1) ~ ~ ~Main Sentence Construction: Put the sentences before ~ in the plain form.

. Usage: It is used to support the idea in the Main sentence or give reasons to explain the idea in the main sentence. Example: (I shall go on a vacation because the weather is good, and that my friends are coming along and that I also have holidays going on.) 2) ~ / ~ Construction: Put the verb in the root form. ( / ) Usage: It is used to make light/strong suggestions . Wont you ~ / Lets ~. Example: (Shouldn't we go out for a movie today?) (After class today, lets go out to a restaurant.) 3) Noun Construction: Used only with a noun. Usage: It is used to indicate choice. I'll go for ~ Example: (Today, ill go for tea.) 4) Intentional Form Construction: Group III: Group ll: Remove the ~ and add Group l: Remove the ~ and change the ~i to the corresponding long ~o. (~ -) Usage: Used to show ones intentions. Used only in situations that depict a concrete idea. Example: (I plan to get married next year.) 5) Noun 1 Noun 2 Adjective () Construction: ------Usage: Used to ask preference. (What do you like between A and B? Who taller among A and B?) Example: (What is more difficult between Japanese and Chinese?)

6) Noun 1 Noun 2 Adjective Noun 1 Noun 2 Adjective

Construction: -----Usage: Used to indicate comparative degree. (A is better than B) Example: (Japanese is more difficult than Chinese.) Note: Noun Adjective Construction: ----Usage: Here, you don't compare two things, but just say that 'A is better' Example: (Japanese is more difficult.) Here we have no information on 'difficult compared to what?' 7) Category Adjective () Construction: ----Usage: Used to indicate superlative degree Example: (Among fruits, I like apples the best) 8) Verb in the 'te' form Construction: Put the verb in the 'te' form before Usage: It indicates willingness to try out something. (Ill try asking my friend) Example: (Ill try talking in Japanese with my teacher.) 9) / Construction: Put after the thing that is to be given / received. Put after the person to / from whom the thing is given / received. Usage: ---------Example: (I received from my boss (section head), documents for the meeting.) 10) Construction: Put after the thing that is to be given. Put after the person who gives you the thing. Usage: It is a special case of When some person gives you something, (you are the receiver), we use instead of Example: (My boss (section head) gave me the documents.)

11) ~() Construction: Put the verb in the 'te' form before Usage: Used in situations that mean : To do ~ and keep / To be ready with ~

Example: (My friends are coming over today and so I have bought beer and kept.) 12) ~ (te) (te form showing reason) Construction: In the subordinate clause, put the verb / adjective / noun in the 'te' form. Recall that the ~te form exists for not only verbs but also nouns and adjectives. Usage: It is used to show reason. (due to ~, owing to ~, because of ~, Being ~) Example: (Today being a holiday, I woke up at 10:00) (I am in soup because Japanese is very difficult,)

**** Chapter 39 is on the perfect tense and Chapter 40 is on transitiveintransitive. Please refer to the copy of hand written notes I had given you during the exam. But if you still need notes, send me an sms. I shall send them over.

13) SentencePlain form + Construction: Put the sentence in the plain form. For Nouns and -adjectives, (Present positive form), the changes to . So the form will be ~ and not ~ Usage: It is used as a colloquial form. Used only during spoken Japanese, and only with people who are at the same level as you are or those who are close to you. Example: (I don't drink beer.) 14) ~ Construction: Put the subordinate clause sentence in the 'ta' form. Usage: It is used as the conditional clause 'if'. Example: (If I had the money, I'd buy that huge mansion) 15) ~ Construction: Put the subordinate clause sentence in the 'te' form. Usage: Even if ~

Example: (Even if I had the money, I wouldn't buy that huge mansion.) 16) ~ Construction: Put the subordinate clause sentence in the 'Plain' form. For Nouns and -adjectives, (Present positive form), the changes to . So the form will be ~ and not ~ Usage: Because ~. Same as ~ / ~ Example: (I got presents because today is my birthday.) 17) ~ Construction: Put the subordinate clause sentence in the 'Plain' form. For Nouns and -adjectives, (Present positive form), the changes to . So the form will be ~ and not ~ Usage: Although ~ Example: (Although it is my birthday today, I did not receive any presents.) 18) ~ Construction: For -adjectives, remove the and add For nouns and adjectives, add Usage: To become ~, To turn ~ Example: (My apartment becomes very quiet at night.) 19) ~ / ~ Construction: Put the sentence in the '' form for positive and in the form for the negative. Usage: It is better to do ~ / It is better not to ~ Example: (It is not holiday time, still it is better to reserve the train tickets.) (Tanaka, we'll be having lunch in a short while, So it is better not to buy chocolates.)