122: PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS: READING LIST. DAVID BOSTOCK. * denotes more important texts.

Useful Collections: Van Heijenoort ed. From Frege to Gdel, a source book in Mathematical Logic 1879-1931 (Harvard UP, 1967) Benacerraf, P. & Putnam H. eds Philosophy of Mathematics, selected readings (2nd edition, Cambridge UP, 1983) Hart, W.D. ed The Philosophy of Mathematics (OUP, 1996) Plato: (Translations given are examples only; any translation will do.) *Meno, 80d-86b tr. Grube, G. (Hackett, 1976) *Phaedo, 72e-77d tr. Gallop, D. (Clarendon, 1975) Republic, book VI, 507a-511e tr. Grube, G., rev. Reeve, C. (Hackett, 1992) Wedberg, A. Platos Philosophy of Mathematics (Almqvist & Wiksell, 1955) chs 4-5 on Platos later theory; appx. B sec. 3 on Republic VI. Aristotle: (Translations given are examples only; any translation will do.) Physics II, 2, 193b 22-194a12 tr. Charlton, W. (Clarendon, 1992) *Metaphysics M, 3, 1077b 12-1078b 6 tr Annas, J. (Clarendon, 1976) *Physics III 6-8, 206a9-208a23 tr Hussey, E. (Clarendon, 1983) Lear, J. Aristotles Philosophy of Mathematics in Philosophical Review vol 91 (1982), pp 161-92 Bostock, D. Aristotle, Zeno and the potential infinite in Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society vol 73 (1972-3), pp 37-51 Realism, Conceptualism, Nominalism: Russell, B. Problems of Philosophy (OUP, 1912), ch 9 *Quine, W.V. On what there is in his From a Logical Point of View 2nd edition, (Harvard UP, 1961) pp 1-19 Descartes, Locke and Hume: Hume, D. Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding ed Selby-Bigge, L. (Clarendon, 1888 or subsequent edition), Section 20 Kant: *Critique of Pure Reason tr. N. Kemp Smith 2nd edition (Macmillan, 1933 or reprint) pp 48-58 (Intro:IV-VI); pp 65-91 (Transcendental Aesthetic); pp 576-93 (Discipline of Pure Reason in its Dogmatic Employment) Kitcher, P. Kant and the Foundation of Mathematics in Philosophical Review vol 84 (1975), pp 23-50 Friedman, M. Kant and the Exact Sciences (Harvard UP, 1992), chs 1 & 2 *Mill, J.S. System of Logic (1843, many editions: for example Longmans, 1959 or reprint) book II ch 5 (on geometry) *Frege, G. Foundations of Arithmetic (originally 1884) tr Austin, J. (Blackwell, 1950) sections. 1-6, 12-17 (on arithmetic)

Analyticity as Truth by Convention: *Ayer, A.J. Language, Truth and Logic (Gollancz, 1936) ch 4. Also reprinted in Benacerraf & Putnam Philosophy of Mathematics: selected readings (Cambridge UP, 1983) pp 289-302 in 1st edition, pp 315-28 in 2nd edition Quine, W.V. Truth by Convention (originally 1936) in Benacerraf & Putnam Philosophy of Mathematics: selected readings (Cambridge UP, 1983) pp 322-46 in 1st edition, pp 329-54 n 2nd edition (section I may be omitted) Dummett, M. Wittgensteins Philosophy of Mathematics Philosophical Review vol 68 (1959) pp.324-348, reprinted in his Truth and Other Enigmas (Duckworth, 1978) pp 166-85 Some History of Mathematics: *Euclid, Elements tr & ed T. Heath 2nd edition (Dover, 1956) comment on book V, Def 5 (vol 2, pp 121-6). (For basic axioms in book I, see vol 1 pp 153-5). [Mancosu, P. Philosophy of Mathematics and Mathematical Practice in the Seventeenth Century (OUP, 1996), chs 2, 5, 6. ] *Kitcher, P. The Nature of Mathematical Knowledge (OUP, 1983) ch 10 (The Development of Analysis: a Case Study) Dedekind, R. Essays on the Theory of Numbers tr. Beman, W.W. (Dover, 1963) containing: *Continuity and Irrational Numbers (1872) The Nature and Meaning of Numbers (1888) *Dedekind, R. letter to Keferstein (1890) in Van Heijenoort ed. From Frege to Gdel, a source book in Mathematical Logic 1879-1931 (Harvard UP, 1967) pp 98-101 (only) *Gillies, D. Frege, Dedekind and Peano on the Foundations of Arithmetic (Van Gorcum, 1982) chs 8-10, esp 9 Cantor, G. Contributions to the Founding Theory of Transfinite Numbers tr and ed Jourdain, P. (Dover, 1955) pp 85-201 (originally 1895, 1897) Logicism: a) Frege and Russell *Frege, G. Foundations of Arithmetic (originally 1884) tr. Austin, J. (Blackwell, 1950) esp. secs. 55-91, 106-9. These sections reprinted in Benacerraf & Putnam Philosophy of Mathematics: selected readings (Cambridge UP, 1983) pp 130-59 Russell, B. letter to Frege and his reply tr. in Van Heijenoort ed. From Frege to Gdel, a source book in Mathematical Logic 1879-1931 (Harvard UP, 1967) pp 124-8 [Boolos, G. The consistency of Freges Foundations of Arithmetic reprinted in Hart, W. The Philosophy of Mathematics (OUP, 1996), pp 185-202] *Russell, B. Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy (George, Allen & Unwin, 1919) esp. chs 1-3, 12-13, 18. Chs 1-2, 18 reprinted in Benacerraf & Putnam Philosophy of Mathematics: selected readings (Cambridge UP, 1983) pp 113-134 in 1st edition, pp 160-82 in 2nd edition Copi, I.M. The Theory of Logical Types (RKP, 1971) ch 2 b) Numbers as Type -Neutral [Borkowski, L. Reduction of Arithmetic to Logic based on the Theory of Types without the Axiom of Infinity or the Typical Ambiguity of Arithmetical Constants , Studia Logica vol 8 (1958), pp 283-95] *Bostock, D A Study of Type-Neutrality in Journal of Philosophical Logic vol 9 (1980); I suggest pp 211-7 & 233-6 only

c) Sets Cantor, G. letter to Dedekind (1899) tr in Van Heijenoort ed. From Frege to Gdel, a source book in Mathematical Logic 1879-1931 (Harvard UP, 1967) pp 113-7 *Zermelo, E. Investigations in the Foundations of Set Theory tr in Van Heijenoort ed. From Frege to Gdel, a source book in Mathematical Logic 1879-1931 (Harvard UP, 1967) pp 199-215 (but you may stop at p. 205) *Boolos, G. The Iterative Conception of Set in Journal of Philosophy vol 68 (1971) pp 215-230, reprinted in Benacerraf & Putnam Philosophy of Mathematics: selected readings 2nd edition only (Cambridge UP, 1983) pp 486-502 [Quine, W.V. Set Theory and Its Logic (Harvard UP, 1963) chs 11-12] d) Objections Russell, B The Regressive Method of Discovering the Premises of Mathematics (1907) reprinted in Lackey ed Essays in Analysis by Bertrand Russell (George, Allen & Unwin, 1973) pp 272-83 Boolos, G. On Second Order Logic in Journal of Philosophy vol 72 (1975), pp 509-27 Putnam, H. The thesis that mathematics is logic sections 1-2 only, in Schoenman, R. ed Bertrand Russell, Philosopher of the Century (Allen & Unwin, 1967) reprinted in Putnams Philosophical Papers vol 1 (Cambridge UP, 1979) pp 12-20 *Benacerraf, P. What Numbers Could Not Be in Philosophical Revie w vol 74 (1965), pp 47-73; reprinted in Benacerraf & Putnam Philosophy of Mathematics: selected readings 2nd edition (Cambridge UP, 1983) pp 272-94 Formalism etc. a) Hilbert *Hilbert, D. On the Infinite tr in Van Heijenoort ed. From Frege to Gdel, a source book in Mathematical Logic 1879-1931 (Harvard UP, 1967) pp 367-84 (ie omit pp 385-92) also in Benacerraf & Putnam Philosophy of Mathematics: selected readings (Cambridge UP, 1983) pp 134-52 in 1st edition, pp 183-201 in 2nd edition Hilbert, D. The Foundations of Mathematics tr in Van Heijenoort ed. From Frege to Gdel, a source book in Mathematical Logic 1879-1931 (Harvard UP, 1967) pp 46479 Kneebone, G.T. Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics (van Nostrand, 1963) ch 7 on Hilbert; * ch 8 on Gdels Incompleteness Theorems. [Skolem, T. The foundations of elementary arithmetic established by means of the recursive mode of thought, without the use of apparent variables ranging over infinite domains tr in Van Heijenoort ed. From Frege to Gdel, a source book in Mathematical Logic 1879-1931 (Harvard UP, 1967) pp 302-333 (On primitive recursive arithmetic; the opening and closing remarks are sufficient)] b) Pure Formalism Resnik, M.D. Frege and the Philosophy of Mathematics (Cornell UP, 1980) ch 2 secs 1-2 pp 54-76 (On Frege vs formalism, and on Curry) Curry, H.B. Outlines of a Formalist Theory of Mathematics (North-Holland, 1951) chs 13, 6, 9-12 Robinson, A. Formalism 64 in Proceedings of the 1964 International Congress for Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science (Amsterdam, 1965)

c) Structuralism: *Benacerraf, P. What Numbers Could Not Be in Philosophical Review vol 74 (1965), pp 47-73; reprinted in Benacerraf & Putnam Philosophy of Mathematics: selected readings 2nd edition (Cambridge UP, 1983) pp 272-94 Isaacson, D. Mathematical Intuition and Objectivity in George, A. ed Mathematics and Mind (OUP, 1994) pp 118-40 Hellman, G. Mathematics Without Numbers: towards a modal-structural interpretation (OUP, 1989) Intro and ch 1 Parsons, C. The Structuralist View of Mathematical Objects in Synthese vol 84 (1990), pp 303-346, reprinted in Hart, W.D. ed The Philosophy of Mathematics (OUP, 1996) pp 272-309 Intuitionism Heyting, A. Intuitionism- an Introduction (North Holland, 1956) ch 1. This chapter reprinted in Benacerraf & Putnam Philosophy of Mathematics: selected readings (Cambridge UP, 1983) pp 55-66 in 1st edition, pp 67-76 in 2nd edition Brouwer, L.E.J. Intuitionism and Formalism (originally 1912) tr in Benacerraf & Putnam Philosophy of Mathematics: selected readings (Cambridge UP, 1983) pp 66-78 in 1st edition, pp 77-90 in 2nd edition Krner, S. The Philosophy of Mathematics (Hutchinson, 1960) chs 6-7 *Dummett, M. Elements of Intuitionism (OUP, 1977) intro, chs 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 7.1, 7.2 [Scott, D. et al. Notes on the Formalization of Logic (Sub-Faculty of Philosophy, 10 Merton St., 1981) pp 163-94 and possibly 235-8 (an account of intuitionist logic)] Predicativism: a) Russell *Russell, B. Mathematical Logic as based on the Theory of Types (originally 1908) sections I-V. Reprinted in Van Heijenoort ed. From Frege to Gdel, a source book in Mathematical Logic 1879-1931 (Harvard UP, 1967) pp 150-68, and in Marsh, R.C. ed Bertrand Russell: Logic and Knowledge (George, Alle n and Unwin, 1956) Sainsbury, R.M. Paradoxes 2nd edition (Cambridge UP, 1995) ch 5 Gdel, K. Russells Mathematical Logic in Benacerraf & Putnam Philosophy of Mathematics: selected readings (Cambridge UP, 1983) pp 447-69 in 2nd edition only [Sainsbury, R.M. Russell (RKP, 1979) ch VIII, secs 6-10] *Dummett, M. Frege- The Philosophy of Language (Duckworth, 1973), pp 529-35 b) After Russell [Quine, W.V. Set Theory and Its Logic (Harvard UP, 1963), pp 74-77] [Wang, H. A Survey of Mathematical Logic (North Holland, 1963) chs 23-5] *Chihara, C.S. Ontology and the Vicious-Circle Principle (Cornell UP, 1973) ch 5 Feferman, S. Systems of Predicative Analysis in Journal of Symbolic Logic vol 29 1964, part 1 only. Reprinted in Hintikka, J. ed The Philosophy of Mathematics (OUP, 1969) pp 95-109

