtained from renewable energy sources (biomass). Cause lower (in some cases much lower) emissions of greenhouse gases compared with fossil diesel fuel. Usually produce lower particle emissions; some fuels burn with virtually no soot formation (e.g. DME). Other regulated emissions may also be lower than for fossil diesel fuel.
*CEN standard EN 590

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BIOMASS

Biomass - a Sustainable Renewable Energy Source for India

RITESH POTHAN - NATURAL GROUP

Biomass has been mans fuel of choice ever since the time he harnessed energy in the form of fire and continues to have a considerable impact on rural populations especially in India. India being an agricultural economy has always wanted to harness the true potential of biomass and waste but has fallen short time and again. The cause of the South East Asia brown haze is mainly due to the wasteful burning of agricultural waste and biomass for cooking, light, heating which in turn has a large ecological impact on the subcontinent. More than 70% of the countrys population depends upon biomass for its energy needs, consisting of 32%+ of the total primary energy use in the country.

ndia generates almost 800 million tons of agriculture / horticulture output from 141 million hectares of arable land and about 70-75% of the waste is used as fodder, fuel for domestic cooking as well as for other economic purposes, leaving behind 120 150 million tons of usable agro industrial and agricultural residues per year, which is available for power generation. This could sustain power projects of approximately 15-20GWe with the capacity to generate between 75-100 Billion KWh units annually. Currently Biomass power generation in India is an industry that attracts investments of over Rs.600 crores every year, generating more than 5 Billion KWh units of electricity while providing annual employment of more than 10 million mandays in the rural sector. As of March 2011, 58.43% of the electricity consumed in India was generated by thermal power plants, 19.45% by hydroelectric power plants, 2.47% by nuclear power plants, 10.10% by Captive

The author leads an Advisory organization focused on Renewable Energy Projects and also runs two of the largest renewable energy forums on linkedin.com dedicated to the Indian subcontinent. You can reach him at ritesh@natgrp.net . The forums at Renewable Energy and Cleantech Forum - India and Solar Energy Professionals - India. *Table 1 to Table 1.3: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

INDIAS NATIONAL MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY MNRE IS CURRENTLY TARGETING 10GWE OF BIOMASS BASED RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE NEXT DECADE
Power Generation and 9.55% by Renewable Energy Sources primarily wind farms. More than 50% of Indias commercial energy demand is met through the countrys

Table 1: Installed Power Project Capacities for India March 2011. *Source Indian Ministry of Power

vast coal reserves with another 347 projects waiting in the pipeline. Indian coal which is of poor quality with high ash content and low calorific values has led to increased particulate pollution and ash disposal problems and constitutes 70% of total fossil fuel emissions. Indias national Ministry of New and Renewable Energy MNRE is currently targeting 10GWe of biomass based renewable energy sources in the next decade and has constantly encouraged biomass power plant owners to increase capacities with a new thrust focused towards captive plantation management. To avoid misuse and abuse of central support, the 11th plan proposal also expressly states subsidy for biomass power is sought to be supported only where sustainability of biomass supplies can be demonstrated since there have been apprehensions about over drawl of forest resources with fuel wood so obtained being diverted for some such projects. Further, biomass ceases to be renewable unless a project can demonstrate its sustainability through dedicated plantations specially raised for the purpose. Recent orders allow for up to a 20% mix of coal to fire biomass plants thus allowing them to run during off cycles for agriwaste and the recent availability of Renewable Energy Certificates (REC) allow for viable business models. Renewable energy makes up for barely 10% of the energy generated, with wind generating the largest at almost
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70% but the power is neither schedulable nor dependable. Amongst Renewable Energy sources, the only reliable sources of power from a base load and scheduling perspective are solar and biomass, while Hydro suffers from seasonal variation. MNRE covers biomass as part of its remote village electrification with 90% of cost covered under Central Financial Assistance and the remaining 10% from the state. Traditionally biomass has been derived from plant including its waste, however recently a larger focus has been placed on human generated waste from sizable municipalities. The true potential of renewable energy lies in its offgrid application, which promotes user independence from the grid as well as generates local jobs while availing of the advantages of consistent power especially in remote hamlets which are a significant loss making proposition for state electricity distribution agencies. MNRE has also pushed for increase in Tail-end Biomass (Gasification and Combustion) and Solar Power projects of 1-2MWe feeding into the grid at 11KV. This is being done to try and reduce transmission losses to below 7% from the current 30% while providing clean and stable power to villages. The Ministry is already working on a plan to setup approx. 200 MWe of biomass gasifier projects at tailends by early next decade. As of Jan 2011, a small grid connected project of 120 kWe based on gasifier system using pine needle was being pursued in Bering Block, Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand and another two projects with approx 1.2 MWe capacity in Madhya Pradesh. A 500 kWe gasifier based tail end grid connected project has been commissioned at Dist Vellore, Tamil Nadu. The combined installation of biomass plants connected to the grid has barely grown to a GW excluding bagasse based cogeneration in more than a decade due to the constraints of feedstock management. Biomass based power plants essentially use either of these technologies i.e. Pyrolysis, Combustion and Gasification. Currently 288 biomass power and cogeneration projects aggregating 2665 MW capacity in the country feed power to the grid. These consist of 130 biomass power projects aggregating to 999.0 MW
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Table 1.1. * including biomass power, bagasse cogeneration, urban and industrial waste to energy.

Table 1.2.

and 158 bagasse cogeneration projects in sugar mills with surplus capacity aggregating to 1666.0 MW. In addition, around 30 biomass power projects aggregating to about 350 MW are under various stages of implementation. Around 70 Cogeneration projects are under implementation with surplus capacity aggregating to 800 MW. The Ministry began implementing

biomass power / cogeneration programs in the nineties. States which are keen on implementation of cogeneration projects are Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh. The major States for biomass power projects are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Municipal solid waste has essen-

Table 1.3: Installed Power Projects in India Biomass and CoGeneration. *Source MNRE Biomass Programme.

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tially been a non-starter due to the nonsegregation of waste into dry, recyclable and wet waste as well as the supply chain management based on the lethargy of civic run bodies. Also wet waste reduces the amount of power generated exponentially and Indian waste is high in moisture content, thus reducing the viability of projects.

THE KEY TO THE SUCCESS OF BIOMASS POWER PLANTS LIES IN THE CRUCIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE FEEDSTOCK SUPPLY CHAIN

In May 2011, MNRE under the Programme on Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste has allowed for financial support for pilot power generation projects. This scheme provides financial assistance for setting up of five Pilot projects for power generation from MSW in accordance with the decision of the Supreme Court on May 15, 2007, and is also based on recommendations of an Expert Committee. Recommended reading would be the DHRP for the IPO of A2Z, which highlight the risks of MSW projects. Biofuels have also recently been in the news for a source of energy to replace non-renewable fossil fuels especially ethanol have run into a political impasse due to the impact on soaring agricultural food prices and agricultural land use. Organizations that process feedstock for manufactured products have a head start on the industry, the model of using waste to generate captive power has created a sustainable supply chain. The Indian biomass industry has suffered from a number of inherent risks 1. Non-availability of feedstock within a certain radius 2. Cartelization of feedstock, waste and otherwise leading to price instability 3. Unorganized market without long term supply contracts being possible 4. Greed of farmers and developers alike 5. Inadequate awareness of the impact on the environment due to burning 6. Poor technology availability with ef76 JULY|AUGUST11

ficiency rates of power plants at just 20-25% - 9000 Metric tons (equivalent to 6000 midsized cars) of biomass is required to annually generate 1MW 7. Large scale plantation management, biomass plant technology and supply chain expertise is lacking in general 8. Open access is restricted in a large number of states or is an onerous process, preventing third party sales 9. Power rates are insufficient to match the increasing costs of feedstock, transportation and storage 10. Payment issues with monopolistic State Electricity Boards 11. Insurance doesnt cover feedstock risk 12. Seasonality of feedstock availability and crop failures 13. Poor supply chain management 14. Grid availability, tail end consumptions are limited 15. Uncertainty of carbon credits CDMs post 2012 Taking these issues into account, banks have been wary on providing financial support, rarely providing more than 50% of the debt requirement. In some cases which I personally know off, the banks have initially approved a larger section of debt but lowered it when disbursing or have requested for additional guarantees on behalf of the promoter. While this does seem to be insurmountable hurdles a number of professional organizations believing in green energy have taken the plunge and have grown their portfolio rapidly. The key to the success of biomass power plants lies in the crucial management of the feedstock supply chain. A push towards use of large tracts of wastelands to grow captive feedstock has taken shape with central and state support. Some options to ensure bankability and viability associated with these would be a. Either setup or tie up with an agricultural produce processing unit which provides a guaranteed supply chain or setup your own captive plantation for feedstock b. Alternatively you could look at dedicated biomass plants with high yields, gestation periods range from 2-4 years however yields are significant and approx. 150-200 acres can com-

fortably run a 1MW plant with a generation of approx. 6-6.5 million KWh units on an annual basis c. Outsource the supply chain to contract and transport management to professionals d. Locate your plant in an area with large farm tract holdings and agri-waste that has low commercial value and high calorific content e. Locate your plant where the availability of fuel is lower than 10% of the total mass of waste produce within a 20-40 km radius f. Supply power locally to avoid transmission, wheeling and banking losses g. Avail of RECs as well as Central Financial Assistance from the MNRE h. Use local NGO support to create additional employment opportunities i. Ensure the project is registered under the CDMs j. Provide large storage areas of at least 30-60 days of feedstock with moisture management. As moisture in feedstock severely degrades the calorific value k. Tie up with a local NGO to create awareness of the importance of supply to the plant thus resulting in a socio economic upsurge for the local population l. Give back to the community, create a holistic relationship m. Understand local relationships and create a mutually profitable relationship with your feedstock suppliers n. Most important of all, this isnt an opportunistic business and requires long term commitment for success These should provide acceptable risk parameters for bankers and financiers while providing biomass power plants with a long term view into fuel availability, which would in turn help fund raising and create a structured industry framework. Biomass power generation in the 1-10MW is definitely possible and viable for tail end power generation. The logistics given the fragmented agricultural economy with few families holding large tracts of land in most states, a large biomass plant of 25 MW+ scale is fairly difficult. However professionally managed biomass organizations with long term goals have been successful and continue to grow.
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COMPANYPROFILE

EMMVEE; bringing Solar Solutions to the Masses

SUCHITRA RAMACHANDRAIAH - EMMVEE

With commitment to making the solar water heaters a household name, EMMVEE Solar has already installed over 4,00,000 systems under the brand name Solarizer, SolarizerPlus and SolarizerSupreme and 5.000 industrial systems amounting to a total capacity of around 200 million liters per days across Indiawhich includes prestigious clients like ETA Properties, TTD Tirupathi, Jayadeva Hospital, JSS institutions.

ndia today stands among the top five countries of the world in terms of renewable energy capacity.The renewable energy can be broadly classified as solar energy, hydroelectric energy, biomass energy & geothermal energy. Out of which Solar Energy is the most abundantly available in its form. India being in the solar belt, receives solar energy equivalent to over 5000 trillion kWh/year, which is far more than the total energy consumption of the country. The demand-supply gap in electricity and peak power availability continues to widen;even with access to electricity, on-site power generation using diesel generators and gas generators are the norm in India, and these account for ~10-20% of the total electricity consumed. With a determination to make solar power available to households, EMMVEE offers its products and systems to the Indian market. EMMVEE Solar is a pioneer and a thought leader in this segment. EMMVEE was spearheaded by the man with long vision Mr. D.V.Manjunatha in the year 1992. Today EMMVEE has more than 650 well trained and highly motivated employees all over the world working in the segments of photovoltaic, solar thermal systems and glass production. Quality and service being our motto, we ensure long lasting efficiencyand reliability in our products, by developing long-term business relationships with renowned component manufacturers and place great emphasis on innovative quality management. Starting its activities in the solar water heaters production with sales and marketing office in India, EMMVEE Solar Systems Pvt. Ltd., since 2008 a JV with SolarCap SA Denmark, has grown to be the largest manufacturer of Solar Water Heating Systems in India and probably in Asia. Our eco-friendly prod-

ucts shall not only go a long way in helping global efforts in conserving the environment but also helps customers in reducing their electricity bills thereby generating additional savings. EMMVEE has its State-of-the-Art production plant covering 120,000 sq.ft. amidst beautifully landscaped gardens situated in a 21 acre plot at Dobaspet near Bangalore. The manufacturing process is systematic, ensuring high productivity. With ardour to capture a bigger share of the market, Emmvee is continuously working on introducing new age technologies in both manufacturing process and management practices making EMMVEE production unit is the best of its kind in the region. Today EMMVEE enjoys a prominent market share in Industrial and commercial markets in India and also in the considerable share in the global markets. With commitment to making the solar water heaters a household name, EMMVEE Solar has already installed over 4,00,000 systems under the brand name Solarizer, SolarizerPlus and SolarizerSupreme and 5.000 industrial systems amounting to a total capacity of around 200 million liters per days across Indiawhich includes prestigious clients like ETA Properties, TTD Tirupathi, Jayadeva Hospital, JSS institutions. Being the thought leader in the industry, EMMVEE realised rapidly rising primary energy andelectricity needs, the persistent

energy deficit situation, anticipating the birth of Photovoltaics, PV, industry much earlier.As early as 2007, EMMVEE started to manufacturing photovoltaic modules to penetrate the European market, where the market was in a growing stage. Today EMMVEE has prominent market share in the PV industry across Europe, in countries like Germany, Italy, France and United Kingdom. In India, EMMVEE specializes distributing photovoltaic modules for on- and off-grid applications as well as standard and customized photovoltaic systems for stand alone and especially roof top applications. EMMVEE has just delivered 1 MW of high performance photovoltaic on-grid modules to the 1st ever MWp rating Solar PV Power Plant operating in the State of Haryana in Indiawhich is the second 1 MW grid connected PV power plant under the JNNSM scheme. EMMVEE utilize only the best components to reach the highest degree of efficiency and reliability. EMMVEE usesa special patterned surface glass which increases the efficiencyat least3% compared to a flat Glass. TheInstitute for Solar Energy Research Hameln in Germany and documented the efficiency gain.These glasses show low level of contamination from dirt particles and other object, resulting in high yield when compared to modules with flat glasses. Under JNNSM, Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, MNRE has announced the subsidy scheme for the roof top stand alone and on-grid systems from size of 1kW to 100kW. Additionally the Solar Water Heaters scheme was released in Bangalore, Mysore and South India offering 30% subsidy to eligible beneficiaries upfront by EMMVEE. EMMVEE Solar Systems Pvt Ltd and EMMVEE Photovoltaic Power Pvt Ltd were both accredited as channel partner.CRISIL awarded 1 A rating to EMMVEE.
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ENERGYMANAGEMENT

Increased Energy Efficiency with Energy Management Systems

DR MICHAEL BUNK, TV SD INDUSTRIE SERVICE, AND DR SILVIO KAMMER, INNOSPEC LEUNA

At 2012 the possibility of additional benefits in the form of tax reductions will be available to companies operating a certified energy management system, e. g. as per European Standard EN 16001. TV SD Industrie Service worked with a well known speciality chemicals manufacturer to develop a method of analysing the latters energy demand and is currently supporting the establishment of an state of the art energy management system.

Dr Michael Bunk (left) is Head of Energy Systems TV SD Industrie Service GmbH, and Dr Silvio Kammer, is Authorized Officer (Prokurist) and Technical Director of Innospec Leuna GmbH

takeholders wishing to stay competitive in industries with high energy consumption must continuously strive to uncover areas of potential savings. These may be energy carriers including electricity, natural gas or raw materials, but also taxes. Since the beginning of this year, companies able to furnish evidence of an energy management system (EnMS) have had the possibility of benefiting from cuts in energy and electricity taxes. 2011 and 2012 are regarded as a transitional period during which companies will pave the way for EnMS implementation, for example by setting up a system for recording energy consumption. From 2013 onwards in Germany, a fully functioning EnMS will be imperative in order to take advantage of the tax benefits set forth by EN16001. However, in the above cases, the EnMS must have been certified by an impartial third party. Another attractive possibility is that of low-interest loans to unlock savings by improving energy efficiency and realising optimization measures. The objective of an EnMS is to tap into the potential for improving energy consumption and use. Before an EnMS can be established, stakeholders must have detailed knowledge of the systems state of repair and of accurate data on energy
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demand. To draw up a detailed energy balance, experts also take measurements from the installations and systems. Another important aspect is reviewing the economic feasibility of the possible investments determined by the EnMS. This ensures an ideal cost-benefit ratio and uncovers weaknesses in planning at an early stage. Potential for savings at Innospec Leuna Cooperating closely with Innospec Leuna, TV SD Industrie Service produced a study of the speciality chemical manufacturers energy demand and is currently supporting the company in establishing an state of the art EnMS. Attentions to detail and to the individual processes linked with crosssector expertise were of critical importance in this project. Innospec Leuna is a member of the international company Innospec Specialty Chemicals Inc., producing special plastics and chemical additives at its location in Saxony-Anhalt. Since 2000, the speciality chemical manufacturer has invested over 20 million euros in the sustainable improvement of its performance and competi-

tive strength. Its continual modernisation within the scope of technical advancement also extends to production processes. Almost any plant and system offers potential for savings. TV SDs team of experts and the Innospec engineers analysed grid quality and time-specific energy consumption. They also examined individual systems

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with unusually high consumption peaks and looked into steam management. The consumption of steam and electric power, which is above average for the sector, also affected energy costs. Screening and optimisation In step one, the individual stages of the process were subjected to comprehensive screening. The hyper compressor for initial processing of the raw materials consumes a large share of energy, and is thus one of the four main consumers of the core system. Other major energy consumers are the intermediate compressor, the cooling cycles and some individual consumers which were bundled for the purpose of analysis. On the basis of the evaluated data, the experts then proposed the following optimisation measures: use of innovative energy-efficient drive systems and motors, upgrading of low-pressure steam for use in further processes, and improved control of the volume flow and the pressure of the cooling circuit pumps. The EnMS which is undergoing implementation at present cuts long-term operating costs through online measurement of the energy demand. Profitable added value All individual measures must be technically and economically feasible. Innospec Leuna was able to implement most of these measures in full or in part. Innospec Leuna now uses the existing process control system, for example, to control individual units in accordance with their energy consumption, and switches off all auxiliary units completely whenever production is interrupted. If drive systems or motors need to be replaced or new units installed, the technology is simultaneously upgraded to the state of the art. The resulting reduction of energy costs is something to be proud of. The ultramodern EnMS currently being established at Innospec Leuna also offers further potential for savings. Provided energy-efficiency measures can be implemented cost-effectively, even minor savings may be worthwhile in view of steadily rising energy costs. After all, improved energy efficiency is the most cost-effective energy source of all.
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EVENTS

Report on EPC Sphere 2011 Event

BHARAT VASANDANI - ENERGETICA INDIA

The EPC Sphere event was held on 18th-19th July 2011 at the Lalit Intercontental in Mumbai. The event organized by Cerebral Research focused on the theme of Engineering, Procurement and Construction aspects of Indias growing infrastructure needs.

ith the EPC sector envisaged to play a big role in Indias power and infrastructure story; EPC companies have their unique set of challenges which need to be addressed at the earliest and efficiently. The intent of the event was to generate effective solutions to the challenges faced by the EPC industry in India. Some of the speakers included Mr.Alwyn Bowden, CEO of Essar Projects Limited, Mr.Kannan CEO of Shapoorji Pallonji EPC Group, Mr. Sanjeev Gupta, CEO of Realization Technologies Inc ;USA, Mr. Abhinav Chowdhary, Head Enovia, South Asia Dassault Systems, Mr.Pradeep Gupta, Practice Head of Ports, EPC, Manufacturing from IFS India. Mr.Alwyn Bowden spoke on how in India price still remains the driver over capability in EPC projects across sectors including both conventional and nonconventional energy. This attitude needs to change to invite innovation, new technology and put emphasis on quality projects. He also gave insights into how EPC companies need to manage risks on challenges such as project funding availability, rising interest rates, currency fluctuation, inflation, rising input costs and labor problem. Mr.Kannan, spoke on the how the Indian EPC players are using Indias growth prospects and need for infrastructure to grow scale, capability, capacity and acquire technology to innovate. But at the same time, the Indian EPC players need to shift their mindset from Packaged System to Integrated System and from Construction Cost to Life Cycle Cost. Another interesting part of the discussion was the entry of foreign EPC companies supporting their clients with project
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On the left, Mr.Alwyn Bowden, CEO Essar Projects Limited and Mr.Raj Kalady, Managing Director PMI India. On the right, Mr.Sanjeev Gupta, CEO Realization Inc, and Mr.Alwyn Bowden, CEO Essar Projects Limited

funding from their respective countries. We have already seen US Exim Bank provide debt funding for solar projects using modules and EPC from the USA. The common challenge facing the industry today is the availability of skilled manpower especially in the solar sector. With no experience in the solar sector and limited experience in upcoming non-conventional energy, the industry and the government need to come together to create

a framework to promote the industry with R&D and education. The event was attended by more than 40 EPC companies across India with attendees interacting with each other and using this unique platform to share industry knowledge. The event was held to promote EPC industry, professional networking and to put forward the challenges and requirements of the industry that will form the crux of India growth story.
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EVENTS

Report on National Energy Investment Summit 2011

BHARAT VASANDANI - ENERGETICA INDIA

The National Energy Investment Summit 2011 was held at the Hotel Grand in New Delhi from 21st-22nd July 2011. The event organized by Naseba was supported by The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) India.

LEFT: Mr.Ashish Khanna, The World Bank, Mr.Upendra Bhatt, MD cKinetics, Mr.Satish Mandhana, Managing Partner IDFC Private Equity and Miss Sujata Gupta, Asian Development Bank. MIDDLE, Mr.Jens Burgtorf, Director Indo-German Energy Programme-GIZ and Mr.Tantra Narayan Thakur, Chairman & MD PTC India Financial Services Ltd. RIGHT: Mr.Debashish Majumdar, Chairman & MD, Indian Renewable Energy Development Authority, India and Mr.Deepak Gupta, Secretary Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, India.

he Summit was held to bring together the capital raising companies and investors for the Indian energy sector. The Indian renewable energy sector is expected to attract as much as $169 billion in clean power project investments in the next decade. In addition to already developed wind and hydro space, the government is also pushing solar and biomass technologies. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is a vision to achieve energy independence by 2020. With a strong expected growth and 100% FDI in the sector, the industry has caught the eye of foreign also. The summit was inaugurated by Dr.Farooq Abdulah, Honourable Minister, The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) India. He was accompanied by Shri Deepak Gupta, Secretary to MNRE, Shri Debashish Majumdar, Chairman and Managing Director of Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA), and Shri Thakur, Chairman and Managing Director of Power Trading Corporation India Limited. Some of the other distinguished speakers included Mr.Popli, Director of Indian Renewable Energy Development Authority, Government of India, Mr.James Abraham, Managing Director & CEO of
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Sunborne Energy, Mr.Sharad Jain, Partner of Global Capital Management (Kuwait), Mr.Satish Mandhana from IDFC Private Equity, Mr.Sujata Gupta, Head-Private Sector-India Resident Mission, Asian Development Bank and Mr.Bharat Kaushal, Managing Director, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation. The topics of the summit included understanding the government policies in renewable energy sector across technologies wind, hydro, solar and biomass, the challenges on the ground and the expectations from the investors and the renewable energy power companies. The discussion also included Indian Governments recent initiative on black carbon; study of the phenomenon of black carbon (commonly known as soot). Over the last few years, there has been concerted effort to address the impact of black carbon emissions on global warming. However the knowledge and understanding about black carbon is incomplete and uncertain. The Black Carbon Research initiative under the aegis of the Indian Network of Climate Change Assessment is an attempt to address the gaps in knowledge and answer the crucial question of its impact on climate change. Foreign investors are keenly looking at

the growth of renewable energy in India and are keen to invest in good projects. We look at business models, growth stories, safety of capital, expected returns and exit strategy. The exit strategy will include IPO, or strategic /financial sale, said Mr Sharad Jain, Partner Global Capital Management (Kuwait). The foreign investors also asked the government to look into buyback exit strategies which is currently not allowed for foreign investors. Biomass investors and companies discussed the challenge on securing quality raw material, the rising cost of raw material and lack of government understanding of on-ground business challenges. Raw material prices have gone up by 3-4 times during the last couple of years; changing the entire dynamics of the biomass project with fixed tariff for the next 10-20 years; said Mr.Rao, General Manager (PTS), IREDA. The event was attended by Indian financial investors and investors from outside India also. The summit also saw one-to-one meeting between project developers and investors. The discussions were aimed to give insights to investors on policies, expected government support and assisting project developers to understand the requirements of the investors.
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PRODUCTS

400 KW Battery storage station

Rated AC-power Maximum AC-energy Rated grid voltage Maximum AC-current Line power factor (cos ) AC-current distortion (THD) Efficiency of the inverter Battery: Number of cells Battery capacity nom. Maximum battery voltage Minimum battery voltage Max. Charging Power 500 KW 250 KW 125 KW 50 KW 420 KW 240 KW 168 KW 105 KW 80 W + 600 W 900 V > 0.99 400 kW 730 kWh 20 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz/60 Hz for discharging for charging For a discharge time of 7 h Other voltage levels and frequencies on request. 1000 A at rated power <3% >98 % 368 1500Ah 1100 KWh at rated grid voltage 660 V SOC from 30% to 50% SOC from 50% to 80% SOC from 80% to 90% SOC from 90% to 100% SOC from 100% to 70% SOC from 70% to 50% SOC from 50% to 45% SOC from 45% to 30% Control power + transformer losses

Bentek Solar receives UL 1741 listing and CSA 22.2 certification for its 1000VDC MDSS for utility scale installations
Bentek Solar, a leader in Balance of System (BOS) design and manufacturing for commercial and utility scale solar PV products, has received UL 1741 listing and CSA 22.2 certification for its 1000VDC Multiple Disc o n n e c t Safety System (MDSS). T h e 1000VDC MDSS is designed and manufactured for large utility scale projects. We are pleased with the overall market acceptance and customer response, said Mitch Schoch, President and CEO of Bentek Solar. The 1000VDC utility scale MDSS provides customers with: Reduced space requirements. Reduced material costs. Reduced labor costs. Safety and protection to photovoltaic investments. Complete isolation of the inverter fuses . Features of the 1000VDC utility scale MDSS include: From 3 to 10 integrated 1000VDC disconnects per MDSS. Multiple 100A, 200A and 400A disconnects in one MDSS. Enclosure is NEMA-3R + dust tight, with removable bottom panels for wiring. Handles mounted internally or externally.
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Max. Discharge Power

Standby losses

TECHNICAL DATA OF THE HSCB400. Electrical Data.

Ambient temperature Maximum altitude Cooling type Minimum air quality Protection class Dimensions (L W H) Weight Container colour EMI Grid quality requirements CE-conformity

-20 C...45 C (14 F ...113 F) 1200 m above sea level

Others on request. without derating in power

Forced air cooling Class 3S2 IP54 12192 mm 2338 mm 2591 mm < 55,000 kg RAL1001 Different colours on request. According to EN60721-3-3

Complies EN61000-6-2, EN61000-6-4 Complies VDEW requirements Complies

TECHNICAL DATA OF THE HSCB400. General Data.

The battery storage station HSCB400 is a new development for storing energy in batteries. The batteries are based on long life lead acid system. This new type of batteries is maintenance free and can be used up to 20 years. The batteries are placed in a 40 ft container, together with the inverter for discharging and charging. Additionally, the container includes the medium voltage transformer and the medium voltage switchgear.
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The HSCB400 is a plug and play solution for quick installation with low overall costs. For weight reasons, half of the batteries have to be mounted on site. The HSCB400 is a nearly completely factory-assembled system (only some of the batteries), the AC-connection to the medium-voltage grid and the connection to the user communication system have to be done on site. The container includes an air conditioning system for

cooling and heating. The inverter is supplied with all necessary control systems for charging and discharging the battery. As standard, a PC-based monitoring system with an Ethernet interface provides the user with all important information. In the unlikely case of malfunction, a failure message is generated and sent automatically. Optionally the communication can be realised via GSM modem or ripple control.

PRODUCTS

STRINGER TT1200 - 6 GWp production capacity worldwide

teamtechniks high-performance STRINGER TT1200 solders solar cell strings at 1200 cycles per hour on a single track, making it one of the fastest stringer systems on the market. A single track means higher throughput per soldering process, less complexity, fewer operators and a lower requirement for replacement parts. teamtechnik will be giving live demonstrations in Hamburg, in hall A1, on stand A1/C1. Everyday at 10 am, noon, 2 pm and 4 pm, the Stringer TT1200 will be using IR light technology to solder high-quality solar cell strings. teamtechnik specialists will provide a commentary on the whole process and highlight important system features. teamtechnik Group sells stringer systems producing a operates with even less noise than before. teamtechnik is launching a standard 50MW system in Hamburg. It is an adaptable modular package consisting of two STRINGER TT1200s and a layup. The integrated 6-axle robot makes the system very flexible. It can be tailored to different applications and to a range of cell and glass sizes. The 50MW systems are equipped with tried and trusted technology which makes them easy to install on the customers premises where they are quickly up and running. As required by the customer and the task in hand, all the teamtechnik stringers can be fitted with IR light or laser soldering technology. The company has also had a lot of experience with adhesive technology.

High-performance STRINGER TT 1200 single track.

total of 6 GWp, and is therefore a global market leader in this segment. teamtechnik uses a unique design of hold-down device in its systems to separate the actual soldering process from the cell-handling process. This allows companies to ensure 1200 cycles/hour, with a cycle time of three seconds. This

hold-down device also ensures a safe process and perfect string geometry. At the same time, it guarantees extremely low breakage rates from 0.10.3% depending on the type of cell. Improved design has reduced the energy consumed by the STRINGER TT1200 by a third and also means that it

AWS Truepower launches improvements to wind site assessment tool

AWS Truepower introduces custom hub heights, a 200 meter compass tool, and four model grid points, providing greater detail to site assessments. AWS Truepower, LLC, an international leader in renewable energy consulting and information solutions, today announced the launch of several new features to the Site Assessment dashboard hosted on the windNavigator platform. Site Assessment is an industry-leading wind resource and energy analysis application with validated data for small to utility-scale wind project developers. The new features include: The ability to retrieve mean annual wind speed values and energy estimates at
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custom hub heights ranging from 10 to 100 meters in reports and deliverables. (Previously, users could only select from 30, 60, 80 and 100 meter hub heights.) Two-hundred meter resolution wind speed values available through the Compass tool. The Compass tool provides subscribers with access to advanced analysis capabilities such as mean annual wind speed values, and weibulls. Previously this was available at 2km. The newest addition to the Long-Term Virtual Met Mast (LT-VMM) product is inclusion of the four surrounding model grid points. Clients who use the data for primarily for measure-corre-

latepredict (MCP) will benefit from this additional data because in select cases a combination of the four surrounding nodes correlates better with measurements than the interpolated VMM. The interpolated VMM is still recommended for exploratory energy analyses because it has been adjusted to reflect our long term map speeds at the users hub height of choice. These updates are significant to wind prospectors and developers since they provide increased functionality with greater detail to interpret information for site assessments. Our clients are always looking for additional data to further validate their development de-

cisions. AWS Truepower continually strives to use the best science with dependable results, stated Michael Brower, AWS Truepowers Principal and Chief Technical Officer. Understanding the direction of the wind and how it impacts different turbines at various heights is important too.We have improved the Compass tool available to our Developer subscribers by providing 200 meter resolution data rather than 2 km data. There is now consistency between map values and compass values which means users can better understand wind characteristics at a site based on their customized needs. stated Bryon Phelps, AWS Truepowers Product Manager.
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PRODUCTS

Fronius IG Plus
The complex interplay of advanced technologies in the Fronius IG Plus series devices ensures the optimal use of each ray of sunlight. That results in maximum earnings security, highest reliability and versatility - all with exceptional user-friendliness. Your plus: Maximum earnings in any weather. The automatic transformer switching function enables three efficiency peaks. This results in a constant efficiency level over a wide input voltage range. The MIX concept guarantees optimal earnings in partial load ranges and maximum service life. Several power modules operate together, as required, dividing up the work depending on the operating hours. The optimized Module Manager software finds the MPP quickly and reliably for any cell technology and in any weather. And whoever can always remain at the MPP, can get the most out of each ray of light. The Fronius IG Plus has the highest maximum efficiency of any HF device available on the market. All Fronius IG Plus devices have a robust, well-designed metal housing and are perfectly suited for outdoor installation. The functional principle is identical in the entire product family. This means that if you are familiar with one device, you can also operate and service all others. The Fronius IG Plus inverters are available in power classes 3 to 12 kW. This ensures maximum energy earnings, 365 days a year, in any weather and for all system sizes: Fronius IG Plus 30/ 35 / 50 Strong and compact. Those are the two one-phase devices with an output power of 3 to 4 kW for photovoltaic systems, e,g., for single-family homes. Fronius IG Plus 70 / 100/ 100 V-3 The two-phase connection ensures a negative phase sequence current under 4.6 kVA. The output power is 6.5 to 8 kW. The Fronius !G Plus 100 V-3 is a three-phase inverter with an output power of 8 kW. Fronius IG Plus 120 / 150 Maximum strength through three phases with an output power of 10 to 12 kW.

Your plus: Highest reliability. The unique ventilation concept ensures the highest cooling efficiency, whereby the cooled air does not come into contact with the internal electronics inside of the inverter. Disruptive ambient factors such as dust or moisture remain on the outside. Your plus: The first allround device. The Fronius IG Plus is compatible with nearly all module configurations. The Fronius IG Plus is also very well-suited for thin-layer modules because of its wide input voltage range, galvanic isolation, standard grounding option as well as its precise MPP tracking

feature. The on-site module grounding option guarantees the highest system design flexibility. Integrated string fuses protect the modules and make installation easier and more cost-effective. The integrated DC disconnect ensures maximum safety. No additional installation or cabling is necessary. With the new power plug system, the connection area and power modules are installed separately from each other. The power plug connects both parts into one secure unit. This makes it possible to quickly replace a power module, whereby all settings and configurations remain untouched.

US Digital inclinometer offers additional protocols

US Digital releases two new communication protocols for its T7 absolute inclinometer, widely used within the concentrated solar power market. The versatile inclinometer is now available with RS485 or Modbus protocols. RS485 communication allows for T7 signals to be transmitted over long distances, along with the ability to network multiple T7s on the same cable run. Modbus now allows the T7
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RS232 and CAN communication makes the T7 the most easily applied inclinometer on the market. For more information on the inclinometer, visit www.usdigital.com/t7. T7 Features Full 360 degree range, single axis 0.1 relative accuracy from 0C to 70C, 0.01 resolution Modbus (RS485 or RS232) option

to communicate by means of an industry standard protocol to most PLCs offered on the market. The addition of two new T7 communication protocols along with the existing

RS485 versions support up to 1000 ft cable length Multiple unit networking IP-67 rated US Digital manufactures precision motion control products, including incremental and absolute encoders, inclinometers, interfaces, drives and more. With complete manufacturing capabilities inhouse, custom and standard products are delivered with little to no lead times.
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PRODUCTS

