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Introduction Theoretical background Soil Analysis Design of earthing system Measurements on earthing systems
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 1
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 2
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Incremental resistors
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Page 3
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Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
G
I
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Page 4
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Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Earthing system
UE = RE I
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Page 5
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Surface potential
Potential control
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Page 6
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Vulnerable phase
Blood pressure
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Page 7
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Ut zul = 650 V
100 9 8 7 6 5 4
Ut zul = 85 V
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 s
0,05
Source: HD 637
t = 0.1 s
t=3s
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 8
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Today
Future
Page 9
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Start of project
Start of operation
time
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Page 10
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
1m
RE =
E
2 D
1m 1m
E in
5 to 20 to 200 to 2000 to
m m m m
PTD SE PTI
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Current source
R
Electrode spacing a
Page 12
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Upper layer
Bottom layer
Thickness
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Page 13
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
600 Seq 6 Seq 7 Seq 8 400 Seq 9 Seq 10 Seq 11 200 Seq 12 Seq 13 Analysis by Siemens Seq 14 0 0 5 10 15 20
800
25
30
35
40
45
Seq 15 Seq 16
Probe spacing in m
600
average S1 S2
400
200
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Probe spacing in m
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Page 14
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
S1 S2 S3
800
S4 S5 S6
rho ( ohm*m)
600
400
1000
200
800
S2 S3 S4
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
rho ( ohm*m)
600
400
200
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
electrode spacing (m)
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 15
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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Page 16
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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Page 17
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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Page 18
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Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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Page 19
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Meas. line 1
Meas. line 2
Meas. line 3
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Page 20
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
E=
1 1 N
n =1
1 n
Specific soil resistivity [ohm m]
30
40
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 21
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Spacing a [m] 0 1 2 5 10 20 40
40 calculated 20
10
20 a [m]
30
40
top 160,00
Page 22 01.2008 Th. Connor
bottom 90,00
h 3,50
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Length Width
L W t b h
= = = = =
m m *m *m m
RE1
RE2
RE1 = R E2
Specific soil resistivity For homogenous equivalent soil res = 94 * m
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 23
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 24
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Design according to thermal and mechanical requirements Design to meet touch voltage requirements
Determination of impedance to earth Determination of ground potential rise Selection of mesh width Selection of equivalent measures
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Page 25
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Thermal design
Earth electrodes and earthing conductors Short term design long term design Material Steel Copper
2 3 4
A= I K
f + ln i +
ID
40 10
16
25
35
50
70
tF
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Page 26
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
IK 1 = 4 0 k A
IK 1 = 2 5 k A
q = 198 m m 2
copper
q = 124 m m 2
copper
q = 140 m m 2
copper
q = 87 m m 2
copper
q = 140 m m 2
copper
q = 87 m m 2
copper
q = 70 m m 400 kV e q u ip m e n t
copper
q = 70 m m 2 6 0 k V e q u ip m e n t
copper
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Page 27
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Type of connection
Type of conductor
Mechanical stress
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Page 28
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Aggressive environment
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Page 29
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Resistances to earth
RRod 1,5 E L RStrip 3 E L
RRod
= 1,5
RStrip = 3,0
RRing
3 E D
E E + 2D L
RPlate = E 2 D
RRing = 3,0
RMesh
RMesh = 2,1
RPlate = 1,6
RSphere =
L=100 m
Page 30
E D
RSphere = 1,0
D=32 m
E=100 m
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 31
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
RT RF
Equipotential bonding RT 0
RT
Page 32
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Control cubical
Page 33
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Current distribution
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Page 34
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
(1 - rE ) 3 I0
IT r
IF
3 I0
ET
IR S
ES
ET
R e fe re n c e e a rth
E q u iv a l e n t c i r c u it IT r
IF
P h a s e c o n d u c to r 3 I0 (1 - rE ) 3 I0 E a r t h in g s y s t e m E a r t h w ir e
IE U
E
R IR S =
ES
Z R e fe r e n c e e a rth F o r e q u a l e a r th w ir e to w e r fo o tin g im p e d a n c e s o f t h e o v e r h e a d l in e s
IF = 3 I0 + IT r IE = rE . (IF - IT r ) U E = IE . Z E
1 1 1 + n R ES Z
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 35
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 36
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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Page 37
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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Page 38
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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Page 39
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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Page 40
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Etouch Emesh
I = Km L
Ki Etol = t
Emesh Etol
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Page 41
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
A V
Tested structure
Remote rod
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Page 42
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Practical results
Measurement according to instruction manual
Tower south Influence of remote current electrode
1,5
0,5
0 0 10 20 30 40 a (m) 50 60 70 80
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Page 43
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
A V
Tested substation
Remote earthing
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Page 44
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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Page 45
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
A UTest UA UC
UTest UB
U Test
2 2 UA +UB 2 = UC 2
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Page 46
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
U S U Test
U S > U Test
U Test =
U min + U max 2
Th. Connor
U Test =
U min U max 2
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01.2008
PTD SE PTI
U S U Test
U S > U Test
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Page 48
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Elimination of interference
Test Line
230 V AC
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Page 49
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Switching device
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Page 50
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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Page 51
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
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01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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PTD SE PTI
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Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
1.000 V 1.000 V 900 V 900 V 800 V 800 V 700 V 700 V 600 V 600 V 500 V 500 V 400 V 400 V 300 V 300 V 200 V 200 V 100 V 100 V 0V 0V 0m 0m 20 m 20 m 40 m 40 m 60 m 60 m 80 m 80 m 100 m 100 m 120 m 120 m 140 m 140 m 160 m 160 m
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Page 61
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
1.000 V 900 V 800 V 700 V 600 V 500 V 400 V 300 V 200 V 100 V 0V 0m 5m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m 30 m
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01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
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01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI