Memmlers The Human Body in Health and Disease

11th edition

Chapter 2 Chemistry, Matter, and Life

Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Chemistry
Science that deals with composition and properties of matter Used to understand normal and abnormal functioning of body

Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Elements
Make up all matter 92 occur in nature Identified by names or chemical symbols (abbreviations of modern or Latin names) Identified by number (based on structure of subunits or atoms) Described and organized in periodic table

Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Molecules and Compounds

Molecules Formed when two or more atoms unite on the basis of their electron structures Can be made of like atoms or atoms of different elements

Compounds Composed of two or more elements Smallest subunits of a compound are molecules

Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The Importance of Water

Most abundant compound in body Critical in all physiologic processes in body tissues Deficiency (dehydration) can threaten health Universal solvent Stable liquid at ordinary temperatures Participates in chemical reactions in body

Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Mixtures: Solutions and Suspensions

Solution components Indistinguishable from one another Evenly distributed throughout (homogeneous)

Suspension components Separate from solvent Settle out (heterogeneous or non-uniform)

Colloid components Separate from solvent Evenly distributed throughout

Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Ionic Bonds
Electrons transferred between atoms form ionic bonds. Electrolytes ionic bonds form compounds that release ions( + and -) charges when they are in solution Influence homeostasis (stable condition of normal organism)

Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Compounds: Acids, Bases, and Salts

Compounds are chemical substances with specific properties Acid can donate hydrogen ion (H+) Base (alkali) can accept hydrogen ion (H+) Salt is formed by a reaction between an acid and a base

Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The pH Scale
Represents relative concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a solution Scale from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic) Each unit represents a 10-fold change Body fluids usually 7.35-7.45 pH

Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The pH scale. ZOOMING IN What happens to the amount of hydroxide ion (OH) present in a solution when the amount of hydrogen ion (H1) increases?

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Question: The acidity of a solution depends on its concentration of what? a. hydrogen ions b. oxygen ions c. sodium ions

Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Answer: a. hydrogen ions

Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Buffers
Chemicals that prevent sharp changes in hydrogen ion concentration and maintain relatively constant pH in body fluids

Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Use of Radioactive Isotopes

Radioisotopes are the rays given off by some radioactive elements. Can penetrate and destroy cancer cells Can aid in diagnosis X-rays Tracers

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Checkpoint 2-10: Some isotopes are stable; others break down to give off atomic particles. What word is used to describe isotopes that give off radiation?

Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Chemistry of Living Matter

Living matter contains 26 of 92 natural elements. 96% of body weightfour elements 4% of body weightnine elements 0.1% of body weight13 elements

Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Organic Compounds
Chemical compounds that characterize living things Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

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Checkpoint 2-11: Where are organic compounds found?

Checkpoint 2-12: What element is the basis of organic chemistry?

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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Glucose Disaccharides Polysaccharides Starch Glycogen

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Lipids
Triglycerides Glycerol (glycerin) Phospholipids Steroids Cholesterol Steroid hormones Sex hormones

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Proteins
Amino acids Enzymes Catalysts- help break down proteins

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End of Presentation

Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins