Chapter 1 Electromagnetic Field Theory

1-1 Electric Fields and Electric Dipoles

Gausss law of E :

'
1
dv
Q
S d E
s

'
'
1
'
v v
theorm
divergence
dv dv E

E and
0
=
9
10
36
1

(F/m) in
the free space.
For q at

' R
, field point at

R
2
'
| ' | 4

R R
a q
E
RR

3
| ' | 4
) ' (

R R
R R q

and
'
'

'
R R
R R
a
RR

E
due to a system of discrete charges:

n
k
k
k k
R R
R R q
E
1
3
| ' |
) ' (
4
1

Volume source

' '
3
2
'
| |
4
1
'
4
1
v v
R
dv
R
R
dv
R
a E

Surface source
s

'
2
'
4
1
s
s
R
dS
R
a E


Line source
l

'
2
'
4
1
l
l
R
dl
R
a E


Eg. Show that Coulombs law
3
2 1
2
2 1
4 4 R
R q q
R
q q
a F R



, where
R
R
a
R

,
R R
.
(Proof)

E q F
2

and E r
q
S d E
2 1
4

,
3
1
2
1
4 4 R
R q
R
q
a E R




2
2 1
4 R
q q
a F R

Eg. Determine the electric field intensity of an infinitely long line charge of a
uniform density
l
in air.
(Sol.)



s
L
rLE dz Erd S d E
0
2
0
2

0
2

L
rLE
l

,
r
a E
l
r
0
2

Eg. Determine the electric field intensity of an infinite planar charge with a
uniform surface charge density
s
.
(Sol.)

s
EA ES S d E 2 2 ,
0
2

A
EA
s

'

<
>

0 ,
2
0 ,
2
0
0
z z
z z
E
s
s

Eg. A line charge of uniform density

l
in free space forms a semicircle of radius
b. Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric field intensity at the
center of the semicircle. []
(Sol.)

sin
4
) (
2
0

b
bd
E d
l
y
,
b
y d
b
y E y E
l l
y
0
0
0
2
sin
4

Eg. Determine the electric field caused by spherical cloud of electrons with a
volume charge density =-
0
for b R 0 (both
0
and b are positive) and =0
for R>b. []
(Sol.)
(a) b R
3
0
3
4
b Q

,
2
0
3
0
2
0
3 4

R
b
a
R
Q
a E
R R

(b) b R 0
E a E
R

,
dS a S d
R

,



i i
s s
R E dS E S d E
2
4


v v
R dv dv Q
3
0 0
3
4
,
0
0
3
R
a E
R


Eg. A total charge Q is put on a thin spherical shell of radius b. Determine the
electrical field intensity at an arbitrary point inside the shell. []
(Sol.)
2
4 b
Q
s

,
_

2
2
2
2
1
1
0
4
r
dS
r
dS
dE
s

cos cos
2
2
2
2
1
1
r
dS
r
dS
d
,
0
cos cos 4
0

,
_

d d
dE
s
Electric dipole: A pair of equal but opposite charges with separation.
]
2
3
1 [ ] 1 [
]
4
[ )]
2
( )
2
[( |
2
|
2
3 2 / 3
2
3
2 / 3
2
2 2 / 3 3
R
d R
R
R
d R
R
d
d R R
d
R
d
R
d
R

+
]
2
3
1 [ |
2
|
2
3 3
R
d R
R
d
R

+
1
1
]
1

1
1
]
1

'

+
+

P R
R
P R
R
d R
R
d R
R
q
d
R
d
R
d
R
d
R
q
E
2 3 2 3 3 3
3
4
1
3
4
2
2
2
2
4

,
_

,
_

cos sin cos p p R a a p p z p
R

,
_

+




sin cos 2
4
3
a a
R
p
E
R
Eg. At what value of does the electric field intensity of a z-directed dipole have
no z-component.
(Sol.)
) sin cos 2 (
4
3
0

+ a a
R
p
E
r
,


sin cos

a a z
r
No z-component 0 sin sin cos cos 2
2 tan
2

=54.7 or 125.3
1-2 Static Electric Potentials

l d E V V V E
p
p
2
1
1 2
and V
2
Electric potential due to a point charge:
R
q
dR a
R
q
a V
R
R R
4 4
2

)
1 1
(
4
1 2
21
1 2
R R
q
V V V
p p

Electric potential due to discrete charges:

n
k k
k
R R
q
V
1
' 4
1

Electric potential due to an electric dipole:

)
1 1
(
4
+

R R
q
V

If d<<R, we have

,
_

+
,
_

+
cos
2
1 cos
2
1
1
1
R
d
R
d
R
R
and
,
_

,
_

cos
2
1 cos
2
1
1
1
R
d
R
d
R
R

d q p
R
qd
V ,
4
cos
2

) (
4
2
V
R
a p
V
R

) sin cos 2 (
4
3




+

a a
R
p V
a
R
V
a V E
R R
Scalar electric potential due to various charge distributions:
Volume source

'
'
4
1
v
dv
R
V

.
Surface source
s

'
'
4
1
s
s
dS
R
V

Line source
l

'
4
1
dl
R
V
l

Note: 1. V is a scalar, but

E
is a vector.
2.
V E

is valid only in the static EM field.

Eg. Obtain a formula for electrical field intensity along the axis of a uniform line
charge of length L. The uniform line-charge density is
l
. []
(Sol.)
2
, '
L
z z z R >

2 /
2 /
0
'
'
4
L
L
l
z z
dz
V

( )
( ) 2
,
2 /
2 /
ln
4
0
L
z
L z
L z
l
>
1
]
1

( ) [ ]
2
,
2 / 4
2 2
0
L
z
L z
L
z
dz
dV
z E
l
>

Eg. A finite line charge of length L carrying uniform line charge density
l
is
coincident with the x-axis. Determine V and
E

in the plane bisecting the line

charge.
(Sol.)

'

1
1
]
1

+ +
,
_

y
L
y
L
y x
dx
V
l
L
L
l
ln
2 2
ln
2
4
2
2
0
2 /
2 / 2 2
0

and
V E

( )
1
1
]
1

2 2
0 2 /
2 /
2
y L
L
y
y
l

Eg. A charge is distributed uniformly over an LL square plate. Determine V

and
E

at a point on the axis perpendicular to the plate and through its center.
(Sol.)
2
L
Q
s
,
2 2 2
z y y + ,

'

+
1
1
]
1

+ + +
,
_

2 /
2 /
2 2 2 2
2
0
ln
2 2
ln
2
L
L
s
dy z y
L
z y
L
V

'

1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

+ +

,
_

2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
tan
2 2
2
2 2
2
ln
2
z
L
z
L
z
L
z
L
L
z
L
L
L
Q

1
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
,
_

,
_

2
2
2
1
2
0
2
2
2
tan
z
L
z
L
L
Q
z V E

Eg. A positive point charge Q is at the center of a spherical conducting shell of an
inner radius R
i
and an outer radius R
o
. Determine

E
and V as functions of the
radial distance R. []
(Sol.) R>R
o
,
0
2
4

Q
R E S d E
s



,
2
0
4 R
Q
E

R
R
Q
EdR V
0
4
R
i
<R<R
o
, 0 E ,
o
R
Q
R R
V V
0 0
4

R<R
i
,
2
0
4 R
Q
E

,
C
R
Q
C EdR V + +

0
4

,
_

,
_

i o i o
R R R
Q
V
R R
Q
C
1 1 1
4
1 1
4
0 0

Eg. A charge Q is distributed uniformly over the wall of a circular tube of radius
b and height h. Determine

E
and V on its axis (a) at a point outside the tube, (b)
at a point inside the tube.
(Sol.)
( ) ( )

2
0 2 2
0
2 2
0
' 2
'
' 4
' '
z z b
bdz
z z b
dz bd
dV
s s
(a)
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
0
0 2 2
0
ln
2
' 2
'
h z b h z
z b b b
z z b
bdz
V
s
h
s
o
+ +
+ +

,
bh
Q
s

( )
1
1
]
1

+


2 2 2 2
0
1 1
2
z b h z b
b
z
dz
dV
z E
s
o

(b)
( ) ( )

+
+
+

h
z
s
z
s
i
z z b
bdz
z z b
bdz
V
2 2
0
0 2 2
0
' 2
'
' 2
'

( ) ( ) ( )
1
]
1

+ + + +
2 2 2 2
2
0
ln
2
z h b z h z b z
b
b
s s

Eg. Consider two spherical conductors with radii b

1
and b
2
(b
2
>b
1
) that are
connected wire. The distance between the conductors is very large in comparison
to b
2
so that charges on spherical conductors may be considered uniformly
distributed. A total charge Q is deposited on the spheres. Find (a) the charges on
the two spheres, and (b) the electric field intensities at the sphere surfaces?
(Sol.)
(a)
2 0
2
1 0
1
4 4 b
Q
b
Q


,
2
1
2
1
b
b
Q
Q

, Q Q Q +
2 1
Q
2 1
2
2
2 1
1
1
b b
b
Q and Q
b b
b
Q
+

(b)
2
2 0
2
2
2
1 0
1
1
4 4
E
b
Q
E and
b
Q
n n


,
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
b
b
Q
Q
b
b
E
E

,
_

Eg. Obtain a formula for the electric field intensity on the axis of a circular disk
of radius b that carries uniform surface charge density
s
. []
(Sol.)
' ' ' ' d dr r ds
,
2 2
' r z R +
( )

+

2
0 0
2 / 1
2 2
0
' '
'
'
4
b
s
d dr
r z
r
V

( ) [ ] z b z
s
+
2 / 1
2 2
0
2

z
V
z V E

( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]

'

< + +
> +

0 , 1
2
0 , 1
2
2 / 1
2 2
0
2 / 1
2 2
0
z b z z z
z b z z z
s
s

As z>>1 ( )
2
2
2 / 1
2 2
2
1
z
b
b z z +

,
( )
2
0
2
4 z
b
z E
s

'

<
>

0
4
0
4
2
0
2
0
z
z
Q
z
z
z
Q
z


Eg. Make a two-dimensional sketch of the equipotential lines and the electric
field lines for an electric dipole.
(Sol.)
For an electric dipole,
2
0
4
cos
R
qd
V

=constant cos
v
c R
E k l d

, where k is a constant.

,
_

+ + + +


E a E a E a k d R a Rd a dR a
R R R
sin


E
d R
E
Rd
E
dR
R
sin

,

sin cos 2
Rd dR
,
2
sin
E
c R
1-3 Magnetic Fields
Magnetic field:
M
B B
H

0

, where
0
=410
-7
(A/m) in the free space.
Magnetic flux density:

C
R
R
a d I
B
2
0

Amperes law of H :
I l H

d
J H

M J J J B
m
o

+ +

1
or
J M
B

) (
0

,
I l d H M
B
H

, and
H H M H B
r m


0 0 0
) 1 ( ) ( + +
,
where
0
1

+
m r
Gausss law of B :


S
S B B 0 d 0

0 B ,
A
fulfills A B
A A A J B
2
) (
Choose
J A A
2
0
(Note:

V
2
is scalar Poissons equation)

'
4
1
'
dv
R
V
V

,
'
4
'
dv
R
J
A
V

(Wb/m)
Magnetic flux:


S C S
l d A S d A S d B ' ) (

(Wb)
Biot-Savarts law:

'
3 2
'
4
'
4
C
R
R
R l d I
R
a l d I
B

' '
4
dv'
4
C V
R
l d I
R
J
A

, G f G f G f + ) ( ) ( ),

1
]
1

+
1
1
]
1

'
2
' '
'
4
' )
1
( '
1
4
)
'
(
4
'
4
C
R
C C
R
a l d I
dl
R
dl
R
I
R
l d I
R
l d I
A B

Note:

'

+ +

0 ' ' ' ' '

l d d z z d y y d x x l d
z
z
y
y
x
x

, and then
3 2
'
4
)
'
(
4 R
R l d I
R
a l d I
B d
R

Eg. A direct current I flows in a straight wire of length 2L. Find the magnetic
flux density
B
at a point located at a distance r from the wire in the bisecting
plane.
(Sol.) ' ) ' ( ' ' rdz a z z r a dz z R l d
r

,
2
1
2 2
) ( r z R +

L
L
o o
r L r
IL
a
r z
rdz I
a B
2 2
2 3 2 2
2

) ' (
'
4

Eg. Find the magnetic flux density at the center of a square loop, with side w
carrying a direct current I.
(Sol.)
2
w
L ,
2
w
r in this case,
w
I
z
w w w
w
I
z B
o
o

2 2

)
2
( )
2
(
2
2
2
4
2 2

Eg. Find the magnetic flux density at a point on the axis of a circular loop of
radius b that a direct current I.
(Sol.) ' '

bd a l d , b a z z R
r
,
2 1 2 2
) ( b z R +
' z ' '
2
d b bzd a R l d
r
+
2 3 2 2
2
2
0
2 3 2 2
2
) ( 2
'
) (

4 b z
Ib
z d
b z
b z bz a
I
B
o
r
o
+

+
+

. In case of
z=0,
b
I
z B
o
2

Eg. Determine the magnetic flux density at a point on the axis of a solenoid with
radius b and length L, and with a current in its N turns of closely wound coil.
(Sol.) B d

' ) (
] ) ' [( 2

2
3
2 2
2
0
dz
L
N
b z z
Ib z
+

[ ]
1
1
]
1

1
1
]
1

+
+
+

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1
2 2 0
) (
2
) (
2
b L z
L z
b z
z
L
NI
b z
z
b z L
z L
L
NI
B d B
o o
L
Amperes law of B :

c
I l d B J

B
, where =
0
in the free space.
Eg. An infinitely long, straight conductor with a circular cross section of radius b
carries a steady current I. Determine the magnetic flux density both inside and
outside the conductor. []
(Sol.)
(a) Inside the conductor, b r :



1
2
2
2
2
0
) ( ) ( 2 d
C
o o I
b
r
I
b
r
rB Brd l B

=>
2
2
B
b
rI
a
o

(b) Outside the conductor:
r
I
a B I rB l d B
o
C
o

2
2
2

Eg. A long line carrying a current I folds back with semicircular bend of radius
b. Determine magnetic flux density at the center point P of the bend. []
(Sol.)
2 1
B B B + , where
b
I
z B
o

4
2
1

,
b
I
z B
o
4

Eg. A current I flows in the inner conductor of an infinitely long coaxial line and
returns via the outer conductor. The radius of the inner conductor is a, and the
inner and outer radii of the outer conductor are b and c, respectively. Find the
magnetic flux density
B
for all regions and plot
B
versus r. []
(Sol.) a r 0 , 2
2

a
rI
a B

, b r a ,
r
I
a B

2

c r b ,
r
I
b c
r c
a B

2
) (
2 2
2 2

Eg. Determine the magnetic flux density inside an infinitely long solenoid with
air core having n closely wound turns per unit length and carrying a current I.
(Sol.)
nLI BL o
=>
nI B o
Eg. The figure shows an infinitely long solenoid with air core having n closely
wound turns per unit length. The windings are slanted at an angle and carry a
current I. Determine the magnetic flux density both inside and outside the
solenoid.
(Sol.)

'

>
< <

b r
r
b n I
a
r
b n I
a
b r
B
,
s i n

2
s i n 2

0 , 0
0 0
1

'

>
< <

b r
b r n I z
B
o
, 0
0 , c o s
2

,
2 1
B B B +
Eg. Determine the magnetic flux density inside a closely wound toroidal coil with
an air core having N turns and carrying a current I. The toroid has a mean
radius b, and the radius of each turn is a.
(Sol.)
NI rB l o

2 d B
r
NI
a B a B
o

2
, (b-a)<r<(b+a), 0 B for r<(b-a) and
r>(b+a)
Eg. In certain experiments it is desirable to have a region of constant magnetic
flux density. This can be created in an off-center cylindrical cavity. The uniform
axial current density is J z J . Find the magnitude and direction of
B
in the
cylindrical cavity whose axis is displaced from that of the conducting part by a
distance d. []
(Sol.) J z J ,
I l B
o

d
If no hole exists,

'

1 1
1 1
1
1
2
1 1 1
2
2
2
2
x
J
B
y
J
B
J
r
B J r B r
o
y
o
x
o
o

For - J in the hole potion,

'

2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
x
J
B
y
J
B
J
r
B
o
y
o
x
o

At
2 1
y y and d x x +
2 1
0
2 1
+
x x x
B B B
, and d
J
B B B
o
y y y
2
2 1

+
1-4 Electromagnetic Forces
Lorentz force equation: ) ( B v E q F +

Electric force:
E q F
e

. Magnetic force:
B v q F
m

Eg. An electron is injected with an initial velocity o o v y v into a region where

both an electric field and a magnetic field
B
exist. Describe the motion of the
electron if o E z E and o B x B . Discuss the effect of the relative magnitude of
E
0
and B
0
on the electron paths in parts.
(Sol.) ) ( B v E e
t
v
m +

'

'

'

o
o
o
o
z
o
o
o
o
o y
x
y
o o
z
z
o
y
x
o
o
B
m
e
t v
R
E
v
B
E
t
B
E
v v
v
v B E
m
e
t
v
v B
m
e
t
v
t
v
B x B
E z E
0 0
0
; s i n ) (
c o s ) (
0
) (
0

(If
o
o
o
B
E
v
)
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
) ( ) ( ) (
) , c o s 1 (
s i n
0
o o o
o
o
o
o o
o
o
o
o
o
c c
z t
B
E
y
B
E
v c t
c
z
t
B
E
t
c
y
x

+ +

'

Magnetic force due to B and I:

B Id B d
dt
dq
B
dt
d
dq dF B v q F
m m

C
m
B d I F

Eg. Determine the force per unit length between two infinitely long parallel
conducting wires carrying currents I
1
and I
2
in the same direction. The wires are
separated by a distance d. []
(Sol.) ) ( '
12 2 12
B z I F

,
d
I I
y F
d
I
x B

2
'
2

2 1 0
12
1 0
12

Eg. Calculate the force per unit length on each of three equidistant, infinitely
long, parallel wires d apart, each carrying a current of I in the same direction.
Specify the direction of the force.
(Sol.)
d
I
y IB y B I z f
d
I
x B x B I I I I

2
3
,
2
3
30 cos 2 ,
2
0
2 2 2
0
12 2 3 2 1

Eg. The bar AA, serves as a conducting path for the current I in two very long
parallel lines. The lines have a radius b and are spaced at a distance d apart. Find
the direction and the magnitude of the magnetic force on the bar. []
(Sol.)
)
1 1
(
4

0
y d y
I
z B

,
dy y d
) 1 ln(
2
)
1 1
(
4

2
0
2
0

b
d I
x F d F dy
y d y
I
x B Id F d
b d
b

Application of the electric forces: The e-paper
Scalar electric potential function:

'
'
4
1
V
dv
R
V

Vector magnetic potential function:

'
'
4
V
dv
R
J
A

Retarded potentials:

'
'
) (
4
1
) , (
V
dv
R
v R t
t R V

,
'
) / (
4
) , (
'
dv
R
v R t J
t R A
V

1-5 Faradays Law and Magnetic Dipoles

Faradays law:
t
B
E

or

C S
S d
t
B
d E

0 ) ( ) (

t
A
E A
t t
B
E

V fulfills
t
A
V E V
t
A
E

Note: In static field: V E , but in time-varying field:

t
A
V E

Emf:

l d E V

. Magnetic flux:

S
S d B

,

C S
S d
t
B
d E

dt
d
V


Motional emf:

C
l d B v V

) ( '
(Volt)
l d B v l d E V E B v
q
F
B v q F
C
m m
m
m

) ( '
Eg. A circular loop of N turns of conducting wire line in the xy-plane with its
center at the origin of a magnetic field specified by
t b r B z B sin ) 2 cos(
0

,
where b is the radius of the loop and is the angular frequency. Find the emf
induced in the loop.
(Sol.) ) sin( ) 1
2
(
8
] 2 [ )] sin( )
2
cos( [
0
2
0
0
t B
b
rdr z t
b
r
B z
b

) cos( ) 1
2
(
8
0
2
t B b
N
dt
Nd
V

Eg. A metal bar slides over a pair of conducting rails in a uniform magnetic field
0
B z B
with a constant velocity v. (a) Determine the open-circuit voltage V
0
that appears across terminals 1 and 2. (b) Assuming that a resistance R is
connected between the two terminals, find the electric power dissipated in R.
Neglect the electric resistance of the metal bar and of the conducting rails. [
]
(Sol). (a)

' 1
' 2
0 0 2 1 0
) ( ) ( h vB dl y B z v x V V V (V)
(b)
R
h vB
R
R
h vB
R I P
e
2
0 2 0 2
) (
) ( (W)
Eg. The circuit in Fig. is situated in a magnetic field )
3
2
10 5 cos( 3
7
x t z B
T. Assuming R=15, find the current i. []
(Sol.)

6 . 0
0
6 7
) 2 . 0 ( 10 )
3
2
10 5 cos( 3 dx x t
)] 10 5 cos( ) 6 . 0
3
2
10 5 [cos( 45
9 7
t t
dt
d
V

,
) 2 . 0 10 5 sin( 76 . 1
2
7
t
R
V
i
Eg. A conducting sliding bar oscillates over two parallel conducting rails in a
sinusoidally varying magnetic field
) cos( 5 t z B
T. The position of the sliding
bar is given by x=0.35(1-cost), and the rails are terminated in a resistance
R=0.2. Find i.
(Sol.)
) 7 . 0 ( 2 . 0 cos 5 x t
, x=0.35(1-cost),
dt
d
R
i


1
) cos 2 1 ( sin 75 . 1 t t i +
Eg. The Faraday disk generator consists of a circular metal disk rotating with a
constant angular velocity in a uniform and constant magnetic field of flux
density
0
B z B
that is parallel to the axis of rotation. Brush contacts are the
open-circuit voltage of the generator if the radius of the disk is b.
(Sol.)


2
) ( ] ) [( ) (
2
0
0
0
4
3
0 0
b B
rdr B dr a B z r a l d B v V
b
r

(V)
Magnetic dipole moment: m = m z IS z , where S is the area of the loop that
carries I and m=IS.
Vector potential of a magnetic dipole:
2
0
4

R
a m
A
R

, where
( )

sin cos 2
4
3
a a
R
m
A B
R
o
+

Eg. For the small rectangular loop with sides a and b that carries a current I.
Find the vector magnetic potential
A

at a distant point P(x,y,z). And determine

the magnetic flux density
B

and
A

. []
(Sol.)
2
0
4

R
a m
A
R

, where m=Iab,
( )

sin cos 2
4
3
a a
R
m
A B
R
o
+

Magnetization vector:
V
m
M
V
k
k
V

1
0
lim

(A/m), where
k
m
is the
magnetic dipole moment of an atom.
1
1
]
1

,
_

R
M
M
R
dv
R
M dv
R
a M
A d
o o R o
' '
1
4
' )
1
( '
4
'
4

,
_

' '
'
4
'
'
4
V V
o o
dv
R
M
dv
R
M
A

(
' ' d '
'
dS F v F
s V

)