SOLOCO Low-cost solar water heater

Rural India is underserved in terms of energy service, and the demand is expanding with increasing population and aspirations for a better lifestyle. However, we can take respite from the fact that many organisations today are busy doing pilots for the basic needs of lighting and power for critical applications, and are gearing for scale-up. But we are not able to see the gravity of the looming problem of biomass availability. This is the main energy supply, or one may call the DNA of life in the rural areas, invariably used for cooking, boiling water for potability, heating water for bathing and washing utensils & clothes (in some cases for even generating electricity). The right kind of biomass for these applications should be dry & of no use (i.e. waste). Excessive use is leading to reduction of green cover and has made wood a dearer commodity. Infact, in many regions collecting biomass for fuel is done illegally. The problem is further aggravated in hilly areas where hot water is needed round the year. Problem Use of biomass in rural areas is done in an inefficient manner by burning it in a crude manner. This also causes respiratory diseases to the villagers because of smoke particles & harmful gases. Productive time of villagers especially womenfolk is reduced because of laborious activity of collecting fuel wood daily. Wood is no longer renewable as per our consumption patterns. Animal dung is required in agriculture so diversion leads to overuse of fertilizers, and waste residue is used as fodder for feedstock. The diversion of biomass as fuel needs to be reduced, since it already has many more primary uses. And a bulge consumption of biomass happens for water heating. Solar Water heaters have been one of the oldest solar technologies but even after regular push from Govt. agencies & private players, it is still not reaching a satisfactory state of adoption. The major problem has been the high capital cost which discourages modest households to buy these systems. Solution SOLOCO, a low-cost Solar Water Heater (SWH) meant to serve rural households. SOLOCO uses inexpensive but effective optics, which concentrates incoming solar radiation to provide water at higher temperatures in comparison to existing systems in the market. Performance is better particularly in winters, when skies are clear but ambient temperature is low. SOLOCO features Higher outlet temperature and non-toxic materials, thus can be used as water pasteuriser as well Easy (manual) seasonal tracking, thus gives higher efficiency Available as a Do-It-Yourself (DIY) kit, so packaging & transportation costs are greatly reduced Effortless on-site assembly Simple repair & maintenance procedures Its not exactly a plugand-play system, but very close to that. It is lighter and much more robust than conventional Solar Water Heaters. It can be used in homes, as well as rural industries, community kitchens and restaurants. Because SOLOCOs unique design targets specific local materials and skillset available, its distribution & assembly could provide a new economic value for communities. It also helps women folk reduce time & efforts wasted in collecting wood, thus creates value by increasing their availability for other jobs where they can get paid. SOLOCO will also reduce air pollution caused by burning biomass in enclosed areas, which leads to several respiratory diseases. SOLOCO Do-It-Yourself (DIY) kit of capacity 100 litres per day costs Rs. 7,000 right now. Our vision is subsequent improvement of the product design, materials & its manufacturing so as to deliver the system at under US $100 i.e. Rs. 4,500 to the rural households. Developed by Ambicales Clean Technologies Pvt. Ltd., a leading company in the domain of Renewable Energy in North India, SOLOCO provides triple bottom-line returns in terms of financial value creation, social upliftment and environmental sustainability. The system is undergoing field tests and the commercial launch is scheduled in September this year. NGOs and corporate interested in the system and willing to collaborate, please get in touch. SOLOCOs unique advantages can be appreciated under harsh conditions when the conventional SWHs fail to deliver. Marked difference in performance can be observed in the following situations: Sub-zero temperature climates - Components do not suffer damage from water freezing inside Unloaded system under the sun - Components easily stand at stagnation temperatures Uneven terrain - Modularity allows flexibility in installation Frequent movement and transportation - Modular, light-weight and easy to assemble & disassemble Need for potable water - Non-toxic components and higher outlet temperature; can pasteurise water Dirty inlet water - Easy drainage, thus silt removed comfortably Summer usage - Simple seasonal adjustments manually to achieve higher performance in summers No running water: Separate tank with lid for daily operation as a standalone system in areas where water is scarce

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SERVICEGUIDE
EnErgEtica india offers the most practical way to locate your suppliers. The most comprehensive service pages with manufacturing and service companies in the sector of power generation in India.

More info in tel. +34 902364699 +91 2267406800 + 91 9004772277

Single module
Dimensions: 55 mm width x 65 mm height Price: 650 euros / year

Double module
Dimensions: 55 mm width x 150 mm height 117 mm width x 65 mm height Price: 1,000 euros / year

SENSORS

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ADVERTISERS INDEX
1 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Bonglioli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Bosch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 CEEA Singapore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 CEEA Singapore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INSERTS DAKSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Delta Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Delta Energy . . . . . . . . . SPONSORS OF ENERGETICA INDIA T-SHIRT Eltek Valere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 EMMVEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Energetica International . . . . . INSIDE BACK COVER EUPVSEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 FLABEG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRONT COVER ICORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 India Carbon Market Conclave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Intersolar India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Isolux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Komax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Lti Reenergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Lti Reenergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INSERTS Meyer Burger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GATEFOLD COVER Meyer Burger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Powergen Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Proinso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 PV Connect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Refusol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Renewtech. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Schneider Electric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 45 Schott Solar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Skytron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Sova Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 SPI International. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Spire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Suntech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 TAPAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Teamtechnik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Trina Solar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BACK COVER US Digital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

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energetica india | july/august 10 | #010

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