1.

Labor Unrest after WWI The Espionage and Sedition Act disallowed workers to be able to strike during WWI, because of the chances that it would hurt the war effort, thus having to worry about conflicts from internal and external sources; there were 3,000 strikes after the war. 2. Boston Police Strike -in 1919, after having not received a pay raise since the start of war, Boston Police took steps to organize a union, even though the department rules banned labor unions. Boston police commissioner fired 19 officers; the whole force voted to strike Rioting broke out, lasting through the night Mayor sent volunteer police force to restore order. MA governor Coolidge called state guard. Peace returned. 3 & 4 Steel Mill Strike, Coal Miners Strike - Steel workers put in 12-hour shifts, +65 hour work weeks. Backed by American Federation of Labor (AFL), workers asked for 8-hour days and 48hour work weeks. In September, workers strike, 350,000 workers walked off the job. Mill in Gary, Indiana was nearly shut down, as were others Company hired private police force to stop strike; killed 18 strikers and beat many others African American workers brought in from South After 10 weeks, AFL called off strike Soft-coal miners went on strike fall 1919, even though their union, United Mine Workers of America (UMW) had made no-strike agreement during the war. Strike continued until December when a coal shortage developed. Government-established coal commission granted 14% pay raise to end strike. 5. Harding Return to Normalcy Warren G. Hardings "call for the return of normalcy" became his slogan and gave him the edge over Democrat James Cox and FDR, made some wise cabinet appointments (Hoover, Hughes, and Mellon). 6. Fordney McCumber Tariff - A protective tariff during Harding's administration which raised import taxes to historically high levels. 7. Washington Conference - The Washington Conference of 1921 was an effort to prevent to prevent naval armaments race between USA, Britain, and Japan. Five Power Pact, Nine Power Pact, Four Power Pact. 8. Kellogg-Briand Pact - When Secretary of State Frank Kellogg received a suggestion from French Foreign Minister, Aristide Briand, that their two countries formally agree not to declare war on each other, other nations agreed to participate15 nations pledged not to use the threat of war in their dealings; more than 60 nations eventually joined the pact.

9. Dawes Plan - Plan to set up a payment schedule by the Germans to the Allies, reorganize the German national bank, and approve a loan to Germany. 10. Immigration Policy of the 1920s The immigration policies included the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, National Origins Act of 1924, and the Immigration Restrictions Act of 1927. The Emergency Quota Act created the quota system, limited number of immigrants to 3% of ethnic groups in the US at the time of the 1910 census. The Nation Origins Act of 1924 reduced the annual quota to_% of the number of immigrants already in the country according to the 1890 census, and the Immigration Restrictions Act set limits on Asians and Japanese, thus it exempt Canadians and Latin Americans from migrating. 11. Teapot Dome Scandal - The worst Harding scandal of1921 and 1922. Harding's Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall, secretly gave oil-drilling rights on government oil fields in Elk Hills, CA, and Teapot Dome, WY to two private oil companies. In return, Fall received +$300,000 in illegal payments. 12. Election of 1924 Calvin Coolidge defeated Democrat Davis and Progressive Follette with the slogan "Keep cool with Coolidge."Quality of life improved, 2/3 of homes gained electricity by 1930, and many began to have indoor plumbing. 13. Election of 1928 - Coolidge didn't run. Republicans nominated Hoover, who previously held Cabinet posts for Harding and Coolidge. Protestant supported Prohibition, drew most votes in small towns Main opponent, Democrat Alfred Smith, governor of New York. Roman Catholic opposed Prohibition. Gained most votes from cities. Women voted in large numbers for the first time Hoover had 21 million popular votes to Smith's 15 million. Winning the electoral votes by a huge margin, Hoover became president until 1933. 14. Effects of Prohibition The 18th amendment was passed in January 1928, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverage. The backup was that drinking is sinful and causes corruption. 15. Scopes Trial - John Scopes was charged with testing the anti-evolution law by teaching it in his school and was found guilty with a $100 fine. 16. Women in the 1920s - Frivolous young woman with short hair and a skimpy skirt who danced, smoked, and drank in oblivious self-absorption; was a major obsession. One million went into teaching and nursing, there was a big demand in labor because of the business growth. Women were labeled as temporary workers by the men to reason for their low wages.

17. Red Scare (Palmer Raids) - An intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas Americans called for known Communists to be jailed or driven out of the country. 18. Sacco & Vanzetti - April 15, 1920, gunmen robbed and killed guard and paymaster of a shoe factory in South Braintree, MA Police arrested two Italian immigrants. One was a shoe maker and the other a fish peddler. Both had guns but only one matched the type used in the crime. Many Americans suspected they were innocent, but after an unfair trial (their lawyers appealed to higher courts multiple times) the convictions were upheld. The two were sentenced to death April 1927 and died in the electric chair in August (They were anarchists). 19. Rebirth of the KKK Nativism led to resurgence of the KKK in 1915. They aimed at blacks, Catholics, Jews, foreigners, modernists, and communists. They fought for job competition amongst African American citizens. 20. Frederick Taylor He increased productivity though Taylors principles of scientific management (1911) also caused a business boom. 21. Henry Ford He opened the assembly line to the African American workers in 1914, leading for many of them to move north for the job opportunities. By the 1920s, most major industries were using the assembly line and mass production. The model T produced every 24 seconds 22. The impacts of the automobile- automobiles were the source that replaced railroads in promoting economic growth. This lead to urban sprawl, where workers could live far from work; symbolized the status of a family. By the 1920s, 80% of all cars in the world were in the U.S. 23. Unions in the 20s- Union membership began to decrease because of open shop and welfare capitalism of having better benefits to remove need for unions. Union efforts to organize were violently overturned by state militia and local mobs. 24. Impact of electricity Electricity lead to purchase of new home appliances; Made housewives a little easier. The appliances of easy access included: irons, refrigerators, stoves, and toasters. 25. advertising age businesses expanded advertising on relating products to status and popularity. Transaction of consumer appliances leads to increased commercialism and many chain stores allowing people to buy on credit. The advertising age is basically a universal national culture. New goods equaled a new way to sell. Luxuries eventually became necessities. 26. Buying on Credit- Paying on credit was based off the quote: dollar down and a dollar forever, that enabled people to buy more. Credit was pro government in terms of big business.

27. Schools There were 4 million in H.S. because of prosperous times and higher educational demands by job industry. High school graduates doubled to 25% by 1930. Offered broad range of course: vocational and home. Tailored curriculum for immigrant and raised taxes to fund schools. 28. Mass Media- the mass media included the news, radio, magazine, foreign and domestic news, and tabloids. The radio was a significant piece of art in terms in mass communications medium to emerge in the 20s, as people could listen to the news on a presidency or a game. By 1930, 1/3 of U.S. households had radios. The radio was a means of entertainment, however many debates between fundamentalism and modernism was waged on radio. 29. Sports Stars Babe Ruth represented baseball for 60 home runs in 1927, Jacy Dempsey of boxing, Red Grange of football, Knute Rockne: Notre Dame coach, Gertrude Ederie of swimming, and Bobby Jones. 30. Lindbergh his 1927 solo flight across the Atlantic was the spirit of St. Louis, stood for honesty and bravery, and was the most famous celebrity of the 1920s. 31. Music in the 20s the Jazz age reflected the influence of popular music of the time. Louis Armstrong - United States jazz trumpeter and bandleader (1900-1971); popular during the 1920's. Duke Ellington United States jazz composer and piano player and bandleader (18991974); popular during the 1920's.George Gershwin was into the Rhapsody in Blues. Jazz music became the modern culture for the youthful public. Irving Berlin was the dean of American songwriters. Tin Pan Valley was the block where music producers were set up. 32. Georgia OKeeffe- He captured the essence in art of the grandeur of NY. 33. Harlem Renaissance- a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished. Marcus Garvey supported the Universal Negro Improvement Association that concluded as more important than the NAACP. 34. Causes of the Depression - Wealth is unequally distributed among the population. Many people go into debt on installment plans Old and decaying industrial base makes U.S. industry less competitive Industry and agriculture overproduce Government pursues unsuccessful economic policies Stock market crash leads to financial panic. (Overproduction, wages not keeping up with prices, inflation, increased buying of stock, weak banking system). 35. Stock Market Crash of1929- The result of stock prices beginning to fall, and then many investors who had bought their stock "on margin" quickly sold their stocks to avoid going into

debt. As they were sold, the price of shares decreased even more rapidly because there were more sellers than buyers in the stock market. 36. Bank Failures Stock market crash leads to a panic. People want their money back, some are able to withdraw, others not because the bank invested its money in the stock market. In 1929, 600 banks close, by 1933, 11k of 25k banks had failed. Millions lost their savings account. 37. Great Depression - the period from 1929-1940 was marked by a worldwide depression. in the united states, the period began with a crash of the stock market in 1929 ironically, WWII brought an end to the great depression. 38. Dust Bowl - Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York. 39. Social Impacts of unemployment People became cheap because of poor welfare. Suicide rates increased by 30% from 1928 to 1932. Adults stop going to the doctor to save money, and young men give up their dreams of going to college. People lay off marriages to avoid any possible loss in money. Kindness increased amongst strangers and those down on their luck. 40. Hoovervilles - Shantytowns on the outskirts of cities in which unemployed people of the Depression lived. The nomenclature comes from the blame many Americans placed on Hoover for the Great depression. Other slept in parks or sewer pipes wrapping themselves in newspapers to fend off the cold aka Hoover Blankets. Super Kitchens provided by charity or public organizations were very common. 41. Minorities in the depression African Americans and Latinos had it worse than others. They had higher unemployment, lower wages, and increasing racial violence from unemployed whites. Hundreds of thousands of people of Mexican descent relocate to Mexico- some voluntarily, others deported by the federal government. 42. Political Impacts of the Great Depression Hoover believed that the economy would fix itself but the government needed to encourage and facilitate cooperation, not control it. He believed that handouts would weaken peoples self respect and moral fiber. Hoover creates the Glass-Steagall Banking Act which provided insurance for smaller bank accounts, and reassured people that banks were safe. 43. Bonus Army - army of WWI veterans who were promised $1000 bonus in 1924 legislation; gathered in Washington in 1932 to demand immediate payment in cash.

44. Election of 1932 - election between FDR (Democrat) and Hoover (Republican); FDR received 472 electoral votes, Hoover received 59; this election pushed Hoover "from the White House to the outhouse." 45. Brain Trust - FDR's key advisers who followed him to Washington; they shared a faith in the power of experts to set the economy right and a basic belief in government-business cooperation; included Columbia law professor Raymond Moley, economists Rexford Tugwell and Adolf Berle, and attorneys Samuel Rosenman, Basil O'Connor and Felix Frankfurter. 46. New Deal - a series of economic programs implemented by FDR between 1933 and 1936 as a response to the Great Depression; focused on relief for poor/unemployed, recovery of economy to normal levels, and reform of financial system to prevent another depression. (Hundred Days) Period of time (March to June 1933) in which FDR pushed many acts through Congress that were designed to combat the depression. 47. Bank Holiday - (During 100 Days) all the banks were ordered to close until new laws could be passed. An emergency banking law was rushed through Congress. The Law set up new ways for the federal government to funnel money to troubled banks It also required the Treasury Department to inspect banks before they could re-open. 48. Fireside Chats - informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people. 49 and 62. New Deal - Works Progress Administration- Led by Hopkins, under FDR, and eventually disbanded but got 8.5 million people jobs. Made cultural contributions. Arts work, National Recovery Administration- Government agency meant to supervise the drafting and operation of the business codes. Labor leaders said that FDR wanted people to join unions because of this Public Works Administration, Tennessee Valley Authority- a New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley. It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs. Meant to check the pricing lay out by other companies. Agricultural Adjustment Administration, Securities and Exchange Commission, Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) -Provided employment to young men by sending them to camps in national parks and forests - plant trees, build reservoirs, etc. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) - Very controversial. June 16, 1933, was part of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal. It authorized the President to regulate businesses in the interests of promoting fair competition, supporting prices and wages, creating jobs for unemployed workers, and stimulating the United States economy to recover from the Great Depression, etc.

50. Wagner Act (1935) established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. 51. Industrial Unionism Committee for Industrial Organization organize industrial unions within the AFL groups expelled from the AFL form the Congress of Industrial Organizations and become the chief rival to the AFl automobile, steel, and southern textile industries. United Auto Workers emerge. 52. Labor Disputes 1930s gave way to new tactics in bargaining. Sit down strikes. It prevented owners from carrying on with strikebreakers or scabs. Some people disagreed with it saying it violated private property; it was very effective. Memorial Day Massacre- 84 wounded, NLRB stepped in and required Republic Steel to negotiate with the union. 53. Second New Deal (Jan 1935 - Sept1935) Reorganized fed program for jobless relief. Assistance to rural poor, Supp for org labor, social welfare benefits for elder, stricter business regular heavier taxes on wealthy. 54. Eleanor Roosevelt - First Lady to use her prominence to fight for liberal causes; strong supporter of women's rights and equality, anti-lynching legislation, compulsory health insurance, and child labor reform; helped to secure jobs for thousands of women through FERA; worked alongside Molly Dewson to get women more involved in political campaigns; author it "It's Up to the Women." 55. Court Packing Bill - The Supreme Court vetoed many of FDR's proposals, so he desired to add about 6 new judges so that he could guarantee more passing of his acts. 56. Opposition to the New Deal Conservative group American Liberty League mostly business leaders really angry over Revenue act of 1935 which placed an additional tax on those who made over 50k. Believed the new deal violated respect for the rights of individuals and property. 57. FDR Foreign Policy Recognizes the Soviet Union in 1933, and agreed to exchange ambassadors with Moscow; continues non-intervention in Latin America, reciprocal trade agreement act. Lowered trade barriers by giving the President to make trade agreements with other nations wanted to reduce tariffs by as much as 50%. 58. Neutrality - Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.

59. African Americans during FDRs tenure FDR did not address anti-lynching bill. (1931) Scottsboro Boys Trial 9 black men were sentenced to death for the rape of a white woman without any evidence. Mary McLeod Bethune was given an appointment by FDR and lobbied to gain black support for the New Deal. FDR tried to reform labor conditions, he did not address Civil Rights. 60. Culture in the 1930s movies, the radio, art and literatures were major improvements and aspects of culture. Movies included Wizard of Ox, Snow White, and Gangster films. Radio included the Guiding Light, Brother Can You Spare a Dime. Grant Wood and John Steinbecks Grapes of Wrath represented the art and Literature. Major events included Lindberghs solo flight, a baby kidnapping, and the Hindenburg disaster. 61. Effects of Depression Federal government became more powerful. Provided jobs, food, and money. Some reforms are still around and benefit us today. Massive amounts of spending by the federal government on guns, tanks, airplanes for war. 63 and 64. Causes for WWII the basic cause included totalitarianism, militarism, nationalism, imperialism. Subsidiary causes included the lack of collective warfare, American neutrality. United States refuses to enter the war militarily. Forced to join after Pearl Harbor. Wished to remain isolated. 65. D-Day Invade France and free Western Europe from the Nazis. 800k Allies landed at Normandy Beach. This opened a 2nd front in Europe. This led to the liberation of France, Belgium, Luxembourg and much of Netherlands from Nazi Occupation. 66. Market Garden Canada, Britain, and U.S. make assault in Netherlands. Germans surprise the Allies with stiff resistance. Allies had to retreat and find different route into Germany. 67. Battle of the Bulge - 1944; Germany's last effort of a counterattack through Belgium and the Argonne Forest. 68. Yalta- 1945; The name of the meeting which drew the structure of postwar Europe; Finally decided on the division of Germany; Stalin agreed to hold free elections in Easter Europe and to declare war against Japan in return for land lost in the Russo-Japanese war. 69. Fall of Berlin - April 30, 1941, Hitler commits suicide and allies take control. 70. Potsdam - The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdam, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

71. Election of 1940 U.S. adopted the cash and carry policy which was neutral, but aided Britain. FDR ordered a peacetime draft to be better prepared, began selling Britain destroyers to help them stave off German U-boats in return, and built bases on British islands in the Caribbean. 72. Lend Lease Act - This was USA's way of assisting Great Britain at the beginning of WWII by allowing GB to borrow items then needed for War. 73. Prelude to Pearl Harbor FDR met with Churchill secretly at the Atlantic Charter to discuss objectives. German ships attacked US ships when escorting the British ships to Iceland. Cut off the steel and iron sources off of Japan. Japan would attack if we did not resume trade. 74. Pearl Harbor - United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. 75. Battle of the Philippines Philippine invades the Philippine islands. The Filipinos and the U.S. defend the island. Japan won U.Ss largest surrender. The perseverance of defense delayed attacks on other areas. Many men were killed on the Bataan Death March. Americans wanted to fight Japan more. 76. Doolittles Raid on Japan In revenge for Pearl Harbor, the U.S. sent 16 B-25 bombers to bomb Japanese cities, mainly Tokyo. The significance of the attack was that Japan could be attacked and that the attack raised American morale. 77. Coral Sea - The Battle of Coral Sea was a battle between the United States and Japanese forces in the Pacific between their respective naval and air forces, that resulted in a standoff between the two sides 6 months later. Although the battle resulted in a standoff between the Japanese and American forces, it set the stage for the Battle of Midway Island, in which the American forces began to gain the upper hand in the Pacific theater. 78. Midway - The Battle of Midway Island was fought a month after the Battle of Coral Sea. The Japanese were attempting to invade Midway Island and were attacked by the US fleet sent there to stop them. In the battle, the Japanese fleet of carriers was all sunk and the Japanese were forced to turn back. It was SIGNIFICANT because it was the decisive turning point in the Pacific War as the Allies won basically all of the battles in the Pacific after it. The Japanese also lost all of their carriers which were a devastating blow to their navy. 79. Guadalcanal- U.S. marines seize Japanese airfield and fought on land and sea for control of the island. U.S. forced Japan to abandon the island. This began MacArthurs island hopping method to counterattack. This was to defend weak islands close to Japan.

80. Leyte Gulf Japan makes last attempt by throwing its entire navy into battle aka kamikaze pilots, wiped out the Japanese imperial Navy. 81. Iwo Jima strategically important island. It was well defended by the Japan. It was referred to as being the most heavily defended spot on Earth. 82. Manhattan Project - top-secret operation for creating the nuclear bomb. U.S. did not want German to make a nuke before they did. 83. Japanese Internment Camp - Detention centers where more than 100,000 Japanese Americans were relocated during World War II by order of the President. 84. A Philip Randolph - demanded FDR end discrimination in the workplace. 85. Economy in the War Stimulated by wartime demands, US industries began to rise again. Government took over any business that threatened to a conflict during wartime. (Similar to how the Espionage and Sedition Acts was set out). 86. War Mobilization After Pearl Harbor, 5 million people wanted to be drafted for military services, yet the needed man power was to be expanded. So many people were needed that the Womens Auxiliary Army Corps was created to fill in for the positions, which freed more men to fight. 87. War Bond Drives- The campaigns to encourage Americans to buy U.S. Treasury bonds to finance the war effort and to fight victoriously. 88. Wartime Conservation In support of war efforts, people road bikes to reduce gas and rubber usage. People began to recycle all possible junk in order to produce needed production. 89. Victory Gardens Homeowners planted these in their yards. The purpose of this was to send American shipment of food to Allies. 90. Women during the War Women helped during the war by filling in positions that included: nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, and pilots, except for combat related positions. All American industry was devoted to supplying the needed goods to the Allies. Women were paid just as much as men doing the same jobs. 91. Minorities during the war minorities questioned the fact that it was a burden of theirs to serve America, even when discrimination hit them in the face. One million African Americans served for the armed forces. Racial shifts to urban areas for jobs led to racial tensions.

92. Minority heroes- A majority of the volunteered minorities that included the African Americans and Japanese were usually the ones ranking top in military commendation; they were awarded for their skillful actions. 93. Election of 1944 the 1944 election gained little attention, FDR was re-elected but changed running mate from radical Henry Wallace. FDR dies, Harry Truman takes over, V-E day on May 8, 1945. 94. United Nations- The UN was founded after the end of World War II by the victorious allied powers with the hope that it would act to prevent and intervene in conflicts between nations and make future wars impossible or limited. 95. Results of the war Germany were divided into 2 countries and Berlin was divided up into different pieces 4. Broke the power that was needed to produce soldiers and limit the number within the country. Germany was in debt to many countries. 96. Marshall plan it was proposed by the U.S. secretary of state George Marshall in 1947 to give money to needy European countries. We would provide machinery and other materials to Western Europe and stop Soviet expansion. 97. MacArthurs Plan his plan was directed upon the Japanese armed forces. He left the Japanese with a small burden. He created a government ruled by the people; advocated the needed laws for workers and farmers in the new democracy.