+

' d
'
4
' d
'
4
'
S
R
a M
v
R
M
n o
V
o

Magnetization volume current density:

M J
m

(A/m
2
)
Magnetization surface current density: n ms
a M J

(A/m)
Equivalent Magnetization Charge Densities:
' d
) ' (
4
1
' d
'
4
1
' '
v
R
M
S
R
a M
V
V S
n
m


+

(Note:
( )


+

'
'
'
4
1
'
'
4
1
V o
n
o
dv
R
P
dS
R
a P
V

)
Define the magnetization surface charge density as n ms
a M
and the
magnetization volume charge density as
M
m

Eg. A circular rod of magnetic material with permeability is inserted coaxially
in the long solenoid. The radius a of the rod is less than the inner radius b of the
solenoid. The solenoids winding has n turns per unit length and carries a
current I. (a) Find the values of
B

,
H

, and
M

inside the solenoid for r<a and

for a<r<b. (b) What are the equivalent magnetization current densities J
m
and J
ms
for the magnetized rod? []
(Sol.) (a) r < a: nI z H , nI z B , nI z H
B
M ) 1 (
0 0

,
a < r < b: nI z H , nI z B
o
, 0 M
(b) 0 ' M J
m

,
nI a nI a z a M J
r n
ms ) 1 ( ) 1 )( (
0 0

Eg. A ferromagnetic sphere of radius b is uniformly magnetized with a

magnetization
0
M z M

. (a) Determine the equivalent magnetization current

densities
m
J

and
ms J
. (b) Determine the magnetic flux density at the center of
the sphere. []
(Sol.) (a) 0 ' M J
m

,

sin ) sin cos (
o R o R
ms M a a M a a J
(b)

3
2
3
2
2
sin
2

) ( 2
) sin )( d (

o o ms o
M
z
b
b b J
z B d
,
0 0
0
3
3
2
d sin
2
M z
M
z B
o o

.
Eg. Determine the magnetic flux density on the axis of a uniformly magnetized
circular cylinder of a magnetic material. The cylinder has a radius b, length L
and axial magnetization
0
M z M

. []
(Sol.) 0 ' M J
m

,
0 0
) ( M a a M z a M J
r n
ms

,
' dz J dI
ms

[ ]
1
1
]
1

2 2 2 2
0 0
0
2
3
2 2
2
0 0
) (
2

) ' ( 2
'

b L z
L z
b z
z M
z
b z z
dz b M
z B
L

Eg. A cylindrical bar magnet of radius b and length L has a uniform
magnetization
0
M z M along its axis. Use the equivalent magnetization charge
density concept to determine the magnetic flux density at an arbitrary distant
point. []
(Sol.)

'

s i d e w a l l
b o t t o m M
t o p M
a M
n m s
, 0
,
,

0
0
,
m
=0 in the interior region
0
2 2
M b b q
ms m

)
1 1
(
4
) , , (

+

R R
q
z y x V
m
m

(A)

2
2
2
4
cos ) (
4
cos
R
L M b
R
L q
o
m

2
4
cos
R
M
T

, where
0
2
LM b M
T


) sin cos 2 (
4
3

a a
R
M
V B
R
T o
m o
+
(T)
Consider an infinitely long solenoid with n turns per unit length around to create a
magnetic field; a voltage V
1
=
dt
d
n

is induced unit length, which opposes the
current change. Power P
1
=-V
1
I per unit length must be supplied to overcome this
induced voltage in order to increase the current to I. The work per unit volume
required to produce a final magnetic flux density B
f
is W
1
=

f
B
HdB
0
.