Ontology. a) Realism *Gdel, K. What is Cantors Continuum Problem? (originally 1947). Expanded version in Benacerraf & Putnam Philosophy of Mathematics: selected readings 2nd edition only (Cambridge UP, 1983) pp 470-85 Chihara, C.S. Ontology and the Vicious-Circle Principle (Cornell UP, 1973) ch 2 (on Gdel) *Benacerraf, P. Mathematical Truth in Journal of Philosophy vol 70 (1973), pp. 661-679. Reprinted in in Benacerraf & Putnam Philosophy of Mathematics: selected readings 2nd edition (Cambridge UP, 1983) pp 403-20 and in Hart, W. The Philosophy of Mathematics (OUP, 1996) pp 14-30 *Putnam, H. Philosophy of Logic (Allen & Unwin, 1972) chs 5 & 8, reprinted in his Philosophical Papers, vol 1, 2nd edition (Cambridge UP, 1979) pp 337-41, 347-56 (giving Quines position) Hart, W. Access and Inference in Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Supplementary Series, Vol 53 (1979) reprinted in Hart, W. The Philosophy of Mathematics (OUP, 1996) pp 52-62 [Tait, W.W. Truth and Proof: the Platonism of Mathematics in Synthese, vol 69 (1986), pp 341-370, reprinted in Hart, W. The Philosophy of Mathematics (OUP, 1996) pp 142-67: I suggest sections 1-8 only.] *Maddy, P. Realism in Mathematics (OUP, 1990) pp 1-5, 28-35, 58-75, 150-9 [Steiner, M. Mathematical Knowledge (Cornell UP, 1975) pp 109-37 (on Benacerraf and a causal theory of knowledge)] Field, H. Critical notice of Crispin Wright: Freges conception of numbers as objects in Canadian Journal of Philosophy vol 14 (1984). Reprinted as Platonism for cheap? in Field, Realism, Mathematics and Modality (Blackwell, 1989) pp 147-170 c) Nominalism Hodes, H. Logicism and the Ontological Commitments of Arithmetic in Journal of Philosophy vol 81 (1984), pp 123-49 Putnam, H. Mathematics without Foundations in Journal of Philosophy vol 64, (1967) pp. 5-22. Reprinted in his Philosophical Papers, vol 1, 2nd edition (Cambridge UP 1979) and in Hart , W. The Philosophy of Mathematics (OUP, 1996) pp 168-184 *Field, H. Science Without Numbers (Blackwell, 1980) esp. chs 1-5, pp 1-47 Shapiro, S. Conservativeness and Incompleteness in Journal of Philosophy vol 80 (1983), pp 521-530. Reprinted in Hart, W. The Philosophy of Mathematics (OUP, 1996) pp 225-34 (comment on Field) [Field, H. Realism, Mathematics and Modality in Philosophical Topics vol 19 (1988), reprinted in Fields collection of the same title, (Blackwell, 1989), pp 227-81] Epistemology a) Empiricism and Arithmetic Kitcher, P. Arithmetic for the Millian in Philosophical Studies vol 37 (1980), pp 215-36. Alternatively: The Nature of Mathematical Knowledge (OUP, 1984) ch 6 *Frege, G. Foundations of Arithmetic (1884) tr Austin, J.L. (Blackwell, 1950) secs. 7-9, 21-25 (on Mill)

b) Empiricism and Logic *Quine, W.V. Two Dogmas of Empiricism in his From a Logical Point of View (Harvard UP, 1953 or reprint). Reprinted in Hart, W. The Philosophy of Mathematics (OUP, 1996) pp 31-51. Also reprinted in Benacerraf, P. & Putnam H. eds Philosophy of Mathematics, selected readings 1st edition only, (Prentice Hall, 1964), pp 346-366 Putnam, H. Is Logic Empirical? in Cohen, R. & Wartofsky, M. eds Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 5 (D.Reidel, 1968). Reprinted as The Logic of Quantum Mechanics in his Philosophical Papers vol 1, 2nd edition, (Cambridge UP, 1979) pp 174-97 Dummett, M. Is Logic Empirical? in Lewis, H.D. ed Contemporary British Philosophy, Series 4. (Allen & Unwin, 1976). Reprinted in Dummetts Truth and Other Enigmas (Duckworth, 1978) pp 269-89 Bostock, D. Logic and Empiricism in Mind vol 99 (1990), pp 571-82

Electronic texts Many important philosophical texts are now available on-line. The Perseus Project offers many texts in ancient philosophy. Past Masters offers an expanding range of key philosophers. These can be accessed via the philosophy section in OXLIP, see Philosophical texts On-line (http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/oxlip/index.html Copyright Remember, the amount you can photocopy is restricted by law. You may copy up to one chapter from a book, or one article from a journal part. For further information, consult library staff.

HW/CA LAST WORKED ON: 4/8/99